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The Olympic Games of the European Union

Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

2011

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Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special EU law Issues S. 186

„… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …” „… ssion?takes?action?in?orderfot?he?states?to?respect?the?fundamental?rules?of?the?EC?law …” „… ?the?EC?law.The?recognition?of?certificates?constitutes?an?important?ingredient?of?the?freedomof?movement.?In?the?framework?of?professional?sport,?there?are?huge?differencesamong?the?member-states?as?regards?training/schooling.?The?circumstances?under403 Among?others,?see?Miettinen Samuli, Parrish …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2833/2000 ‘Issues of Preparation of the Olympic Games of 2004 and other provisions’ S. 227-229

„… ?respectively).The?rest?of?the?articles?treated?various?issues.?Some?of?them?were?additions?tothe?special?provisions?that?had?been?introduced?by?Law?2730/1999?and?concernedthe?expropriations?of?land?required?for …” „… ?Organization?and?of?the?Olympic?Equestrian?Centre?and?theFaliron?Multi-Purpose?Complex?to?the?Hellenic?Horse?Racing?Organization.Law?2819/2000 …” „… ?did?it?focus?exclusively?on?the?OlympicWorks?sector.?It?was?also?the?founding?enactment?of?the?Société?anonyme?‘OlympicVillage?2004?SA’,?as?provided?by?article?1?of?the?law.?The?exclusive?shareholderof?‘Olympic?Village?2004 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2730/1999 ‘Planning, complete development and carrying-out of the Olympic Works and other provisions’ (Government Gazette 130 A´) S. 222-224

„… ? alsoimportant?to?notice?that?during?that?period?special?emphasis?had?been?given?to?therespect?of?the?rules?of?Community?law?with?regard?to?the?award?of?public?contracts,especially?within?the?framework?of?the?relevant?Regulations.Lastly,?the?law …” „… ?the?rules?of?the?IOCand?of?the?Olympic?Movement?with?those?of?the?internal?legal?order?has?been?satisfactorilyachieved.223Lastly,? the? third?chapter?of? the? law?(articles?15-18 …” „… ?the?related?regulation?of?Law?2598/1998 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2819/2000 ‘Creation of the Olympic Village 2004 SA, protection of the Olympic symbols and indicia and other provisions’ S. 224-227

„… Lastly,? the? third?chapter?of? the? law?(articles?15-18 …” „… .?More?specifically,?the?said?lawinstituted?a?general?authorization,?according?to?which?the?responsibility?of?carryingout? the?Olympic?Works?and?other?special? technical?works?could?be?assigned …” „… )?dealt?with?organizationalissues?of?the?Olympic?preparation?bearing?mainly?on?amendments?to?the?legislativestatus?of?the?Organizational?Committee?for?the?Olympic?Games?that?had?been?established?by?Law?2598/1998.?Two?new?institutions?had?been? introduced?by …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Amendment of the Chinese Constitution in 2004- 3 years after the amendment of the Greek one S. 108-110

„… ? legislation?was?promoted?for?theorientation?of?the?Code?of?Compulsory?Expropriations?to?this?direction?and?a?relative?law?was?also?voted,?which?has?been?in?force?since?2002.?The?special?laws?aboutthe?Olympics?also?include?some?special …” „… N.,?Olympic?Games,The?administrative?organization?of?the?Olympics?(in?Greek),?in:?Applications?of?Public?Law2003,?Special?Edition,?Olympic?Games-?Public?Law?Maters,?p.9sec.,?Trova E./SkourisP.,? The …” „… I.,?LegalMatters?of?the?preparation?of?the?Olympics,?in?Applications?of?Public?Law?2003,?SpecialEdition,?Olympic?Games-?Public?Law?Maters,?p.63sec.213 Council?of?the?State?(5 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Law 2598/1998 ‘Organization of the Olympic Games – Athens 2004’ S. 218-222

„… ,?which?ought?to?enjoy?the?special?protection?of?the?Olympic?symbols?and?indicia.?In?addition,?Law?2819/2000 …” „… ? alsoimportant?to?notice?that?during?that?period?special?emphasis?had?been?given?to?therespect?of?the?rules?of?Community?law?with?regard?to?the?award?of?public?contracts,especially?within?the?framework?of?the?relevant?Regulations.Lastly,?the?law …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games?(public?lawlegal?person)?has?been?renamed?to?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?(HOC)?and?a?presidentialdecree?has? been?published? (no.?130/2000,?Government?Gazette? 113?A?)?with?a? view? toregulating?issues?as …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

„… ?of?Law?2598/1998,?which?ought?to?enjoy?the?special?protection?of?the?Olympic?symbols?and?indicia.600 …” „… statesSo,?since?the?Sydney?Olympics,?all?the?hosting?states,?trying?to?fulfil?their?obligations?towards?the?IOC,?which?through?the?host?city?contract?imposed?to?them,?introduce?special? legislation?against? the?phenomenon?of?ambush?marketing.?Whatthese? laws? have? in? common? is …” „… Special legislation introduced by the hosting …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The regulation of sport by the EC law: prevalence of the EC law and self-identity/specificity of sport S. 174-175

„… ?and?the?internal?market?provisions?are?applied?tosport?which?constitutes?an?economic?activity.Sport?is?also?subject?to?important?aspects?of?the?EC?law,?such?as?the?prohibitionon?discrimination?due?to?nationality?and?the?equality?between?men?and?women?inrespect?of?employment.Nevertheless,?sport?also?maintains?some?special?characteristics?which?are?oftenreferred?to?as?“specificity?of?sport”.?These?special?characteristics?of?sport?are?approached?through?two?prisms:174The White Paper on …” „… ? thesociety.The?closing?ceremony?of?the?European?Year?of?Education?through?sport?enabledthe?European?Commission?to?present?the?results?of?a?special?research?of?the?Eurobarometer?on?sport,?which?was?conducted?in?October?2004?in?the?25-at?that?timemember-states.? This? research? indicated? that? the? majority? of …” „… ? citizensagreed?with?the?aims?of?the?European?year,?such?as?the?important?role?that?sportplays?in?the?spreading?of?certain?values,?for?instance.?The?vast?majority?of?the?individuals?that?were?asked?answered?that?they?believed?that?sport?should?have?a?moreimportant?place?in?the?schools’?schedule.The regulation of sport by the EC law: prevalence of the EC …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law and 2004 Olympic Games S. 178-181

„… GamesSo,?for?all?the?reasons?mentioned?above?the?EC?law?has?a?special?value?for?the?EU.Therefore,?the?EU?was?also?particularly?interested?in?the?Athens?2004 …” „… democracy,?as?long?as?it?claims?to?be?a?participial?one,?can?do?nothing?but?attachemphasis?on?the?sporting?phenomenon.The?European?dimension?of?sport?attaches?also?emphasis?on?major?economicinterests?and?objectives?which?are?regulated?by?the?EC?law …” „… .?It?is?clear,?therefore,that?the?EC?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The security of the Games S. 229-230

„… law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law3342/2005 about the sustainable …” „… ,?the?new?Government?introduced?the?law?3254/2004 …” „… ?inorder?to?deal?with?some?practical?issues?which?were?of?urgent?character.?For?instance,?this?law?dealt?with?matters?of?credence?and?entrance?in?the?country?of?international? organization? representatives,? the? post-Olympic? utilization? of? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Bibliography S. 285-299

„… T.,?Sports?Law?and?special?contract?forms,?Sponsorship?Agreement?as?a?formal? legalinstrument?of?modern?sport,?in?International?Sports?Law …” „… ,Olympic? Games,? Public? Law? matters,? Applications? of? Public? Law,? Special? Edition,Ant.N.Sakkoulas …” „… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress,?Public?Law?Matters,?Applicationsof?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini,?2003.Kostakos …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova European law and Olympic Games S. 152-154

„… ity?organs,?whendealing?with?important?matters?that?could?affect?sport,?to?ask?the?sporting?institutions’?opinion.?In?this?framework?special?importance?should?be?attached?to?the?particularities?of?amateursport.,? Olympic? Games? and? Environment,? Greek? Company? of? Environmental? Law,Ant.N,Sakkoulas …” „… judgment?there?are?important?cases?having?been?held?that?prove?the?timeliness?ofthe?issue.In?this?framework?the?Olympics?acquire?a?special?interest?as?long?as?an?organization?governed?by?the?EC?law?in?so?far?as?the?EC?law?gets?involved?in?relationswhich? concern? the? international? sporting? community333? and? economic …” „… xpansion?of?Community?action?in?the?field?of?sport,?but?also?the?willof?the?Union?to?converse?with?the?sports?movement.The?study?of?the?case?law?of?the?European?Court?of?Justice?allows?to?understandthe?way?the?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European Parliament and its positions about sport in Europe S. 173-174

„… ?and?the?internal?market?provisions?are?applied?tosport?which?constitutes?an?economic?activity.Sport?is?also?subject?to?important?aspects?of?the?EC?law,?such?as?the?prohibitionon?discrimination?due?to?nationality?and?the?equality?between?men?and?women?inrespect?of?employment.Nevertheless,?sport?also?maintains?some?special?characteristics?which?are?oftenreferred?to?as?“specificity?of?sport”.?These?special?characteristics?of?sport?are?approached?through?two?prisms:174 …” „… E.,?Competition?and?Sport,?in?European?Law?Review,?2007.173 …” „… ? thesociety.The?closing?ceremony?of?the?European?Year?of?Education?through?sport?enabledthe?European?Commission?to?present?the?results?of?a?special?research?of?the?Eurobarometer?on?sport,?which?was?conducted?in?October?2004?in?the?25-at?that?timemember-states.? This? research? indicated? that? the? majority? of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Community law and sport S. 149-152

„… together?with?the?significance?that?an?Olympic?organization?acquires?in?the?light?ofthe?application?of?Community?law,?make?this?a?very?interesting?issue.320The?European?Union? demonstrates? special? concern? for? sport? during? the …” „… ? focuses?onkeeping?sport?from?being?entirely?commercialized?and?on?safeguarding?the?basicrights?of?the?athletes?against?the?monopolies?created?by?the?federations.According?to?the?case?law?of?the?Court?of?Justice?of?the?European?Communities,sport?has?assumed?a?special?social?importance?in?the?Community322 …” „… rtance?of?sport?rendered?its?integration?in?therules?of?Community?law?indispensable.At?the?same?time,?the?law?of?the?European?Union?acknowledges?a?special …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Towards?a?global?Olympic?Organization?of?rules?and?Institutions 185Chapter?9 186Special?EU?law?Issues 186 …” „… The?integration?of?the?ethical?rules?of?sport?in?national?laws 74The?rule?of?law?and?the?fair?play 77Chapter?4 80 …” „… EU?law?in?the?Barcelona?Games 42The?Games?and?the?city:?the?Barcelona?mythe 42The?innovative?Olympic?Games?of?1896?and?2004 43 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Community Law involvement in sport and Olympic Games S. 154-156

„… ity?organs,?whendealing?with?important?matters?that?could?affect?sport,?to?ask?the?sporting?institutions’?opinion.?In?this?framework?special?importance?should?be?attached?to?the?particularities?of?amateursport.,? Olympic? Games? and? Environment,? Greek? Company? of? Environmental? Law,Ant.N,Sakkoulas …” „… ? phenomenon?by?the?national?laws?as?well?as?the?guaranteeing?of?the?fundamental?freedoms?as?regards?the?private?monopolistic?organization?of?sport.The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sportinginstitutionsThe?ECJ …” „… The Community Law involvement in sport and Olympic …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Competition Policy S. 187-191

„… ? beconsistent?with?both?the?EC?law?and?the?special?character?of?the?sport.?A?satisfactorysolution?was? finally?found?on?the?5th?March?2001 …” „… .Indeed,?the?financial?importance?of?sport?made?it?necessary?for?it?to?be?subject?tothe?EC?law.The?EU?law?recognized?for?the?athlete?himself/herself?a?special …” „… I.,?The?New?European?Competition?Lawand?its?application?to?sports?activity,?in?International?Sports?Law?Review?Pandektis?(ISRL/Pandektis,?Vol.7:1-2,?2007),?Parrish …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova General Remarks S. 230-232

„… ? ofAWACS?and?ships?during?the?Games?as?well?a?special?team?of?experts?in?dealingwith?biochemical?terrorist?attacks.462General …” „… RemarksThe?law …” „… . A?special?legal?(adjective?and?substantive)?status?of?protection?of?the?Olympicsymbols?and?indicia?was?instituted?in?the?internal?legal?order.c. The?status?of?protection?of?the?Olympic?Torch?was?sanctioned.d …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The consequences of the effect of the rules of the Olympic Charter for the Host City Contract and its relation with the legislation of the host country S. 216-217

„… ?(Government?Gazette?150?A?),?which?mainly?amended?the?first?two?statutes.Special?mention?should?be?made?to?Law …” „… ? law?to?regulations …” „… ?A?)?followed?by?the?legislative?regulations?for?the?Olympic?Works?(Law?2730/1999,?Government?Gazette130?A?)?and?Laws?2819/2000?(Government?Gazette?84?A?)?and?2833/2000 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic games of 2004 under Greek legislation S. 217-218

„… ?(Government?Gazette?150?A?),?which?mainly?amended?the?first?two?statutes.Special?mention?should?be?made?to?Law …” „… ?A?)?followed?by?the?legislative?regulations?for?the?Olympic?Works?(Law?2730/1999,?Government?Gazette130?A?)?and?Laws?2819/2000?(Government?Gazette?84?A?)?and?2833/2000 …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?the?Committee?of?the?Olympic?Games?(public?lawlegal?person)?has?been?renamed?to?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?(HOC)?and?a?presidentialdecree?has? been?published? (no.?130/2000,?Government?Gazette? 113?A?)?with?a? view? toregulating?issues?as …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The influence of the case law of the European Court of Justice on the rules of the Olympic Movement S. 181-182

„… ?admission?gives?rise?to?the?problem?of?the?bindingeffect?of?the?IOC?rules?and?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contractsin?case?these?contravene?the?Treaty.?The?Host?City?Contract?would?not?be?able?tosolve?the?problem,?nor?override?Community?law.The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community …” „… lawThe?case?law?of?the?European?Court?of?Justice?reveals?that?there?is?an?ever-increasing?effort?to?rationalize?sports?law.?This?is?expressed?mainly?through?the?effort?tobring?sports?law?under?a?hierarchy?of?rules,?as?in?the?case?of?the?latter?judgement.T …” „… ntention?to?totally?erase?the?visaobligation?for?these?people.?It?just?aimed?at?a?temporary?and?limited?deviation?fromthe?contemporary?VISA?requirements.?It?was?made?clear?that?that?special?deviationregime?would?be?in?force?only?during?the?Athens?2004?Oly …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of establishment S. 186-187

„… Chapter?9Special EU law IssuesSport, Freedom of movement, mutual recognition and right of …” „… ? beconsistent?with?both?the?EC?law?and?the?special?character?of?the?sport.?A?satisfactorysolution?was? finally?found?on?the?5th?March?2001 …” „… ssion?takes?action?in?orderfot?he?states?to?respect?the?fundamental?rules?of?the?EC?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Movement Rules: Autonomy and Pluralism. S. 55-57

„… ernational?view?that?sport?and?its?relation?with?the?mass?media?can?guarantee.An?exercise?of?rules,?could?be?specially?considered?as?the?total?of?these?rulessince? it? systemizes? the?sports? law?of? the?states,? the? law?of?various …” „… ? surroundsmodern?sport,?especially?because?of?the?Olympic?Games.?EC?law?acquires?for?thisreason?a?special?interest?too.The?Olympic?Movement,?since? the?moment …” „… ?of?sporting?institutions?and?the?rulesof?every?sport.?It?is?really?a?complicated?system?of?rules?with?a?great?interest?andoriginality?which?leads?to?particular?speculation!The?Olympic?Movement?rules?consequently?constitute?a?portion?of?the?sport?lawrules?and?pose?the?matter?of?their?relation?with?the?total?of?the?other?rules?that?theynecessarily?communicate?with.?This?matter?is?not?a?novel?one.The?sport?law?rules?have?emerged?since?1281,?as?Chaker50 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and the Olympic Charter S. 90-95

„… ?Host?City?is?found,?as?well?as?with?a?special …” „… ,?theobligation?to?inform?the?IOC?periodically?etc.There?are?special …” „… .The?Contract?requires?the?securing?of?a?series?of?legal?requirements,?such?as?thelegal?protection?of?the?Olympic?symbols?and?indicia?by?state?intervention?(namely,through?enactment).?The?National?Olympic?Committee?guarantees?the?existence?ofsuch?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Community interest in sport and the formation of a European participial democracy S. 168-169

„… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress?(in?Greek),?Public?Law?Matters,?Applications?of?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?2003.385 Gonzalez J.S.,?Sport?as?an?element?for?European?Integration,?in?ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol …” „… lawIn?the?past,?sport?used?to?be?an?activity?which?mainly?concerned?private?individualsand?sporting?clubs.?Nowadays,?the?development?of?the?sporting?phenomenon?hasslipped?the?private?initiative/interest.?National?states?show?a?particular?interest?insport,?just?like?the?international?legal?order.384 …” „… also?a?legal?interest,?since?via?the?prevalence?of?the?EC?law?it?dynamically?entersthe?conversation?about?the?relation?among?the?rules?which?govern?sport?and?supportsthe?prevalence?of?the?EC?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… .?The?worries?aboutinconsistencies?were?not?unreasonable,?since?two?really?powerful?lawmaking?systems?met?each?other.?Indeed,?this?meeting?acquired?a?special?interest,?because?ofthe?appeal?and?the?wider?dimension?of?sport.In?any?case,?though,?the?Games?of?Athens?were?successfully?organized,?whichleads?to?the?conclusion?that?instead?of?a …” „… ports?law,?which?is?expressed?by?its?submission?to?ahierarchic?structure?of?rules,?like?the?case?of?the?aforementioned?judgment.?Thiseffort?is?confirmed?by?the?Report?from?the?Commission?to?the?European?Councilwith?a? view? to? safeguarding?current? sport? structures?and?maintaining? the …” „… ? socialfunction?of?sport?within?Community?framework-The?Helsinki?Report?on?Sportwhich?presents?the?need?of?rationalization?of?the?sports?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Games of a city, a contact, an ideology S. 117-119

„… Therefore,?it?is?obvious?that?the?Host?City?undertakes?contractually,?through?theprivate? law?many?commitments?which?concern? the? relative? state? and? it? is …” „… e?circumstances,?with?acertain?ideological?background?and?for?a?certain?time,?under?the?exclusive?controlof? the?IOC.?The?articles?34-61?provide?special?provisions?about? the?contractualrelationships …” „… A.,?The?legal?nature?of?the?IOC?and?the?Ifs?and?their?relation?to?the?internationaland?national?legal?order,?in?Klamaris N./Malatos A./Bredimas A.,?Olympic?Games?andLaw,?op?cit,?p.73 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Addendum S. 165-167

„… .?The?worries?aboutinconsistencies?were?not?unreasonable,?since?two?really?powerful?lawmaking?systems?met?each?other.?Indeed,?this?meeting?acquired?a?special?interest,?because?ofthe?appeal?and?the?wider?dimension?of?sport.In?any?case,?though,?the?Games?of?Athens?were?successfully?organized,?whichleads?to?the?conclusion?that?instead?of?a …” „… ,?the?rules?of?which?were?strictly?respected.Also,?in?the?Olympic?works?framework?again,?it?has?to?be?noted?that? they?wereconstructed?with?a?method?that?absolutely?respected?the?EC?Public?Contracts?lawin?respect?of?both?the?entrusting?procedures?(by?carrying?out?a?contest?and?not?bya?direct?entrusting)?and?the?special …” „… Despite?the?fact?that?finally?the?ECJ?in?this?case?decided?for?sport?autonomy,?itcan?be?easily?understood?that?sporting?regulations?are?now?totally?subject?to?Community?law.?Of?course,?there?is?room?for?self-regulation.?The?EC?law?does?not?getinvolved?at? all? as? long? as? the? rules? are? of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Bid Process S. 205-207

„… ?Noteworthy?is?the?reaction?on?behalf?of?the?losers.?The?Italian?Prime-Minister?Romano?Pronti?declared:?“With?special?sympathy?we?are?accepting?theselection?of?Athens?to?organize?the?Games?at?the?country?they?were?born”.428 …” „… ? thecommunity?law …” „… ,? theorganization?of?extracurricular?sport?in?associations?revealed?the?character?of?theorganization?of?sport?in?Greece?too,?which?is?primarily?of?associative?nature.?Article37?of?Law?5620/1932?(Government?Gazette,?290?A?)?specifies?that?private?initiativei …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Responses to Ambush Marketing S. 270-272

„… law.?The?situation?is?further?deteriorated?by?the?fact?that?most?countries?lack?adequate?legal?provisions?to?combat?ambush?marketing.Traditional?laws?of?trademarks,?copyright,?unfair?competition,?trade?practicesand?advertising?cannot?be?enough?to?stop?amb …” „… ,? in?International?Sports?Law?Review?(IASL/Pandektis)?Vol?III,?No?1/2.271Special legislation introduced by the hosting …” „… ?or?passing?off.?However,?it?is?always?quite?difficult?for?the?ambush?tactics?to?meet?the?requirements?of?these?laws.?Also,?underthe?US?law,?some?protection?could?granted?under?the?Lanham?Act?1996.?The?Lanham?Act593 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Freedom of the athlete’s establishment S. 191-193

„… .Indeed,?the?financial?importance?of?sport?made?it?necessary?for?it?to?be?subject?tothe?EC?law.The?EU?law?recognized?for?the?athlete?himself/herself?a?special …” „… ?is?a?great?number?of?provisions?limitingthe?freedom?of?movement?because?of?the?particularity?of?the?commodity.?Undoubtedly,?though,?this?“sporting”?matter?is?also?of?great?interest?in?terms?of?the?EC?lawapplication.EC law, Mass Media and …” „… laimants’?appeal.The?ECJ,?judging?on?appeal,?even?if?ended?up?with?the?same?result,?proceededto?a?direct?application?of?the?EC?competition?rules?to?sport.?It?stated?that?the?dopingrules?are?subject?to?the?EC?law,?yet?they?do?not?constitute?a?restriction?of?competitionincompatible?with?the?Common?Market,?within?the?meaning?of?Art. 81 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and Sport in International Treaties-The Council of Europe position S. 66-69

„… es?ratified?this?Convention?including?Greece?and?England?which?arethe?first?two?cities?that?organize?Games?under?the?absolute?application?of?EC?lawin?sport.In?both?England?and?Greece,?there?is?special?legislation?against?spectator?violence.?In?England?there?is?the?Sporting?Events?(Control?of?Alcohol?etc.)?Act?1985,69 Farantos G.,? Philosophy? I …” „… International LawIt?is?gradually?noticed?that?beyond?the?European?interest?in?sport?there?is?also?anincreasing …” „… variety?of?provisions?on?this?matter?that?is?regulated?by?the?national,?the?EC?and?theinternational?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract and Olympic Games-the penetration of the Olympic Movement Rules in the national legal orders S. 88-90

„… ?autonomy?of?the?NOCs?is?of?pivotal?importance.In?the?vast?majority?of?the?states?the?NOCs?constitute?a?legal?person?of?privatelaw.?In?the?framework?of?the?Greek?law,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?recognizes? the? Hellenic? Olympic? Committee? as? a? legal? person? of? public? law? called“Olympic? Games …” „… ? showtolerance?and?respect?to?the?special?character?of?the?Games?and?have?not?challengedthis?contract.?According?to?the?contract,?the?Organizing?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames?(OCOG),124?the?NOC?and?the?host?city?are?jointly?and?severally?liable?forall?comm …” „… ? the?OlympicCharter.?In?fact,?the?guarantee?is?usually?required?by?the?contract.126?Consequently121 Article?28?paragraph?6.122 Article?29?paragraph?9.123 Bye-Law?to?Rule?34?par …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ? sport(clubs,?federations,?international?federations?etc.)?and?rejected?the?UEFA’s?positionthat?the?submission?of?football?to?the?EC?law?leads?to?the?attenuation?of?the?autonomy? of? the? sporting?movement.358? This? ruling? has? a? special? importance? in …” „… Until?the?Bosman?Judgment?the?Court?appeared?to?be?rather?lenient?towards?sport?as?regardsthe?EC?law …” „… strictions?and?the?whole?footballsituation?were?totally?changed.?Football?and?sport?in?general?was?subject?to?the?pure?application?of?EC?law.?Nevertheless,?it?has?to?be?stated?that?in?Bosman?the?ECJ?recognized?thatthe?social?importance?of?sporting?activities?could?justify?an?exemption?from?the?applicationof?Article?39?but?not?in?the?present?case.159 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The competitive relationship among the Olympic Movement rules and the state rules and the institutional balancing of each Olympic Organization S. 110-112

„… ? legislation?was?promoted?for?theorientation?of?the?Code?of?Compulsory?Expropriations?to?this?direction?and?a?relative?law?was?also?voted,?which?has?been?in?force?since?2002.?The?special?laws?aboutthe?Olympics?also?include?some?special …” „… ? Law,?Transnational? Publishers,?New?York? 2004,Panagiotopoulos …” „… ?itself?and?the?entire?OlympicMovement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles?and?the?rules?andtheir?amendments?that? the?IOC?adopts.?More?special?chapters?are?about?matterswhich? concern? the? Olympic? Movement …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legal status of the Olympic organization and the legislative framework of sport S. 60-61

„… ? interest,since?it?establishes?a?special?legal?framework?for?the?Olympic?Games,?through?astructure?of?institutions?and?rules,?which?are?accepted?not?so?much?through?legislation?but?rather?through?private?law?contracts.?Studying?the?example?of?Athens,we?see?that?the?internal?law?has?embodied?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… l?character,?the?fundamental?relation?between?sport?andthe?city,?the?self-determination?of?sport?through?private?law …” „… les?that?govern?sport?in?Greece?and?the?rulesof?the?Olympic?Movement?were?to?be?found?before?the?undertaking?of?the?OlympicGames?by?the?City?of?Athens.?The?associative?nature,?the?specialized?jurisdictional60bodies?and?the?special …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 147-148

„… ? itsexistence.?It?is?believed?that?doping?is?immoral?and?unhealthy;?it?is?cheating?and?itsuse?should?be?regulated?by?the?criminal?law,?with?the?main?aim?to?protect?the?publicinterest.314?The?arguments?above?suggest?that?doping?undermines?sport?and?therefor …” „… th?and?equity?ofour?society.?Sport?has?been?“?special?“?for?our?lives?and?for?society?for?thousandsof?years?but?if?doping?wins?the?battle,?it?can?no?longer?keep?its?special …” „… rd?Panhellenic?Congresss?of?Sports?Law,?Athens?December?2006.148 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Protection of athlete’s health S. 146-147

„… ?in?the?chemists’?laboratories.?In?respect?of?the?other?natural?differences,?it?should?be?stated?that?they?excist?in?every?field?of?human?activity?and?notonly?in?sport.?Life? is?unfair?and?that? is?why?law?should?intervene? to?rebate? thisunfairness.Protection of …” „… ? itsexistence.?It?is?believed?that?doping?is?immoral?and?unhealthy;?it?is?cheating?and?itsuse?should?be?regulated?by?the?criminal?law,?with?the?main?aim?to?protect?the?publicinterest.314?The?arguments?above?suggest?that?doping?undermines?sport?and?therefor …” „… th?and?equity?ofour?society.?Sport?has?been?“?special?“?for?our?lives?and?for?society?for?thousandsof?years?but?if?doping?wins?the?battle,?it?can?no?longer?keep?its?special …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The law 3254/2004 about Olympic and Paraolympic Games matters and the law 3342/2005 about the sustainable development and the social utilization of the Olympic Departments S. 229

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community law S. 182

„… lawThe?case?law?of?the?European?Court?of?Justice?reveals?that?there?is?an?ever-increasing?effort?to?rationalize?sports?law.?This?is?expressed?mainly?through?the?effort?tobring?sports?law?under?a?hierarchy?of?rules,?as?in?the?case?of?the?latter?judgement.T …” „… ?these?contravene?the?Treaty.?The?Host?City?Contract?would?not?be?able?tosolve?the?problem,?nor?override?Community?law.The rationalization of sports rules in the framework of Community …” „… ? ‘laws?and?practices’?of?sportsassociations?of?any?kind,?including?the?IOC?and?the?Olympic?Charter.?This?undertaking?is?for?the?time?being?theoretical.?However,?in?the?event?that?it?takes?effect,it? is?possible? that?an?all-inclusive?revision?of?the?rules …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Towards a formation of European perception on sport. S. 177-178

„… GamesSo,?for?all?the?reasons?mentioned?above?the?EC?law?has?a?special?value?for?the?EU.Therefore,?the?EU?was?also?particularly?interested?in?the?Athens?2004 …” „… s?to?be?recognized?and?protected,?within?a?framework?that?ensuresthe?implementation?of?good?governance?principles?such?as?democracy,?transparency?and?accountability.?On?this?basis,?self-regulation?should?be?encouraged,?providedthat?EU?law …” „… ? impose?general?rulesapplicable?to?all?European?sports.?However,?EU?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The image of sport S. 147

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organization S. 57

„… introduced?the?question?of?the?special?order?of?sporting?rules.52 …” „… al?pluralism?in?sports?law,?changing?up?to?a?great?extent?basic?acceptances/positions?of?the?theory:?the?EC?law?claimed?and?gained?its?prevalenceThe legislative framework of sport and its relation to the Olympic organizationSport as a means of …” „… ?adopted?the?way?sport?is?organized?in?Europe?on?the?basis?of?associations,?which?are?also?governed?by?private?law.?As?part?of?this?organization?structure,?the?Olympic?Movement?has?functioned?independently?and?has?set?the?fundamental?rules?that?are?in?force?for?sports?issues?concerning?these?associations58 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The White Paper on sport S. 175

„… e?this?model:?a?pyramid?structure?of?organization?allowing?for?democraticfunctioning?and?a?certain?degree?of?solidarity?between?members,?combined?withopen?competitions.398The?European?Union?has?approached?sport?through?its?special …” „… ., Sports?Law?and?Policy?in?the?European?Union,?Manchester?University?Press,Manchesterm?2003,?Blanpain R …” „… ., The?Legal?Status?of?Sportsmen?and?Sportswomen?underInternational,?European?and?Belgian?National?and?Regional?Law,?Kluwer?Law?International,The?Hague?2003.Weatherill S.,?European?Sports?Law,?Collected?Papers,?University?of?Oxford,?Oxford?2007.175 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova A state regulatory framework for sport S. 63-64

„… and?Nitzche,? allied? to? create? the? paradoxical? as? well? as? effectual? ‘law’? of …” „… ? theOlympic?Games?or?rather?the?‘law …” „… ?converged?with?the?rule?of?law?at?a?pivotalpoint,?which?was?the?economic?dimension?of?the?Olympic?Games,?and?showed?thepoints?where?each?one?prevails.A state regulatory framework for …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The London 2012 Olympics S. 50-51

„… ? the?Beijing?OlympicGames?period?must?respect?Chinese?law.?As?to?those?legal?activities,?police?will?protect?themaccording? to? the? law.?As? for? those? activities? that? are? illegal,?we? police?will? handle …” „… ? themaccording?to?the?law.”?But?the?Chinese?made?sure?there?were?no?“legal”?activities.The?law,?essentially?was?to?not?allow?any?protests?or?demonstrations,?and?to?use?applicationsfor?protests?within? the? law?as?methods? for?detaining? or?marking? those? that? requested …” „… ?the?opening?ceremony?of?the?London?Games?is?to?be?held.It?will?be?the?second?Olympiad?of?Europe,?that?is?under?the?absolute?application?ofthe?EC?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport as a means of expression of the freedom of association S. 57-58

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The hosting of the Games, the regulations and the institutions S. 15-16

„… ,?Community?law?acquires?a?special …” „… cial?importance,taking?into?consideration?the?existence?of?the?Community?Law …” „… ? increasingly?economicinterest.?Also,?institutionally?they?allow?a?regulatory?composition?that?many?international?organizations?would?be?envious?of.?It?has?to?be?pointed?out?from?the?verybeginning?that?he?Community?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The legislative regulation of sport in the Greek legal order S. 207-209

„… ,? theorganization?of?extracurricular?sport?in?associations?revealed?the?character?of?theorganization?of?sport?in?Greece?too,?which?is?primarily?of?associative?nature.?Article37?of?Law?5620/1932?(Government?Gazette,?290?A?)?specifies?that?private?initiativei …” „… s?free?to?found?gymnastic,?sports?etc.?associations.?Initially?those?associations?cameunder?the?Ministry?of?Education?and?were?governed?by?special …” „… ?supplementary?legislative?regulations,?apart?from?the?Civil?Code.?Sports?associations?had?the?possibility?to?found?unions?at?prefectural?level.?In?turn,?unions?had?the?possibility?tofound?leagues?or?federations?at?national?level.The?organization?of?amateur?and?professional?sport?is?today?governed?by?Law2725/1999?(Government?Gazette,?121/A?),?which?declares?and …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rationalization of the sports phenomenon in the framework of the Council of Europe S. 182-183

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Host City Contract of Athens and the Olympic Charter S. 209-211

„… ?was?governed?(to?its?letter)?by?the?private?law,?together?with?the?rulesof?the?Olympic?Movement?and?the?rules?of?the?Greek?legal?order.It?could?be?maintained?that?the?Greek?legislator?was?obliged?to?take?initiative?inorder?to?fulfil?the?obligations?resulting?from?the?Host?City?Contract?and?hence?thatthe?overall? internal? law?was? invited …” „… ?rule?of?lawand?the?principle?of?legality.As?a?result,?the?influence?of?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement?should?be?perceived?as?setting?objectives?and?not?as?a?commitment?to?change?the?law …” „… n?of?theenvironment?is?the?most?recent?pillar?of?the?Olympic?Movement.The?contracting?parties?were?the?IOC?on?the?one?hand?and?on?the?other?hand?apublic?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The interest of modern states in sport S. 59-60

„… ? interest,since?it?establishes?a?special?legal?framework?for?the?Olympic?Games,?through?astructure?of?institutions?and?rules,?which?are?accepted?not?so?much?through?legislation?but?rather?through?private?law?contracts.?Studying?the?example?of?Athens,we?see?that?the?internal?law?has?embodied?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… public?according?to?the?French?public?law …” „… .The?end?of?the?amateur?character?of?sport?justifies?the?appearance?of?a?few?more‘suitors’?of?the?sports?phenomenon:?private?enterprises?and?all?sorts?of?speculators.63 S.?in?the?French?case?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and EU law S. 168

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The international constitutional framework of sports S. 64-65

„… between?national?and?international?rules?of?law …” „… ?takeinto?consideration?the?recent?developments?in?the?field?of?sports?law …” „… The?Council?of?Europe,?as?one?can?easily?find?out,?has?shown?a?special?interestin?various?sectors?but?also?in?the?general?matter?of?the?moral?principles?of?sport,minding?separately?the?fair?play.The?EU?from? its? side,?despite? the?absence?of?reference? in?sport? in? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) S. 87-88

„… ?pressures?of?any?kind,?including?political,?religious?or?economic?pressures?which?could?refrain?then?from?abiding?by?the117 Malatos?A.,?Lessons?of?Sport?Law?(in?Greek),?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini?2005,p.59 …” „… ,?Silance?L.,?The?Legal?Statues?of?the?International?Olympic?Committee?and?the?National?Olympic?Committees,?In?OARe,?pp.119-139.118 Olympic?Charter,?article?29?paragraph?4.119 Bye-law?to?rule?34.120 Article?37.87 …” „… ?autonomy?of?the?NOCs?is?of?pivotal?importance.In?the?vast?majority?of?the?states?the?NOCs?constitute?a?legal?person?of?privatelaw.?In?the?framework?of?the?Greek?law,?the?Hellenic?Olympic?Committee?recognizes? the? Hellenic? Olympic? Committee? as? a? legal? person? of? public? law? called“Olympic? Games …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The evolution of the community provisions on sport S. 169-170

„… also?a?legal?interest,?since?via?the?prevalence?of?the?EC?law?it?dynamically?entersthe?conversation?about?the?relation?among?the?rules?which?govern?sport?and?supportsthe?prevalence?of?the?EC?law …” „… ?the?same?time,?the?need?of?taking?into?account?the?special …” „… ?characteristics?ofthis?phenomenon?during?the?application?of?every?community?policy?was?underlined.Simultaneously,?great?importance?was?attached?to?the?social?and?educational?roleof?sport?as?well?as?to?various?regional?policies?relevant?to?sport.?Sport?now?concernsindirectly?many?community?policies,?such?as?health?(doping),?youth,?education?etc.The?recent?Olympic?organization?of?Athens?showed?many?aspects?of?the?relationbetween?sport?and?EC?law.?The?impeding?organization?of?London?will?undoubtedlyshow?even?more,? since? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The particular attributes of the Olympic organization – An autonomous legislative framework for the Olympic Games S. 60

„… ? interest,since?it?establishes?a?special?legal?framework?for?the?Olympic?Games,?through?astructure?of?institutions?and?rules,?which?are?accepted?not?so?much?through?legislation?but?rather?through?private?law?contracts.?Studying?the?example?of?Athens,we?see?that?the?internal?law?has?embodied?the?Olympic?organization?of?2004 …” „… l?character,?the?fundamental?relation?between?sport?andthe?city,?the?self-determination?of?sport?through?private?law …” „… pic?phenomenon,?but?also?on?the?relation?between?the?rules?of?Greek?lawand …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova EC law, Mass Media and Sport S. 193-195

„… ?is?a?great?number?of?provisions?limitingthe?freedom?of?movement?because?of?the?particularity?of?the?commodity.?Undoubtedly,?though,?this?“sporting”?matter?is?also?of?great?interest?in?terms?of?the?EC?lawapplication.EC law, Mass Media and …” „… ?orderto?gain?profit?of?the?exclusive?broadcasting?of?sporting?events.?These?kind?of?exclusivities,?though,?of?ambiguous?legality?under?the?EC?law.420 …” „… stitutes?a?commercial?activity,?which?is?subject?to?the?EC?competition?law.?In?any?case,?this?grant?is?a?usual?and?accepted?practice?provided?that?theEC?competition?law?are?followed.In?terms?of?the?Athens?2004?Olympics,?though,?it?has?to?be?noted?that?the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Composition and formation- arbitration agreement- competencydecisions S. 97-99

„… - decisionsCAS?is?governed?by?a?set?of?statutes?which?determine?the?composition,?the?formation,?the?competency?and?the?applicable?law?of?the?court?Mission?of?the?CAS?is?toresolve?by?arbitration?and/or?mediation?disputes?arising?within?the?field?of?sport.156 …” „… ? and?Sports?Law? Journal,?Vol.2,?No.2,?Summer?2003,pp61-83,?also?in?)?http://www2 …” „… .warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/eslj.159 Dedes P./Zaglis?A.,?The?Court? of?Arbitration? for?Sport …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The European approach to sport S. 175-177

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Olympic Charter S. 83-85

„… otal?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles,?the?rules?and?the?amendments?that?the?IOC?adopts.?Special?chapters?regulatematters?that?concern?the?Olympic?movement,?the?IOC,?the?Ifs,?the?NOCs?and?finallythe?Olympic?Games.?It?has?to?be?noted?here?that?it?is?a?very?concise?and?simultaneously?clear?text.110 Greek?law …” „… ?of?the?Council?of?State,?a?debasement?of?a?student’s?behavior?was?approved?because?when?having?been?asked?to?write?an?essay?about?the?Olympism,she?preferred?to?write?any?essay?about?a?school?excursion?instead.By?a?recent? law?in?2005 a?public?service?named?Authority?of?Olympism?wasfounded?in?Greece.110The Olympic …” „… Olympic?Movement.?It?is?the?Olympic?Charter?that?regulates?the?Olympic?Gamesits?acceptance?is?necessary?for?the?undertaking?of?the?organization?of?the?Olympicsby?each?hosting?city.?The?observance?of?the?Olympic?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sponsorship S. 264-266

„… ,?JagodicT.,?Sports?Law?and?special?contract?forms,?Sponsorship?Agreement?as?a?formal?legal?instrument?of?modern?sport,?in?International?Sports?Law?Review?Pandektis?(ISLR/Pandektis,Vol.7:1-2,?2007).265 …” „… Gardiner S./O'Leary J./ Welch R./ Boyes S./ Naidoo U.,?Sports?Law,?Cavendish?Publishing,?3 …” „… U.,?Sports?Law,?Cavendish?Publishing,?3rd?Edition,?Sydney-London,?2005,,?p.458.573 Bruhn M.,? Die? Entwicklung? neuer …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport: a defined Community term with international references S. 167-168

„… G.,?Intervention?in?the?Olympic?Games?Congress?(in?Greek),?Public?Law?Matters,?Applications?of?Public?Law,?Special?Edition,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?2003.385 Gonzalez J.S.,?Sport?as?an?element?for?European?Integration,?in?ISLR/Pandektis,?Vol …” „… lawIn?the?past,?sport?used?to?be?an?activity?which?mainly?concerned?private?individualsand?sporting?clubs.?Nowadays,?the?development?of?the?sporting?phenomenon?hasslipped?the?private?initiative/interest.?National?states?show?a?particular?interest?insport,?just?like?the?international?legal?order.384 …” „… eady?involved?in?this?level?in?the?framework?of?the?Europe?of?cities?andthe?European?Networks?policy.It?has?to?be?ascertained,?therefore,?whether?the?effort?of?the?synthesis/composition?between?the?EC?law?and?the?IOC?law,?which?started?and?finished?in?Athens,will?continue?with?the?same?success?during?the?second?attempt?of?London?in?2012.Sport: a …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The challenge of the first European Olympic Games S. 51-54

„… mission?of?the?organization?to?the?EU?law …” „… ?as?well?as?the?one?of?the?harmonic?coexistence?of?Europe?and?sport?is?always?vital.?The?coexistence?of?the?EU?with?thesport?is?a?matter?that?has?bothered?intensely?both?the?theory?and?the?communityorgans.?Subsequently,?a?European?dimension?of?sport?constituters?a?matter?whichattracts?the?attention?every?time?that?a?city?of?the?EU?is?to?organize?a?major?sportingevent,?such?as?the?Olympic?Games.?The?Community?Law?as?well?as?the?case?law/jurisprudence?are?now?dealing?with?systematically?with?sport?and?after?the?Bosmanjudgement,? there? have? been?many? judgements …” „… ? contemporarycharacter?of?the?matter.?Under?this?framework,?the?Olympics?acquire?a?particularinterest?as?an?organization?subject?to?the?EC?law?in?so?far?as?the?community?law?isgetting?involved?in?relations?which?are?of?the?international?sport?community?interestbut? also? of? connected? to? sport? financial? interest.? The? organization? of? the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… lawsCertain?concepts?included?in?the?Olympic?Charter,?among?the?above-mentioned,have?been?incorporated?into?sources?of?the?Greek?law,?whereas?others?preserve?thestatus?of?ethical?rules,?which?are?part?of?contractual?relations?governed?by?the?privatewill91 …” „… ?of?the?said?law,?beside?the?Committee?of?the?OlympicGames,?a?Special?Committee?was?established,?the?Sporting?Ethics?Committee94.The?goal?thereof?was,?among?other?things,?the?supervision?for?th …” „… ?their?governments?with?reference?to?the?same?issue,?or?at?least?urging?theneed?for?joint?action.?If?and?when?these?texts?become?rules?of?national?law?by?meansof?accession?to?international?treaties,?it?will?be?interesting?to?examine?their?relationwith?the?rules?of?the?Olympic?Movement,?especially?if?it?is?the?case?of?states?thatentered? into? a?Host …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Competition-Public Contracts and Olympics Games S. 195-196

„… ?Olympics,?which?were?the?first?Olympic?Games?whichwere?organized?under?a?regime?of?free?competition?and?transparency.?It?is?easy?tounderstand?that?it?is?vital?for?the?EC?competition?law …” „… .• Definition?of?the?markets?on?the?basis?of?the?general?applied?rules,?adjusted?tothe?special?characteristics?of?each?sport.The?EU,?though,?is?aware?of?the?fact?that?in?terms?of?this?matter?there?are?manyperspectives,?the?confrontation?of?which?is?not?yet?examined?exhaustively.422 …” „… rulesOne?of?the?essential?components?of?organizing?sport?events?is?the?ticketing?system.Usually?implemented?by?the?Organizing?Committees?(OC),?it?is?not?unusual?thatthese?agreements?contravene?EC?Law.424In?the?Italy?1990?World?Cup,?the?OC?entered?into?a?w …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The freedom to contract and the relation between the associative nature of sport and the Olympic organization S. 61-63

„… bodies?and?the?special …” „… deals,?the?associative?nature?of?sport?proved?to?be?an?extremelyefficient?means,?since?all?the?members?of?the?Olympic?Movement?accepted?successively?the?legislative?framework?set?by?the?IOC?and?especially?the?rules?of?theOlympic?Charter.?Private?law …” „… cal?goals.?In?this?way,it?showed?that?it?is?possible?to?use?the?means?of?the?positive?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and tolerance S. 117

„… e?circumstances,?with?acertain?ideological?background?and?for?a?certain?time,?under?the?exclusive?controlof? the?IOC.?The?articles?34-61?provide?special?provisions?about? the?contractualrelationships …” „… A.,?The?legal?nature?of?the?IOC?and?the?Ifs?and?their?relation?to?the?internationaland?national?legal?order,?in?Klamaris N./Malatos A./Bredimas A.,?Olympic?Games?andLaw,?op?cit,?p.73 …” „… sec.,?Giannopoulos,?Contractual?relationships?among?state,?hosting?city,OCOG?and?sponsors,?in?Olympic?games?and?law,?op?cit.,?p.277.117 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympism S. 82-83

„… otal?of?the?Olympic?Movement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles,?the?rules?and?the?amendments?that?the?IOC?adopts.?Special?chapters?regulatematters?that?concern?the?Olympic?movement,?the?IOC,?the?Ifs,?the?NOCs?and?finallythe?Olympic?Games.?It?has?to?be?noted?here?that?it?is?a?very?concise?and?simultaneously?clear?text.110 Greek?law …” „… ?of?the?Council?of?State,?a?debasement?of?a?student’s?behavior?was?approved?because?when?having?been?asked?to?write?an?essay?about?the?Olympism,she?preferred?to?write?any?essay?about?a?school?excursion?instead.By?a?recent? law?in?2005 a?public?service?named?Authority?of?Olympism?wasfounded?in?Greece.110The Olympic …” „… ance?of?the?Olympic?Charter?rules?is?secured?by?aprivate?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sporting institutions S. 156-159

„… ? phenomenon?by?the?national?laws?as?well?as?the?guaranteeing?of?the?fundamental?freedoms?as?regards?the?private?monopolistic?organization?of?sport.The prevalence of the Community law over the regulations of the sportinginstitutionsThe?ECJ …” „… ?law,?are?controlled?by?it?as?regards?its?application.?It?should?be?also?pointedout,?however,?that?if?the?practice?is?“of?purely?sporting?interest”,?it?does?not?fallwithin?the?ambit?of?the?EC?law?and?therefore?in?this?case?enjoys?an?immunity.352 Welrave,?paragraph?15.353 Welrave,?paragraph?8.354 Welrave,?paragraph?9.355 Welrave,?paragraph …” „… ? the?autonomous?selfregulation?of?the?sporting?institutions?and?the?EC?law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Union S. 137-141

„… duly?harsh?(i.e.?disproportionate).?As?in?many?other?fields?of?law,?human?rightsare?playing?a?growing?role?in?doping?disputes.?This?trend?is?evident?both?in?CASjurisprudence?and?in?recent?case?law?of?national?courts.?290Doping and European UnionThe?European?Union?has?also?shown?a?great?interest?in?doping.?In?1975 …” „… G.,?Doping?and?fundamental?rights?of?athletes:?comments?in?the?wake?of?adoption?of?the?World?anti-doping?Code,?in?ISLR?2003.291 Panagiotopoulos D.,?Sports?Law …” „… ?(in?Greek),?Nomiki?Vivliothiki?Publication,?Athens?2006.292 Gardiner S./O'Leary J./ Welch R./ Boyes S./ Naidoo U.,? Sports? Law …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The protection of the human rights as a major objective of the Olympic Games S. 106-108

„… P.,?Human?Rights?Protection?Matters?(in?Greek),?in:?Applications?of?Public?Law,op?cit,?p.15,?Pettiti L.E.,?Droit?du?Sport?et?Convention?Europeenne?des?droits?de?l’Homme,in? International …” „… ? Congress? on?Sports?Law,?University? of?Athens,? 11-13?December?1993(published?proceedings).106 …” „… ?years?of?intensenegotiations?is?a?member?of?the?World?Trade?Organization?(WTO).So,?during?these?facts,?and?as?Tibet?was?being?burnt,?China?revised?its?constitution,?introducing?special?provisions?for?the?protection?of?human?rights209 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The contemporary exercising body S. 31-33

„… th?century.?Also,?humanbody?did?not?bother?the?law?so?much.?Only?some?moral?dilemmas?induced?a?legislative?intervention.Modern?sport,?being?organized?in?private?law …” „… nd?WW?veterans?that?had?suffered?spin?injuries?in?Stole?Mandevilleof?UK.?As?a?sporting?event?it?was?nothing?special.?Two?teams?consisted?of?14?men33 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sustainable development according to the Olympic Charter and the Host City Contract S. 114-117

„… ues.?What?should?also?be?examined?is?whether?and?to?which?extent?theGreek?legislation?should?incorporate?the?rules?of?the?IOC?into?the?national?law.227 Bento J.,?Sport,?City?and?Nature.?An?introduction,?in?da?Costa …” „… e?circumstances,?with?acertain?ideological?background?and?for?a?certain?time,?under?the?exclusive?controlof? the?IOC.?The?articles?34-61?provide?special?provisions?about? the?contractualrelationships …” „… A.,?The?legal?nature?of?the?IOC?and?the?Ifs?and?their?relation?to?the?internationaland?national?legal?order,?in?Klamaris N./Malatos A./Bredimas A.,?Olympic?Games?andLaw,?op?cit,?p.73 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Olympic Charter and Human Rights S. 112-113

„… ?itself?and?the?entire?OlympicMovement.?Its?structure?comprises?the?fundamental?principles?and?the?rules?andtheir?amendments?that? the?IOC?adopts.?More?special?chapters?are?about?matterswhich? concern? the? Olympic? Movement …” „… ?contracts?principles?meet?with?the?principle?of?thelaw?state,?given?that?a?private?law?contract?interferes?in?so?important?national?matters.The Olympic Movement Rules and the …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Sport and Education S. 198-199

„… ?“FIFAWorld?Cup?Germany”?also?involves?infringements?of?EC?Law …” „… .• Promotion?of?gender?equality?in?civil?life:special?attention?must?be?paid?to?women?suffering?from?multiple?discrimination?and?to?those?who?are?victims?of?sexual?violence?or?of?sexual?or?moral199 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The human body, the international society and the fair play of history S. 18-25

„… ?education?programs?will?be?carried?out?ingovernment?departments,?especially?in?the?law?enforcement?organizations,?to?improve?government?staff's?initiative?in?legal?administration?and?their?knowledge?of?law?and?to?raise?theirlaw?enforcement?ability?and?service?quality.?Government?work?will?be?open?to?the?publicsupervision?and?information …” „… E.,?Olympic?Games?and?Law,?Ant.N.Sakkoulas,?Athens-Komotini2001,?p.278.10 See?about?the?relation?between?the?body?and?the?city?in?the?antiquity?Stewat …” „… See?the?illuminating?masterpiece?about?the?role?of?the?individual?in?the?democracy?in?Robertson G.,?Freedom,?The?Individual?and?the?Law,?Penguin?Books,?London?1989,?but?in?particularDworkin …”

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Special Education Law Annual Review 2021

David F. Bateman, Mitchell L. Yell, Kevin P. Brady

2022

Results in this title

Preface S. i-xiv

„… Special Education Law Annual Review 2021Special Education Law, Policy, and PracticeSeries Editors …” „… Special Education Law, Policy, and Practice series highlights current trends and legal issues in the …” „… titles in the Special Education Law, Policy, and Practices series are designed not only to be required …”

CHAPTER 3 A Primer on Dispute Resolution under the IDEA and Section 504 S. 101-114

„… Special Education Laws and Regulations (Franklin County Law Library)https://fclawlib.libguides.com/special …” „… https://lawprofessors.typepad.com /education_law/SpedLawBlog https://spedlawblog.com/ The Wrightslaw Law to Special Education Law …” „… growing number of sec-ondary online legal resources related to special education law and policy. One such …”

About the Authors S. 249-250

„… University of South Carolina. His professional interests include special education law, positive behavior …” „… special education law, classroom management, and progress monitoring. His textbook, Special Education and …” „… Leadership and Special Education at Shippensburg University, where he teaches courses on special education …”

Glossary of Legal Terms S. 225-232

„… . Only the major-ity opinion has the force of law.Due process hearing (DPH): A due process hearing is an …” „… person who represents himself or herself in a court of law.Privacy, right of: The right to live without …” „… administrative law judge.Administrative law judge (ALJ): Some states use ALJs who are appointed by the state to …”

CHAPTER 5 Case Summaries by Circuit S. 123-216

„… who were receiving special education. Based on Connecticut law, students with disabilities were …” „… knowing state law in conjunction with relevant federal laws covering students with disabilities. Case …” „… by New Jersey law.Case Summaries by Circuit 1535.3.7NORTHFIELD CITY BOARD OF EDUCATION v. K.S., on …”

CHAPTER 2 Policy Letters from the US Department of Education S. 3-100

„… the supports and services needed to fulfill the law’s commitment.—Suzanne B. Goldberg, Acting …” „… 2.1.1 August 24, 2021 Special Education and Early Intervention Partners2.2 Guidance from the Office of …” „… Special Education Programs (OSEP) 2.2.1 May 12, 2021 OSEP Policy Letter, Letter to Tymeson2.2.2 July 1 …”

Index S. 235-248

„… disorderadjustments, 19–20, 31, 191administrative appeal, 225administrative law judge (ALJ): compensation from, 154 …” „… Board of Education, 161–62ALJ. See administrative law judgeallegations, 79, 102, 161, 180, 211, 225 …” „… , 180–81CADRE. See Center for Appropriate Dispute Resolution in Special EducationCantrell, David, 7, 11 …”

CHAPTER 1The US Department of Education, the IDEA, and Section 504 S. 1-2

„… children and youth with disabilities. One of these offices is the Office of Special Education and …” „… communities, and the nation” (OSERS, p. 1). The Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) is located within …” „… through policy letters, guidance documents, question-and-answer documents, and memos that address special …”

CHAPTER 6 Case Studies S. 217-224

„… ?6.6 Is There a Preference for Mediation-Based Approaches to Special Education Disputes? 6.6.1 The …” „… from the 2021 law cases. These cases can be used with classes for discussion and questions about how to …” „… end of fourth grade, David’s mother referred him for a special education evaluation. He was determined …”

References S. 233-234

„… . 46540, 46583 (August 14, 2006).Yell, M. L. (2019). The law and special education (5th ed …” „… F.3d 775, 778 (3d Cir. 1994). Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS …” „… : Proposed regulatory interpretations. Journal of Law and Education, 49(1), 99–109. References …”

CHAPTER 4 Topics Covered by US Courts of Appeals in 2021 S. 115-122

„… Agreements4.38.1 Second Circuit4.38.1.1 Shkelqesa DERVISHI, on behalf of T.D. v. DEPART-MENT OF SPECIAL …” „… . SWANTON LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT4.15 Frivolous Lawsuit4.15.1 Ninth Circuit4.15.1.1 Matthew C. OSKOWIS …”

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International and European Criminal Law

Helmut Satzger

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2012

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. Special Part of International Criminal Law S. 282-313

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 14. Special Part of International Criminal LawContents:I. Genocide …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 This section of the book deals with the special part of international criminal law.The …” „… ofindividuals at all.§ 14 Special Part of International Criminal Law247Reemers Publishing Services GmbHO:/Beck …”

. The Implementation of the ICC-Statute into National Law – The German Solution in Particular S. 314-331

„… participation, in the form of a federal law,of the bodies responsible in such a case for the enactment of …” „… treaty law53Also, in so far as the VStGB refers to international treaty law, i. e. written law,there may …” „… longer be justified. In allcases of progressive law-making another “genuine link” would be necessary in …”

. The General Part of International Criminal Law S. 253-281

„… mmICC-StatuteElementsof Crimesinternationalconventionsderived fromgeneral principles of lawcustomaryinternational lawRules …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 13. The General Part of International Criminal LawContents:I …” „… following paragraph deals with these general principles of international criminal law,focusing especially on …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-37

„… size: 160.00mm 240.00mmInternational and EuropeanCriminal LawbyDr. Helmut SatzgerProfessor of Law at …” „… . European Law-Making versus Harmonisation of Laws ..................................... 46§ 6. Supranational …” „… .................................................................................................................. 244§ 14. Special Part of International Criminal Law …”

. History of International Criminal Law S. 222-234

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm§ 11. History of International Criminal LawContents:I. Development …” „… criminal law.II. Versailles and the Leipzig War Crime Trials1. The Versailles Treaty4 The horrors of World …” „… also valid within international law(see below § 13 paras 13 et seq.). At that time, the following …”

. The Influence of European Law on Domestic Substantive Criminal Law S. 97-145

„… mustcomply with the general requirements derived from primary law on the one handand the special requirements …” „… LawContents:I. General Issues …” „… lawapplicable in all Member States to supplement or even replace existing domesticcriminal law. This limitation …”

. Criminal Law in an International Context S. 38

„… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmA. Introduction§ 1. Criminal Law in an International Context1 …” „… Criminal law has often been perceived – and especially taught – as a purelynational discipline. Most …” „… adjudicated by international ad-hoc tribunals;crimes under international law, matters of extradition and the …”

. The Principles of Criminal Jurisdiction and their Implementation in National Legal Orders S. 49-79

„… differing from §§ 3 et seq. StGB forcriminal offences under state law. On other special provisions, see …” „… of criminal laware a part of national law. Each state therefore decides independently to which …” „… competence wouldencroach upon the sovereignty of another state, thereby violating international law.The …”

. The International Criminal Court (ICC) S. 235-252

„… common law.In this respect, the ICC-Statute is remarkably different from the statutes of theICTY and the …” „… LawForum 2006, 317 et seq.D. International Criminal Law214Reemers Publishing Services GmbHO:/Beck …” „… ) Investigations against G are carried out – even though rather hesitantly – bynational law enforcement agencies …”

Index S. 332-339

„… – in international (criminal) law 13 2 et seq.Sovereign equality of states 4 6, 13 45Special Court for …” „… customary law)Death penalty, compatibility with the ECHR 930, 47Decisions rendered in absentia, mutual …” „… law,Principle of 7 9, 27Minimum harmonisation 7 29, 34, 38, 42 et seq.,8 51Minimum maximum-penalty 7 45Mistake …”

. Criminal Law Enforcement in Europe S. 146-179

„… seq.; Fletcher/Lo¨o¨f/Gilmore, EU Criminal Law,pp. 76 et seq.3 As to the predecessor of Europol, the …” „… Applied to criminal (procedural) law, this principle wouldmean that a judicial decision that was lawfully …” „… II GG in connection with the principle of the “rule of law”.For the Court, this was especially true …”

. The European Convention on Human Rights S. 180-215

„… Conventionitself refers to domestic law.Example: “with a procedure prescribed by law” or “lawful detention” (art. 5 …” „… rank in the hierarchy of norms that is attributed toit by domestic law.a) The principle of “minimum …” „… principle of the rule of law.21c) Significance of the Convention for EU Lawaa) The EU’s accession to the …”

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Evolution, Evaluation and Future Developments in International Investment Law

Stephan Hobe (ed.), Julian Scheu (ed.)

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 38 2021

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Christian J. Tams International Investment Law and General International Law: Comments on a Special Relationship S. 59-70

„… and General International Law: Comments on a Special Relationship Christian J. Tams* Introduction It …” „… brief remarks about a special legal relationship, namely that between international investment law and …” „… whose meaning will become clear: ‘special, but embedded’; ‘normative guidance’ and ‘investment law as a …”

Stephan Hobe Introduction S. 27-30

„… investment law and international investment arbitration. And – special focus was laid on the German speaking …” „… International Investment Law Centre Cologne. Yes – it is true, the IILCC is only 10 years old – but all familiar …” „… with international investment law know, these were ‘wild’ years with tremendous developments …”

Christoph Schreuer Evolution of Investment Law in Treaty Making and Arbitral Practice S. 35-46

„… international law, and b) the creation of special regimes that are subject to their own systems of law. The …” „… Evolution of Investment Law in Treaty Making and Arbitral Practice Christoph Schreuer* I would like …” „… tribunal practice concerning the applicable law, and 3. the trend towards restriction of investor rights …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… Chapter 2: International Investment Law and General International Law: Comments on a Special Relationship …” „… Stephan Hobe Evolution of International Investment LawChapter 1: Introduction 33 Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel …” „… 38 Nomos Evolution, Evaluation and Future Developments in International Investment Law Stephan …”

Bruno Simma International Investment Law and General International Law: Comment from Arbitrator’s Perspective S. 71-74

„… International Investment Law and General International Law: Comment from Arbitrator’s Perspective …” „… relationship between substantive standards in international investment law and general international law is …” „… more clearly the foundation of international investment law in public international law is accepted …”

Rudolf Dolzer Investor-State Contracts: Comment from Arbitrator’s Perspective S. 99-102

„… who had invested in Abu Dhabi. Although the parties had agreed to the application of Sharia law, Lord …” „… Asquith, after failing to find a pertinent provision in the Sharia and in national law, chose to base his …” „… decision on ‘natural law’. In order to do so he applied the national legal order which, according to him …”

Markus Gabbert Comment and Discussion S. 121-122

„… projects concerned a special field of international law. Addressing the relation between the two legal …” „… parts of general international law. Cameron answered first by pointing to the important role that …” „… International Energy Law and Policy and Director of the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy …”

August Reinisch UNCITRAL Reform Process on ISDS: Comment from Arbitrator’s Perspective S. 173-180

„… . Dr. August Reinisch is Professor of International and European Law at the University of Vienna. 173 …” „… courts there may be diverging case law emerging from different chambers of such courts.3 Thus, the MIC …” „… international law; nor is there any within the specific ICSID system’. See also Christoph Schreuer, Loretta …”

Claudia Annacker Evolution of Investment Law in Treaty Making and Arbitral Practice: Comment from Counsel’s Perspective S. 47-56

„… non-investment rules: ‘[S]uch specialized law-making and institution-building tends to take place with relative …” „… Evolution of Investment Law in Treaty Making and Arbitral Practice: Comment from Counsel’s …” „… composition of the tribunal, not the merits of the case.’16 Evolution of Applicable Law Clauses International …”

Francisco Abriani Amendment to the ICSID Arbitration Rules: Towards Increasing Time and Cost Efficiency S. 123-136

„… this presentation by congratulating the International Investment Law Centre Cologne for its 10-year …” „… process is designed to take account of the special characteristics of international investment disputes …” „… ’ obligations (as opposed to strict deadlines), as there has to be some flexibility to take into account special …”

Anke Sessler Pitfalls to Avoid in the Drafting of Investor-State Contracts S. 77-98

„… intensify environmental laws or increase taxes. Unsurprisingly, such law amendments usually are to the …” „… ’ rights and obligations and any legal remedies, and the attention to the applicable law or laws. I assume …” „… address a series of clauses that are typically found in such contracts and to which special attention must …”

Corinne Montineri UNCITRAL Reform Process on ISDS S. 157-172

„… laws and practice as well as of public international law. Views were reiterated that existing …” „… International Trade Law Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, the Secretariat of …” „… the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The views expressed …”

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150 Jahre Mannheimer Akte

Hiram Kümper (ed.), Andreas Maurer (ed.)

Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Transport- und Verkehrsrecht

Volume 2018

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Marc De Decker Reflections on the legal relationship between European International River Law and European Union Law, with special regard to the Rhine S. 221-306

„… Law, with special regard to the Rhine By Marc De Decker Introduction For centuries the use of …” „… the development of modern European International River Law15, laying down special river acts, among …” „… , with special regard to the Rhine 223 Headlines of European International River Law The fount of modern …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-4

„… Union Law, with special regard to the Rhine 221 Marc De Decker Caffee, Capern und Corinthen – Mannheimer …” „… Ramming 3 Reflections on the legal relationship between European International River Law and European …”

Bon C. de Savornin Lohman Mannheimer Akte, Grundgesetz für die Rheinschifffahrtsgerichtsbarkeit S. 141-156

„… requires the special attention of the Rhine navigation judges and the lawyers, because of the differences …” „… 1 Abstract: What many people do not know is that there are special Rhine courts, including a court …” „… constitution for the Rhine. The Rhine navigation law has exclusive effect, which means that it precedes …”

Andreas Maurer Die Freiheit der Schifffahrt auf dem Rhein S. 9-22

„… between European International River Law and European Union Law, with special regard to the Rhine, in …” „… one hand, the interpretation of international treaties under the Vienna Convention on the Law of …” „… , S. 470-494; Pound, Roscoe, The New Feudal System, in: Commercial Law Journal 35, 1930, 8, S. 397-403 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845294841

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