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Plastic Pollution of the World’s Oceans as a Legal Problem

Liv Christiansen

Series: Studies in International Law of the Sea and Maritime Law - Internationales Seerecht und Seehandelsrecht

Volume 15 2024

Results in this title

Introduction S. 13-18

„… instruments and research dealing with pollutionrefer to the prevention of marine pollution and do not consider …” „… pollution.Additionally, when the question is asked, who is responsible for thealready existing plastic pollution and, as …” „… to the efforts to preventfurther pollution.The second part will examine whether there is a primary …”

Part I – Plastics in the marine environment S. 19-52

„… production and disposal pose a realproblem.B. Definition of plastic pollutionIf plastic enters the ocean it …” „… pollution. A Definition of pollutionof the marine environment can be found in Article 1 (4) of UNCLOS …” „… Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution(GESAMP), which reads:“Pollution means the introduction by man …”

Part III – Secondary obligations to clean-up S. 161-204

„… responsibility.However, now it needs to be determined if it can be applied to the problemof marine plastic pollution.D …” „… mightnot be feasible in cases of marine plastic pollution.I. Attribution to the StateSince attribution is …” „… obligation to protect the marine environment from plastic pollution.Part III – Secondary obligations to …”

Part II – Primary obligation to clean-up S. 53-160

„… theprevention of pollution.One of the major shortcomings of Part XII (and other parts of UN‐CLOS) is the lack of …” „… , deforestation, and pollution,the recognition of the urgent need to restore and protect ecosystems has be‐come …” „… pollution.More approaches to obligations to restore can be found in treaties gov‐erning liability and …”

Sources S. 209-226

„… Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution(Barcelona Convention), 16 February 1976, entered into …” „… Responsibility and transboundary marine pollution, in: Jayaku‐mar/Koh/Beckman/Guy Phan (Eds.), Transboundary …” „… Pollution – Evolving Issues ofInternational Law and Policy, 2015, p. 137-161.Berry, Kathryn/ Hall, Nora …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… I – 19PlasticsA. 19Definition of plastic pollutionB. 23Sources of marine plastic pollutionC. 26 …” „… Land-based marine plastic pollutionI. 26Sea-based marine plastic pollutionII. 30Difficulties determining …” „… Convention on the Law of the Sea entail Obligations to Clean-Up existing Plastic Pollution?Studies in …”

Conclusion S. 205-208

„… new projects have emerged that deal with existing plastic pollution.Most importantly the UNEA …” „… control marine pollution, specifically fromland-based sources. State responsibility for due diligence and …” „… obligation to protectthe marine environment because plastic pollution is increasing more andmore. Especially …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748944522

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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Alexander Proelß (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

Results in this title

. Pollution from vessels S. 1420-1444

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmArticle 211Pollution from vessels1. States, acting through the competent …” „… prevent, reduce andcontrol pollution of the marine environment from vessels and promote the adoption …” „… which might cause pollution of the marine environment, including thecoastline, and pollution damage to …”

. Pollution by dumping S. 1408-1420

„… Article 210Pollution by dumping1. States shall adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control …” „… pollution of themarine environment by dumping.2. States shall take other measures as may be necessary to …” „… prevent, reduce and controlsuch pollution.3. Such laws, regulations and measures shall ensure that dumping …”

. Contingency plans against pollution S. 1339-1342

„… Contingency plans against pollutionIn the cases referred to in article 198, States in the area affected, in …” „… pollution.However, as noted above, coastal States adjoining an ocean area affected by pollution assumethe main …” „… pollution and prevent or minimize pollutiondamage is activated in the event of a pollution emergency of the …”

. Pollution from land-based sources S. 1379-1392

„… , reduceand control pollution of the marine environmentArticle 207Pollution from land-based sources1. States …” „… shall adopt laws and regulations to prevent, reduce and control pollution of themarine environment from …” „… measures as may be necessary to prevent, reduce and controlsuch pollution.3. States shall endeavor to …”

. Pollution from or through the atmosphere S. 1444-1452

„… recom-mended practices and procedures to prevent, reduce and control such pollution.Bibliography: Robin R …” „… ‘atmospheric pollutionis essentially a form of land-based pollution’. See also Rüdiger Wolfrum, Preservation …” „… notified.Article 212Pollution from or through the atmosphere1. States shall adopt laws and regulations to prevent …”

. Pollution from activities in the Area S. 1401-1408

„… Pollution from activities in the Area1. International rules, regulations and procedures shall be established …” „… in accordancewith Part XI to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment …” „… prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment fromactivities in the Area undertaken by …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping S. 1468-1475

„… respect to pollution by dumping1. Laws and regulations adopted in accordance with this Convention and …” „… conference for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution ofthe marine environment by dumping shall …” „… ., para. 101.20 Ibid., para. 102.Enforcement with respect to pollution by dumping Art. 216Bartenstein 1467 …”

. Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction S. 1392-1401

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmArticle 208Pollution from seabed activities subject to national …” „… pollution.3. Such laws, regulations and measures shall be no less effective than international …” „… recommended practicesand procedures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from seabed activities S. 1459-1464

„… under UNCLOSwould be obliged to regard the precautionary principle in their pollution-preventing …” „… pollution. To date, no overall global treaty on land-based sources of marine pollutionhas been concluded …” „… of the Sea: Offshore Installations and Marine Pollution,Pepperdine Law Review 12 (1984/85), 381–426 …”

. Measures to avoid pollution arising from maritime casualties S. 1513-1522

„… . Emanuelli, The Right of Intervention of the Coastal States on the High Seas in Cases of PollutionCasualties …” „… in Cases of Oil PollutionCasualties, signed in Brussels in 1969,’and according to which the …” „… pollution.Furthermore, the expected consequences of the (potential) pollution must be ‘major’ and‘harmful.’ These are …”

. Monitoring of the risks or effects of pollution S. 1357-1365

„… Committee, Draft Resolution on Preliminary Measures to Prevent and Control Marine PollutionSubmitted to …” „… marine pollution.Despite the similarities of this duty with today’s Art. 204, it was not congruent with …” „… PollutionSubmitted to Sub-Committee III by Canada and Norway, UN Doc. A/AC.138/SC.III/L.5 and ADD.1 (1971),GAOR 26th …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from land-based sources S. 1452-1459

„… UNCLOSwould be obliged to regard the precautionary principle in their pollution-preventing activ-ities …” „… of the Sea: Offshore Installations and Marine Pollution,Pepperdine Law Review 12 (1984/85), 381–426 …” „… This pro-gramme not only addresses land-based pollution within the scope of Art. 207, but …”

. Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution S. 1497-1506

„… pollutionSubject to section 7, States which, upon request or on their own initiative, haveascertained that a vessel …” „… Committee UNCLOS III, Chairman of Informal Meetings of Committee III on Marine Pollution,Outline of Issues …” „… (eds.),Enforcement of International and EU Law in Maritime Affairs (2008), 11–45; Kari Hakapää, Marine Pollution …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from or through the atmosphere S. 1522-1528

„… developments in the field of air pollution and pollutioncarried by the atmosphere. Within the realm of the law …” „… casualties involving vessels,is a special norm on vessel-source pollution. Some early proposals explicitly …” „… customary law, including thedefence of necessity.59Article 222Enforcement with respect to pollution from or …”

. Enforcement with respect to pollution from activities in the Area S. 1464-1468

„… pollution from activities in the AreaEnforcement of international rules, regulations and procedures …” „… established in accor-dance with Part XI to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environmentfrom …” „… activities in the Area shall be governed by that Part.Bibliography: Edward D. Brown, Pollution from Seabed …”

. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment S. 1296-1316

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198. ‘measures taken pursuant to this Part shall deal with all sources of pollution’and ‘shall include …” „… pollution, but if pollutionoccurs, the objective is that it does not spread beyond the areas of jurisdiction …” „… (1) is a procedural rule. Since in Part XII the term ‘pollution’has generally to be interpreted in a …”

. Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another S. 1316-1320

„… the application of this provision if the areaconcerned by the pollution-related action lies within the …” „… Marine Environment Against Pollution:Working Paper Submitted by Norway, UN Doc. A/AC 138/SC.III/L43 (1973 …” „… measure at legislative or administrative levelconcerning pollution-related damages or hazards to the …”

. Navigational and safety aids and other improvements and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution S. 321-325

„… and theprevention, reduction and control of pollutionUser States and States bordering a strait should …” „… , Coastal State Jurisdiction with respect to Marine Pollution:Some Recent Developments and Future Challenges …” „… , reduction and control of pollution from ships.Bibliography: Bing Bing Jia, The Regime of Straits in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-LII

„… andcontrol of pollution …” „… .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1287Article 194. Measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment …” „… ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1295Article 195. Duty not to transfer damage or hazards or transform one type of pollution into another …”

. Studies, research programmes and exchange of information and data S. 1342-1345

„… thedamage’10The obligation to eliminate the effects of pollution and prevent or minimize pollutiondamage is …” „… and extent of pollution,exposure to it, and its pathways, risks and remedies.Bibliography: Patricia …” „… marine pollutionand to exchange information that is acquired about marine pollution. Art. 200 applies to …”

. Notification of imminent or actual damage S. 1334-1339

„… plans against pollutionIn the cases referred to in article 198, States in the area affected, in …” „… standards for all sourcesof pollution.’1721The additional terms ‘standards and recommended practices and …” „… ’, but its meaningmay be discerned from the definition in Art. 1 (1)(4) of ‘pollution of the marine …”

. Enforcement by coastal States S. 1506-1513

„… pollution, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollutionof the Sea by Oil (1954),1 also …” „… rules andstandards for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution from vessels when theviolation …” „… pollution from vessels, that State,without prejudice to the application of the relevant provisions of Part …”

. Cooperation on a global or regional basis S. 1329-1334

„… pollution,taking into account characteristic regional features and economic factors.’47 The main significant change …” „… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm(‘invasive’) or new species itself can be understood as pollution. However …” „… pollution.44 However, as shown above, the historical background and the systematic of theConvention provide …”

. Use of technologies or introduction of alien or new species S. 1320-1329

„… respective marine pollution.25 The transformation into ‘another type’ of pollutiondoes not only mean the …” „… another aspect of the prevention, reduction and control of marine ‘pollution’,the legislative history …” „… applicable tomeasures on the continental shelf and the Area.4. ‘transform one type of pollution into another …”

. Use of terms and scope S. 18-28

„… (ii) pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction,39 (iii) pollutionfrom …” „… ” means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of,the resources of the Area;(4) “pollution of …” „… 20.02.2017 17:37:143B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm37–47; Nele Matz-Lück, Underwater Pollution by …”

. Enforcement by flag States S. 1475-1488

„… Comprehensive Marine PollutionConvention, UN Doc. A/AC.138/SC.III/L.28 (1973), 5 (Art. X (1) and (2)).12 Sea-Bed …” „… occurred or where the pollution caused by such violation hasoccurred or has been spotted.5. Flag States …” „… SchematicAnalysis of Vessel-Source Pollution: Prescriptive and Enforcement Regimes in the Law of the Sea Conference …”

. Institution of civil proceedings S. 1553-1555

„… pollution.II. Historical Background3 This provision was written together with Art. 228, which in its early …” „… resulting from pollution of the marine environment.Cases: ICJ, Gabčı́kovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v …” „… . ‘claim for loss or damage resulting from pollution of the marine environment’ 9I. Purpose and Function1 …”

. Scientific criteria for regulations S. 1345-1347

„… Control of MarinePollution)Cases: ITLOS Seabed Disputes Chamber, Responsibilities and Obligation of States …” „… conduct scientific studies of marine pollution, so that thereis a sound scientific basis for all rules …” „… , standards and recommended practices for theprevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine …”

Index S. 2554-2619

„… measures to prevent ship fromsailing– measures relating to seaworthiness of vesselsto avoid pollution 219 8 …” „… 1 et seq.Arctic Ocean 122 17Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act 234 2,5, 7 et seq.Area …” „… Area– pollution from activities in the Area 209 1 etseq., see also there– principles; see Principles …”

. Monetary penalties and the observance of recognized rights of the accused S. 1555-1558

„… Analysis of Vessel-Source Pollution:Perspective and Enforcement Regimes in the Law of the Sea Conference …” „… Protocol to amendthe International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage includes …” „… thepossibility of claims based on liability for oil pollution damage being made only against theowner of a ship …”

. Assessment of potential effects of activities S. 1370-1379

„… that planned activities under theirjurisdiction or control may cause substantial pollution of or …” „… pollution of orsignificant and harmful changes to the marine environment’. As a consequence, it …” „… monitor risks and effects of marine pollution.8 Both provisions aim at providing Stateswith the …”

. Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings S. 1548-1553

„… pollution.II. Historical Background3 This provision was written together with Art. 228, which in its early …” „… standards relating to the prevention, reduction andcontrol of pollution from vessels committed by a foreign …” „… State.Bibliography: J. Peter A. Bernhardt, A Schematic Analysis of Vessel-Source Pollution: Prescriptive and …”

. Preferential treatment for developing States S. 1353-1357

„… clean-up operations in the wake of major pollution incidents. States are alreadyunder an obligation by …” „… virtue of Art. 199 to ‘cooperate, to the extent possible, in eliminatingthe effects of pollution and …” „… obligation is found in theInternational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation …”

. Enforcement by port States S. 1488-1497

„… pollutionSubject to section 7, States which, upon request or on their own initiative, haveascertained that a vessel …” „… threatened by thedischarge violation, or unless the violation has caused or is likely to cause pollution in …” „… an Effective Means to Combat Vessel-Source Pollution? An Empirical Survey of the Practical Exercise …”

. General obligation S. 1278-1288

„… marine environment.Bibliography: Alan Boyle, Marine Pollution under the Law of the Sea Convention, AJIL …” „… Group on Marine Pollution on Its Second Session, UN Doc. A/CONF.48/IWGMP.II/5 (1971)Cases: ICJ, Case …” „… detailed provisions, mainly, but not only, concerning the different typesof pollution. The competences for …”

. Ice-covered areas S. 1567-1586

„… PollutionPrevention (2000), 244–262; R. Douglas Brubaker, Regulation of Navigation and Vessel-source Pollution in …” „… Environment: Law and Policy for PollutionPrevention (2000), 221, 225–239.145 For more details on this …” „… occurrenceof pollution.1213 The exercise of powers of enforcement is also subject to coastal States discretion …”

. Measures to facilitate proceedings S. 1528-1532

„… of the competent international organization,the flag State and any State affected by pollution …” „… (CTSCZ), in a rapidly expandingshipping sector and with new developments in the field of marine pollution …” „… withrespect to the protection of the marine environment from vessel source pollution. The onlyrelevant passage …”

. Responsibility and liability S. 1586-1592

„… objective of assuring prompt and adequate compensation in respect of alldamage caused by pollution of the …” „… StateJurisdiction Relating to Marine Pollution, Conclusion No. 14 ‘Coastal State Enforcement Powers in …” „… every effort to prevent pollution of the marine environment in before it occurs. Tothat end Art. 194 (1 …”

. Scientific and technical assistance to developing States S. 1347-1353

„… and control of marine pollution. Such assistance shallinclude, inter alia:(i) training of their …” „… minimization ofthe effects of major incidents which may cause serious pollution of the marineenvironment;(c …” „… control of marine pollution’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135. ‘training of their …”

. Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage S. 200-209

„… State and the prevention, reductionand control of pollution thereof;(g) marine scientific research and …” „… . 1999); Robert B. Clarke, Marine Pollution (2001); Kari Hakapää, Innocent Passage,MPEPIL, available at …” „… Tan, Vessel Source Marine Pollution (2012); Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal StateJurisdiction over Vessel …”

. Meaning of innocent passage S. 187-197

„… regulations of the coastal State;(h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;(i …” „… TerritorialSea, San DiegoLRev 21 (1983), 625–689; Kari Hakapää, Marine Pollution in International Law …” „… . Molenaar/HarmM. Dotinga, The Netherlands, in: Erik Franckx (ed.) Vessel-source Pollution and Coastal State …”

. Duties of ships and aircraft during their passage, research and survey activities, duties of the archipelagic State and laws and regulations of the archipelagic State relating to archipelagic sea lanes passage S. 405-409

„… to MarinePollution 1991–2000 (2001); James Harrison, Making the Law of the Sea (2011); Erik J …” „… . Molenaar, Coastal StateJurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution (1998); Mohamed Munavvar, Ocean States …” „… , Vessel-Source MarinePollution: The Law and Politics of International Regulation (2006)Documents: IMO, SOLAS …”

. Laws and regulations of States bordering straits relating to transit passage S. 314-321

„… . Art. 42 (1)(b) tackles one particular type of pollution: ship-based pollutionfrom discharging oil …” „… , reduction and control of pollutionUser States and States bordering a strait should by agreement cooperate:(a …” „… prevention, reduction and control of pollution, by giving effect to applicableinternational regulations …”

. Obligations under other conventions on the protection and preservation of the marine environment S. 1597-1606

„… , 970 UNTS970, 2111969, 29 November International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil PollutionDamage …” „… , 21 April Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution,done at Bucharest, UNTS 1764 …” „… the duty to cooperate is a fundamental principle in theprevention of pollution under Part XII of the …”

. Sovereign right of States to exploit their natural resources S. 1288-1296

„… includes the entire marine ecosystem. The Convention not onlyrefers to pollution but also includes the …” „… catchments) may lead to pollution or put the marine environment at risk,Art. 193 aims at clarifying that Art …” „… on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and OtherMatter, the exercise of this …”

. Publication of reports S. 1365-1370

„… Pollution); Marine Environment Monitoring Group,UK National Marine Monitoring Programme: Second Report …” „… Assessment and Controlof Marine Pollution drafted by the Intergovernmental Working Group on Marine …” „… environment, including studies of thepresent state of the oceans, the trends of pollution effects and the …”

. Safeguards with respect to straits used for international navigation S. 1564-1567

„… the13 Art. 226 (1); Art. 7 (b) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships …” „… , reduction and control of pollution ( Art. 42 (1)(a),(b)).2 This provision reconciles the right of transit …” „… concern for all States considering the inevitable consequences that marine pollution mayhave regarding …”

. Liability of States arising from enforcement measures S. 1562-1564

„… PollutionCasualties reads: ‘Any Party which has taken measures in contravention of the provisions of the …” „… loss or damageresulting from pollution of the marine environment, and from the fulfilment of …” „… , Reduction and Control ofMarine Pollution UN Doc. A/CONF.62/C.3/L.24 (1975), OR IV, 210.Liability of States …”

. Notification to the flag State and other States concerned S. 1558-1562

„… pollution contrary toUNCLOS.12 The Convention also uses the expressions ‘wilfully or through culpable …” „… )(b) Protocol to amend the InternationalConvention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage; Art. 7 …” „… Articles on the Prevention, Reduction and Control ofMarine Pollution, UN Doc. A/CONF.62/C.3/L.24 (1975), OR …”

. Protection of the marine environment S. 1008-1029

„… and control of pollution and other hazards to the marineenvironment, including the coastline, and of …” „… Marine Pollution, in: Donald R. Rothwell/Alex G. Oude Elferink/Karen N. Scott/Tim Stephens (eds …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24a) Pollution and hazard control …”

. Drilling on the Continental Shelf S. 635-640

„… ofoffshore drilling, particularly regarding pollution.27 Under Art. 208 (5), States are required to‘establish …” „… control pollution of the marine environment’, especially throughcompetent international organisations. The …” „… have failed to engage withthe sort of pollution envisaged in Art. 208 (5) that arises from the …”

. Rights of protection of the coastal State S. 223-227

„… , reduction and controlof pollution of the marine environment from vessels. Accordingly, the purpose of the …” „… . Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction over VesselSource Pollution (1998); Erik J. Molenaar/Harm M. Dotinga …” „… , Case Study of the Netherlands, in: Erik Franckx(ed.), Vessel Source Pollution and Coastal State …”

. Non-discrimination with respect to foreign vessels S. 1545-1548

„… violation of international regulations to prevent,reduce and control pollution from ships, that State should …” „… the marine environment from vessel-source pollution.2 In the exercise of the rights and duties …” „… .: Draft Articles on the Prevention, Reduction and Control ofMarine Pollution, UN Doc. A/CONF.62/C.3/L.24 …”

. Investigation of foreign vessels S. 1538-1545

„… StateJurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution (1998); Michael White, Prompt Release Cases in ITLOS, in …” „… pollution presented by several countries inrelation to port State enforcement.2 This preliminary proposal …” „… prevention, reduction and control of vessel-source pollution ( Art. 194;Art. 197; Art. 211).1 ITLOS, The …”

. Sovereign immunity S. 1592-1597

„… Convention).63 In the specific context of marine pollution, the suite of International Maritime Organiza-tion …” „… (IMO) conventions applicable to vessel source and other forms of pollution and marineenvironmental …” „… of Marine Pollution by Dumping ofWastes and Other Matter provided:‘[t]his Convention shall not apply …”

. Right of innocent passage S. 177-182

„… Vessel-Source Pollution(1998); Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and the Evolution of the …” „… regulate pollution in respect of vessels in the territorial sea.292. ‘ships’8Although the right is enjoyed …” „… to pollution control. Otherinternational agreements provide broad definitions of ships.34 This …”

. Duties of the coastal State S. 218-223

„… Vessel Source Pollution (1998); Francis Ngantcha, The Right of Innocent Passage and theEvolution of the …” „… Protection,MPYUNL 12 (2008) 205, 224.18 Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction Over Vessel Source Pollution …” „… , reduction and controlof pollution of the marine environment from vessels. Accordingly, the purpose of the …”

. Rights and legitimate interests of coastal States S. 987-990

„… , mitigate or eliminate grave and imminent dangerto their coastline, or related interests from pollution or …” „… andimminent danger to their coastline or related interests from pollution or threat thereof or from …” „… , mitigate or eliminate grave andimminent danger to their coastline (or related interests) from pollution …”

. Exercise of powers of enforcement S. 1532-1535

„… or persons appointedby the flag State or any State affected by pollution or the IMO, which may, under …” „… Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the1978 Protocol relating thereto; Art. 8 Convention and Statute …” „… marine pollution as part of general provisionsconcerning the exercise of powers of enforcement against …”

Preamble S. 2-18

„… Oil PollutionCasualties of 29 November 1969; the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by …” „… ofOil Pollution Casualties of 29 November 1969, which refers to ‘the grave consequences of a maritime …” „… casualtyresulting in danger of oil pollution’, whereas Art. I (1) requires ‘grave and imminent danger from oil …”

. Institution of proceedings S. 2492-2499

„… for Annex VIII arbitration were confined to fisheries, pollution andmarine scientific research, with …” „… size: 160.00mm 240.00mmPrevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter and the …” „… InternationalConvention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships had been recently concluded underthe auspices of the …”

. Submarine cables and pipelines on the continental shelf S. 619-629

„… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203. ‘reduction and control of pollution from pipelines …” „… pollution from pipelines’21Art. 79 (2) is one of two paragraphs within Art. 79 where the Convention text …” „… may subject pipeline operations to‘reasonable measures for the […] reduction and control of pollution …”

. Extent of participation and rights and obligations S. 2528-2533

„… , Ship-source Pollution: An EU Pro-coastal State Jurisdiction Approach, in: Dorota Pyc/JakubPuszkarski (eds …” „… See for instance the present European Union legislation regarding ship-source pollution. It concerns …” „… Ship-SourcePollution of 7 September 2005, OJ 2005 L 255, 11, which led to two judgments by the European Court of …”

. Promotion of international cooperation S. 1631-1637

„… or actual pollution incidents at sea.6Consistently with this need, Art. 242 (2), which finds its …” „… origin in the prohibition oftransboundary pollution and the ensuing duty to notify other States of …” „… of pollution10 and for fisheries management, althoughArt. 6 (2) of the High Seas Fishing Convention …”

. Lists of experts S. 2499-2503

„… environment, (3) marinescientific research, and (4) navigation, including pollution from vessels and by …” „… Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com-mission, in the field of navigation, including pollution from vessels and by …” „… Navigation, IncludingPollution from Vessels and by Dumping (2013); UNESCO/IOC, List of Experts on Marine …”

. Cooperation of States bordering enclosed or semi-enclosed seas S. 887-894

„… marine environment and the controlof pollution shall be managed jointly among the riparian States.’95 …” „… Convention in the late 1950s. The Convention on the Protection of theBlack Sea Against Pollution includes a …” „… , bordering States agreed uponcooperation in combating oil pollution (1969/1972). They drew up the Convention …”

. Contiguous zone S. 255-273

„… States’ Contiguous Zone – Didn’t Someone Say This HadSomething to Do with Pollution?, U. Miami L. Rev. 55 …” „… ), 674–693; Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution (1998); Myron …” „… (inrelation to piracy, terrorism, pollution), may have contributed to a blurring of the rather …”

. Responsibility and liability S. 1750-1758

„… caused by pollution of the marine environment arisingout of marine scientific research undertaken by them …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164. Responsibility and Liability for Damage Caused by Pollution of the MarineEnvironment …” „… and liability should be developed together with any similar provision regardingmarine pollution damage …”

. Declarations, notifications and communications S. 2533-2541

„… See for instance the present European Union legislation regarding ship-source pollution. It concerns …” „… Ship-SourcePollution of 7 September 2005, OJ 2005 L 255, 11, which led to two judgments by the European Court of …” „… , ECDirective 2009/123 of 21 October 2009 amending EC Directive 2005/35 on Ship-Source Pollution, OJ 2009, L …”

. The Legal and Technical Commission S. 1179-1188

„… , the risks or effects of pollution of the marine environ-ment resulting from activities in the Area …” „… pollution of the marine environment if activitiesin the Area cause such pollution. Moreover, the programme …” „… , measurement, evaluation and analysisof the risks and effects of pollution of the marine environment, caused by …”

. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances S. 214-218

„… Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Transbound-ary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (the …” „… 12 1673 UNTS, 57.13 See Art. 6 (4) of each convention.14 Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of …” „… ); Erik J. Molenaar, CoastalState Jurisdiction Over Vessel Source Pollution (1998); Francis Ngantcha, The …”

. Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships S. 238-242

„… UNCLOS permits action inrespect of the enforcement of environmental pollution laws and laws related to …” „… collision when this occurred within port or internal waters.17To the extent that pollution is classed as a …” „… they are engaged in vessel source pollution.1811 Art. 28 (2) refers only to acts that ‘levy execution …”

. Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes S. 251-255

„… , salvage operations, repairs to the ship and othercontracts relating to the vessel, and pollution incidents …” „… States’ Contiguous Zone – Didn’t Someone Say This HadSomething to Do with Pollution?, U. Miami L. Rev. 55 …” „… ), 674–693; Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution (1998); Myron …”

. Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship S. 230-238

„… Ship-Source Pollution (2013); Ivan A. Shearer, Problems ofJurisdiction and Law Enforcement Against Delinquent …” „… . Anexample of the former would be pollution harm resulting from a discharge from a ship.27 Anexample of the …” „… . 15.27 See generally Alla Pozdnakova, Criminal Jurisdiction Over Perpetrators of Ship-Source Pollution …”

. Meaning of passage S. 182-187

„… . Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction Over Vessel-Source Pollution (1998), 271–272.46 See Barnes on Art. 25 …” „… protect itself from the risks of pollution or from immigrationproblems resulting from mass influxes of …” „… regulations of the coastal State;(h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;(i …”

. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea S. 209-214

„… Art. 27 on the enforcement of criminal jurisdiction. In the specialcase of pollution, Art. 220 is …” „… ; Erik J. Molenaar, CoastalState Jurisdiction over Vessel Source Pollution (1998); Myron H …” „… 28 (1989), 1444, para. 5.13 Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel Source Pollution …”

. Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage S. 301-306

„… , reduction and control of pollution from ships.3. Aircraft in transit passage shall:(a) observe the Rules of …” „… practices for theprevention, reduction and control of pollution from ships. It is believed that this clause …” „… referschiefly to the Annex I, II Protocol of the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution fromShips. Similarly …”

. Limitations on applicability of section 2 S. 1908-1920

„… (1)(c) was confined to pollution claims, and voiced the view that Art. 194 (5) with itsreference to …” „… competence for shipping and related mattersincluding the protection of the marine environment from pollution …” „… mandatory measures for preventing pollution are necessary because of oceanographicor ecological conditions …”

. Jurisdiction S. 1858-1864

„… Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastesand Other Matter the 1996 Protocol to …” „… the 1972 Convention on the Prevention of MarinePollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1992 …” „… the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LondonDumping Convention).18 …”

. Duties of the flag State S. 708-715

„… marine pollution, and the maintenance of communications by radio.5. In taking the measures called for in …” „… ofPollution from Ships 1973 (MARPOL) as amended by the Protocol of 1978; and– the Standards of Training …” „… to the EEZ( Art. 73 (4)) or the prevention of marine pollution ( Art. 217 (6)). It thus appears …”

. Identification markings and warning signals S. 1747-1750

„… returning objects found at sea, for establishing liability in thecase of an incident or pollution and as a …” „… responsible and liablepursuant to Article 235 for damage caused by pollution of the marine environment …”

. Right of archipelagic sea lanes passage S. 394-405

„… Work of the ILA Committee on Coastal State Jurisdiction Relating to MarinePollution 1991–2000 (2001 …” „… Vessel-Source Pollution (1998); Mohamed Munavvar, Ocean States: Archipelagic Regimes inthe Law of the Sea (1995 …” „… Sea 1982: A Commentary, vol. II (1993); Alan Khee-Jin Tan, Vessel-Source MarinePollution: The Law and …”

. Fact finding S. 2509-2513

„… preservation of the marineenvironment, (3) marine scientific research, or (4) navigation, including pollution …” „… a French proposal in 1975 that disputes inrelation to pollution and marine scientific research ought …”

. Duties of States bordering straits S. 325-328

„… respect to Marine Pollution:Some Recent Developments and Future Challenges, IJMCL 10 (1995), 253–280; Bing …” „… Pollution: Some Recent Developments andFuture Challenges, IJMCL 10 (1995), 253, 266–272.11 International …”

. Right of transit passage S. 294-301

„… navigation and overflight and the concern of the State bordering thestrait with pollution and maritime safety …” „… 394/2007, Measures Applicable to Ships in Transit which Commit Pollution Offencesin Spanish Maritime Waters …” „… international regulations, procedures and practices forthe prevention, reduction and control of pollution from …”

. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone S. 419-438

„… (2008), 411–443Documents: CoE, Sea Pollution, Report, Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and …” „… pollution. The coastal State shall exercise jurisdiction over its Economic Zone andthird States or their …” „… scientific research; (iii) the preservation of themarine environment, including pollution control and …”

. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone S. 465-481

„… Vessel-SourcePollution (1998); Myron H. Nordquist/Satya N. Nandan/Shabtai Rosenne (eds.), United Nations Convention on …” „… of pollution of the marine environment arisingdirectly from artificial island, installations and …” „… Protocol to the Conventionon the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter,63 …”

. Payments and contributions with respect to the exploitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles S. 640-652

„… ; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmtake all necessary measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution, Art …” „… the fullest extentpossible pollution from installations and vessels.43 More specifically, pollution …” „… in geological formations inthe subsoil of the seabed.46 Though it may be interpreted as pollution …”

. Marine mammals S. 520-528

„… marinemammals, such as land-based sources of marine pollution.5215One global international regulatory instrument …” „… a high priority; ship strikes,pollution, marine noise and habitat and feeding ground degradation as …” „… innovative framework toregulate habitat preservation (in terms of prevention of pollution and restriction to …”

. Internal waters S. 85-97

„… Against Pollution from Land-Based Sources, 17 May1980, ILM 19 (1980), 869.23 Graf Vitzthum (note 20), 84 …” „… (1978, 1988); International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, asmodified by …” „… Labour Convention, 2006; the 1969International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage as …”

. Immunity of ships used only on government non-commercial service S. 717-722

„… PollutionCasualties, 29 November 1969, UNTS 970, 212.11 Myron H. Nordquist/Satya N. Nandan/Shabtai Rosenne (eds …” „… Convention Relating to Intervention onthe High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties 1969.10 The High …”

. The Secretariat S. 1188-1192

„… the regular observation, measurement, evaluation and analysisof the risks and effects of pollution of …” „… provision on the monitoring of risks and effects of pollution.76Subsection DThe SecretariatArticle 166The …”

. Duty of States to adopt with respect to their nationals measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 804-818

„… for Oceans in Globalisation: IUU Fishing, Oil Pollution,Bioprospecting, Outer-Continental Shelf (2010 …” „… : Davor Vidas(ed.) Law Technology and Science for Oceans in Globalisation: IUU Fishing, Oil Pollution …” „… and Science for Oceans in Globalisation: IUU Fishing, Oil Pollution, Bioprospecting, Outer-Continental …”

. Exercise of powers and functions by the Authority S. 1075-1081

„… environmentthrough pollution.4 All this could only be prevented by establishing an international regimefor the seabed …” „… 56 et seq.4 Ibid., MN 91 and further on marine pollution MN 73 et seq.5 Statement of Pardo (note 1 …”

. General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research S. 1618-1625

„… scientific criteria for regulations concerning pollution control and prevention isrecognized by Art. 201.26 …” „… traffic for ships in transit passage through straits ( Art. 42 (1) (a)) and to theprevention of pollution …”

. Functions of regional centres S. 1807-1808

„… control of pollution;(d) organization of regional conferences, seminars and symposia;(e) acquisition and …”

. Choice of procedure S. 1850-1858

„… experts specialized on differentsubjects (such as navigation, pollution and science).42 For details, see …” „… ; third, marinescientific research; and fourth, navigation, including pollution from vessels or dumping …”

. Applicability of Part XVII S. 2551-2554

„… measures to prevent ship fromsailing– measures relating to seaworthiness of vesselsto avoid pollution 219 8 …”

. General provisions S. 2506-2509

„… research, or (4) navigation, including pollution fromvessels and by dumping, may at any time agree to …”

. Establishment of regional centres S. 1804-1807

„… , reduction and control of pollution;(d) organization of regional conferences, seminars and symposia;(e …”

. Relation to other conventions and international agreements S. 2010-2020

„… to the prevention and mitigation of all kinds of pollution of the marine environment, itmust be …” „… of the marine environment from all sorts of pollution is part of the object andpurpose of UNCLOS, the …”

. Submarines and other underwater vehicles S. 197-200

„… preservation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention, reductionand control of pollution …”

. Scope of this Part S. 944-947

„… the protection and preservation of the marine environment, namelyArt. 209 on pollution from activities …”

. Disclosure of information S. 1948-1951

„… negligent pollution, certain research or surveying activities or even fishing activities,could also …”

. Prompt release of vessels and crews S. 1882-1894

„… . 292, while tankers are routinely arrested for pollution charges,they are also routinely released under …” „… investigations provided for in Art. 216(dumping), Art. 218 and Art. 220 (enforcement for vessel source pollution …”

. High seas routes or routes through exclusive economic zones through straits used for international navigation S. 285-288

„… wider than 24 NMthroughout, they are not as wide as the open sea. The local concern with pollution and …”

. Advisory opinions S. 1275-1278

„… , Marine Pollution under the Law of the Sea Convention, AJIL 79 (1985), 347–372; AlanBoyle, The …”

. Duty to avoid adverse consequences in the exercise of the powers of enforcement S. 1535-1538

„… Convention for the Prevention of Pollution fromShips, 1973, as modified by the 1978 Protocol relating …”

. Creation of favourable conditions S. 1637-1640

„… Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution, 16 February1976, ILM 15 (1976), 285. Case Concerning Pulp Mills on the …”

. The Economic Planning Commission S. 1175-1179

„… recognized scientificmethods, on a regular basis, the risks or effects of pollution of the marine …”

. Right to fish on the high seas S. 792-804

„… Pollution,Bioprospecting, Outer-Continental Shelf (2010), 131–155; William Edeson, The International Plan of Action …” „… pollution, habitat destruc-tion and incidental mortality of by-catch of associated or dependent species can …”

. Freedom of the high seas S. 679-683

„… the environment ( Art. 192), and to control pollution( Part XII). It is subject to a number of further …”

. Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the coastal State S. 245-249

„… . 19 (2) (g),Art. 21 (1)(h)), pollution (Art. 19 (2)(h); Art. 21 (1)(f)), fishing activities (Art. 19 …”

. Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States S. 615-619

„… provision of the Conven-tion: Art. 194 (4) in relation to measures to prevent, reduce or control pollution …”

. Use of the Area exclusively for peaceful purposes S. 983-987

„… , mitigate or eliminate grave and imminent dangerto their coastline, or related interests from pollution or …”

. Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf S. 601-615

„… . The exploitation of oil, for example, comes with a risk of pollution,64 and otherprovisions of the …” „… States are under an obligation to prevent, reduce and controlsuch pollution ( Art. 208).55 UNCLOS III …”

. Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 652-667

„… clarify whether ornot marine pollution from the degradation of equipment is imminent, whereas as the …” „… could be expressed as to whethermarine pollution from the degradation of equipment and financial loss to …”

. Reservation of the high seas for peaceful purposes S. 683-688

„… that such: ‘interference with ships andaircraft on [and over] the high seas […] and the pollution of …”

. Duty to render assistance S. 726-731

„… be held immune from local law (though not where such entry would risk publichealth or pollution).34 …”

. Definition S. 882-887

„… Statesbordering small and isolated enclosed seas shared this position.9 Other concerns, such asincreased pollution …”

. Transfer of technology S. 1003-1008

„… prevention, reduction and control of pollution and other hazards to the marineenvironment, including the …”

. Formal confirmation and accession S. 2523-2528

„… , Ship-source Pollution: An EU Pro-coastal State Jurisdiction Approach, in: Dorota Pyc/JakubPuszkarski (eds …”

. Non-recognition of marine scientific research activities as the legal basis for claims S. 1625-1631

„… straits ( Art. 42 (1) (a)) and to theprevention of pollution by such vessels ( Art. 42 (1) (b)) and …”

. Use of terms S. 2513-2518

„… Transboundary Air Pollution, 13 November 1979,UNTS 1302, 217. See Johannes F. Buhl, The Third United Nations …”

. Scope of this section S. 288-294

„… arctic waters: the Arctic WatersPollution Prevention Act (Canada), S.C. 1970, c. 47, and the Act to Amend …”

. Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in straits used for international navigation S. 308-314

„… of pollution, by giving effect to applicableinternational regulations regarding the discharge of oil …”

. Basis for the resolution of conflicts regarding the attribution of rights and jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone S. 459-465

„… Vessel-SourcePollution (1998); Myron H. Nordquist/Satya N. Nandan/Shabtai Rosenne (eds.), United Nations Convention on …”

. Enforcement of laws and regulations of the coastal State S. 557-564

„… pollution from vessels, which are governed by Art. 220.4 CoastalStates can exercise enforcement powers both …”

. Protection of human life S. 1029-1036

„… Pollution Prevention, which requires the establishment ofSafety Management Systems to achieve the protection …”

. Marine scientific research in the water column beyond the exclusive economic zone S. 1726-1732

„… activities that may cause substantial pollution of or significant andharmful changes to the marine …”

. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil S. 28-35

„… the coastal State, includingnatural resources, energy generation, marine pollution, marine scientific …”

. Stocks occurring within the exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal States or both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to it S. 507-514

„… excess fishingcapacity; minimizing pollution and discard; protection of marine biodiversity, and …”

. Conservation of the living resources of the high seas S. 831-851

„… pollution orclimate change on stocks. Economic factors relate to the allocation of resources and …” „… reproduction may become seriously threatened. In addition, States are tominimize pollution, waste, discards …”

. Innocent passage S. 328-335

„… concerns with marine pollution may outweigh the navigational interests offoreign shipping. Then the issue …”

. Nationality of Ships S. 693-701

„… pollution control and shipping safety.’11In this regard, Art. 91 contains two duties and a limitation …”

. Nature and fundamental principles of the Authority S. 1108-1116

„… pollution of the marine environment fromactivities in the Area.413. ‘The Authority is based on the principle …”

. Scope of this Part S. 277-285

„… actions, and combat of marine pollution.36 The traffic separation scheme cur-rently applicable in the …”

. Anadromous stocks S. 528-537

„… , the State of origin must protect the spawning rivers from pollution,an aim which may require the …”

. Charts and lists of geographical coordinates S. 168-177

„… Oceans (1987); Erik J. Molenaar, Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution(1998); Francis …”

. Promotion of the development and transfer of marine technology S. 1765-1775

„… Parts XII, XIII and XIV of theConvention.11 While working groups on marine pollution and scientific …”

. Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone S. 409-419

„… for the purpose of prevention andcontrol of pollution.’The 1973 Declaration of the Organization of …”

. Marine scientific research S. 990-1003

„… pollution in the Area,16 and Art. 221, dealing with the right of a State to enforcemeasures beyond its …”

. Rights and duties of other States in the exclusive economic zone S. 445-459

„… , measures taken by the coastalState in its EEZ to prevent, reduce and control pollution from vessels (e. g …”

. Delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between States with opposite or adjacent coasts S. 564-584

„… pollution from the degradation of equipment andfinancial loss to Ghana could provide adequate reasons to …”

. Archipelagic baselines S. 353-375

„… archipelagos – andpreservation of the environment and waters (anti-pollution control). The very definition of …”

ANNEX III BASIC CONDITIONS OF PROSPECTING, EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION S. 2114-2276

„… prospecting. Prospectors are required to takenecessary measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution and …”

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Massachusetts Environmental Law Handbook

Theda Braddock

2022

Results in this title

Air Pollution Control S. 37-50

Water Pollution Control S. 51-64

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Bibliographie des deutschen Schrifttums zum Internationalen und Öffentlichen Seerecht 1982-2007

Uwe Jenisch, Jeannette Edler

Series: Rostocker Schriften zum Seerecht und Umweltrecht

Volume 44 2008

Results in this title

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Ölverschmutzungen und Tankerunfälle/ Oil Pollution, Tanker Accidents S. 112-114

„… Tankerunfälle Oil Pollution, Tanker Accidents vgl. auch 9.4 Haftung; 14.3 Umweltschutz und Sicherheit der …” „… , Michael: Oil Pollution Conventions. In: EPIL Bd. 11, 1989, S. 245-249 Pfennigstorf, Werner: Der Fall …” „… Oil Pollution Act 1990. RIW 37.1991.12: 1001-1007 Lagoni, Rainer: Rechtsgutachten über Fragen der …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Allgemeines zum Meeresumwelt- und Klimaschutz/ General Aspects of Prevention of Marine Pollution, Climate Protection S. 101-110

„… 9. Meeresumweltschutz Marine Pollution 9.1 Allgemeines zum Meeresumwelt- und Klimaschutz General …” „… Aspects of Prevention of Marine Pollution, Climate Protection vgl. auch 2. Lehrbücher, Monographien …” „… Pollution Bulletin 1992: 74-79 Aktuelle Probleme der Meeresumwelt – Vorträge des 3. internationalen …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Umweltschutz und Sicherheit der Schifffahrt, Haftung, IMO/ Pollution from Ships, Ship Safety, Liability, IMO S. 163-171

„… Sicherheit der Schifffahrt, Haftung, IMO Pollution from Ships, Ship Safety, Liability, IMO vgl auch 9.4 …” „… Rechtswissenschaftliche Reihe, Bd. 1). Köln 1995, 298 S. Schunck, Thomas: Der US-Oil Pollution Act. (Schriften zum …” „… S. Lagoni, Rainer: Case Study of Germany. In: Franckx, Erik (ed.): Vessel-Source Pollution and …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Haftung/ Liability S. 114-119

„… . Seeberg-Elverfeldt, Niels-J.: State Responsibility for Transjurisdictional Oil Pollution Damage Resulting from the …” „… Haftung 115 Wiedig, R.-M.: Zur Definition des Verschmutzungsschadens (Pollution Damage) nach dem …” „… Environment: Developments in Pollution Control, Responsibility and Liability. In: Law of the Sea at the …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Mittelmeer und angrenzende Meere/ Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Seas S. 142-143

„… Inseln. EA 40.1985.2: 41-48 Milenkovic, Slobodan: Mediterranean Pollution Conventions. In: EPIL Bd. 9 …” „… : Mediterranean pollution – International cooperation on the control of pollution from and-based sources. Marine …” „… . Milencovic, Slobodan/ Stoll, Peter-Tobias: Mediterranean Pollution Conventions. In: EPIL Vol. III, 1997, S …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… ...................................................................94 9. Meeresumweltschutz/ Marine Pollution …” „… Pollution, Climate Protection ..................101 9.2 Abfallbeseitigung/ Waste Management …” „… .......................................................110 9.3 Ölverschmutzungen und Tankerunfälle/ Oil Pollution, Tanker Accidents …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Abfallbeseitigung/ Waste Management S. 110-112

„… ): Gefahr aus der Tiefe. Hansa 144.2007.2: 49-52 9.3 Ölverschmutzungen und Tankerunfälle Oil Pollution …” „… Gericht – zehn Jahre und kein Ende. VersR 39.1988.45(A): 1201-1207 Bothe, Michael: Oil Pollution …” „… : 35-37 Anderson, Charles B./ Wethmar, Robert P.: US-Umweltrecht: Der Oil Pollution Act 1990. RIW …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Arktis/ Arctic S. 143-145

„… Vol. I, 1992, S. 407-408 Kütting, Gabriela: Mediterranean pollution – International cooperation on the …” „… control of pollution from and-based sources. Marine Policy 1994.18: 233-247 Zoller, Alexandra: Völker- und …” „… Pollution Conventions. In: EPIL Vol. III, 1997, S. 337-339 Scovazzi, Tullio: The Enforcement in the …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Das Gebiet, Rechtsordnung des Tiefseebergbaus/ The Area, Regime of Seabed Mining S. 94-101

„… Protection of the Environment: Developments in Pollution Control, Responsibility and Liability. In: Law of …” „… (1999-2006), Max Planck UNYB 11.2007: 47-98 9. Meeresumweltschutz Marine Pollution 9.1 Allgemeines zum …” „… Meeresumwelt- und Klimaschutz General Aspects of Prevention of Marine Pollution, Climate Protection vgl. auch …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Ostsee (einschl. halbgeschlossene Meere)/ Baltic Sea (incl. Semi-enclosed Seas) S. 134-142

„… Revised Convention of 1992. Marine Pollution Bulletin 29.1994: 617-621 Ehlers, Peter: The 1992 Helsinki …” „… Milenkovic, Slobodan: Mediterranean Pollution Conventions. In: EPIL Bd. 9, 1986, S. 264-266 Simons, Jos.: Der …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis/ List of Abbreviations S. 17-20

„… ........................ International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocoll of 1978 …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Schifffahrtsfreiheit und Seehandel/ Freedom of Navigation and Maritime Trade S. 161-163

„… Sicherheit der Schifffahrt, Haftung, IMO Pollution from Ships, Ship Safety, Liability, IMO vgl auch 9.4 …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften, Jahrbücher und ihrer Abkürzungen/ List of Journals, Yearbooks and their Abbreviations S. 203-208

„… (Herford) Marine Policy (Surrey/Amsterdam) Marine Pollution Bulletin, Elsevier Science (U.K.) Marine …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Sammelwerke, Festschriften/ Anthologies, Commemorative Publications S. 22-26

„… . Basedow, Jürgen/ Magnus, Ulrich (Hrsg.): Pollution of the Sea – Prevention and Compensation. (Hamburg …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch Andere Bibliographien zum Seerecht/ Other Bibliographies on the Law of the Sea S. 26-30

„… Bd. 12). Hamburg, Münster 2006, 320 S. Basedow, Jürgen/ Magnus, Ulrich (Hrsg.): Pollution of the Sea …”

Jeannette Edler, Uwe Jenisch EU-Meer, Europäisches Seerecht/ European Seas, European Law of the Sea S. 151-157

„… , Doris: The EU Directive on Ship-Source Pollutions and on the Introduction of Penalties for Infringement …”

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Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia

Oliver C. Ruppel (ed.), Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting (ed.)

Series: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Volume 43 2022

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Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Pollution Control and Waste Management S. 209-228

„… 209 Chapter 9: Pollution Control and Waste Management Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting 1 Introduction …” „… general are related to pollution control and waste management. Pollution can be defined as “the presence …” „… similar though more detailed definition of pollution is for example provided by the Solid Waste …”

Meyer van den Berg, Peter Koep Chapter 18: Mining Law and Policy in Namibia S. 455-466

„… and Peter Koep Mineral and petroleum exploitation inevitably result in pollution and environmental …” „… expedient for the protection of the environment or prevention of pollution.36 2.1.1 Application for Claims …” „… pollution of the environment.39 Similarly, the Minister may not grant an application for a mining licence …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Introducing Environmental Law S. 49-64

„… concern and lamenting pollution, ____________________ 6 Okidi (1988:130). 7 See also Sands / Peel (2012:13 …” „… an essential remedy to pollution and ____________________ 17 Ibid:15. 18 Hypothesis advanced by Simon …” „… water pollution and ef-forts to combat marine pollution, were addressed by the 1954 London Convention …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law in Namibia – an Overview S. 75-108

„… . The direct causes for environmental degradation include overexploita-tion, over-consumption, pollution …” „… pollution, climate change but also alien invasive organisms that threaten the survival of indige-nous …” „… . Pollution control and the manage-ment of hazardous substances are other effective ways to contribute to the …”

Pieter Heyns, Shirley Bethune Chapter 12: Water Related Policy and Statutory Law S. 273-340

„… Water Related Policy and Statutory Law 279 abstraction and environmental pollution from wastewater …” „… wastewater disposal from causing environmental pollution. The Environmental Management Act No. 7 of 2007 …” „… effluent to avoid pollution and the reuse of water in the mining processes. The WASP aimed to improve …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Namibia and its Environment S. 65-74

„… ground water pollution, resulting in a decrease in water availability and quality, harmful to human and …” „… degradation and desertification, pollution, climate change, uncontrolled mining and prospecting, poaching and …” „… . 2.6 Waste and Pollution Namibia in general and Windhoek in particular, are considered to be clean, if …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Introduction to International Environmental Law S. 111-132

„… activities, pollution standards, lists of protected species, etc. 3.1.4 Compliance and Enforcement of MEAs …” „… , for example, pollution of the sea, rivers, lakes and the air and the migrating of species across …” „… the person responsible for the pollution. The polluter pays principle is a means of allocating costs …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting Chapter 8: Environmental Management in Namibia S. 191-208

„… PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, WASTE AND POLLUTION 191 Chapter 8: Environmental Management …” „… harm. Environmental principles that are generally accepted are to avoid or minimise waste and pollution …” „… with reha-bilitation of damage to the environment and to human health caused by pollution, including …”

Detlof von Oertzen Energy Law and Policy in Namibia S. 467-508

„… prevent the pollution of any aquifer, estuary, harbour, lake, reservoir, river, ____________________ 72 …” „… production licence any petroleum or other substances are spilled or any pollution is caused, the holder of …” „… , pollution or damage or loss. This must be done by means of written notice addressed to the holder. If the …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law and Policy in the African Union S. 133-154

„… establish policies to conserve, utilise and develop water resources, prevent pollution and control water use …” „… preser-vation of the marine environment and to promote measures aimed at preventing and combating pollution …” „… sustainable compensation regime to cover O.C. Ruppel 142 marine incidents of pollution of the sea that are …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Human Rights and the Environment S. 767-788

„… reasonable legislative and other measures that (i) prevent pollu-tion and ecological degradation; (ii …” „… pollution. States should provide resources for indigenous peo-ples to design, deliver and control their …” „… rights-based approach, victims of water pollution and people de-prived of essential water to meet their basic …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 25: Environmental Justice and Litigation S. 663-676

„… prevention of water pollution (Sections 68 and 89) or in cases of failure to comply with a licence to …” „… important enforcement mechanism in view of major environmental transgressions – especially pollution – by …” „… more pollution. Even in the face of strict regulation, companies sometimes act against the law. Taking …”

Clinton Hay Fisheries Related Statutory Law and Policy in Namibia S. 359-376

„… wastes, discharged hazardous and toxic substances, oil pollution and mirco-pollutants. This is supported …” „… by the Preven-tion and Combating of Pollution of the Sea by Oil Act 6 No. of 1981. This particular …” „… . Pollution prevention is inter-sectoral and a collaborative approach needs to be followed to treat any …”

Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting The Ombudsman and the Environment S. 693-706

„… detecting environmental pollution due to poor waste management practices. Major issues revealed with regard …” „… further action to protect the flood plains and prevent pollution of the Kavango River.38 In 2018, the …” „… soil and water pollution. In 2016, investigations into solid and liquid waste management resulted in a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-36

„… Change 70 2.5 Biodiversity Loss 71 2.6 Waste and Pollution 72 Table of Contents 6 Chapter 4 …” „… Chapter 9: Pollution Control and Waste Management 209 Katharina Ruppel-Schlichting 1 Introduction 209 2 …” „… International Law 210 3 National Law and Policy 212 3.1 Pollution under the Constitution 212 3.2 Common Law …”

Oliver C. Ruppel, Anielle von Finckenstein Chapter 15: Land, Soil and Agriculture from a Namibian and International Law Perspective S. 379-406

„… , like soil pollution and its consequences for the environment, climate change adaptation and mitigation …” „… dangers and risks of environ-mental pollution. In addition to the international human rights framework …” „… taxes,70 regulations limiting GHG emissions and air pollution, forest conserva-tion (mix of land-sharing …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 28: Trade, Environment and Sustainable Development S. 709-766

„… environmental policy and its institutions. Environmental degradation and pollution are largely induced by …” „… generating clean and renewable energy, improving energy and resource efficiency, controlling air pollution …” „… pollution. The participants to these negotiations account for the majority of global trade in environmental …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Climate Change de Facto and de Jure: Legal and Regulatory Aspects Relevant to Namibia S. 561-606

„… in balancing intermittent renewables, and reduce air pollution.43 As world leaders have come under …” „… rehabilitation of damage to the environment and to human health caused by pollution, including costs for measures …”

Manfred O. Hinz, Oliver C. Ruppel Chapter 10: Legal Protection of Biodiversity in Namibia S. 231-246

„… of the population. • Pollution: mainly from excessive pesticide use in agriculture and aquacul-ture …” „… prohibiting the introduction of new, alien or invasive species. Pollution control and the management of …”

Pieter Heyns The Okavango River Basin – Resolving the Dichotomy Between Development and Environment S. 341-358

„… invest-ment; • recommend measures to prevent water pollution; • develop measures for the management and …” „… services and pollution. However, sustainable development is the key, and the Okavango River basin States …”

Oliver C. Ruppel Environmental Law and Policy in the Southern African Development Community S. 155-188

„… impacts of climate change. Thematic areas of the Protocol include air quality, waste and pollution …” „… , port health services, pollution of air, land and water, and the degradation of natural resources …”

Manfred O. Hinz Chapter 23: Customary Law and the Environment S. 609-642

„… matters, such as access to water, control of access, rules against pollution and rules to protect water …”

Bibliography S. 789-839

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