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The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

Richard Paul, Linda Elder

2019

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Point of View S. 34

„… disregard alternative reasonable viewpoints.Have I articulated the point of view from which I am approaching …” „… supercial points of view.Is my approach to this question too narrow?Am I considering other viewpoints so I …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201534 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtPoint of View(All …”

A Checklist for Scientific Reasoning S. 7-8

„… scientific point of view?4) All scientic reasoning is done from some POINT OF VIEW.• Can you identify your …” „… point of view?• Can you seek other points of view and identify their strengths as well as weaknesses …” „… ?• Can you strive to be fairminded in evaluating all scientific points of view?11 SciThinking TG 01.2015 …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientific Thinking S. 11-12

„… view? Is there another way to look at this question? What would this look like from the point of view …” „… , on their relationships, and on their consequences.Breadth:Do we need to consider another point of …” „… which must be applied to thinking whenever one is interested in checking the quality of reasoning about …”

Questions Using the Elements of Scientific Thought S. 6

„… ViewFrom what point of view am I looking at this issue?Are there other points of view I should consider?11 …” „… are the implications of the data I have collected?What are the implications of my inferences?Points of …” „… Elements of Scientic Thought(in a scientic paper)Scientic PurposeWhat am I trying to accomplish?What is my …”

How to Evaluate an Author’s or Experimenter’s Scientific Reasoning S. 21

„… from conclusions?7. Focusing on the scientific Point of View: Does the reasoner show a sensitivity to …” „… alternative relevant scientific points of view or lines of reasoning? Does s/he consider and respond to …” „… objections framed from other relevant points of view?8. Focusing on Implications: Does the reasoner display a …”

Analyzing & Assessing Scientific Research S. 26-27

„… from some POINT OF VIEW or frame of reference.• Identify all points of view in the research …” „… .• Objections from competing points of view should be identified and fairly addressed.6) All scientific research …” „… Scientic ResearchUse this template to assess the quality of any scientic research project or paper.1) All …”

Preface S. I-3

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Point of View …” „… the purpose at hand and the question at issue. They question information, conclusions, and points of …” „… of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Science Textbook S. 17

„… ______ _______________________________________________________. 8) The main point(s) of view presented in this textbook is(are …” „… Logic of a Science TextbookJust as you can understand a scientific essay, article, or chapter by …” „… analyzing the parts of the author’s reasoning, so can you figure out the system of ideas within a scientific …”

Intellectual Standards in Scientific Thinking S. 13

„… need to look at this from another perspective? Do we need to consider another point of view? Do we need …” „… outside the realm of science that must be considered?Breadth Encompassing multiple viewpoints Do we …” „… give me a more detailed explanation of the phenomenon you have in mind?Accuracy Free from errors or …”

Analyzing the Logic of a Subject S. 40

„… point of view should we look at this problem? • What can we safely assume as we reason through this …” „… should studying this field affect my view of the world?• What viewpoints are fostered in this field …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201540 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtAnalyzing the Logic of …”

How to Analyze the Logic of a Scientific Article, Essay, or Chapter S. 15-16

„… ) of view presented in this scientific article is (are) _________________. (The main question you are …” „… Logic of a Scientic Article, Essay, or ChapterOne important way to understand a scientific essay …” „… , article or chapter is through the analysis of the structure of the author’s reasoning. Once you have done …”

The Logic of Geology S. 47

„… contributions in illuminating the effects of human exploitation on the earth’s surface and resources. e Point of …” „… View of Geologists: Geologists see the earth as a physical structure containing predictable structures …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 47© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …”

Scientific Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards S. 38

„… ThoughtPurposesQuestionsPoints of viewInformationInferencesConceptsImplicationsAssumptionsTHE ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC …” „… PerseveranceConfidence in ReasonIntellectual EmpathyFairmindednessTHE TRAITS OF A SCIENTIFIC MINDAs we learn to …” „… developMust be applied toScientic Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards to the Elements of …”

Two Kinds of Scientific Questions S. 22

„… definitive answer? Or does the question require us to consider competing points of view?1 2Established …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201522 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtTwo Kinds of Scientic …” „… yet be veried scientic matters of reasoned knowledge scientic judgmentSee explications and examples of …”

The Logic of an Experiment S. 19

„… _______________________ ________________________________________________________.The point of view behind the experiment is …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 19© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of an …” „… Experiment(Attach a detailed description of the experiment or laboratory procedure.)The main goal of the experiment …”

The Logic of Scientific Reasoning S. 41

„… careful observation and systematic studyPoint of ViewImplications and ConsequencesAssumptionsEssential …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 41© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… Scientic ReasoningElements of ReasoningLooking at the physical world as something to be understood through …”

Scientific Reasoning Abilities S. 25

„… points of view• engaging in Socratic discussion on scientific issues• practicing dialectical thinking on …” „… Macro-Abilities• avoiding oversimplification of scientific issues• developing scientific perspective• clarifying …”

The Figuring Mind Thinking Scientifically S. 14

„… objectour Point of View or Frame of ReferenceIntellectual Standards …” „… interpretation of the objectthe Implications and Consequences8 The viewpoint from which we conceptualize the …” „… Thinking ScienticallyObjectThe thing must have a logic… something to gure out…The Elements of Thought …”

The Logic of Archaeology S. 55

„… useful knowledge or resources for survival.e Point of View of Archaeologists: Seeing the story of …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 55© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… ArchaeologyPurpose of Archaeology: The purpose of archaeology is to find remnants of the past, interpret them, and …”

Information S. 30

„… information only when it supports their point of view.Where is a good place to look for evidence on the …” „… state it inaccurately.Is my presentation of the pertinent information clear and coherent?Have I …”

The Logic of Biochemistry S. 52

„… undesirable states, by application of chemical strategies.Biochemical Point of View: The biochemical …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201552 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …” „… BiochemistryBiochemical Goals: The goal of biochemistry is to determine the biological foundations of life through …”

The Logic of Science S. 44

„… with theories and principles based in scientific fact.e Scientic Point of View: Scientists look at the …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201544 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …” „… whole use virtually any type of information that can be gathered systematically through observation and …”

The Logic of Zoology S. 50

„… led to many other applications in diverse areas, including medicine. e Point of View of Zoology …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201550 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …” „… ZoologyGoals of Zoologists: To analyze, classify, and come to understand all forms of animal life, using …”

The Logic of Animal Physiology S. 54

„… , through physiological study are virtually unlimited.e Point of View of Physiologists: Physiologists see …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201554 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of Animal …” „… PhysiologyGoals of Animal Physiologists: To figure out how living organisms work, including the physical and …”

The Logic of Biology S. 49

„… understand, maintain, and protect forms of life.Biological Point of View: The biological viewpoint is …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 49© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… BiologyBiological Goals: Biology is the scientific study of all life forms. Its basic goal is to understand how …”

The Logic of Paleontology S. 53

„… rocks from which they come. e Point of View of Paleontology: Paleontologists see the development of …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 53© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… Paleontologye Goal of Paleontology is to discover the nature and implications of fossils of animal and plant …”

The Logic of Chemistry S. 46

„… polluting of the environment, and in creating chemicals harmful to people, other animals, and plants.e Point …” „… of View. Chemists see the physical world as containing basic elements whose structures can be …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201546 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …”

The Logic of Botany S. 51

„… Point of View of Botanists: Botanists look at plants as essential to the survival of all living …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 51© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… BotanyGoals of Botanists: To understand plants and all their aspects, including their life processes …”

The Logic of Astronomy S. 48

„… of the universe. e Point of View of Astronomers: Astronomers look at the universe, and see a vast …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201548 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …” „… AstronomyGoals of Astronomers: Astronomers study the universe in order to better understand what it is comprised …”

The Logic of Ecology S. 56

„… erosion and depletion of soil nutrients.e Point of View of Ecologists: Ecologists look at plants and …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201556 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtThe Logic of …” „… EcologyGoals of Ecologists: Ecologists seek to understand plants and animals as they exist in nature, with …”

The Logic of Physics S. 45

„… the privacy of citizens. e Point of View: Physicists see the universe, as well as the physical world …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 45© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Logic of …” „… Physicse Goal of Physics is to discover the physical forces, interactions, and properties of matter …”

The Elements of Scientific Thought S. 5

„… Breadth Q Signicance Precision Relevance FairnessScientic Point of Viewframe of …” „… The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific Thought 5© 2015 www.criticalthinking.org The Elements of …” „… reference,perspective,orientationPurpose of Scientic Thinkinggoal, objective,functionScienticQuestions at Issueproblem …”

Asking One-System and Conflicting-System Questions S. 23-24

„… scientific research?• What is the boiling point of lead?• What are the main branches of science and how do …” „… and Conicting-System QuestionsThere are a number of essential ways to categorize questions for the …” „… purpose of analysis. One such way is to focus on the type of reasoning required by the question. With …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133842

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Andreas Gruber

Eva-Kristin Winter (ed.)

2022

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Georg Feil Ein Grußwort. Ein Filmprofessor mit point of view S. 13-14

„… 13Ein GrußwortGeorg FeilEin GrußwortEin Filmprofessor mit point of viewWir waren damals in großer …” „… , nach dem point of view. Ohne den könne man keine Filme machen und ohne den solle man keinen Filmschüler …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 3-8

„… Filmprofessor mit point of view 13Eva-Kristin WinterEine EinleitungÜber einen unbeugsamen Kreativen 15Teil I …” „… ErfindenÜber die Filme von Heiner Stadler 98Andreas GruberThe Quality of Mercy 115Teil III Andreas Gruber als …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783967074635

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Europäische Verfassung in der Krise - auf der Suche nach einer gemeinsamen Basis für die erweiterte

Walter Hallstein-Institut für Europäisches Verfassungsrecht (ed.)

Series: Schriftenreihe Europäisches Verfassungsrecht

Volume 24 2007

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Teresa Romer The European Constitutional Treaty from the Point of View of Polish Constitutional Law S. 83-96

„… 83 Forum Constitutionis EuropaE FCE 9/04 thE EuroPEan Constitutional trEaty From thE Point oF viEw …” „… the Polish Constitution. What is of special signiicance from the point of view of the Constitution of …” „… relevant constitutional regulations. the whole discussion can be considered from the point of view of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… 7 FCE 9/04: Teresa Romer The European Constitutional Treaty from the Point of View of Polish …” „… Constitutional Law 83 6FCE 1/05: Stanislaw Biernat The European Constitution from the Perspective of the New …”

Stanislaw Biernat The European Constitution from the Perspective of the New Member States S. 97-106

„… and West Berlin. i remember the view from a vantage point near the reichstag of the Berlin Wall and …” „… comments can be made in this context. the new member states view favourably such provisions of the …” „… at the European Constitution from the viewpoint of the new Member States. For two reasons, I will be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845201948

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Der Beitritt der Europäischen Union zur EMRK - The Accession of the European Union to the ECHR - L'adhésion de l'Union Européenne à la CEDH

Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.), Vasco Pereira da Silva (ed.), Michael Potacs (ed.)

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 8 2013

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Die Sicht der Mitgliedstaaten The Point of View of the Member States Le point de vue des États membres S. 177-178

„… Die Sicht der Mitgliedstaaten The Point of View of the Member States Le point de vue des États membres …”

Fausto de Quadros Die Sicht der Europäischen Institutionen The Point of View of the European Institutions Le point de vue des institutions européennes S. 123-124

„… Die Sicht der Europäischen Institutionen The Point of View of the European Institutions Le point de …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… first day of the Congress: “The Point of View of the European Institutions” and the “Point of View of …” „… (Lisbon), the point of view of the European Institutions was addressed: Egils Levits (Judge at the Court …” „… the accession issue through the point of view of the European Court of Human Rights. On the second …”

Sergio Bartole The Adhesion of the European Union to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: the Italian Perspective S. 193-200

„… these points of view the judges of the European judicial system and, especially, the European Court of …” „… treated as European law. From this point of view the intervention of the Luxembourg judges should precede …” „… allowed to review their conformity with the Italian Constitution only from the point of view of the …”

Ricardo Passos The Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe before and after the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights: A View from the European Parliament S. 125-158

„… force of the Treaty of Lisbon (2009/2161(INI)), P7_TA(2010)0483, point 18. 17 Point 25 of the resolution …” „… Council of Europe, under Law and Policy of Human Rights. A View from the European Parliament 134 and the …” „… , including the definition of negotiating directives” (Paragraph 23). Annex 3, point 5 holds that: “in the …”

Ana Maria Guerra Martins Portuguese Perspective on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights S. 201-226

„… judicial authorities have been expressing different points of view. The prevailing view supports that the …” „… . The Portuguese point of view concerning the accession of the EU to the ECHR Potential difficulties …” „… principle of subsidiarity, and with a view to the achievement of the economic, social and territorial …”

Patrick Birkinshaw How European Union Developments in Human Rights’ Protection are changing and will change the context of Human Rights’ Protection within the United Kingdom S. 241-274

„… he expressed the point that unlike the view of the majority of the Court of Appeal, what was at issue …” „… further preliminary point to make is that despite the growing juridification of the constitutional law of …” „… under the control of British forces in Iraq (Al Skeini).38 Some of these points have now been resolved …”

Sofia Oliveira Pais The Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe before and after the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights – Some Questions concerning the Legal Impact of the Charter of Fundamental Rights S. 95-106

„… rights standards between the ECtHR and the ECJ. From a legal point of view, this is the most important …” „… Europe (CDDH) and the European Commission of the European Union. The most prominent points are: (1) The …” „… The Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe before and after the Accession of the European Union …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845248721

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Die Zukunft des Sozialen Rechtsstaates in Europa. The Future of the Constitutional Welfare State in Europe. L'Avenir de l'État de Droit Social en Europe

Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.)

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 10 2015

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Die Sicht des Europarats/The Point of View of the Council of Europe/Le point de vue du Conseil de l’Europe S. 247-248

„… Die Sicht des Europarats The Point of View of the Council of Europe Le point de vue du Conseil de …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-20

„… agenda, which addressed the point of view of these European actors directly or indirectly bearing the …” „… of the Constitutional Welfare State in Europe from the point of view of the EU Member States” was …” „… of Fundamental Rights, EU-citizens and asylum law). The respective point of view of the Council of …”

Diarmuid Rossa Phelan The Future of the Constitutional Welfare State in Europe from the Irish Perspective S. 121-140

„… Die Sicht der Mitgliedstaaten The Point of View of the Member States Le point de vue des États …” „… distribution on 8th November 20135. This report presents the State’s view on the implementation in the State of …” „… held this view is worthy of recall throughout the narrative of events which follows. 9. Having returned …”

József Hajdú The future of the Constitutional Welfare State: the example of Hungary S. 187-198

„… restrict the possibility of state interference. From this point of view, it is more plausible to interpret …” „… envisages a rather complex view of continuity with the achievements of the historical constitution of the …” „… The future of the Constitutional Welfare State: the example of Hungary József Hajdú* Economic …”

Egils Levits Überblick über das Europäische Sozialrecht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der neueren Rechtsprechung des EuGH S. 199-216

„… Die Sicht der Europäischen Union The Point of View of the European Union Le point de vue de l’Union …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845272481

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