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Protection of Foreign Investment in Context

Khrushchev Ekwueme

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 496 2007

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State Ownership of Petroleum S. 201-204

„… understood to embrace oil and gas exploration and production.8.2. State Ownership of PetroleumNigeria uses …” „… anddisposing of petroleum;b) refining, treating, processing and generally engaging in the handling of petroleum …” „… 201thority charged with the implementation of petroleum policies of the FGN. Petroleum operation is …”

Relocalization of Nigerian Petroleum Agreements S. 214-218

„… 214gimes established by Nigeria’s petroleum agreements in deserving cases. The decline in oil …” „… prices caused by the oil glut of the mid-1980s and the high technicalcosts associated with petroleum …” „… practically modified the fiscal regime for petroleum operations in the country established by the Petroleum …”

Introduction S. 200-201

„… understood to embrace oil and gas exploration and production.8.2. State Ownership of PetroleumNigeria uses …” „… 200Chapter EightProtection of Foreign Investment in the Context of Petroleum Agreements8.1 …” „… interests in the development of petroleum resources in that State.738 Whereas IOCs aim to …”

Competent Authority S. 204-205

„… prospecting for, working, winning or otherwise acquiring, possessing anddisposing of petroleum;b) refining …” „… 8.3. Competent AuthorityUsually, the petroleum laws of many oil-producing countries provide for a …” „… of petroleum development. Prior to 1971, the FGNdirectly exercised supervisory and regulatory control …”

Renegotiation S. 212-214

„… character of suchan agreement. Given that petroleum agreements often relate to long-term projects,a deal …” „… Nigeria’s petroleum agreements in deserving cases. The decline in oil prices caused by the oil glut of the …” „… mid-1980s and the high technicalcosts associated with petroleum operations that imposed huge fiscal …”

Autonomy of the Will versus Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources S. 205-211

„… 205h) generally engaging in activities that would enhance the petroleum industry in the …” „… for the petroleum industry in general.«According to Olisa, the NNPC performs its commercial functions …” „… directly and indirectly as follows:756»1) It engages directly in wholly owned petroleum operations2) It …”

Scope and Structure of the Study S. 27-29

„… Nigerian National PetroleumCorporation and some international oil companies operating in Nigeria …” „… investment treaty overridesa domestic arbitration clause in an international petroleum agreement.5) Whether …” „… facilitate an understanding of how Nigeria’s investment laws,treaties, and petroleum agreements protect …”

Bibliography S. 313-324

„… Nigeria’s PetroleumIndustry not growing?«, (2001) 19 (1) Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law 16-30 …” „… PetroleumAgreements: Changes in the Arbitration Process«, (1986) 1 (2) ICSID Review-ForeignInvestment law Journal …” „… .Ajomo, M. A., »The Legal Framework for the Exploration and Production of Petroleum in Nigeria«, CEPEDS …”

The Period from 1979 to 1994 S. 160-162

„… was not less than N20, 000,000.612 In sectors such as banking, insurance,petroleum prospecting and …” „… Section 18 of the NIPC Act that previously carved out petroleum activitiesfrom the ambit of the enactment …” „… . In addition to excluding petroleum enterprisesfrom the scope of the NIPC Act, Section 18 contained a …”

Definitional Approach S. 277-279

„… of Nigeria’s PetroleumIndustry not Growing?«, (2001) 19 (1) JENRL 19-20.1072 Ibid., at 18. 1073 The …” „… consider seriously excluding its sensitive petroleum sector fromthe scope of a future MAI. This will enable …” „… in the foreigndominated oil and gas sector in the country. One grey area in Nigerian petroleum law …”

Excerpts from the NIPC Amendment Act, 1998 S. 343-345

„… theenterprise;»petroleum enterprise« means an enterprise which is involved in the production of crudeoil or natural gas or …” „… foreign petroleum enterprises for the take-off of crude oilor natural gas or a combination of …” „… following new sub-paragraph, that is –»(vii) Petroleum resources,«.3. There shall be substituted for …”

The Scope of the NIPC Act S. 162-164

„… out petroleum activitiesfrom the ambit of the enactment. In addition to excluding petroleum …” „… petroleum enterprises are no longer excluded from direct privateparticipation. The previous position of the …” „… exploration of petroleum by means of joint venture arrangements with the FGN through the NNPC.The NIPC Act, as …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-16

„… ContextNigeria’s Investment Laws, Treaties, and Petroleum AgreementsNomos1. Auflage 2007© Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft …” „… EightProtection of Foreign Investment in the Context of Petroleum Agreements 2008.1. Introduction 2008.2. State …” „… Ownership of Petroleum 2018.3. Competent Authority 2048.4. Meaning and Structure of a Stabilization Clause …”

Conclusion S. 218-219

„… 2188.7. Conclusion The protection of foreign investment in the petroleum industry rests on the …” „… stability and sometimes on the flexibility of the petroleum contracts used in regulating the industry. In …” „… host States offers stability to petroleum agreements. As we have seen, Nigeria’s IPAs seldom contain …”

Excerpts from the NIPC Act, 1995 S. 340-343

„… any enterprise in Nigeria.18. The provisions of this Decree shall not apply to petroleum enterprises …” „… , includes the holding of any proprietary interest in theenterprise;»petroleum enterprise« means an …” „… excludes bona fide joint venture arrangements between Government and foreign petroleum enterprises for the …”

Abbreviations S. 17-22

„… Law ReportsIMF International Monetary FundIOC International Oil CompanyIPA International Petroleum …” „… National Oil CorporationNNPC Nigerian National Petroleum CompanyNSE Nigerian Stock ExchangeNT National …” „… Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOML Oil Mining LeaseOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting …”

Preface S. 23-24

„… petroleum.Furthermore, on the international plane, various recent phenomena make astudy of the protection of foreign …” „… relating to the protection of foreign investment in the context of Nigeria’s investmentlaws, petroleum …” „… , petroleum agreements, and judicial system protect foreign investment?5) How conducive is Nigeria’s business …”

Nationalization S. 95-99

„… Dolzer, supra note 289, at 583.318 Ibid., at 569.319 Ibid., at 569.320 Texas Overseas Petroleum Co …” „… subsidiary company, Amoco S.A., entered into a petroleum agreement with the Iranian National Petroleum …”

Administrative Justice S. 194-198

„… constitutional provision, the Nigerian Petroleum Act, 1969 makes it mandatory for the FGN to comply with the …” „… Nigeria does not have a Ministerfor Petroleum, but a Special Adviser to the President on Petroleum under …”

Concept of Property S. 48-49

„… . concessions or other petroleum agreements. It is now settled thatinternational law recognizes a broad concept …” „… tribunals, especially with respect to petroleum agreements, lend credence to this view.80 For instance, the …”

Conclusion S. 58-59

„… rights arising from petroleum agreements134 and infrastructure project agreements135 come within the con …” „… and service contract with the Nigerian National Petroleum Companyacquires a property right protected …”

Currency Regulation S. 78-79

„… international law.229 However, a non-discriminatory increase of petroleum tax on windfall profits in the oil …” „… industry arising fromprice hikes of petroleum products is not tantamount to nationalization.2303.5.2 …”

Legal Consequence of the Violation of a Stabilization Clause S. 211-212

„… dismiss a stabilization clause in a petroleum agreement as irrelevant. An annulment or a unilateral …” „… character of suchan agreement. Given that petroleum agreements often relate to long-term projects,a deal …”

Does an ad hoc Committee Possess Appellate Power? S. 244-250

„… ofproducing petroleum-based fertilizer in Cameroon exceeded the cost of its importation from overseas …” „… use by-products of petroleum to producefertilizer and Cameroon relied on the company’s superior …” „… knowledge on that matter. As a result of the global hike in the prices of petroleum products, the cost …”

The Right to Own Property S. 49-51

Taxation S. 76-78

Inadequacy of Basic Social Amenities S. 264-266

„… depends on the import of petroleum products,which accounted for approximately 70% of the domestic …” „… per barrel, and in turn, the corporation hasraised its ex-depot prices for petroleum products.1009 The …”

Performance Requirements S. 281-284

„… petroleum activities in Nigeria.1090 Basically, de jure performance requirement measures are maintained in …” „… oil experts in a petroleum conference complained that after approximately 50 years of oil production …”

Right of Access to Court and the African Charter S. 55-58

Final Conclusion S. 299-306

„… investment laws, treaties, petroleum agreements, and judicial system protect foreign investment. Apartfrom …” „… oil industry to the Nigerian economy, the Nigerian Petroleum Act, 1969 has relocalized Nigeria’sIPAs …” „… petroleumagreements with the NNPC can be revoked.The investigation into Nigeria’s IPAs shows that as a general rule …”

Methodology S. 25

„… petroleum agreements. The advantage of this approach is that it makes this work useful to Nigerian and …”

Public Purpose S. 87-89

„… December 23, 1971 againstLibya’s nationalization of the assets of British Petroleum, which, inter alia …”

Introduction S. 220-222

„… in a petroleum agreement between theNNPC and an IOC constitute a waiver of the company’s right to …”

Incentives S. 284-286

„… petroleum conference complained that after approximately 50 years of oil production, the local content …”

Public Purpose and National Interest S. 175-177

„… foreign.«Second, Nigeria’s expropriation of assets of British Petroleum in 1978 could haveinfluenced the wording …”

Constitutionality of Pre-action Notices S. 186-189

„… quintessential example is a hypothetical case,where the NNPC has entered into a petroleum agreement with an …”

Effect of ICSID Arbitration Clause in a BIT S. 222-226

„… regarding the infringement. It is immaterial that the underlying dispute arises directly from the petroleum …”

Table of Cases S. 307-312

„… . Canada Award of November 13, 2001, 40 ILM 1412 (2001)126-7, 139-140.Texas Overseas Petroleum Co …”

Environmental Regulation S. 80-85

„… and health hazards. Parallel to this dispute,the Province of Alberta, home to Canada’s petroleum …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845202907

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Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry

Marius S. Vassiliou

2018

doi.org/10.5771/9781538111604

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»Sterbende Kohle« und »flüssiges Gold«

Dariya Manova

2021

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II. Seele oder Petroleum?Amerikanisierung und neue Rohstoffliteratur S. 59-132

„… 59 II. Seele oder Petroleum? Amerikanisierung und neue Rohstoffliteratur 1. Das amerikanische …” „… Ölportrait, Berlin 1930; Henrik Schück, Ragnar Sohlman: Nobel. Dynamit, Petroleum, Pazifismus, Leipzig 1928 …” „… Selbstbestimmung der Völker und meinen Petroleum. Sie sind in den Worten die Vertreter des Morgen und in den Taten …”

I. Nachkriegsrohstoffe S. 27-58

„… englische Armee) die ersten Petroleum-Panzer und gepanzerte Fahrzeuge erprobte und bis zum Kriegsausbruch …” „… aus der 42 Siehe dazu die frühe Petroleumstudie von Franz Buchenau: Petroleum. Seine Naturgeschichte …” „… Jedermann zur zweckmäßigen, billigen und gefahrlosen Benutzung der Petroleum-Lampe, nebst dem …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Rohstoffmangel . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 II. Seele oder Petroleum? Amerikanisierung und neue …” „… des Abenteuerromans 163 Schatzsuche auf dem Ölfeld: Gold vs. Petroleum 176 Überfluss und …” „… Publi zistik der Weimarer Zeit 102 3. Die Petroleummode auf der Berliner Bühne . . . . . . . . . 110 …”

III. Abenteuer Erdöl: Zur Entstehung eines kosmopolitischen (Roh-)Stoffs S. 133-226

„… der Versuch der nach Petroleum riechenden Dämonin Miss Gray, auf der Theaterbühne und ihrer Insel …” „… Petroleum mit Liebe zu vereinen, tragisch scheiterte, erübrigte sich die männliche Präsenz für die …” „… Petroleum erst wahr werden lässt, sind bei Ehrenburg nicht mehr als Produkte des Menschen zu betrachten …”

IV. Global, national, planetarisch: neue alte Rohstoffgattungen S. 227-356

„… hatte es mit ansehen müssen, wie andere das Eisen, die Kohle, die Elektrizität, das Petroleum, die …”

Einleitung: Energie und Rohstoff in der Literatur(-wissenschaft) S. 7-26

„… : Living oil. Petroleum culture in the American Century, Oxford, New York 2014. 28 Tim Ingold: Materials …” „… ; Stephanie Le- Menager: The Aesthetics of Petroleum, after Oil!, in: American Literary History, 24 (2012) 1 …” „… miteinander. Auch auf den Berliner Bühnen wurde eine Petroleummode festgestellt, die ebenso wie auf dem Feld …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783835346451

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Krise und Konstitutionalisierung in Europa

Alexandra Kemmerer (ed.), Christoph Möllers (ed.), Maximilian Steinbeis (ed.)

Series: Recht im Kontext

Volume 3 2015

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Philip Liste The Politics of Space: Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum S. 147-155

„… Dutch Petroleum/Shell) were accused of having aided and abetted in massive violations of human rights in …” „… Dutch Petroleum Philip Liste Montag, 22. April 2013 Law is a »politics of space«. The last week’s …” „… , Pressemitteilung vom 17.04.2013. The Politics of Space: Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum 151 ting the presumption …”

Sachverzeichnis S. 281-283

„… ................................. 149 Royal Dutch Petroleum/Shell ........................................ 149 Sosa v …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-15

„… zur Globalen Verfassung 147 Philip Liste The Politics of Space: Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum 149 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845252728

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