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The Democratization Process in Post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Role of the European Union

Lejla Starcevic-Srkalovic

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 198 2010

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Proportionality S. 145-147

„… 1454.1.3 Proportionality Proportionality, according to the theory of Consociationalism, is to be …” „… present in every sphere of political life. Proportionality has to be included at every level of the …” „… size in society. Lijphart identifies two variations of the principle of proportionality: the deliberate …”

Electoral system as a tool for proportionality assurance S. 147-161

„… 147plex scoring system.174 According to the principle of proportionality in the constitution, some …” „… proportionality in many cases trumps the quality of applying candidates (Finci, interview). Obviously, the …” „… system as a tool for proportionality assurance The most important instrument ensuring proportional …”

Minority or mutual veto S. 140-145

„… Proportionality Proportionality, according to the theory of Consociationalism, is to be present in every sphere …” „… of political life. Proportionality has to be included at every level of the government’s decision …” „… . Lijphart identifies two variations of the principle of proportionality: the deliberate overrepresentation …”

Ethnic groups and democratic political institutions – basic principles of consociational democracy as a comprehensive model S. 73-82

„… coalitions and proportionality in appointments. Consociational theory experienced significant institutional …” „… about the protection of minority interests; - Proportionality or rules about the allocation of …” „… proportionality between votes and gaining seats in the parliament is much higher. Considering the second …”

Conclusion S. 231-239

„… , veto rights, segmental autonomy, and the proportionality and parity principle). In recent years …” „… every context. As mentioned 235previously, two primary conditions must be fulfilled: proportionality in …” „… . ? Proportionality as the principal standard of political representation, civil service appointments, and the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… coalitions – grand coalition 132 4.1.2 Minority or mutual veto 140 4.1.3 Proportionality 145 4.1.4 …” „… Electoral system as a tool for proportionality assurance 147 4.1.5 Segmental group autonomy 161 4.2 …”

Broad-based parliamentary coalitions – grand coalition S. 130-140

„… ; proportionality as the principal standard for political representation, civil service appointments, and allocation …” „… three main ethnic groups, Bosniacs, Croats, and Serbs, whose proportionality and parity in the …”

Comparative analysis of favoring and obstructing factors influencing performance of political institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 164-177

„… the proportionality principle in Consociationalism has been already mentioned. Lijphart noted that in …” „… . However, this should not be exaggerated. Proportionality, as the standard system regulating the …”

Bosnian State during the reign of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy: first attempts of political institutionalization S. 86-90

„… , the principle of parity and proportionality for all three ethnic groups was not respected in the …”

Addressing ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the institutional solutions during the democratization process S. 68-73

„… through strict proportionality provisions. Public policies should be based on the individual rights and …”

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The Aims of Punishment

Charis Papacharalambous (ed.)

2020

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Christos D. Naintos Aims of Punishment and Proportionality S. 99-110

„… Aims of Punishment and Proportionality Christos D. Naintos Deputy Public Prosecutor of the Court of …” „… proportionality. Proportionality should not be considered as related only to retribution. The choice between the …” „… proportionality control of a penalty. After a short presentation of the main elements of the two prevailing …”

Artemis Savvidou The Proportionality Principle as Basic Safeguard Regarding Provision and Imposition of Criminal Sanctions S. 85-98

„… The Proportionality Principle as Basic Safeguard Regarding Provision and Imposition of Criminal …” „… interpretation and especially imposition proportionality is applied.1 Proportionality as law principle that is …” „… possibility of imposing restrictions on rights through law (and with respect to proportionality) on specific …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XVII

„… Proportionality Principle as Basic Safeguard Regarding Provision and Imposition of Criminal Sanctions …” „… 85 Christos D. Naintos Aims of Punishment and Proportionality …” „… ordeal of ‘lay-friendly’ applying proportionality displays blatantly the above. But what if one goes …”

Demetra Sorvatzioti Why Sentencing Needs a Separate Trial in the Continental System S. 145-166

„… acknowledgment of the harm done to victims or to the community”. Furthermore,proportionality is a fundamental …” „… offender. Reference to the purposes of sentence is not been found in the GCC. Proportionality and just …” „… . But even before the inclusion of the proportionality principle in the Code, proportionality was …”

Charis Papacharalambous Penal Populism and the Aims of Punishment. The Emergence of Policed Democracy S. 21-38

„… roughly determined against bedrocks such as proportionality and utilitarianism. The fundamental …” „… , retributivism in the sense of ‘just deserts’ including proportionality is the mainstream paradigm as to the …” „… theories of punishment. Proportionality is understood both as ordinal (the harmony between crime …”

George Chloupis Organized Criminal Action and Riskiness. Security and Insecurity. The Limits Imposed by the Protection of Human Rights and the Extent to which the Purposes of the Penalty Are Being Served in the Conte... S. 167-184

„… (principles of necessity, avoidance of unreasonable excess, proportionality, suitability, prohibition of …” „… indications or evidence. The principle of proportionality must apply between the rights which are affected …” „… organized crime (principle of proportionality).13 For every action, there generally must be an approval by …”

Elisavet Symeonidou-Kastanidou, Yannis Naziris The New System of Penal Sanctions in Greece S. 277-304

„… proportionality, which were enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights around the same period. In such …” „… barely in line with the principle of proportionality. Nevertheless, the combined application of the …” „… utter disregard of the principles of necessity and proportionality, to the effect of inundating …”

Athanasia Dionysopoulou EU Criminal Law in the Post-Lisbon Era – Challenges for National Criminal Policy S. 111-120

„… proportionality. This Protocol establishes the so called ‘early warning mechanism’, which is, in reality, a …” „… Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality.14 In draft legislative …” „… . 2: “Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality”. 14 Barrett …”

Tonia Tzannetaki The Potentially Perverse Effects of Front- and Back-Door Penal Policies. The Greek Example S. 249-276

„… , to gross violations of the principle of proportionality between crime and punishment whilst …” „… proportionality – however broadly one chooses to define its outer limits. Such sacrifices of proportionality …” „… to the aims and functions of punishment. Neither can the serious violations of proportionality …”

Athanasios Chouliaras, Marinos Skandamis The Intensification of the Preventive Rationale in European Criminal Justice Policies: the Evolution of Dangerousness and its Transformation into Risk S. 121-144

„… .17 At the same time, Garofalo asserts that the principle of proportionality between the crime and …” „… law (e.g. the principle of legality, the presumption of innocence, the principle of proportionality …” „… control the most dangerous acts contrary to the principles of legality and proportionality, as …”

Felix Herzog Vindication of Law – The Expressive Signiicance of Punishment in Terrorist Cases S. 15-20

„… control of proportionality. Concerning the course of action of the British army towards IRA-terrorists …”

Nestor Courakis Constraints on Deciding Sentence Severity by the Judges in Greece S. 239-248

„… defendants are not judged in an equitable manner nor according to the principle of proportionality existing …”

Ioannis Gkountis The Unwarranted Use of Criminal Law as a Tool for Crisis-Management: The Case of Symbolic Criminal Legislation S. 73-84

„… dogma (which mirrors the constitutional precept of proportionality40) thus regards the use of penal …”

Andreas Kapardis Punishing the Traffic Offender in Cyprus: Practices, Concerns and Future Directions S. 213-226

„… Canada, USA, Australia, and New Zealand, decide sentence severity on the basis of the proportionality …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748922384

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Administrative Anti-Fraud Measures within the European Union

Agnieszka Aleksandra Murawska (Nowakowska)

2008

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Principle of proportionality S. 113-114

„… result from the national proceedings. 5.1 Principle of proportionality First and foremost, OLAF has to …” „… respect the principle of proportionality.472 Thisprinciple has been recognised by the ECJ as a part of EC …” „… Gemeinschaft« 1998, vol. 2, p. 661. 473 On the recognition of the principle of proportionality, see case C-8/55 …”

Primary law instruments S. 66-70

„… and proportionality.68can therefore, by reason of the scale or effects of the proposed action, be …” „… principles of subsidiarity and proportionality (by qualitative or, wherever possible, quantitative indicators …” „… principles of subsidiarity and proportionality244, action by the Communityis necessary if the Member State is …”

Internal investigations S. 111-113

„… proportionality First and foremost, OLAF has to respect the principle of proportionality.472 Thisprinciple has …” „… principle of proportionality, see case C-8/55, Fédération Charbonnière de Belgique v High Authority of the …”

Rule of law S. 114-115

„… to the principle of proportionality, see Tridimas, Takis »The General Principles ofEC law«, New York …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… of OLAF’s competencies 1135.1 Principle of proportionality 1135.2 Rule of law 1145.3 Limitations with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206615

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Göttingen Handbook on Latin American Public Law and Criminal Justice

Kai Ambos (ed.), José Martínez (ed.)

2023

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Laura Clérico Proportionality and criminal law in the Interamerican-System S. 303-324

„… Proportionality and criminal law in the Interamerican-System*Laura CléricoAbstractThis essay aims …” „… to explore the uses of proportionality when criminal lawinterferes with human rights in Latin America …” „… exemplarybasis to demonstrate the various uses of proportionality, to focus on itsuse in challenging criminal law …”

Faustino García de la Torre García Criminal law and constitution S. 281-302

„… structure of the constitutional principle of proportionality,to the point where the three factors are …” „… fundamental rights theory and theconstitutional principle of proportionality began to be developed. This …” „… linksthat initially intended. Principles as subsidiarity, proportionality and ultimaratio encounter serious …”

Alejandro Chehtman Gender Bias in Justification of Lethal Force in Latin America S. 415-436

„… significant agreement that proportionality should not beconstrued as some form of mathematical equivalence …” „… be observed”.44Furthermore, the Manual clarifies that the proportionality and necessi‐ty analyses are …” „… different in military and in law enforcement operations.Proportionality in military operations must assess …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… 281Laura CléricoProportionality and criminal law in the Interamerican-System 303Gustavo Emilio Cote …”

Kai Ambos, Susann Aboueldahab Criminal Justice and Impunity in Latin America S. 585-604

„… aligned it with the two rule-of-law-principles of presumption ofinnocence and proportionality. Instead of …”

Ezequiel Vacchelli Culpability S. 437-456

„… proportionality between a crimeand its penalty. Naturally, this does not automatically assume that social …”

Luis G. González Alvo, Jorge A. Núñez Latin American prisons throughout history S. 661-686

„… guarantee the exerciseof Latin American constitutional principles (legality, harmfulness, propor‐tionality …”

Bernd Marquardt Lines of Development of the Modern Constitutional State in Hispanic America since 1810 S. 33-60

„… constitutional courts adopted the principle of pro‐portionality created in the 1950s by the German jurisprudence …”

María Rosalba Buitrago The Social State in Latin America S. 195-230

„… conformto the bounds of reasonableness and proportionality. Finally, any faultsmust be previously …”

Juan Pablo Pampillo Baliño Constitutionalism and constitutional change in Latin America: accomplishments and challenges S. 109-172

doi.org/10.5771/9783748920717

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The main lines of the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court

Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz (ed.), Kinga Zakariás (ed.)

2022

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Zoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy 24. Decision 3/2015. (II. 2.) AB – Proportionality S. 427-440

„… Decision 3/2015. (II. 2.) AB – ProportionalityZoltán Pozsár-Szentmiklósy*Ordinary courts have to …” „… . The proportionality-basedreasoning of the HCC in many cases is not sufficiently detailed—in thisregard …” „… proportionality-focused monitoring of draft laws is oftenperformed in order to prevent the possible future unfavourable …”

Gábor Polyák 9. Decision 165/2011. (XII. 20) AB – Media Content S. 183-196

„… decisivecriterion in assessing the proportionality of a restriction is the impact of themedium on the public, and …” „… asufficient reason, and the regulation respects the principles of proportionality andsubsidiarity [Article 61 …” „… necessity and proportionality. The examination of theMedia Constitution and the Media Act shows that, in the …”

Kinga Zakariás 16. Decision 32/2013. (IX. 22.) AB – Secret Intelligence Gathering S. 293-312

„… ensuring that the conditions of necessityand proportionality are met and are controllable with respect to …” „… that the expectation of proportionality is met in individual cases.5PetitionThe basis of the case is a …” „… (necessity-proportionality) requirements of Article I (3) of theFL (Reasoning [85]).The HCC also found that the storage and …”

András Koltay 23. Decision 19/2014. (V. 30.) AB – Liability for Online Comments S. 413-426

„… they consider should take priority.7The question of proportionalityIt turns out from Reasoning [65 …” „… when examining the proportionality of arestriction on fundamental rights (Reasoning [64]–[65]).5The …” „… (Reasoning [59]).The assessment of proportionality depends on the amount of damagesawarded for the …”

Gyula Bándi 26. Decision 28/2017. (X. 25.) AB – Natura 2000 S. 459-472

„… remediating the status quo lat-er. Alongside prevention, the proportionality-necessity test has also beenadded …” „… in point 5 (Reasoning [62]).These all reinforce again the proportionality-necessity test, ‘also …” „… rea-sonable limitation of the freedom of property, also the need to establishthe desirable proportionality …”

István Ambrus, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz 30. Decision 15/2020. (VII. 8.) AB – Fear-mongering II. S. 521-538

„… , irrespective of its value and truth.Following a necessity-proportionality test by the HCC, it held that it …” „… determining the proportionality of a restriction.3PetitionThe petitioner filed a constitutional complaint …” „… particular the principle of the universalityof norms), Article I (3) (the principle of proportionality …”

Boldizsár Szentgáli-Tóth, András László Pap 13. Decision 1/2013. (I. 7.) AB – Voter Registration S. 243-260

„… meet proportionality standards. (The decision alsostrengthened free political speech …” „… , according to the ElectionProcedure Act, the proportionality of individual constituencies has to bemade on …” „… to lawfully determine the proportionality ofthe constituencies on the basis of the number of persons …”

Márton Varju 18. Decision 3194/2014. (VII. 15.) AB – Tobacco Retail S. 331-344

„… content of the rules in question—was able tosupport the proportionality of the new measures. Decision …” „… established thatthe proportionality of the restriction required the payment of due compen-sation and the …” „… examination of proportionalitydepends to a large extent on the accepted social and economic functionof …”

Miklós Könczöl 5. Decision 60/1994. (XII. 24.) AB – Lustration S. 121-134

„… proportionality«—must be limited to the questionwhether the reference to the public interest is justified, and whether …” „… ofwhich therefore requires proportionality on both sides.2BackgroundA direct precursor to the decision is …”

István Ambrus 19. Decision 23/2014 (VII. 15.) AB – Concurrent Three Strikes S. 345-358

„… punishable by life impris-onment, is not in line with the requirement of proportionality to beexpected of …” „… proportionality, besides, narrowing judicial discretion by creatingmandatory sentencing rules, combined with …”

András Jakab 3. Decision 11/1992. (III. 5.) AB – Retroactive Transitional Justice S. 85-102

„… the principle of proportionality, butin doing so, injustice ‘is not in itself an argument’ against …” „… relation to which no proportionality test is applicable.According to the HCC, ‘an exception to the …”

Péter Gárdos, Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz 22. Decision 34/2014. (XI. 14.) – Foreign Currency Loan S. 393-412

„… court, but not to the right to a fair trial. As regards the necessityand proportionality of the …” „… regulation.13Decision Foreign Currency Loan also opened up new avenues in termsof the proportionality test …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… .) AB – Proportionality24. 427Zoltán Pozsár-SzentmiklósyDecision 22/2016. (XII. 5.) AB – Constitutional …”

Gergely Deli 14. Decision 4/2013. (II. 21.) – Five-pointed Red Star S. 261-274

„… elaborated on thefact that the restriction complied with the requirement of proportionality.According to the …”

Bernát Török 27. Decision 1/2019. (II. 13.) AB – Disfigurement of a Soviet War Memorial S. 473-486

„… conflict betweenfreedom of expression and the right to property and, following a propor-tionality test …”

Ádám Békés 28. Decision 3/2019 (III. 7.) AB – Illegal Immigration S. 487-504

„… necessity-proportionality), Article VIII (2) (rightof association), Article IX (1) (freedom of speech) and Article XXVIII (4 …”

Kinga Zakariás 2. Decision 64/1991. (XII. 17.) AB – Abortion I. S. 63-84

„… situation is a concretisationof the proportionality criterion applied to the specific facts of abortion.The …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929826

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The European Union and Education for Democratic Citizenship

Kris Grimonprez

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 20 2020

Results in this title

Subsidiarity, proportionality and Member State action S. 647-686

„… Subsidiarity, proportionality and Member State action Subsidiarity and proportionality of EU action …” „… proportionality. The third paragraph only excludes those areas from the scope of subsidiarity which are a matter …” „… of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality continued the attempt to make subsidiarity …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, inquiring how, combined, this Treaty article and principles …” „… of young people in democratic life in Europe D 639 Subsidiarity, proportionality and Member State …” „… action CHAPTER 10 647 Subsidiarity and proportionality of EU actionA 647 Member State actionB 673 …”

Summary and general conclusion S. 689-698

„… of subsidiarity and proportionality: Member States are not sufficiently achieving the objectives of …” „… school level (respect for the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality). (10) Whereas defining …”

The EU dimension based on democratic participation rights in Title II TEU S. 465-506

„… principle of proportionality (excluding a person convicted of a serious crime). As explained by Lenaerts and …” „… Parliament, the minimum and maximum numbers of seats, and a system of degressive proportionality.1689 Pupils …” „… parliamentary term after Brexit (i.a. BE 21, DE 96, FR 79, LU 6, RO 33), defining degressive proportionality …”

Conclusion to Part four S. 686-688

„… national, regional, local or school level (respect for the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality …”

Introduction: Actors S. 589-594

„… EU and the Member States. The EU has to respect the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality …”

Conferral of competence to the EU S. 595-646

„… Conferral of competence to the EU The principles Conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality EU …” „… achieved at Union level (Article 5(3) TEU). In addition, the principle of proportionality requires that the …” „… in a specific way, or could it be used in a less intrusive way? (the proportionality question).2080 …”

The EU dimension based on classic EU citizenship rights S. 381-464

„… principle of proportionality.1334 Settled case law says that limitations to the right to move and to reside …” „… ; proportionality of public policy justification). See also overview in K Lenaerts, ‘In the Name of EU Citizenship …” „… freedom), objectives and principles (free movement, proportionality), and certainly invites critical …”

The EU dimension based on other EU rights and obligations S. 507-586

Objective, critical and pluralistic EU learning S. 321-380

„… systemic principles to explain in EDC are, inter alia, subsidiarity and proportionality (Article 5(3) and …”

Bibliography S. 709-807

„… subsidiarity and proportionality [2012] OJ C326/1 Protocol (No 8) relating to Article 6(2) of the Treaty on …” „… principles of subsidiarity and proportionality: Strengthening their role in the EU's policymaking' COM(2018 …” „… subsidiarity and proportionality and on relations with national parliaments COM(2019) 333 final Commission …”

Introduction S. 27-60

„… studies or comparative stud- 14 100 E.g. the proportionality principle as a tool in solving problems (text …”

Stronger modes of reception of exogenic norms in the EU legal order S. 191-232

„… cooperation, conferral, subsidiarity, proportionality, or non-discrimination); Case C-282/10 Dominguez …”

Weaker modes of reception of exogenic norms in the EU legal order S. 233-291

„… additional support for the reasoning in the proportionality test. Austrian legislation only permits …”

Effects of the Charter on EDC/HRE in the Council of Europe legal order S. 109-178

„… : to assess proportionality, the ECtHR took account of conclusions and reports of the European …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748902034

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Choice Architecture in Democracies

Alexandra Kemmerer (ed.), Christoph Möllers (ed.), Maximilian Steinbeis (ed.), Gerhard Wagner (ed.)

Series: Recht im Kontext

Volume 6 2016

Results in this title

Anne van Aaken Constitutional Limits to Paternalistic Nudging: A Proportionality Assessment S. 161-196

„… 161 Constitutional Limits to Paternalistic Nudging: A Proportionality Assessment Anne van Aaken …” „… proportionality principle. The analysis can be extended to other constitutions as well. At issue is the question …” „… protection in Germany permits. The proportionality analysis can be applied, mutatis mutandis, to …”

Christopher Unseld Take Off Your 3D Glasses – How Nudging Provokes the Way We Imagine Law S. 345-352

„… government of economic rationality, it would be wrong to defend our current logic of judicial proportionality …” „… – very importantly – measuring almost everything by the overarching principle of proportionality. Even …” „… limited by a kind of inherent proportionality analysis (the so-called »Wesentlichkeitstheorie«11 …”

Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff Constitutional Limits to Health-Related Nudging – a Matter of Balancing S. 247-254

„… requirement of proportionality). This qualification applies not only where state intervention aims at …” „… obligation to nudge violates a constitutional right. The right answer will, according to proportionality and …” „… comply with the principle of proportionality. How the principle of proportionality is to be applied to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… liberal counter-arguments. Volkmann argues that liberal culture and careful proportionality checks can …” „… different types of nudges according to the proportionality principle. Van Aaken demonstrates that …” „… matter of balancing and proportionality. She judges principled objection to health-related nudging as …”

Bibliography S. 357-378

„… ). A Barak (2012) Proportionality. Constitutional Rights and Their Limitations (Cambridge, Cambridge …” „… Economics, online first. M Klatt and M Meister (2012) The Constitutional Structure of Proportionality …” „… University Press). K Möller (2014) ‘Proportionality and Rights Inflation’ in G Huscroft et al. (eds …”

Johanna Wolff ‘Partner Months’ and the Fundamental Rights of Parents – Considerations on the Legitimacy of Nudges and ‘Nudgy Legislation’ S. 255-266

„… considerations of proportionality.30 Any balancing is purposeless if one accepts, in the first place, that the …” „… considerations of proportionality – and it displays a core aspect of democracy. ____________________ 29 For an …” „… importance of the principle of proportionality with regard to health-related nudging see Lübbe-Wolff …”

Christopher McCrudden, Jeff King The Dark Side of Nudging: The Ethics, Political Economy, and Law of Libertarian Paternalism S. 75-140

Emanuel Towfigh, Christian Traxler Nudges Polarize! S. 321-328

„… terms, the assessment of discretion and margins of appreciation, the principle of proportionality, and …”

Index S. 383-388

„… proportionality ...... .137, 156, 166, 185, 193, 250, 251, 264, 326, 345, 350 psychology, cognitive …”

Sabino Cassese Exploring the Legitimacy of Nudging S. 241-246

„… , balancing, proportionality, suitability)? Can courts be empowered to review the »de facto« effects of …”

Uwe Volkmann Nudging, Education, Paternalism: A Philosophical Perspective from the Old Europe S. 141-160

„… proportionality whose performance in the matters in question must not be underestimated (and again I am not quite …” „… , least-restrictive-means-test and proportionality strictu sensu. And especially for the latter one which requires balancing we …”

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The obscurities of jus ad bellum proportionality and its interplay with jus in bello

Dana Schirwon

Series: Kölner Schriften zum Friedenssicherungsrecht - Cologne Studies on International Peace and Security Law - Études colonaises sur le droit de la paix et de la sécurité internationale

Volume 27 2024

Results in this title

Chapter 4 Subsequent practice of jus ad bellum proportionality S. 181-252

„… Chapter 4 Subsequent practice of jus ad bellum proportionalityA. Lack of subsequent agreements or …” „… proportionality restricting self-defence and states who are more or less critical of proportionality.a. Statements …” „… further deal with the problem of defining proportionality.The US delegate argued in the same realm as the …”

Chapter 6 Content, scope and legal consequences of jus ad bellum proportionality S. 303-344

„… Chapter 6 Content, scope and legal consequences of jus ad bellum proportionalityA. Content of jus …” „… ad bellum proportionalityAs the first part of the examination above has shown, many different …” „… recapitulate the content of jus ad bellum proportionality.I. Functional character of jus ad bellum …”

Chapter 2 Historical, philosophical and jurisprudential aspects of jus ad bellum proportionality S. 79-132

„… Chapter 2 Historical, philosophical and jurisprudential aspects of jus ad bellum proportionalityA …” „… the qualifications of a system of public international law.2322. Early ideas of ProportionalityDuring …” „… modern jus ad bellum and its connection to the idea of proportionality.Two centuries later, Cicero254 …”

Chapter 5 Relevance of jus in bello within jus ad bellum proportionality S. 253-302

„… Chapter 5 Relevance of jus in bello within jus ad bellum proportionalityA. IntroductionThe …” „… rule of jus in bello will be translated into the assessment of jus ad bellum proportionality.The …” „… the direct application of jus in bello within jus ad bellum proportionalityThough, at first glance, it …”

Closing remarks S. 345-352

„… by proportionality in fact limits the former jus ad bellum. As a consequence, the requirement of …” „… self-defence to be proportionate may accurately be described as jus ad bellum proportionality as it restricts …” „… the former jus ad bellum.12092. Jus ad bellum proportionality shall be distinguished from the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-26

„… ad bellum proportionalityChapter 6303Content of jus ad bellum proportionalityA. 303Scope of jus ad …” „… jus ad bellum proportionalityD.278Jus in bello as embodiment of proportionalityI. 278Common historyII …” „… proportionalityChapter 6303Content of jus ad bellum proportionalityA. 303Functional character of jus ad bellum …”

Chapter 1 Preliminary remarks S. 27-78

„… ad bellum proportionalityAs clarified above, the law of the UNC governing the use of force by states …” „… the obscurities of jus ad bellum proportionality.Even though requirements of proportionality also …” „… proportionalityBesides the substance of the proportionality criterion of Art. 51 UNC there also exists some debate on its …”

Outlook The Israel-Hamas War since October 2023 S. 353-364

„… /proportionality-in-self-defense-a-brief-reply/ (29 December 2023); Van Steenberghe, A plea for a right of Israel to self-defence in order to …” „… explicitly link the compliance with principles of IHL with jus ad bellum proportionality.The representative …” „… could help bringing more light to the obscurities of jus ad bellum proportionality.Outlook The …”

Literature S. 365-387

„… , https://www.justsecurity.org/90118/proportionality-in-self-defense-a-brief-reply/, 14 November 2023.Literature372Hartigan …” „… , and Proportionality in the Law of Self-Defence, AJIL, 107 (2013), pp. 563 et seqq.Akande …” „… Counterterrorism, Oxford University Press, 2011.Cannizzaro, Enzo, Contextualizing proportionality: jus ad bellum …”

Chapter 3 Interpretation of Art. 51 UNC S. 133-180

„… regarding the requirement of proportionalityAs this examination seeks to clarify the content of jus ad …” „… ad bellum proportionality.Nevertheless, the wording of Art. 51 UNC refers to the pre-existing right …” „… which again allows some conclusions regarding jus ad bellum proportionality.a. Notions of forceNeither …”

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The Olympic Games of the European Union

Eleni Trova, Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris

2011

Results in this title

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova More about the proportionality: Is doping really proportionate? S. 145

„… More about the proportionality: Is doping really …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Convention of Human Rights S. 141-143

„… ?the?restriction?was?sufficiently?prescribed?by?law?)?and?shouldsatisfy?the?principle?of?proportionality.?By?preventing?an?athlete?from?competingon?a?temporary?or?permanent?basis,?this?right?is?violated.?Therefore,?doping?couldbe?legal?only?if?satisfies?the?prerequisites?of?article?10?par.2 …” „… ?if?the?draconian?legislation?of?doping?is?actuallyproportionate.?The?principle?of?proportionality?is?further?analyzed?in?three?narrowerelements:?capacity,?necessity,?proportionality?in?stricto?sencu?(the?disadvantagesfor?the?individual?should?not?outweigh?the?advantages?of?the?restriction).301 …” „… ?Theprinciple?of?proportionality?could?be?perceived?as?being?the?most?powerful?enemyof?the?doping?regulation.?Doping?sanctions?quite?often?have?to?face?the?proportionality-test?challenge.?CAS?has?to?deal?with?many?relevant?cases.?The?European?Courtof?Human?Rights,?dealing?with? some? relevant?cases?has?decided …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Ambush marketing legislation and freedom of expression S. 280

„… ?the?restriction?was?sufficiently?prescribed?by?law?)?and?shouldsatisfy?the?principle?of?proportionality.?More?specifically?it?should?satisfy?the?Freitas?test?of?proportionality?which?comprises?the?following?three?steps:617 …” „… remely?difficult?for?it?to?survivethe?test?of?proportionality,?since?it?seemed?to?be?more?than?necessary?to?accomplishthe?objective?of?the?legislation.?This?reality?was?obvious?to?many?parts?of?the?Englishsociety?that?protested?against?the?legislation,?managing?to?have?the?presumption?ofinfringement?removed?in?the?final?Act.However,?even? though …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Non-judicial protection against ambush marketing S. 280-282

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 147-148

„… ce,?athletes?are?doing?sport?for?a?living,?it?is?unfair?to?deprive?them?of?their?work.This?limitation?on?their?right?of?work?is?not?consistent?with?the?principle?of?proportionality …” „… ?and?more?specifically?with?the?stricto sencu?proportionality …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Special legislation introduced by the hosting states S. 272-280

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Violence and Sport in International Treaties-The Council of Europe position S. 66-69

„… ?onwards?demonstrated?proportionality.74 …” „… Despite?the?Court’s?decision,?it?isbelieved?that?the?measure?is?quite?harsh?and?it?is?quite?difficult?to?survive?the?Freitastest?of?proportionality,75 …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The effect of the Bosman judgment in the Olympic movement rules S. 159-163

„… ?the?harmonization/consistency?of?the?state’slegislation?with?the?EC?Treaty?and?the?principle?of?proportionality.?A?characteristicexample?is?the?recent?judgment?C-234/01?Piergiorgio?Gambelli?of?the?6th?November2003,?which?was?about?the?discretion?of?membe …” „… ?of?the?Treaty?respectively.?The?court?had?to?decide?whetherthat?restriction?could?possibly?satisfy?the?proportionality …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Final Remarks S. 283-284

„… at?the?European?Law?is?involved?hereas?well.?Too?rigid?provisions?will?have?to?deal?with?the?EC?principle?of?proportionality.In?any?case,?it?is?alleged?that?legislation?against?ambush?marketing?is?kind?ofuseless.? Of? course,? there? should? be? some? provisions? for? the? protection? of …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Unfair advantage S. 145-146

„… More about the proportionality: Is doping really …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The rule of law and the fair play S. 77-79

„… ? the?principle?of?proportionality?and?the?principle?of?equality,?especiallywhen?sport?is?viewed?as?a?public?service99.The rule of law and the fair …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The Meca-Medina Judgement S. 143-145

„… proportionality: Is doping really …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The relation between the EC law and the Olympic movement rules S. 163-165

„… ?of?the?Treaty?respectively.?The?court?had?to?decide?whetherthat?restriction?could?possibly?satisfy?the?proportionality …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Doping?and?European?Convention?of?Human?Rights 141The?Meca-Medina?Judgement 143More?about?the?proportionality …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova The integration of the ethical rules of sport in national laws S. 74-77

„… ? the?principle?of?proportionality?and?the?principle?of?equality,?especiallywhen?sport?is?viewed?as?a?public?service99.The rule of law and the fair …”

Vangelis Alexandrakis, Panagiotis Skouris, Eleni Trova Doping and European Union S. 137-141

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European Financial Services Law

Matthias Lehmann (ed.), Christoph Kumpan (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2019

Results in this title

Article 14 b Details and proportionality of remuneration policy S. 1339-1343

„… policy and establishes theprinciple of proportionality.Level 2 and 3 measuresESMA’s Guidelines on sound …” „… re-spective ESMA releases.Article 14 bDetails and proportionality of remuneration policy1. When establishing …”

Article 14 Conflicts of interest S. 1492-1493

„… The remuneration requirements under AIFMD are subject to the principle of propor-tionality. The …” „… ESMA AIFMD Remuneration Guidelines include further details as to howthe proportionality principle may …” „… be applied. For instance, the proportionality principlemay allow smaller AIFM to disapply certain of …”

Article 42 Product intervention by competent authorities S. 549-554

„… Matthias Lehmann45678910the principle of proportionality, which requires that a short term ban is adopted …” „… the aim of the measure. Also, the proportionality principle can require that theNCA uses its power to …” „… elaborate proportionality test for actions takenby NCAs than Art 40 and 41 MiFIR provide for the actions by …”

Articles 18 to 26 S. 930-934

„… and proportionality requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2b) Notification and …” „… and the other NCAs (see Art 26 SSR).3Trigger events and proportionality requirementThe powers …” „… underArts 18 to 21 SSR reflects the principle of proportionality, which applies as a matter ofcourse.7 A …”

Article 34 Publication of decisions S. 869-874

„… proportionality of the publication of such decisions with regard tomeasures which are deemed to be of a minor …” „… perceived as an administrative measure only. Theprinciple of proportionality requires the authority to …” „… assessment of the proportionality of the publication of such data yieldsthat the effect of publishing the …”

Article 16 Organisational requirements S. 65-120

„… proportionality of and justification for theadditional requirements.Member States may retain additional …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5c) Proportionality …” „… phone and electronic communications;– Art 16(8)-(10) MiFID focus on client protection.Proportionality …”

Article 13 Remuneration S. 1489-1492

„… requirements under AIFMD are subject to the principle of propor-tionality. The ESMA AIFMD Remuneration …” „… Guidelines include further details as to howthe proportionality principle may be applied. For instance, the …” „… proportionality principlemay allow smaller AIFM to disapply certain of the requirements set out in Annex …”

Article 10 Unlawful disclosure of inside information S. 711-718

„… (3) it must comply with the principle of proportionality.16The CJEU also identified a number of …” „… factors that had to be taken into account in assess-ing the necessity and proportionality of the …” „… interpretedto conform to the three conditions of a close link, strict necessity and proportionality.19The CJEU’s …”

Article 99 b Name and shame S. 1444-1445

„… assessment conducted on the propor-tionality of the publication of such data, or where publication …” „… jeop-ardy;(ii) the proportionality of the publication of such decisions with regard tomeasures which are deemed …”

Overview of Articles 18-31 S. 929-930

„… ) . . . . . . 1a) Trigger events and proportionality requirement …” „… and the other NCAs (see Art 26 SSR).3Trigger events and proportionality requirementThe powers …”

Article 63 On-site inspections S. 1663-1664

„… subject matter of the investigations. In its control of the proportionality ofthe coercive measures, the …” „… matter of the inspection. In its control of the proportionality of the coer-cive measures, the national …”

Article 8 Withdrawal of authorisations S. 41-43

„… . Again, due to proportionality,2 minor changes do not provide groundsfor withdrawal; rather they justify …” „… ) and (c) MiFID, the sentence reflectsthe proportionality test required by primary Union law in that the …”

Article 99 a Minimum sanctioning S. 1442-1444

„… bedisproportionate following a case-by-case assessment conducted on the propor-tionality of the publication of such …” „… financial markets would not be put in jeop-ardy;(ii) the proportionality of the publication of such …”

Article 29 Publication of decisions S. 1223-1226

„… disproportionate by an obligatory prior assess-ment of the proportionality of such publication;(b) where …” „… prior assessment of the proportionality of such publi-cation.Chapter VIITransitional and final …”

Article 15 Risk management S. 1493-1496

„… home Member State of the AIFM in accordance with the prin-ciple of proportionality, on the …” „… . Exceptions from suchseparation are possible in accordance with the principle of proportionality, provided …”

Article 71 Publication of decisions S. 368-371

„… conducted on the propor-tionality of the publication of such data, or where publication jeopardises …” „… jeopardy;(ii) the proportionality of the publication of such decisions with regard tomeasures which are deemed …”

Commentary on Articles 40 and 41 Art. 40, 41 S. 545-549

„… , dis-tributed or sold to clients.17The prohibition must comply with the principle of proportionality.18 In …” „… ) MiFIR. In this regard,it is important to bear in mind that proportionality not only determines whether …”

Index S. 1785-1803

„… etseq.– proportionality MiFID II 69 6– reporting to clients MiFID II 25 25 et seq.– requirement for …” „… clientsMiFID II 16 57 et seq.– prohibition to use clients’ assetsMiFID II 16 55 et seq.– proportionality MiFID …” „… application MiFIR 20– proportionality MiFIR 15– purpose MiFIR 1Professional clients MiFIR 15 15 …”

Article 14 a Remuneration policy S. 1338-1339

„… bDetails and proportionality of remuneration policy1. When establishing and applying the remuneration …”

Article 30 Transitional provisions S. 1226-1227

„… to bedisproportionate by an obligatory prior assessment of the proportionality of such …”

Article 11 Penalties S. 1773-1774

„… theMember States. Yet the Regulation itself incorporates the principle of proportionality setout in Art 5(1 …”

Article 27 Professional secrecy S. 849-850

„… disclosure is necessary for legal proceedings. The term “neces-sary” indicates that the proportionality of …”

Article 28 Data protection S. 850-851

„… for legal proceedings. The term “neces-sary” indicates that the proportionality of disclosure …”

Article 28 c Exercise of sanctioning powers S. 1222-1223

„… assess-ment of the proportionality of such publication;(b) where publication would seriously jeopardise the …”

Article 14 Membership of an authorised investor compensation scheme S. 63-64

„… double insurance costs and comply with the principle of pro-portionality as laid down by Union law …”

Article 15 Initial capital endowment S. 64-65

„… double insurance costs and comply with the principle of pro-portionality as laid down by Union law …”

Article 62 General investigations S. 1662-1663

„… matter of the investigations. In its control of the proportionality ofthe coercive measures, the national …”

Introduction to Chapter I S. 34-35

„… and Proportionality: Towards a Two-Tiered European Banking Law?’,EBI working paper no 20 (2018 …” „… authorisationBibliography for Articles 5 to 16: Castro Carvalho AP, Hohl S, Raskopf R and Ruhnau S, ‘Proportionalityin …”

Overview of Articles 5-11 S. 894-895

„… thevalue of the risks hedged have to be calculated. For further details on the proportionality …”

Articles 36 to 39 S. 1301-1303

„… limits penalty payments to a maximum period of sixmonths. Subject to the proportionality required by Art …”

Article 10 Competent authorities S. 1771-1773

„… theMember States. Yet the Regulation itself incorporates the principle of proportionality setout in Art 5(1 …”

Article 29 S. 1093-1095

„… would not be put in jeopardy;(ii) the proportionality of the publication of such decisions with regard …” „… dispro-portionate following a case-by-case assessment conducted on the proportionalityof the publication of such …”

Article 3 Formal requirements S. 1722-1724

„… ), in its current ver-sion, is appropriate and complies with the principle of proportionality.8Article …”

Article 64 Procedural rules for taking supervisory measures and imposing fines S. 1664-1666

„… matter of the inspection. In its control of the proportionality of the coer-cive measures, the national …”

Introduction to Title VIII Intro Title VIII S. 558-560

„… principle of proportionality.9Art 45(4)-(7) MiFIR describes in detail the procedure for adopting the measure …”

Article 4 Uncovered position in a sovereign credit default swap S. 892-894

„… on the proportionality requirement,Howell, (2016) 17 EBOR 319, 340.13 See ESMA/2012/263, 36 et seq …”

Article 45 Position management powers of ESMA S. 555-558

„… with the general principle of proportionality.9Art 45(4)-(7) MiFIR describes in detail the procedure …”

Article 4 Clearing obligation S. 1584-1588

„… of proportionality, the Commission Pro-posal for a first set of amendments4 to EMIR aims to introduce …”

Article 25 Assessment of suitability and appropriateness and reporting to clients S. 180-193

„… investment firms are required to obtain fromclients and potential client are subject to the proportionality …” „… information aresubject to the proportionality principle. An investment firm is entitled to rely on the …”

Article 69 Supervisory powers S. 358-362

„… decision taken by a competent authority must be precededby a strict assessment of proportionality, as EU …”

Article 4 Enforcement of financial collateral arrangements S. 1724-1728

„… of proportionality.8Article 3(2) clarifies the relation between Art 3(1) and Art 1(5). It may be …”

Article 5 Clearing obligation procedure S. 1588-1593

„… whilealso maintaining compliance with the principle of proportionality, the Commission Pro-posal for a first …”

Article 23 Powers of competent authorities S. 838-843

„… subject to a strict assessment of proportionality.Temporary prohibition of the exercise of professional …”

Article 6 Independence and avoidance of conflicts of interest S. 1252-1257

„… Kumpan and Ronny Grütze 12555678taking into account the principle of proportionality, ESMA may exempt …”

Article 2 Exemptions S. 10-18

„… thereach of MiFID II is in line with the principle of proportionality, which requires not toexceed what is …”

Article 6 Inciting, aiding and abetting, and attempt S. 629-637

„… information are rele-vant factors in the proportionality test set out in Grøngaard and Bang, according towhich …”

Article 4 Definitions S. 22-34

„… , LieverseK and Tirado I, ‘Stability, Flexibility and Proportionality: Towards a Two-Tiered European Banking …” „… Ruhnau S, ‘Proportionalityin banking regulation: a cross-country comparison’, BIS, FSI Insights No. 1 …”

Article 30 Administrative sanctions and other administrative measures S. 852-863

„… proportion-ality must apply where the authority does not have conclusive evidence of the factsand the involvement …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLII

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 14 a 1338Details and proportionality of remuneration policy …”

Article 57 Position limits and position management controls in commodity derivatives S. 317-334

„… princi-ple of proportionality, which also applies to measures taken by Member States’ authori-ties under EU …”

Article 24 General principles and information to clients S. 157-180

„… inthe second subparagraph provide its opinion on the proportionality of and justi-fication for the …”

Article 27 S. 1092-1093

„… dispro-portionate following a case-by-case assessment conducted on the proportionalityof the publication of such …”

Article 28 S. 1093

„… dispro-portionate following a case-by-case assessment conducted on the proportionalityof the publication of such …”

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Self-Representation Before International Criminal Tribunals

Sarah Raveling

Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Volume 11 2014

Results in this title

Proportionality of the restriction and right to be heard S. 311-313

„… strike inorder to pressure the tribunal.IV. Proportionality of the restriction and right to be heardAn …” „… self-representation is the proportionality of any measure whichmay be imposed by trial chambers. This issue arose in …” „… . However,the appeals chamber expressed doubts as to the proportionality of the imposedmeasure since in its …”

“Clean slate” principle S. 307-311

„… on hunger strike inorder to pressure the tribunal.IV. Proportionality of the restriction and right to …” „… to self-representation is the proportionality of any measure whichmay be imposed by trial chambers …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… IV. Proportionality of the restriction and right to be heard313V. Balance of interests3141. The right …”

Prior specific warning to the accused S. 305-307

„… trial chamber,including whether it respected the principle of proportionality.1310 It eventually …”

Balance of interests S. 313-325

„… strict proportionality test to becomplied with when determining the nature and scope of any sanction to …”

The role of imposed counsel S. 349-363

„… with the proportionality principleto be applied, different arrangements for assigned counsel are …”

Recognition of the right to self-representation at different stages of the proceedings S. 89-114

„… proceedings, under whatever circumstances”.410In light of a general proportionality principle, the dissenting …”

Imposition of counsel S. 325-349

„… with the proportionality principleto be applied, different arrangements for assigned counsel are …”

Obstruction of the proceedings S. 278-305

„… proportionality of any sanction, given that it decided not to revoke the1296 Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadži?, Case …” „… proportionalityprinciple, so that the restriction will only be acceptable if it is suitable, necessary, and its degree and …”

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The Fog of War

James G. Blight, janet M. Lang

2005

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4: Lesson Four : "Proportionality Should be a Guideline in War" S. 113-138

„… Lesson Four: "Proportionality Should Be a Guideline in War" [Gen. Curtis] LeMay . .. was the only …” „… ? '' Proportionality should be a guideline in war. Killing 50 percent to 90 percent of the people of 6 7 Japanese …” „… : "Proportionality Should Be a Guideline" 115 blackened, ghastly face in the middle of Japan's symbol, a rising sun …”

Index S. 302-307

„… , 214-17; on misperception/misjudgment, 1 09-11; on mistakes, 169-71; on proportionality, 135-37; on …” „… prisoners of war (POWs): contemporary treatment of, 137; Japanese and, 120-21, 131-35 proportionality …” „… War I, McNamara on, 219, 226-30 World War II: proportionality in, ll3-37; reviews of "The Fog of War …”

Preface S. i-2

„… Both Often Wrong" 87 4 LESSON FOUR : "Proportionality Should Be a Guideline in War" 113 5 LESSON FIVE …”

Appendix B: Further Reading and Exploration S. 249-261

„… : Random House, 2003). Lesson Four: "Proportionality Should Be a Guideline in War" The dilemma: "How much …”

6: Critical Essays: "I'd Rather be Damned if I Don't" S. 173-218

„… , "Proportionality should be a guideline in war," which was among the segments shown on Wednesday night, refers to …”

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European Corporate Law

Peter Kindler (ed.), Jan Lieder (ed.)

2021

Results in this title

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs S. 882-884

„… deadline of the confirmations pursuant to Article 3 c SRD. Article 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality …” „… exercise of shareholders rights. Art 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs …” „… also set requirements that are more detailed in this respect. II. Non-Discrimination, Proportionality …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 c Facilitation of the exercise of shareholder rights S. 879-882

„… to Article 3 c SRD. Article 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs 1 …” „… shareholders rights. Art 3 d Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs 882 Jan Lieder and …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 4 Equal treatment of shareholders S. 895-896

„… . Impact Assessment on the Proportionality between Capital and Control in Listed Companies, SEC (2007) 1705 …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 a Scope S. 398-403

„… absolute prohibition, which would probably not have satisfied the proportionality test.17 Taking a look at …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 5 Information prior to the general meeting S. 896-902

„… . Impact Assessment on the Proportionality between Capital and Control in Listed Companies, SEC (2007) 1705 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 3 c 879 Non-discrimination, proportionality and transparency of costs …”

Hanno Merkt Accounting and Auditing Law of the European Union S. 809-835

„… Regions – Smart Regulation in the European Union, 08/10/2010, COM(2010) 543. 23 The proportionality …” „… the principle of proportionality39, Chapter II of the Directive establishes minimum legal requirements …”

Index S. 1029-1055

„… I 5 – principle of proportionality I 14 – scope I 8 – subsidiary undertaking I 31 – true and fair …” „… limitation I 22 – simplifications I 23 Property of the company – disclosure (branch) 30 35 Proportionality …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 72 Increase in capital by consideration in cash S. 346-358

„… a proportionality assessment; see also Lutter/Bayer/Schmidt, Europäisches Unternehmensund …”

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The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2022

Results in this title

Valsamis Mitsilegas, Emmanouil Billis Article 49 – Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and Penalties S. 1473-1508

„… Article 49 Article 49 Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and …” „… states the general principle of proportionality between penalties and criminal offences which is …” „… of European Criminal Law 20 – 38 . E Billis , N Knust and JP Rui (eds), Proportionality in …”

Index S. 1927-1968

„… defence (Article 48) proportionality principle, 487 right of defence, 1399 – 411 see also Presumption …” „… American Convention on Human Rights: personal integrity, 64 principles of legality and proportionality …” „… , 91 detention conditions, 85 proportionality of operations, 90 public health, 578 – 79 right of …”

Steve Peers, Sacha Prechal Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles S. 1611-1674

„… proportionality, limitations may only be made if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general …” „… , and subject to meeting conditions such as necessity and proportionality. 14 In the second category …” „… not proportionality. The Court some-times also states that certain rights, in particular the right to …”

Ferdinand Wollenschläger Article 17 (1) – Right to Property S. 489-518

„… proportionality Heselhaus, ‘ § 36 ’ (n 32) para 51. 91 Joined Cases C-154/04 and C-155/04 Alliance for …” „… negative effects on the latter has to meet high (proportionality) standards in order to be justifi ed …” „… proportionality. (b) Legality of Limitations and Derogations to the Right to Property The differentiation …”

David Mangan Article 7 (Private Life, Home and Communications) – Respect for Private and Family Life S. 151-194

„… complies with the principle of proportionality; and 4) it meets objectives of general interest recognised …” „… of an interference of this magnitude should in principle be able to have the propor-tionality of the …” „… beyond the limits imposed by compliance with the principle of proportionality. In this connection the …”

Eleanor Spaventa Article 45 – Freedom of Movement and of Residence S. 1211-1226

„… and proportionality requirements. In relation to the free movement provisions, the same requirements …” „… subjected to scrutiny in relation to proportionality and fundamental rights, if it entails the loss of Union …” „… proportionality test so that the longer the stay of the Union citizen in the host country, the more difficult it …”

Ronan McCrea Article 10 – Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion S. 313-332

„… requirement is indeed necessary. Finally, although a proportionality requirement is not included in the text …” „… proportionality is a general principle of EU law, the exemption given by Article 4(2) is to be read as being …” „… subject to a pro-portionality requirement. 42 In JQ v IR 43 the Court adopted the same approach to …”

Michelle Everson, Rui Correia Gonçalves Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business S. 463-488

„… strict legality versus tests of (differentiated forms of) proportionality. Above all, the notorious cases …” „… which doubted the proportionality of meat-labelling requirements placed upon the business by Commission …” „… market. Given strongest expression in the enunciation of the principle of proportionality in the highly …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 333-370

„… satisfy the proportionality requirements. 36 It is possible for speech to be taken outside Article 19 by …”

Jonathan Tomkin Article 50 – Right not to be Tried or Punished Twice in Criminal Proceedings for the same Criminal Offence S. 1509-1552

„… respect for rule of law, due process, proportionality, promoting effi cient law enforcement. 2 In the …” „… prohibition on double penalties also comes under the principle of proportionality. See para 99 of the Opinion …” „… , be considered to give expression to the principle of proportionality enshrined in Article 49(3) of …”

Catherine Barnard Article 28 – Right of Collective Bargaining and Action S. 801-826

„… cation and Proportionality ( Oxford , Hart Publishing , 2016 ) 106. 21 See, by way of parallel …” „… implement, and be in accordance with the principle of proportionality. 46 The existence of Article 28 CFREU …” „… principle of proportionality. The trade union movement was also shocked because it thought that the advent …”

Daniel Wilsher Article 6 – Right to Liberty and Security S. 115-150

„… goals using proportionality analysis. The Union has increasingly come to adopt public policy goals …” „… . All such deten-tion must conform to the principle of proportionality and thereby strike a reasonable …” „… proportionality. 140 This also contrasts with remand pending prosecution, which requires a specific public policy …”

Jo Shaw, Lamin Khadar Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1085-1112

„… , with the securing of the principle of proportionality (Council Decision 2002/772/EC , [ 2002 ] OJ L …” „… the proportionality test applied in Delvigne . This builds, in important ways, on Eman and Sevinger …” „… respect the essence of those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportional-ity …”

Niilo Jääskinen Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter – Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? S. 1855-1870

„… Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality. 69 According to Art 15(2), ‘ Every citizen of the Union …” „… the internal market principles, subject to necessity and proportionality tests. This approach entails …” „… proportionality, they are nec-essary and genuinely meet recognised objectives of general interest or the need to …”

Eleni Frantziou, Virginia Mantouvalou Article 15 – Freedom to Choose an Occupation and Right to Engage in Work S. 449-462

„… proportionality of such restrictions is strongly compromised when they are not accompanied by a statement of …” „… of proportionality. As made clear in some of the earliest of the Court ’ s human rights jurisprudence …” „… , though, the intensity of the Court ’ s scrutiny varies, and has been closer to a strict proportionality …”

Appendix S. 1891-1926

„… charged shall be guaranteed.Article 49Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and …” „… those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if …” „… ECHR.Explanation on Article 49—Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penaltiesThis …”

Herke Kranenborg Article 8 – Protection of Personal Data S. 231-290

„… , the ECtHR considered the ‘ level of inter-ference ’ when assessing the proportionality of a national …”

Jeff Kenner Article 30 – Protection in the Event of Unjustifi ed Dismissal S. 837-874

Maarten den Heijer Article 18 – Right to Asylum S. 551-572

„… limitations must be based in law and meet the tests of proportionality and necessity. Article 78 TFEU however …” „… ], [104], [111]. Cf on the issue of whether a proportionality assessment is necessary: UNHCR, Guidelines …” „… exclusion of a person from refugee status is not conditional on an assessment of proportionality in relation …”

Miriam Kullmann Article 7 (Family Life Aspects) – Right to Respect for Private and Family Life S. 195-230

„… comply with the proportionality principle and be based exclusively on the personal conduct of the …” „… authorities to take into account the right to family life and respect of proportionality, 113 and …”

Elizabeth Wicks Article 2 – Right to Life S. 25-38

„… are almost identical, by introducing the concepts of proportionality and necessity into the …” „… right to life, such as legality, proportionality, necessity and the rights of others. To the extent that …”

Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1245-1384

Erika Szyszczak Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest S. 1025-1040

„… , p 14. proportionality but also argues that it is unlikely to impact upon the future interpretation …” „… the proviso that the Member State measure must satisfy the principle of proportionality. It should be …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLIV

Allan Rosas The Charter and Universal Human Rights Instruments S. 1757-1772

„… restriction on the free movement of goods, it was in principle justifi ed, subject to a proportionality test …” „… ) and Article 49 (principles of legality and proportionality 57.4457.4557.4657.47Part II – Refl ections …”

Angela Ward Article 51 – Field of Application S. 1553-1610

„… proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general …” „… by a proportionality test and other restrictions. 46 Indeed Article 52(1) now refl ects this. These …”

Gabriel N Toggenburg The Implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the EU Member States (as Refl ected in the Work of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency) S. 1791-1808

„… individuals concerned. By way of illustration: invoking Article 49 (principles of legality and proportionality …” „… entitlements like the Charter provision on legality and proportionality of offences and penalties (Article 49 …”

Jeff Kenner Article 29 – Right of Access to Placement Services S. 827-836

„… principle of proportionality. V. Remedies Enforcement of the right to a free placement service is …”

Alan Bogg, Michael Ford Article 31 – Fair and Just Working Conditions S. 875-922

„… expect this extra normative weight to affect the application of the proportionality test. B …”

Catherine Dupré Article 1 – Human Dignity S. 3-24

„… ruling of July 2018. 14 In addition, the principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences …” „… held was breached due to the lack of proportionality between the seriousness of the interference in the …”

Steve Peers Article 9 – Right to Marry and Right to Found a Family S. 291-312

„… the possibility to enter into a civil partnership contributed to the proportionality of the gender …” „… proportionality tests can be very fact-dependent and where some latitude has been given to Member States within …”

Debbie Sayers Article 13 – Freedom of the Arts and Sciences S. 405-428

„… of proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives …” „… proportionality of the interference. ’ 142 Additionally, artistic, scientifi c and academic freedom may be …”

Filip Dorssemont Article 12 (1) – Freedom of Assembly and of Association S. 371-394

„… for a restriction of the latter ’ . 58 In casu , the application of the proportionality test proved …” „… proportionality test. In my view, the prospects of a potential impact might change if the European Union were …”

Dagmar Schiek, Biljana Kotevska Article 23 – Equality between Women and Men S. 667-692

„… facilities ( Case C-476/99 Lommers [ 2002 ] ECR I-2891 [39], [47]). 105 Proportionality was explicitly …” „… proportionality, positive action can only be legitimate if it is necessary to achieve a specific aim and no …”

Koen Lenaerts, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Fons The Place of the Charter in the European Legal Space S. 1711-1734

„… principle of proportionality laid down in Article 52(1) of the Charter and, therefore, with Article 16 …” „… of that right, 95 pursued a legitimate objective and complied with the principle of proportionality …”

Paul Craig Article 41 – The Right to Good Administration S. 1125-1152

„… part of the right to good administration, which include non-discrimination, proportionality …” „… law such as proportionality, legal certainty, or legitimate expectations. 115 The principle of sound …”

Mark Bell Article 20 – Equality Before the Law S. 597-612

„… discretion for the EU legislature, but it does so within the boundaries of applying a proportionality test …”

Paul Torremans Article 17 (2) – Right to Property S. 519-550

„… principles of Community law, such as the principle of proportionality (see, to that effect, Lindqvist at [87 …”

Colm O’Cinneide Article 25 – The Rights of the Elderly S. 725-742

„… the proportionality of national measures which derogate from free movement principles, or otherwise …”

Tamara Hervey, Jean McHale Article 35 – The Right to Health Care S. 1007-1024

„… securing a high legal of human health protection, although the CJEU required a strict proportionality test …”

Steve Weatherill Article 38 – Consumer Protection S. 1065-1084

„… Moreover they complied with the proportionality principle. The Court could have cited Article 38 but …”

Heli Askola Article 5 – Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour S. 93-114

„… , proportionality and necessity. Article 52(2) provides that rights based on the Treaties shall be exercised under …”

Debbie Sayers Article 48 (Criminal Law) – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence S. 1413-1472

Ruth Lamont Article 24 – The Rights of the Child S. 693-724

„… proportionality and the impact of the loss of status on other family members. This assessment under Article 20 …”

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 743-778

Maria-Teresa Gil-Bazo Article 4 – Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment S. 59-92

Jeff Kenner, Katrina Peake Article 33 – Family and Professional Life S. 943-984

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The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

Steve Peers (ed.), Tamara Hervey (ed.), Jeff Kenner (ed.), Angela Ward (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

Results in this title

Valsamis Mitsilegas Article 49 – Principles of Legality and Proportionality of Criminal Offences and Penalties S. 1394-1415

„… refuse cooperation if necessary.86III. Proportionality(a) General Remarks on the Principle of …” „… ProportionalityAccording to the Charter Explanations, Article 49(3) ‘states the general principle of proportionality …” „… proportionality—even if there are no less restrictive means, it must be established that the measure does not have an …”

Index S. 1904-1937

„… application:constitutional tradition, 438freedom to engage in business:CJEU protection, 452–53proportionality:balancing free …” „… innocence, 1278–89proportionality principle, 462rights of the defence, 1289–301Advanced Therapy …” „… personal integrity, 67principles of legality and proportionality, 1353prohibition of torture, 67right to …”

Lorna Woods Article 11 – Freedom of Expression and Information S. 354-383

„… not seem to incorporate that justification. The focus is on the question of proportionality.So, the …” „… 19(3) and must therefore also satisfy the proportion-ality requirements.31 It is possible for speech to …” „… , limited by reference to proportionality and cannot constitute discriminatory treatment.114 The Court has …”

Steve Peers, Sacha Prechal Article 52 – Scope and Interpretation of Rights and Principles S. 1498-1565

„… essence of those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may only be …” „… proportionality.14 In the second category, almost all rights in the ECHR or its Protocols are potentially subject …” „… satisfy before justifying the restriction on the right: proportionality, necessity in a democratic society …”

Eleanor Spaventa Article 45 – Freedom of Movement and of Residence S. 1204-1219

„… clause, provides that all limitations to Charter rights must meet the necessity and proportionality …” „… scrutiny in relation to proportionality and fun-damental rights, if it entails the loss of Union …” „… Furthermore, limits to the right to move must always satisfy the proportionality test so that the longer the …”

Jonathan Tomkin Article 50 – Right not to be Tried or Punished Twice in Criminal Proceedings for the same Criminal Offence S. 1416-1455

„… particular offence, it may, in part, be considered to give expression to the principle of proportionality …” „… principle of proportionality may nonetheless require that the latter sanction take into account the former …” „… is not limited to the principle of proportionality. Justifications underpinning the principle are …”

Catherine Barnard Article 28 – Right of Collective Bargaining and Action S. 816-837

„… court ruling on the two issues of justification and proportionality.Turning to Laval, the Court …” „… procurement] Directives are intended to implement, and be in accordance with the principle of proportionality …” „… Treaty and in accordance with the principle of proportionality. The trade union movement was also shocked …”

Article 17 – Right to Property S. 508-561

„… .117Test of ProportionalityIn GeneralThe test of proportionality is based on a four-step approach: the …” „… principle of proportionality. (b) Legality of Limitations and Derogations to the Right to PropertyThe …” „… ECtHR and been derived from the prin-ciple of proportionality.106 A fair compensation must be calculated …”

Jens Vested-Hansen Article 7 – Respect for Private and Family Life (Private Life, Home and Communications) S. 196-225

„… imposed by compliance with the principle of proportionality. In this connec-tion the Court made the …” „… justification was to be inter-preted as reliance on public policy.45 In its consideration of the proportionality …” „… final assessment of the pro-portionality of the restriction imposed by the national measure, yet here it …”

Niilo Jääskinen Fundamental Social Rights in the Charter—Are They Rights? Are They Fundamental? S. 1746-1757

„… proportionality tests. This approach entails a certain ideological underdog position for such non-economic factors …” „… Application of the Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality.28 According to Art 15(2), ‘Every citizen of …” „… . Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and …”

Michele Everson, Rui Correia Gonçalves Article 16 – Freedom to Conduct a Business S. 480-507

„… proportionality, in order to assess the (procedural) con-cept of manifest error. Nevertheless, it does seem to …” „… subject to the principle of proportionality, are necessary and genuinely meet the objectives of general …” „… rights in accordance with the principle of proportionality, undermines the principles of the traditional …”

Maarten den Heijer Article 18 – Right to Asylum S. 562-585

„… tests of proportionality and necessity. Article 78 TFEU however does not, as is required by Article 52(2 …” „… of proportionality in relation to the particular case.106A further topical ground for refusing asylum …” „… country-exceptions, must meet the requirements of being based in law, proportionality and necessity. The judgment in …”

Olivier De Schutter The Implementation of the Charter by the Institutions of the European Union S. 1670-1699

„… the name of the principles of subsidiarity and pro-portionality in all areas in which the competences …” „… , protect, promote and fulfil human rights’ (OP 32).57 On the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality …” „… principles of subsidiarity and proportionality (providing that each national parliament or chamber of a …”

Appendix S. 1868-1903

„… charged shall be guaranteed.Article 49Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and …” „… those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if …” „… proportionality of criminal offences and penaltiesThis Article follows the traditional rule of the …”

Shazia Choudhry Article 7 – Right to Respect for Private and Family Life (Family Life Aspects) S. 226-265

„… of movement and residence must comply with the proportionality principle and be based exclusively on …” „… the right to family life and respect of proportionality,114 and correspond-ingly Strasbourg has …”

Daniel Wilsher Article 6 – Right to Liberty and Security S. 164-195

„… against the nature of the state’s public policy goals using proportionality analysis. 24 Council of …” „… threats to public order or safety. All such detention must conform to the principle of proportionality and …” „… right to liberty as citizens. Instead of the usual proportionality test, the Strasbourg Court has …”

Koen Lenaerts, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Fons The Place of the Charter in the EU Constitutional Edifice S. 1600-1637

„… producers to exceeding the guaranteed total quantity’.29 As to the principle of proportionality, the milk …” „… and whether there is a reasonable relation-ship of proportionality between the means employed and the …” „… himself effectively. In order to assess the proportionality of the national rule, the national court may …”

Erika Szyszczak Article 36 – Access to Services of General Economic Interest S. 1012-1025

„… , free movement or proportionality but also argues that it is 8 See E Szyszczak, ‘Soft Law and Safe …” „… proportionality. It should be able to show that the application of the Treaty rules would obstruct the performance …”

Elizabeth Wicks Article 2 – Right to Life S. 68-81

„… are almost identical, by introducing the concepts of proportionality and necessity into the …” „… Rights’ interpretation of the limitations to the right to life, such as legality, proportionality …”

Colm O’Cinneide Article 25 – The Rights of the Elderly S. 736-751

„… taken into account by the CJEU and national courts when the proportionality of national measures which …” „… objectively justified on the basis of a proportionality analysis.44 V. Remedies If Article 25 is interpreted …”

Alan Bogg Article 31 – Fair and Just Working Conditions S. 876-911

„… normative weight to affect the application of the proportionality test. There are now also signs that …”

Lamin Khadar, Jo Shaw Article 39 – Right to Vote and to Stand as a Candidate at Elections to the European Parliament S. 1070-1099

„… essence of those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made …” „… proportionality of the statutory provisions disqualifying a person or a certain group of persons from the right to …” „… , equality, proportionality and the legitimacy of the ostensible aims being pursued.The key question, with …”

Pekka Aalto, Herwig CH Hofmann, Liisa Holopainen, Elina Paunio, Laurent Pech, Debbie Sayers, Dinah Shelton, Angela Ward Article 47 – Right to an Effective Remedy and to a Fair Trial S. 1240-1319

„… proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be achieved.37 Neither the ICCPR nor the ECHR …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-43

Allan Rosas The Charter and Universal Human Rights Instruments S. 1728-1745

„… principle justified, subject to a proportionality test, as it was designed to protect children against …” „… legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties; here the reference is to Article 15 of the …”

Angela Ward Article 51 – Field of Application S. 1456-1497

„… those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if …” „… circumstances will be limited by a proportionality test and other restric-tions17 that are now reflected in …”

Diamond Ashiagbor Article 29 – Right of Access to Placement Services S. 838-847

„… the essence of those rights and freedoms’, and also subject to the principle of proportionality.V …”

Shazia Choudhry Article 9 – Right to Marry and Right to Found a Family S. 310-333

„… a civil partnership contributed to the proportionality of the gender recognition regime complained …” „… proportionality tests can be very fact-dependent and where some latitude has been given to Member States within …”

Dagmar Schiek Article 23 – Equality between Women and Men S. 676-703

„… Accordingly, under the principle of proportionality, positive action can only be legiti-mate if it is …” „… ] ECR I-2891 [39], [47]).97 Proportionality was explicitly mentioned in Abrahamsson (n 94) [55].98 …”

Diamond Ashiagbor Article 15 – Freedom to Choose an Occupation and Right to Engage in Work S. 466-479

„… of those rights and freedoms’, and also subject to the principle of proportionality. As made clear in …”

Paul Craig Article 41 – Right to Good Administration S. 1112-1141

„… non-discrimination, proportionality, objectivity, impartiality and independence, legitimate expectations, the right …” „… certain general principles of law such as proportionality, legal certainty, or legitimate expectations.111 …”

Gabriel N Toggenburg The EU Fundamental Rights Agency and the Fundamental Rights Charter: How Fundamental is the Link Between them? S. 1656-1669

„… checked the proposal against the presumption of innocence, right of defence, legality and proportionality …”

Article 12 – Freedom of Assembly and of Association S. 384-421

„… proportionality test proved to be beneficial to the Austrian state. It was not held liable for authorising its …” „… application of the pro-portionality test. In my view, the prospects of a potential impact might change if the …”

Heli Askola Article 5 – Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labour S. 144-163

„… derogations to Charter rights to fulfil the criteria of legality, proportionality and necessity. Article 52(2 …”

Debbie Sayers Article 48 – Presumption of Innocence and Right of Defence (Criminal Law) S. 1346-1393

Catherine Dupré Article 1 – Human Dignity S. 44-67

„… legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties (Art 49).Lastly, two more points have to be …”

Rachael Craufurd Smith Article 22 – Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Diversity S. 648-675

„… foundered on the test of proportionality.97 In particular, the EU courts have been unwilling to allow Member …”

Cathryn Costello Article 33 – Family and Professional Life S. 934-969

Charlotte O’Brien Article 26 – Integration of Persons with Disabilities S. 752-791

„… proportionality.’ While debates continue about the appropriate scope of certain spheres—eg should the Directive …”

Manfred Nowak, Anne Charbord Article 4 – Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment S. 104-143

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