„… type of victim (individuals, companies,organisations, etc.).13ΙΙ. Importance of the burden of proofIt …” „… Burden of proof – How to handle a possible need for facilitatingthe victim’s burden of proof for AI …” „… the defendant,sustained damage and causality. This means that the burden of proof lieson the claimant …”

Karl Ortmann Comments of the German Insurance Association GDV on the European Commission’s proposals for a revised Product Liability Directive (PLD-P) and an Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive (AILD-P) S. 279-284

„… .1. Burden of proof, obligations to disclose evidence (Art. 8, 9 PLD-P)As a matter of principle …” „… unjustified difficulties in meeting burden of proof require‐ments in "complex cases", but without any detailed …” „… facilitations of the burden of proof for injured parties,which would apply to all products and all cases. Only …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Liability for AI – Opening a new chapter of adapting European private law to the digital transition S. 7-24

„… cover with the proposal for theAILD on the burden of proof in fault-based liability the first, and with …” „… burden of proof52,46 Spindler, Different approaches for liability of Artificial Intelligence – Pros and …” „… defectiveness, defencesand burden of proof. With Georg Borges’ contribution, in turn, attentionshifts towards …”

Miquel Martin-Casals Recourse among several liable persons - allocating the burden of liability. S. 217-244

„… burden of proof in causation was shifted to the defendant (art. 9.3 ELIPL-D)62.60 See, for instance, NTF …” „… , KF 15, KF 22 or KF 24.61 Art. 9. Burden of proof ‘… 2. Member States shall ensure in their national …” „… and to data collected andgenerated by the product or by a connected service’.62 Art. 9 Burden of proof …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Commission proposals: Causality, Fault and theBurden of ProofHerbert ZechLiability for AI: Complexity …” „… problems 193Eugenia DacoroniaBurden of proof – How to handle a possible need for facilitatingthe victim’s …” „… burden of proof for AI damage? 201Clusters of the Commission proposals: Regress and InsuranceMiquel …”

Georg Borges Liability of the Operator of AI Systems De Lege Ferenda S. 165-190

„… inferred from suchdefective behaviour.39In product liability law, the distribution of the burden of proof …” „… a claim for damages. Art. 4 AIL-Dregulates a reversal of the burden of proof regarding the causal …” „… 2022, 2650, 2651.43 Regarding the burden of proof in relation to the breach of the duty of care …”

Jean-Sebastien Borghetti Adapting Product Liability to Digitalization: Trying Not to Put New Wine Into Old Wineskins S. 129-164

„… PL-D and which is illustrated by the rules on disclosure (1) andthe burden of proof86 (2).1 …” „… precisely intended for them toget it.86 It could be discussed whether rules on the burden of proof belong to …” „… the burden of proof should be reversed. It does so by creatingrebuttable presumptions (Article 9(5 …”

Gerald Spindler Different approaches for liability of Artificial Intelligence – Pros and Cons S. 41-96

„… parts.F) Disclosure obligations and burden of presentation and proofAnother important adjusting screws in …” „… the burden of proof concerning faults of the AI-system?What are the technical standards?• How should …” „… the problem of the “black box” be addressed and whoshould bear the burden of proof of causality of a …”

Christiane Wendehorst Product Liability or Operator Liability for AI – What is the Best Way Forward? S. 99-128

„… with the new Arti‐cle 8 on disclosure of evidence and Article 9 on the burden of proof.According to …” „… provisions on disclosureof evidence and burden of proof in Articles 8 and 9 of the proposal for arevised PLD …” „… the burden of proof wherethe damage was caused by an obvious malfunction of the product …”

Herbert Zech Liability for AI: Complexity problems S. 193-200

„… Clusters of the Commission proposals: Causality, Fault and theBurden of ProofLiability for AI …” „… different) rules concerning the proof of causality as a prerequisitefor liability. This article explains the …” „… offacilitating the proof of causality.II. Complexity, autonomy, opacityThe reason for introducing the AILD is …”

Bernhard A. Koch The Grey Zone Between Fault and Strict Liability… and Where to Place AI S. 27-40

„… the burden of proof.14 Safety standards andrules of conduct specified by administrative law are of …” „… burden of proving fault, though with apossibility for the defendant to exonerate herself.2 See, eg …” „… reversal of the burden of proving fault objective fault subjective fault 5 Cour de cassation (Cass …”

Lars Entelmann Concepts and criteria for regulation S. 275-278

„… newinformation obligations and burden-of-proof-rules.Lacking the right of initiative, the European Parliament …” „… of the European Parliament and the European CommissionThe discussion about liability for damages …” „… forAI’ provided an excellent overview of the state of the debate and developedit further. The important …”

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International Investment Law

Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

Anne K. Hoffmann G. Denial of Benefits S. 598-613

„… treaty interpretation’.46Burden of ProofThe issue of burden of proof is generally important in …” „… neutral manner in respect of the burden of proof.(…)However, when a respondent alleges that the claimant …” „… , as already mentioned, Article 17(1) is neutral on the question ofburden of proof.Burden of proof is …”

Borzu Sabahi, Kabir Duggal, Nicholas Birch VI. Limits on Compensation for Internationally Wrongful Acts S. 1115-1129

„… proximity has both factual and legal aspects.13Factual Causation and Burden of ProofThe factual aspect …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Factual Causation and Burden of Proof …” „… Sabahi/Kabir Duggal/Nicholas Birch 1115and Timothy L. Foden, ‘Burden of Proof regarding Jurisdiction’ in Katia …”

Jorge E. Viñuales VII. Investment Law and Sustainable Development: The Environment breaks into Investment Disputes S. 1714-1738

„… con-troversial, as deviations from the basic rules governing the burden and the stan-dard of proof in …” „… . Thefirst approach would be to shift the burden of proof by means of a treaty provi-sion. For instance …” „… conven-tional shift of the burden of proof has also been proposed by the European Com-munity within the context …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… Chapter 9 III 1, IV 1;Chapter 11 V 14– ‘unitary’ conception by ILCChapter 11 V 30– burden of proof …” „… behaviourChapter 6 II E 9denial of benefits Chapter 4 II B 31– burden of proof Chapter 6 II G 32– exercise right …” „… Chapter 4 II A 28evidence Chapter 9 VI 5;Chapter 11 III 42– burden of proof Chapter 11 III 195;Chapter …”

Ursula Kriebaum III. Arbitrary/Unreasonable or Discriminatory Measures S. 790-806

„… treatment requirementin Art. 1102 of the NAFTA.78Therefore, the investor does not bear the burden of proof …” „… 8055657585960The claimant has the burden of proof for the difference in treatment.99 Once adifference in …” „… treatment is established in a group of comparable investors, the re-spondent has the burden of proof to …”

Monique Sasson III. Investment Arbitration: Procedure S. 1288-1372

„… Rules 2012.45 See Art. 27 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010:‘1. Each party shall have the burden of …” „… Distinctiveness of Investment Arbitra-tion …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. UNCITRAL Ad Hoc v. Institutional (or Administered) Arbitration 27a) Appointment of Arbitrators …”

Lucy F. Reed, Jonathan E. Davis A. Who is a Protected Investor? S. 614-637

„… essentially a question of competence and proof. It is wellsettled that a tribunal has the power to make an …” „… constitute prima facie proof of the claimed nationality, subject to rebuttaland to independent examination …” „… nationality constitutes only prima facie proof of the same,37 as does thefact of a host State’s agreement on …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement S. 261-282

„… differential treatment.The third issue is the question of the burden of proof.69 Many tribunals haveadopted a …” „… disruptthe proceeding or to unfairly burden or prejudice any of the participants.III.B. NAFTA’s Contributions …” „… burden-shifting approach, such that after the claimant establishes aninitial case of differential treatment …”

Jean-Christophe Honlet, Barton Legum, Anna Crevon A. ICSID Annulment S. 1431-1459

„… deliberations by the tribunal;88– proper allocation of the burden of proof;89 and– absence of bias.90By contrast …” „… factbears the burden of proof’. Thus, a tribunal’s refusal to grant a disclosure re-quest does not …” „… presump-tively shared equally between the parties, an annulment applicant bears the fi-nancial burden of …”

Christina Binder IV. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness S. 442-480

„… only by relying ona doubtful burden of proof rule that shifted the burden of proof to the claimant.56 …” „… ] the State whose conduct would otherwise be unlawfulmight seek to shift the burden of the defence of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. The Necessity Defence under Customary International Law: Arti-cle 25 of the ILC Articles …”

Noah Rubins, Ben Love I. Ratione Temporis S. 481-494

„… claimant from bringing its treatyclaim. That decision provided:The Tribunal is of the view that the burden …” „… of proof rests on the Respondent to establish the exis-tence of a prescription rule. Respondent has …” „… Chapter 6: The Scope of Application ofInternational Investment AgreementsI. Ratione TemporisNoah …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz, Manuel Busch E. Investment in Accordance with the Law – Specifically Corruption S. 577-589

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4b) Analysis: Two Types of BITs …” „… Legal Consequences of Corruption’ (2010) 25 ICSID Rev.–FILJ 63–66; Bernardo Cremades, ‘Corruption and …” „… : Liber Am-icorum in honour of Robert Briner (ICC Publishing, 2005) 203–220; Florian …”

Stephan Hobe I. The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of General Principles of Protection under Public International Law Stephan HobeThe Development of the Law of Aliens S. 6-22

„… bears the burden of proof.61Thus, in conclusion, the national treatment requirement is an important …” „… . The Development of the Law of Aliens and the Emergence of GeneralPrinciples of Protection under Public …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. The Development of the Origins of International Investment Law 2a) Developments until 1945 …”

Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142. Different Forms of Expropriatory Measures and their Characteris-tics …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1748. The Requirement of an Official Act …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1879. Beneficiary of the Expropriation …”

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… concerning the proof of the factual aspects of the case on the other.7They are not directly concerned with …” „… proof or evidence of the existence ofcorresponding non-material damage. Thus in Cementownia v. Turkey …” „… of actual economic loss or damage, which is subject to the usu-al rules of proof. It also expressed …”

Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan VI. Investment Law and Intellectual Property Rights S. 1692-1713

„… DSU.86 For instance, the burden of proof may be different under the WTO system as under the safe-guard …” „… Global Standards for the Protection of Intellectual PropertyRights?, GRAIN Study, August 2004; Henning …” „… Grosse Ruse-Khan, The Protection of Intellec-tual Property in the International Legal System (Oxford …”

Stefan Kröll VII. Enforcement of Awards S. 1482-1504

„… in EnforcementProceedings of Foreign Awards: Burden of Proof and the Legal Relevance of the …” „… VII. Enforcement of AwardsStefan KröllA. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. The Different Stages of the Enforcement Process …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz II. Protection and Security (Including the NAFTA Approach) S. 764-789

„… facie responsibility norshifts the burden of proof’.74Strict liability of the host State is therefore …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22C. The Content of ‘Protection and Security …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423. The Area of Contest: beyond Physical Harm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46a …”

Anthony Sinclair VII. Umbrella Clause S. 887-958

„… This approach appears to have reversed the burden of proof, arguing that the burden was onPakistan to …” „… withrespect to the investments of the other State party’s investors’.90 Accordingly,proof that Paraguay had …” „… merely breached a contract with aforeign investor, without proof of some further internationally wrongful …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

„… Chapter 8: Standards of ProtectionI. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method1Marc …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. Conventional Formulations of Fair and Equitable Treatment, Relationto Custom and Comparative Law …” „… Treatment as an Emanation of theRule of Law …”

Rainer Hofmann III. The Protection of Individuals under Public International Law S. 46-63

„… lack of independence. The burden of proofas to the existence of such exceptions is on the claimant …” „… III. The Protection of Individuals under Public International LawRainer HofmannA. Introduction …” „… . Subjects of Public International Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 …”

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Die Business Judgment Rule im Prozess

Jan-Ole Jena

Series: Successful Dispute Resolution

Volume 9 2020

Results in this title

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… the burden of proof is shifted from the plaintiff to the defendant director and that the court …” „… same and only affect The Business Judgment Rule in Litigation 8 the distribution of the burden of proof …” „… business judgment rule, the corporation carries the burden of proof, which is in contradiction to the as …”

3. Kapitel: Die U.S.-amerikanische Business Judgment Rule S. 88-136

„… initial burden of proof on the plaintiff“. 374 Block/Barton/Radin, The Business Judgment Rule, 6th ed. vol …” „… a high degree of fairness and a shift in the burden of proof“. 376 Cede & Co. v. Technicolor, Inc …” „… (U.S. 1987): „The fact that the burden of a state regulation falls on some interstate companies does …”

7. Kapitel: Kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Beweislastumkehr gem. § 93 Abs. 2 Satz 2 AktG S. 255-315

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Patent Litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States

Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

Index S. 224-231

„… ) 140Bolar exemption (G) 72 f.Burden of demonstration and burden of proof(G) 159 f.Burden of …” „… demonstration and burden of proof(J)– burden of demonstration 179 f.– burden of proof 180 ff.see Burden of proof …” „… .– procedural measures easing burden of proofrelated to infringement 180 f.Burden of proof (USA)– clear and …”

. Procedural principles S. 174-215

„… demonstration and burden of proof(1) Extent of the burden of demonstration and proof. It is the Plaintiff’s …” „… sought.In case of dispute, the burden of proof for an infringement of the patent by theDefendant as well as …” „… Plaintiff whobears the burden of proof, although the Defendant knows the contested infringingembodiment …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-23

„… ............................................................................................ 1598. Burden of demonstration and burden of proof …” „… ..................................................................... 159(1) Extent of the burden of demonstration and proof …” „… ........................................................... 159(2) Exemption of certain facts from the burden of proof …”

. Fact Finding S. 64-73

„… secrecy interestshave to be weighed up against each other.Thus, the rights holder who has the burden of …” „… § 140 b PatG.The information claim pursuant to § 140 b PatG requires proof of an act of direct …” „… consider the result of such analyses as proof. If theexperiments of both parties yield contradictory …”

. Claims of the patent holder and objections of the infringer S. 74-123

„… generally not deductible. The burden of proof for deductable costs lies withthe infringer.(3-2-3 …” „… infringement was not proven.To reduce the burden of proof of a patent holder, Article 102 of the Japanese …” „… to reduce the burden of proof forpatent holders could also be adapted to an indirect infringement …”

. Survey S. 24-39

„… , thepatent owner has satisfied the burden of proof on the issue of infringement.(3) If validity is challenged …” „… infringer did not satisfy its burden of proof of invalidity.The court noted that the prior art before the …” „… falls within the scope of at least oneclaim of the patent.) This requires proof that the infringement …”

. Infringement proceedings S. 146-173

„… andtaking into account the rules on the distribution of the burden of proof consider itnecessary to take …” „… bearing the burden of proof is consistently required to pay to the court cashier anadvance for the expert …” „… prove the existence of his effective patent right. The proof for an effective patentis a copy of the …”

. Matter of infringement S. 40-63

„… be.The patent holder bears the burden of proof for the customer’s intention, which,depending on the case …” „… case of new products reference is made to the rules concerning the shifting of theburden of proof (see …” „… a proof to recognise the under-standing of the person of ordinary skilled in the art, but also a …”

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