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Flexibility in the EU and Beyond

Thomas Giegerich (ed.), Desirée C. Schmitt (ed.), Sebastian Zeitzmann (ed.)

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 104 2017

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Thomas Giegerich How to Reconcile the Forces of Enlargement and Consolidation in “an Ever Closer Union” S. 15-58

„… motto, ____________________ 7 See Art. 1 (3) subpara. 3 TEU. The term Community was in use since the …” „… . 1 (3) TEU comprises only the TEU and the TFEU (as amended in accordance with Art. 48 TEU) as well …” „… as the Protocols and Annexes thereto which form an integral part of those Treaties (Art. 51 TEU …”

Sebastian Graf von Kielmansegg The Common Foreign and Security Policy – A Pool of Flexibility Models S. 139-160

„… Institute for Public Economic Law at the Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel. 2 Art. 20 TEU and Arts …” „… . 326-334 TFEU; cf. Blanke, in: Blanke/Mangiameli (eds.), The Treaty on European Union, 2013, Art. 20 TEU …” „… , Ungleichzeitigkeit und europäisches Verfassungsrecht, 2004, p. 159. 4 Art. 27b TEU (Nice). 5 Terhechte, in …”

Hermann-Josef Blanke What Does the German Basic Law Say on Flexible Integration? S. 361-380

„… duty of democratic accountability under Art. 10 (2) TEU.The integration process must be designed in …” „… ., BVerfGE 123, Lisbon, principle 2a, para. 267. 3 Cf. Art. 31 (3) TEU, Art. 81 (3) subparas. 2 and 3, Art …” „… invariably.” Hermann-Josef Blanke 362 Art. 48 (7) TEU and the special bridging clause of Art. 333 (1) and …”

Robert Böttner The Development of Flexible Integration in EC/EU Practice S. 59-86

„… rule for decision-making to unanimity (Art. J.8.2 TEU-Maastricht). However, even at the time …” „… easier: constructive abstention.58 Art. 23 TEU-Amsterdam provided that abstentions shall not prevent the …” „… military or defence implications (Art. 28 (3) subpara. 2 TEU-Amsterdam, now Art. 41 (2) subpara. 2 TEU).63 …”

Sebastian Zeitzmann A Rather Strange Animal, this “Enhanced Cooperation” – May it Serve as King of the European Zoonion? or: Is Enhanced Cooperation Anywhere Near a Constitutional Principle? S. 87-106

„… provided for in the EU treaties, namely in Art. 20 TEU and ____________________ 5 See Wouters/Vidal, in …” „… binding exclusively on the participating States (Art. 20 (4) TEU). It is thus a tool, applicable in all …” „… non-exclusive EU policy areas (Art. 20 (1) TEU), to overcome a deadlock in the Council (i.e. when unanimity or …”

Pedro Cruz Villalón Within and Without “Ever Closer Union” S. 449-460

„… “union”, in lowercase, within the context of the formula “ever closer union” included in Art. 1 TEU,4 as …” „… 13/07/2016). 4 Art. 1 (2) TEU reads: “This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever …” „… ”. Nevertheless, “ever closer union”, as it appears in Art. 1 TEU, has the peculiarity of being immediately …”

Bérénice Lemoine Rome III Regulation: Getting Divorced in Europe S. 251-268

„… consolidated version of the TEU. Bérénice Lemoine 252 determined by the most ambitious Member States, while …” „… July 2008, 11653/08 (Presse 205), p. 23. 35 Art. 4 (2) lit. j TFEU and Art. 20 (1) TEU. 36 In …” „… accordance with Art. 20 (1) TEU. Rome III Regulation: Getting Divorced in Europe 257 whole and nine Member …”

Jo Leinen / Fabian The Limits of Differentiated Integration in the EU and the Way Forward S. 461-478

„… criminal matters19. The general principles of closer cooperation were laid down in Title VII TEU. Art. 43 …” „… TEU stated that closer cooperation was only admissi- ___________________ 15 Part Three, Title V …” „… , no. 2, p. 1-60. 18 Art. 11 TEC, Amsterdam version. 19 Art. 40 TEU, Amsterdam version. The Limits …”

Clelia Lacchi How Much Flexibility Can European Integration Bear in Order to Face the Eurozone Crisis? Reflections on the EMU inter se International Agreements Between EU Member States S. 225-250

„… enhanced cooperation laid down in Art. 20 TEU and Arts. 326-335 TFEU (II.), and the role of the EU …” „… law provisions in the TEU and TFEU and the principles of effective judicial protection and legal …” „… in Art. 4 (3) TEU, when Member States exercise their competences to conclude international …”

Thomas Jaeger The End to a Never-Ending Story? The Unitary Patent Regime S. 269-282

„… authorised and implemented under the primary law provisions for enhanced cooperation in Art. 20 TEU and …” „… cooperation are fulfilled. In line with the conditions laid down in Art. 20 TEU, the Decision reiterates that …” „… cooperation covers a shared or exclusive EU competence. Under Art. 20 TEU, cooperation in any matter of …”

List of Abbreviations S. 11-14

„… Europäische Union (see TEU) EUZBBG Gesetz über die Zusammenarbeit von Bundesregierung und Deutschem …” „… TEC Treaty Establishing the European Community TEU Treaty on European Union TFA Trade Facility …”

Gianni Lo Schiavo The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance and the ESM Treaty: Intergovernmental Arrangements Outside EU Law, but for the Benefit of the EMU? S. 195-224

„… or simplified revision procedure under Art. 48 TEU or the conclusion of an intergovernmental …” „… with the Treaties, in particular with Art. 4 (3) TEU on sincere cooperation as well as with secondary …” „… review of Art. 136 TFEU, pursuant to Art. 48 (6) TEU, with the intention of adding a third paragraph to …”

Thomas Cottier Variable Geometry in WTO Law and Policy: Lessons for the European Union S. 431-448

„… amounts to a functional equivalent of Art. 20 TEU, albeit without the requirement of consent from third …” „… Union under Art. 20 TEU in that respect. Other elements of variable geometry, however, are more …” „… . There would be no need to refer to enhanced cooperation under Art. 20 TEU; all countries would benefit …”

Katharina Crepaz How Independence Movements Trigger Flexibility in the EU S. 161-182

„… Treaty Amendment procedure under Art. 48 TEU, which subsequently could lead an independent Scotland …” „… argued that Scotland joining would fall under Art. 49 TEU, which outlines the participating States …” „… post-secession issues that are still unclear, e.g. EU accession (would Art. 48 or Art. 49 TEU be applied, aspects …”

Jörg Polakiewicz Outside, but not that far: Strasbourg’s Perspective – The European Union and the Council of Europe S. 381-406

„… fundamental rights into the EU Treaties, in particular Arts. 6 and 7 TEU, the adoption and subsequent …” „… of the indivisibility of human rights. ____________________ 24 Art. 6 TEU, as amended by the …” „… the absence of any arargument referring to the constitutional significance of Art. 6 (2) TEU, which …”

Clara PORTELA The Perception of Flexible Integration in Southeast Asia S. 349-360

„… ___________________ 7 Art. 333 TFEU. 8 Art. 20 TEU; Art. 329 TFEU. Clara Portela 352 utilised since its creation …”

Giorgio Maganza Making a New Start on a Smaller European Basis: An Alternative to Differentiation S. 479-492

„… – not being concluded among all Member States, in accordance with Art. 48 TEU – would not, strictly …”

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The Rise of a Container Region

Winfried Osthorst

2010

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Overview S. 179-185

„… reduced costs per TEU/mile compared to smaller ships with the same rate of loading. According to various …” „… lines, the top 20 accounted for 55% of global TEU21 capacity with further consolidation expected …” „… the hubs, the top 20 container ports attracted 145 million TEU which represented 48% of the world …”

Strategies in the container industry: Technological trends, economic forces and actors S. 185-192

„… TEU/mile compared to smaller ships with the same rate of loading. According to various studies, a 12.000 …” „… TEU-capacity over 4.800. 187 restrict the use of new vessel generations. These concerns led to studies aiming …” „… figure 8). The sequence of generations of container ships led to a growth from 1.500 TEU ships with a …”

North Range and South Range: Competition and dynamics in the European transport chain S. 192-197

„… dominating terminal operator multinationals. While the top 196 Worldwide throughput 2002 (Mio. TEU)European …” „… throughput 2002 (Mio. TEU)Hutchison Port Holding (HPH) – China • Felixstowe (UK), amesport (UK), Harwich (UK …” „… 2003, the North Range as a whole attracted 22 million TEU which is 8% of the world container handling …”

Changing faces: The restructuring of European ports and their hinterlands S. 197-204

„… volume on the Rhine increased from 200.000 TEU in 1985 to some 1.5 million TEU in 2002 (ESPO 2005 …” „… has been expected to double, from 22 million TEU in 2000, to about 41 million TEU in 2010, as a result …” „… all North Range ports was estimated to reach 70 million TEU in 2015, if all scheduled projects were to …”

Port extension policy under conditions of structural change S. 246-249

„… containerization rate of 38%, or 0,8 million TEU. However, since 1976, but even more so since the 1980s, container …” „… handling, and resulted in a containerization rate of 81% or 2,5 million TEU (HHLA 2006; Läpple, Deeke 1996 …” „… handling grew 5,2% between 1980 and 1993, container handling increased by 93%, from 0,7 million TEU to 1,36 …”

Bremen and Bremerhaven S. 256-263

„… capacity for another 3 million TEU. Reacting to the delay, the local terminal providers started to expand …” „… enable a handling capacity of up to 15 million TEU, could, and should, be achieved within its existing …” „… handling, which had reached 1,52 million TEU in 1995, and 1,83 million TEU in 1998. SPD and CDU, as well as …”

From competition to cooperation? Choosing the location for a third German hub S. 263-273

„… million TEU, and Bremerhaven 2,7 million TEU, both in 2000 (Hamburg Port Authority 2006; Bremenports 2006 …” „… of general cargo, the latter with a supposed containerization rate of about 98% or 18,2 million TEU …” „… . It was hoped to increase the total handling capacity to 22 million TEU until 2015. Furthermore, the …”

Accelerated growth and renewed extensions S. 273-278

„… container handling in Hamburg – meaning, for instance, 0,6 million TEU in 2002 – despite continued growth in …” „… would have to carry 10 million TEU in 2015. The Hamburg and Bremerhaven terminals, however, had already …” „… handled 12 million TEU in 2005, and cargo handling continued to grow ( Weser-Kurier, 2006-13-05). As a …”

Hamburg S. 249-256

„… Elbe. The aim was allow the coming 4th generation of container ships, with 4.000 TEU, to reach Hamburg …” „… million TEU until 1995 (THB, 1993-11-16). However, as part of the controversies about the harbor extension …” „… terminal was scheduled to provide handling capacity for another 3 million TEU. Reacting to the delay, the …”

Reconfiguration of procedural risks S. 278-287

„… analysis prepared by Planco, and predicted an additional two million TEU annually that were expected to …” „… account, a WWF expertise concluded that each TEU handled in Germany received public subsidies of 321 …” „… and market developments, the associations also expected over-capacities of about 6,7 million TEU until …”

Involving the federal level: National coordination and the promotion of coastal infrastructure development S. 287-303

„… projects. As larger ships, beyond the 8000 TEU class, were likely to be introduced, the national concept …” „… highlighted that the BVWP-prognosis had expected a handling volume of only 10,3 million TEU in the German hubs …” „… in 2015, while in reality Bremerhaven and Hamburg had already reached 12 million TEU in 2005 …”

Abbreviations S. 9-12

„… Transeuropean Networks – Traffic TEU twenty-foot equivalent unit TMAP Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment …”

From growth to crisis: The maritime cluster in the German hubs until 1990 S. 237-246

„… Figure 13: Container handling in Hamburg and Bremen / Bremerhaven since 1990 (in million TEU) As the …” „… containerization rate of 38%, or 0,8 million TEU. However, since 1976, but even more so since the 1980s, container …”

Literature S. 373-416

„… Reaktorsicherheit. Berlin. BMU (2004b): Jürgen Trittin: Niedersachsens Blockade kann teuer werden. BMU-Pressedienst …” „… TEU)? In: Holocher, Klaus Harald (Ed.): Auswirkungen des Europäischen Binnenmarktes auf die Strukturen …” „… Umweltpolitik. FFU-Report. Berlin. Kerwer, Dieter; Teutsch, Michael (2001): Elusive Europeanization …”

The Europeanization of governance S. 45-54

„… opposing coalitions (Osthorst 2003; Susanne Schmidt 2002; Kerwer, Teutsch 2001). The increasing …”

Regions and regulative quality: Challenges and changes S. 137-152

„… ; Susanne Schmidt 2002; Kerwer, Teutsch 2001). This is plausible for political systems that are oriented …”

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Europe under Pressure

Angelika C. Dankert

Series: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 93 2017

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3 The European Union S. 5-10

„… , 2014). The Treaty of Maastricht, which is also referred to as ‘Treaty on European Union’ (acronym: TEU …” „… (Staab, 2011). The TEU expanded the scope of European integration (Laursen, 2012) and underlined the …” „… (Article 9 S. 2+3 TEU). EUcitizens got freedom to move, work and study anywhere in the internal market …”

Glossary S. 107-112

„… state of the European Union according to Article 17 (1) TEU and someone who is not covered by point 5 of …” „… Conferral The principle sets limits to the power of the supranational entity. According to Article 5 (2) TEU …” „… in common (Article 1 para. 1 TEU). In order to exercise the Union’s competences, the institutions …”

8 Interculturality, Multiculturalism, Cultural Relativism and Compatibility Issues S. 67-94

„… Glossary) is shaped by culture. Defining European Values according to the TEU The European Union is founded …” „… for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities (Article 2 S. 1 TEU). These …” „… , justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail (Article 2 S. 2 TEU). The objective of the …”

Annex S. 115-158

„… ). To give a short overview of the Treaty: the TEU literally created the EU (Article 1 para. 3 S. 1 TEU …” „… of creating an ever closer Union among the people of Europe’ (Article 1 para. 2 TEU). Article 9 S. 2 …” „… TEU in conjunction with Article 20 (1) S. 1 TFEU established ‘European citizenship,’ stating that …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.1 67 Defining European Values according to the TEU …” „… Hawks) TEU Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UDHR Universal …”

5 EU – Challenge 2016 S. 21-26

„… , social and territorial cohesion (Article 3 (3) S. 5 TEU), but several states feel exposed to the …”

Bibliography S. 159-176

„… olations-in-the-world-351336/4/ Eur-Lex (2010, n.d.). Definition ‘TEU.’ Retrieved on 3 October 2016. Retrieved from …”

6 Legal Issues Concerning the Migrant Crisis S. 27-58

„… Treaty EEC Treaty Single European Act TEU Treaty Lisbon Treaty 1952 (Paris) 1957 (Rome) 1987 …”

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The International Legal Context of the European Neighbourhood Policy after the Treaty of Lisbon

Eliza Sardaryan

Series: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Volume 74 2017

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III. Primary Law Status of the ENP S. 33-66

„… ), 39. 53 Hillion, Christophe (2013), ‘The EU Neighbourhood Competence under Article 8 TEU’, European …” „… than ever. 2. The Mission Behind Article 8 TEU Article 8 TEU and the constitutionalisation of the …” „… privileged relocation of the neighbourhood policy at the beginning of the TEU is a confirmation of the …”

V. Post-Lisbon Institutional Reorganisation of the ENP andthe Neighbourhood Agreements S. 109-134

„… subpara. 1 and para. 2 TEU. 352 Article 15 para. 1 sentence 1 and para. 2 sentence 1 TEU. 353 Article …” „… 22(1) TEU. 354 Article 22 para. 1 subpara. 2 TEU. 355 Article 15 para. 6 subpara. 2 TEU. 1 …” „… Parliament and the Council. Therefore, according to Article 14 TEU, the Commission, conducting a strategic …”

I. Introduction S. 15-18

„… question that is to be answered is how the revised ENP under Article 8 TEU improves the external …” „… is an important condition for the EU’s se- I. Introduction 16 curity and prosperity. Article 8 TEU …” „… relations while making a deep legal analysis of Article 8 TEU. I have also analysed the political and legal …”

IV. Functional Transition of the Union Values to theNeighbourhood and the ENP Normativity in theInternational Context S. 67-108

„… the International Context 1. Article 2 TEU – Values of the Union In the Preamble to the TEU there …” „… the Preamble to the TEU, the EU draws its inspiration from the cultural, religious and humanist …” „… Article 2 TEU) and interests and contribute to the protection of its citizens. It shall contribute to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Neighbourhood 33 2. The Mission Behind Article 8 TEU 38 3. Applicability of Article 21 TEU to the European …” „… to the Neighbourhood and the ENP Normativity in the International Context 67 1. Article 2 TEU …” „… and Cooperation Agreement Abbreviations 14 PSC Political and Security Committee TEU Treaty on …”

II. The ENP as an International Legal Experiment S. 19-32

„… , Articles 1(2), 2(1). 5 Article 3(5) TEU. 1. The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor 21 and a …” „… TEU to develop close and peaceful relations with the neighbouring countries is directed at …” „… Union, under Article 47 TEU, strengthens the external identity of the EU in its international relations …”

Bibliography S. 143-159

„… ” (Article 8 TEU)', Research Papers in Law 2/2011, Bruges: College of Europe. Harpaz, Guy (2013 …” „… Competence under Article 8 TEU', Policy Paper 69, SIEPS. Hoh, Anna-Lena (2012), Constructing the European …” „… , Roman (2011), 'Article 8 TEU: Towards a New Generation of Agreements with the Neighbouring Countries of …”

VI. Conclusion: Old and New Challenges of the ENP S. 135-142

„… ENP programming in Article 8 TEU and the reference to the EU values in the neighbourly relations is …”

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Contemporary Issues of Human Rights Protection in International and National Settings

Stefan Lorenzmeier (ed.), Vasilka Sancin (ed.)

2018

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Stefan Lorenzmeier The Procedural and Substantial Requirements of the European Union’s Accession to the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms S. 193-214

„… substantial requirements laid down in Art. 6 TEU have to be brought in line by using the principles of …” „… endeavor. According to Art. 47 TEU, the European Union in its capacity as an international organization …” „… (2) TEU, which states that the Union shall accede to the ECHR. Yet, the first sentence of this …”

Isabella Risini The Accession of the European Union to the ECHR and the Inter-State Application under Article 33 ECHR S. 179-192

„… the principle of conferral, as codified in Articles 4 (1) and 5 TEU. The mandate in Article 6 (2) TEU …” „… rights the same way national authorities have to.20 Article 6 (1) TEU states that ‘[t]he provisions of …” „… CFR was not conceived as general yardstick for the member states.22 Article 2 TEU: A Value Platform …”

Stefan Lorenzmeier, Vasilka Sancin Introduction to Contemporary Issues of Human Rights in International, European and National Settings S. 11-24

„… evidenced by Art. 2 and 6 TEU. Art. 2 TEU lists the core values of the Union, inter alia the “respect for …” „… part of the primary law of the Union due to Art. 6 (3) TEU and as an interpretative tool in accordance …” „… the European Union to the ECHR is demanded by provisions of Art. 6 (2) TEU17. The already famous …”

Tina Korošec The Co-Respondent Mechanism before the European Court of Human Rights: An Adequate Procedural Solution or a Flawed Mechanism? S. 153-178

„… Union (TEU) or with Protocol No. 8 respectively.16 However, for the reasons outlined below, the …” „… Autonomy of the EU’s Legal Order According to the TEU, the EU’s accession to the ECHR shall not affect the …” „… / 70349.article> accessed 14 August 2014. 46 Lock, ‘Sharing responsibility?’ (n 22). 47 Ibid. 48 TEU (n 8 …”

Roman Petrov Human Rights in Association Agreements with Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia S. 215-234

„… in the area of CFSP (Arts. 31(1) and 37 Treaty on the EU (TEU)) with the traditional provision on …” „… of the continuing bipolarity of the EU’s external action as reflected in Article 40 TEU.36 The …” „… considering Article 49 TEU and the Copenhagen criteria. Regarding the EMAAs, it is noteworthy that the nature …”

Daniel Engel The Future of the Bosphorus-Presumption after the EU’s Accession to the European Convention on Human Rights S. 133-152

„… 162. 2 Opinion 2/94 [1996], ECR I-1759. 3 Art. 6(2) of the TEU reads: ‘The Union shall accede to the …” „… and Art. 42 (2) of the TEU and Art. 275 (1) of the TFEU. The Future of the Bosphorus-Presumption 151 …”

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Differentiated Integration at Work

Funda Tekin

Series: Studies on the European Union

Volume 6 2012

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Denmark: Preservation of the Intergovernmental Character of the Schengen Cooperation S. 217-220

„… (Art. 5(2) Protocol on thePosition of Denmark, TEU/TEC; Art. 4(2) Protocol No. 22 TEU/TFEU). Yet …” „… , TEU/TEC;Art. 4 Protocol No. 22,TEU/TFEUSchengen buildingmeasures volatility• Vague definition of how …” „… . 5(2) Protocol onthe Position of Den-mark, TEU/TEC;Art. 4(2) Protocol No.22, TEU/TFEU5.1 The Schengen …”

The United Kingdom and Ireland: Legal Rights to Participate in the Schengen Acquis in Spite of the Maintenance of Borders S. 208-217

„… provision relates only to a specific treaty, thespecification of TEU/TEC-A= Amsterdam, TEU/TEC-N= Nice and …” „… . 43,44, 45 TEU-A and Art. 11 TEC-A with Art. 27a-e, 40-40b and 43-45 TEU-N and Art. 11and 11a TEC-N …” „… Maastricht Treaty. Even though, measures of Title VI TEU-M217 re-quired implementation “without prejudice to …”

Flexibility Tools: Uniform Primary Law and Differentiated Secondary Law S. 93-114

„… , enhanced cooperationis fitted into a tight corset of strict conditions (Art. K.15 TEU-M; Art. 43 TEU-N;Art …” „… No. 30, TEU/TFEU, and Annex I to the Presi-dency Conclusions of the European Council 29/30 October …” „… , for further consideration of this matter see chapter 3.1.1.2).80 E.g. Art. 17(4) TEU-N on bilateral …”

Intergovernmental and Supranational Policy-/Decision-Making and the Question of Access S. 166-175

„… or in-formed (Art. K.6TEU-M)consultationconsulted or informed(Art.39 TEU-A/N)consultation (Art.67 …” „… ’,4.1.24.1.2.1163 For a detailed assessment and interpretation of the provisions of Title VI TEU-M see Bieber/Monar …” „… majority in the Council (Art. K.4(3)TEU-M). The European Parliament was merely regularly informed and …”

The Schengen Agreement as Backbone of Differentiation: Helpful Laboratory or Trauma? S. 151-166

„… theintergovernmental Title VI TEU-A (Art. 2(1) Schengen Protocol, TEU/TEC-A).In functional terms the uncertainty was …” „… wasmoreover responsible for drafting the working structures of Title VI TEU-M (seeBunyan 1997: 9). Although …” „… and reliable procedures for decision-making in theCouncil (Bonn 1995: 212). Title VI TEU-M was still …”

Differentiated Integration Tools: Actual Differentiation in Primary Law S. 114-125

„… Mem-ber States (UK: Art. 9 Protocol No. 15, TEU/TFEU; DK: Art. 1 Protocol No. 16,TEU/TFEU). Moreover, and …” „… combination with the Protocols No. 15-17, TEU/TFEU.110 “(1) the achievement of a high degree of price …” „… . 15-17, TEU/TFEU). This legal derogation regime impacts, hence,on both functional and structural …”

Denmark: Knocking on Closed Doors? S. 226-227

„… Denmark” (Article 1 and 2 Protocol on the Position of Denmark, TEU/TEC-A).232Consequently, the more …” „… of avisa is exempt from this opt-out (Art. 6 Protocol No. 22, TEU/TFEU). However, apossibility to …” „… , TEU/TFEU). Thus, the Lisbon Treaty offers Den-5.2.2232 The wording that is cited here is the initial …”

The Abolition of the Opt-Outs: Rather Low Chances to Terminate Differentiation? S. 227-229

„… ,TEU/TFEUIf Denmark unilaterally notifies the other Member States that the provisionsof the Annex of Protocol …” „… No. 22 annexed to the Lisbon Treaty shall apply:Art. 8 Protocol No. 22,TEU/TFEUfirst generation …” „… Denmark has theright to opt-in at any time.Art. 3 & Art. 4 Annexto Protocol No. 22,TEU/TFEUsecond …”

List of Abbreviations S. 17-18

„… Community in itsconsolidated version of the Nice TreatyTEU Treaty on European Union (general reference)TEU …” „… -A Treaty on European Union in its consolidated version of theAmsterdam TreatyTEU-L Treaty on European Union …” „… in its consolidated version of theLisbon TreatyTEU-M Treaty on European Union in its consolidated …”

The United Kingdom and Ireland: Knocking on Open Doors? S. 220-226

„… , TEU/TFEUfirst generationSchengen acquisvolatility• Within 3 months after the Commission’s proposalDenmark can …” „… limit.Art. 3, Art. 4 Annex toProtocol No. 22, TEU/TFEUSchengen buildingmeasures volatility• Opt-in …” „… , TEU/TFEUSource: Own compilation, based on protocols annexed to the treaties.The Title IV TEC / Title V TFEU …”

Effects of Structural Differentiation: A History of Abuses, Kick-Outs, and Spill-Overs S. 256-273

„… prior to or after itsadoption under Article 4 Protocol No. 21, TEU/TFEU, the two Dublin system …” „… legalprovisions of the opt-in regime (see Protocol No 21, TEU/TFEU), but results fromthe political consideration …” „… . 21, TEU/TFEU). Having saidthat, the implementation of such a formal ‘urged opt-in’ right, will …”

Finding a Compromise within a Tailor-Made Opt-In S. 273-275

„… Regulation policy.(2) The Commission proposal simply states in recurrence to Art. 1 Protocol No.21, TEU/TFEU …” „… the Position of Denmark, TEU/TEC-N).Thus, in order to level out the different degrees of the ‘Outs …”

Domestic Conditions: Referendum as Key to Joining the European Fold? S. 138-141

„… UK fulfils the necessary conditions(Art. 9 (b) Protocol No. 15, TEU/TFEU) – provisions on the …” „… TFEU requires an amendment of the Protocol No. 21, TEU/TFEU, andhence of primary law, the UK is …”

Acceleration Consolidation Fragmentation: What is it Going to Be? S. 292-297

„… (Declaration No. 4, TEU/TEC-A; Decla-ration No. 56, TEU/TFEU), is contingent on the British political …”

Ireland: The Pragmatist S. 195-201

„… , TEU/TFEU).198The interests that Ireland pursues in terms of asylum and immigration policies,indeed, differ …” „… , TEU /TFEU) and of keeping the4.3 Outsider Member States' Positions in Light of Centripetal Effects197 …”

Ireland and the United Kingdom: Time Pressure and Parliamentary Scrutiny S. 238-243

„… organisation and practice of eachMember State” (Protocol No. 1, TEU/TFEU). Whether parliamentary control …” „… (seeArt. 8 Protocol No. 22 TEU/TFEU).248 It remains hence to be observed whetherthe very “efficient …”

Structuring the Supercharged Debate on Differentiated Integration S. 38-46

„… communautaire and the EU’s legalframework under certain conditions (Art. K.15 TEU-A, Art. 5a TEC-A).29 For an …” „… in the treaty framework as closer cooperation (Schengen Protocol, TEU/TEC-A) in 1999. The term …”

List of Graphs, Tables and Charts S. 15-16

„… Treaties 164Graph 15 Article 5 Schengen Protocol, TEU/TFEU 213Graph 16 Title IV TEC Protocol: the British …”

Denmark: Veto Points Determined by the Question of Sovereignty Transfer S. 243-245

„… (seeArt. 8 Protocol No. 22 TEU/TFEU).248 It remains hence to be observed whetherthe very “efficient …”

Completion of the Picture of Differentiated Integration at Work: Schengen S. 254-256

„… measures and prior to the Lisbon Treaty by the equal partic-ipation under the Title VI TEU. Denmark will …”

Catching a Structuring Glimpse on the Policies of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice S. 141-145

„… thenew provisions of the TEU-L and the TFEU till they are entirely and fully applicable.3 …”

Guiding Assumptions Refined: Yardsticks for Patterns of Differentiated Integration at Work S. 145-150

„… assumed that the likelihood137 See for example Article 5(3) Schengen Protocol, TEU/TFEU.138 The Hague …”

The Council Working Structures: Everyone on Board S. 234-238

„… of eachMember State” (Protocol No. 1, TEU/TFEU). Whether parliamentary control re-presents “more an …”

Effects of Structural Differentiation in Schengen: Either in or Out? S. 246-252

„… and determined the VIS Council Decision to build on parts ofthe undifferentiated Title VI TEU-N (see …” „… in Title VI TEUDenmark’s re-introduction of police and customs controls can be perceived in breach …”

A Structuring Approach to Differentiated Integration: State of the Art, Key Aspects and Core Research Questions S. 19-27

„… “institutional deepening within a group of ‘will-ing’ and ‘able’ Member States (outside the TEU framework …”

Patterns of Differentiated Integration at Work in the AFSJ S. 284-292

„… pillar (Title VI TEU), it has lostthis formal voting right due to the abolition of the pillar structure …” „… opt-out•opt-in/international law•tailor-made opt-in•extended opt-out due toabolishing of Title VI TEUTitle IVTEC / Ti-tle …”

Research Design: The Case, Variables, Assumptions, Methodology S. 27-36

„… cooperation in the Lisbon Treaty (Art. 42 &46 TEU-L). For further information see chapter 3.1.2.2.1 …”

Theoretical Findings on Differentiated Integration as Second-Best Solution and Its Rationale S. 50-61

„… clarification of the informal meetings of the Euro Group bythe Lisbon Treaty (Protocol No. 14, TEU/TFEU).2 …”

Literature S. 310-329

„… TEU: A First Assessment in the Lightof Practical Experiences, in: Bieber, Roland/Monar, Jörg (eds …”

Policy Participation in Schengen Matters: Clear Patterns and No Surprises S. 252-254

„… form part of the Schengen Borders Code that has found its legal base in Title VI TEUDenmark’s …”

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ZEuS Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien

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ZEuS Volume 22 (2019) Issue 3 ISSN Online: 2942-3589

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Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika Rule of Law in the EU Legal Order S. 383-406

„… Framework called ‘A new EU Framework to strengthen the Rule of Law’ c) 393 Art. 7 TEU Proceduresd) 395 Other …” „… has been stated in Articles (Art(s).) 3(1) and 13(1) Treaty on European Union (TEU) respectively. The …” „… all fundamental values as provided in Art. 2, TEU as well as rights and obligations arising from …”

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Culture, Practice & Europeanization

Browse Volumes: Culture, Practice & Europeanization

CPE Volume 2 (2017) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2566-7742

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Béatrice Schütte The Brexit Referendum - Legal aspects S. 15-20

„… must now invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Un-ion (TEU), which regulates the voluntary …” „… concluded for an unlimited period, as per the current Article 53 TEU and Article 356 TFEU. On the other hand …” „… . However, the introduction of the Treaty of Lisbon put an end to this discussion. 2.1 Article 50 TEU …”

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Herausforderungen an Staat und Verfassung

Christian Calliess (ed.)

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 100 2015

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Iris Canor National Constitutional Identity and Ordre public: An Intradisciplinary Analysis of European Constitutional Law and European Private International Law S. 475-498

„… to Art. 4(2) TEU’s predecessor which appeared in the Constitutional treaty, Art. I-A. Art. I-A …” „… http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration/index_en.htm, last accessed on 8 September 2014.2 Art. 1 TEU reads: „This Treaty marks a new stage in the …” „… process of creating an evercloser union among the peoples of Europe […]”.475TEU; and „ordre public” (or …”

Heinz Christian Geld und „Geld“, Währung und „Währung“: Einige rechtliche Aspekte zum Aufkommen von „Bitcoins“ und „Regionalwährungen“ im deutschen Geltungsbereich der Eurozone S. 106-122

„… Deutschland,www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/DE/Themen2013/2013_06_26_teuer_und_maennlich.2 Besonders im Euro-Raum wegen der Folgen der Schuldenkrise …” „… , Regionalwährungen in Deutschland 2013;Deutsche Bundesbank, Teuer und männlich: Regionalwährungen in …” „… . Ob sie „teuer“ (und „männlich“ im Hinblick auf ihre Namensgeber,zum Beispiel „Roland“, „Chiemgauer …”

Thomas Giegerich Verfassungshomogenität, Verfassungsautonomie und Verfassungsaufsicht in der EU: Zum „neuen Rechtsstaatsmechanismus“ der Europäischen Kommission S. 499-542

„… Passage:„The possibilities to ensure respect for the fundamental values under Article 2of the TEU should be …” „… report in the case of concrete evidence of violations of the values under Article 2 of the TEU and to …”

Stefan Oeter Fortschrittsnarrative im Humanitären Völkerrecht – Vom Kriegsvölkerrecht zu Menschenrechten in bewaffneten Konflikten S. 1025-1049

„… man sich die Berichte,2.49 Siehe hierzu grundlegend Fischer-Lescano/Teubner, Regime-Kollisionen: zur …” „… Eigenrationalität und Autonomie der Regime Fischer-Lescano/Teubner(Fn. 49), S. 25 ff.53 Siehe insbes. Human Rights …” „… eigentlichE.59 Vgl. Fischer-Lescano/Teubner (Fn. 49), S. 10 ff.60 Fischer-Lescano/Teubner (Fn. 49), S. 34 …”

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The Rhine: A Transnational Economic History

Ralf Banken (ed.), Ben Wubs (ed.)

Series: Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des modernen Europa. Economic and Social History of Modern Europe

Volume 4 2017

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Theo Notteboom Maritime Gateways and Barge Connectivity: Container Barge Transport on the Rhine S. 311-334

„… transport. With a total maritime container throughput of about 23.5 million TEU in 2015, the delta is among …” „… container ship called at the Port of Rotterdam, the port handled about 60,000 TEU. The Port of Antwerp …” „… , meanwhile, recorded a total throughput of 43,820 TEU in the same year. Containerization in Rotterdam …”

Antoine Beyer The Transport Function versus Post-industrial Identities. To What Extent does Urban Restructuring Threaten the River Transport Capacities of the Rhine Ports? S. 253-280

„… Growth in TEU (2010-2025) Rail Barge Antwerp +40,000 +430,000 Rotterdam +70,000 +340,000 Total +110,000 …”

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The Law Behind Rule of Law Transfers

Till Patrik Holterhus (ed.)

2019

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Till Patrik Holterhus The Legal Dimensions of Rule of Law Promotion in EU Foreign Policy – EU Treaty Imperatives and Rule of Law Conditionality in the Foreign Trade and Development Nexus S. 73-112

„… Obligation to Promote the Rule of Law AbroadII. 81 Rule of Law Promotion in Article 21 TEU1. 82 The Legally …” „… Binding Character of Article 21 TEU2. 83 ECJ Judgement H v. Council and Commissiona. 83 Opinion of …” „… (TEU) as well as Articles 205, 207 (1), 208 (1), 209 (2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the …”

Till Patrik Holterhus A Theoretical Introduction and Legal Perspective on Rule of Law Transfers S. 9-36

„… Copenhagen Criteria, now laid down in Article 49 TEU), but also by making rule of law promotion an essential …” „… Homogeneity Clause]’, in H.-J. Blanke & S. Mangiameli (eds), The Treaty on European Union (TEU) (2013), 109 …” „… development policy, Holterhus finds that EU primary law (through Article 21 TEU) does not leave it to …”

Astrid Wiik, Frauke Lachenmann The Law Behind Rule of Law Promotion in Fragile States – The Case of Afghanistan S. 175-224

Andreas L. Paulus, Johann Ruben Leiss Constitutionalism and the Mechanics of Global Law Transfers S. 37-72

„… it. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) serves as a well-known example in this regard …” „… , ‘Internationale Gemeinschaft’, supra note 24. 31 Cf. A. Fischer-Lescano & G. Teubner, ‘Regime-collisions: The Vain …” „… (2003) 4, 999 [Fischer-Lescano & Teubner, Regime-collisions] and A. Fischer- Lescano & G. Teubner …”

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Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Europa: Unabhängigkeit der Justiz und wirksame Rechtsmittel | Rule of Law in Europe: Judicial independence and effective remedies | État de droit en Europe: indépendance de la justice et recours effectif

Herwig C.H. Hofmann (ed.), Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.), Ewald Wiederin (ed.)

2023

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Eleftheria Neframi The rule of law in Europe – challenges in a multi-level and multi-systemic environment. Conclusions S. 101-104

„… -TEU) and a principle to be advanced in the wider world (Art 21 (1) TEU). In Article 2 TEU, provision …” „… ) has acknowledged that Article 19 TEU, concerning its own role but also the Member States’ obligation I …” „… Article 2 TEU”.2 Effective judicial protection can be seen as the essential element of the rule of law …”

Elena-Simina Tanasescu București European Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court of Romania: an implicit and indirect judicial dialogue? S. 71-84

„… the Court, to be contrary to that decision or to the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU”.The …” „… the difference between the principle enshrined in art. 19 TEU and the subjective right guaranteed in …” „… effective judicial protection as provided by article 19 paragraph (1) TEU. And the ECJ concluded by …”

Herwig C.H. Hofmann, Jacques Ziller The rule of law in Europe – challenges in a multi-level and multi-systemic environment S. 5-8

„… courts is required (Art 19(1) TEU) as a concrete expression of the value of the rule of law. EU law …”

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Ceci n'est pas une Constitution - Constitutionalisation without a Constitution?

Ingolf Pernice (ed.), Evgeni Tanchev (ed.)

Series: European Constitutional Law Network-Series

Volume 7 2008

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Ana Maria Guerra Martins The Treaty of Lisbon - After all another Step towards a European Constitution? S. 56-75

„… that “the TEU and the Treaty on the Functioning of the Union will not have a constitutional character …” „… fundamental rights, the current tripartite structure of the European Union (Article 1, par. 3, TEU)13 …” „… European Communities and to the intergovernmental pillars (Article 1 TEU). The European Union also acquires …”

Christine Kaddous External Action under the Lisbon Treaty S. 172-188

„… , resulting from the practice that has developed in relation to Articles 24 and 38 TEU. According to the new …” „… Article 1 TEU, the Union shall replace and succeed the European Community.2 It shall have legal …” „… personality. The express conferral of the legal personality to the Union in Article 47 TEU is a logical …”

Paul Craig The Detailed Mandate and the Future Methods of Interpretation of the Treaties S. 86-98

„… substantive clauses, which amended respectively the TEU, and the EC Treaty, the latter of which would be …” „… way of repealing all existing treaties as envisaged by the Constitutional Treaty.8 The TEU and TFEU …” „… modifications that were to be made to the TEU and the TFEU. They related to matters such as competences, the …”

Jo Shaw The constitutional development of citizenship in the EU context: with or without the Treaty of Lisbon S. 104-118

„… Fellow, Federal Trust for Education and Research, London 1 References throughout to the TEU and the …” „… versions of the TEU and TFEU provisions which are being cited in their renumbered versions, and also to …” „… , Brussels: Bruylant, 2007, 311-365 at 318-319. 14 Article 3(5) TEU*. The constitutional development of …”

Arthur Benz Amendment Procedure and the Future Importance of the Convention S. 189-202

„… the Treaty of Lisbon (Article 48 TEU*) can be traced back to the work of the “Convention on the …” „… it seems to be stipulated by the new article 48 TEU*. This is at least the case as long as unanimity …” „… governments of the Member State could not ignore. Article 48 TEU* includes significant changes of existing …”

Stefan Griller The Reform’s Typology: Treaty or Constitution? S. 44-55

„… found in OJ No 2007/C 306/1; a consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) as amended …” „… the same document, a few lines later, when it is stressed that the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and …” „… amendments of the TEU, the TFEU, and the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (TEAEC …”

Jean-Victor Louis National Parliaments and the Principle of Subsidiarity - Legal Options and Practical Limits S. 131-154

„… , there is an important innovation. Title II on “Democratic principles” of the modified TEU, includes a …” „… new article 12 TEU* on the contribution of national parliaments to the good functioning of the Union …” „… institutions and the citizens in Article 11 TEU*. In the treaty signed in Rome in October 2004, the only …”

Jacqueline Dutheil de la Rochère The Protection of Fundamental Rights in the EU: Community of values with Opt-Out? S. 119-130

„… . Article 6.1 TEU.L states: “The Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the …” „… that the second paragraph of Article 19.1 of the Lisbon Treaty (TEU.L) underlines the obligation for …” „… sovereignty”9. The Charter to which article 6 TEU of the Lisbon Treaty refers – that adapted at Strasbourg …”

Ingolf Pernice Introduction: Multilevel Constitutionalism in Action S. 11-20

„… of the amended Treaty on European Union (TEU) start by listing – like the existing treaties – all …” „… experiences. While it is supposed to become the „ordinary” proce- 8 See Article 275 TFEU and Article 40 TEU …” „… *; for a recent case where the Court has annulled a Common Action under Article 14 TEU because the …”

Jiří Zemánek The criminal cooperation within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice under the Treaty of Lisbon S. 163-171

„… ) TEU-Nice, in case of a conversion of Eurojust in a European Public Prosecutor´s Office (Art. 86 (1) TFEU …” „… aspects”, close to “national identity” that is to be respected by the Union (Art. 4 (2) TEU), should have …”

Mattias Wendel, Martin Belov, Miroslav Angelov The Constitutional Paradigm Revisited. Looking at the Lisbon Treaty with the Eyes of Magritte. S. 225-242

„… integral part of the treaties but shall have the same legal value (Article. 6 par. 1 TEU). Being insofar …” „… role of national parliaments. Though the new Article 12 TEU is of more symbolic than normative value …” „… Article 21 of the reformed TEU.44 Concerning the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice,45 Jiří Zemánek …”

Tom Eijsbouts Lisbon and the Quest for the European Public: Let Elections do some of the Work S. 203-211

„… Treaty so far, the European Parliament represented ‘the member state’s peoples’, Article 14.2 TEU reads …”

Evgeni Tanchev The Lisbon Treaty within and without Constitutional Orthodoxy S. 21-43

„… constitution coexisting and interacting with the national constitutions. 45 See Teubner, Societal …” „… , http://www.jura.uni-frankfurt.de/teubner/.pdf. 46 For a brilliant critique on the thesis of no demos as reflected in the German Maastricht …”

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ZEuS Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien

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ZEuS Volume 26 (2023) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2942-3589

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Frank Hoffmeister, Lóránt Havas The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy before the Court of Justice of the European Union S. 13-30

„… responsibilitiesincumbent on external relations and external action (Article 18(4) TEU).The multi-institutional involvement …” „… TEU.Quite clearly, the outcome of this case would not directly affect the rights of theHR in its role of …” „… ) TEU.The key consideration seems to be that the outcome of the case “determines thescope of [the High …”

Ruth Weber European Integration through the Eyes of its Treaties’ Preambles S. 97-122

„… plenipotentiaries.European Integration through the Eyes of its Treaties’ Preambles ZEuS 1/2023 107TEU’s preamble.50 The …” „… TEU,the TFEU as well as in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Closer analysis hasshown that these mentions …” „… the European Union (TEU) states:RESOLVED to mark a new stage in the process of European integration …”

Juliane Kokott EU Sanctions against Russia and the Rule of Law S. 3-12

„… . TEU.Juliane Kokott4 ZEuS 1/2023counter measures5 or non-belligerent “reprisals”6 under older terminology …” „… the Member States in the Treaties” (Art. 5(2)TEU). In the framework of the Common Foreign and Security …”

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The Evolution of the EU Treaties

Klemens H. Fischer

2024

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II. The Evolution of EU Policies S. 135-376

„… under Article 7 TEU.The original catalogue of objectives - now contained in Article 3 TEU(AA/ToL) - in …” „… (ex-Article J.1(3) TEU)were transferred, concretised, and extended under the new Article 12 TEU.The IGC 1996 …” „… revised andconsequently was embedded as Article 4 TEU. Following the catalogue of207 Article 2 TEU.II. The …”

III. Annex S. 377-404

„… TEU(ex-)EC Treaty Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TFEUInstitutional AmendmentsAbove all, the …” „… the TEU.However, under Protocol 7, the courts of the United Kingdom and Po‐land are exempt from the …” „… ff.III.1. Overview of the Reforms of the European Treaties379The ToM/TEU has the following five main …”

I. The Historical Development of European Law S. 19-134

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… the European Defence CommunityTEEC Treaty on the European Economic CommunityTEU Treaty on the European …” „… The Evolution of EU PoliciesII. 135PreambleII.0. 135Preamble to the TEUII.0.1. 137Preamble to the …” „… TEUII.4.1. 201Enhanced Cooperation as laid down in theTFEUII.4.2.204Internal Market and Free Movement of …”

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