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Wann ist Mode?

Ingrid Loschek

2007

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INVENTION S. 41-102

„… INVENTION 41 Die Neugierde umfasst alles, was zum Trieb des Menschen gehört, das Innere sehen zu …” „… . Hans Bellmer Wann ist Invention? Inventionen umfassen neue Ideen vor der Phase der Vermarktung …” „… . Inventionen äußern sich als Entwurf, in welchem Medium auch immer, einschließlich der Realisation von …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… .............................................................................. 11 MODETHEORIE ................................................................... 15 INVENTION …” „… Nullmethodologie ..................................................................................38 INVENTION …” „… Wann ist Invention …”

INNOVATION S. 103-158

„… die Realisierbarkeit von Inventionen, das heißt um die Umsetzung ›alltagstauglicher‹ Innovation. Er …” „… Innovationen: Inventionen, die sich durchgesetzt haben. Dies impliziert zwei völlig unterschiedliche Prozesse …” „… die Invention, das ist die ›Erfindung‹, voraus (s. S. 41). Die Verknüpfung und die begriffliche …”

Einführung S. 11-14

„… sind Prozesse, durch die Inventionen zu Innovationen werden. Sie stellen Forschung und Entwicklung …” „… werden Inventionsstrategien aufgezeigt, die für die Gestaltung von Kleidung relevant sind. Die …” „… . Gerade hier soll Theorie für die Praxis zugänglich gemacht werden. Innerhalb der Inventionsstrategien und …”

Nachwort S. 249-250

„… etwas Neuem. Das ›Ende von …‹ bietet Inventionen die Chance, sich als Innovation zu etablieren. Es ist …”

MODETHEORIE S. 15-40

„… Idee, einer Emotion oder einem Experiment heraus zu Neuem gelangen (siehe Inventionsstrategien). Die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783496030324

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Patenting Traditional Medicine

Murray Lee Eiland

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 2 2009

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Joint Invention S. 20-21

„… under-exploited by those wishing to protect TM. A good example is the provisions for patenting a joint invention …” „… . 3. Joint Invention A common refrain is that patent law does not allow TK holder contributions to be …” „… invention can be made by two or more persons even if they did not work physically together (or at the same …”

Novelty S. 17-20

„… bulbs.51 The court conceded that the invention was a ‘tremendous’ technical advance but the fact that …” „… that could prove essential for competing concerns. The ultimate goal of patents is to promote invention …” „… replicate the invention.54 A successful patent, of whatever category, must also be useful55, novel56 and be …”

Patent Law S. 40-42

„… TRIPS 27.1, which states patents: “… shall be available for any inventions, whether products or …” „… , there have been an average of 1400 cases per year.169 Patents may be granted for inventions, utility …” „… models, and designs.170 TCM would be protected as an invention. Article 22 of the Chinese Patent Law …”

Neem Patent in New Zealand S. 26-27

„… valid invention. The previous ‘presumption of patentability’ has been removed and has been replaced …” „… specifically addresses: “Maori concerns relating to the granting of patents for inventions derived from …” „… Zealand. According to patent law, an invention is: “novel if it does not form part of the prior art base …”

Statutory Protection S. 39-40

„… : “… shall be available for any inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology …” „… year.169 Patents may be granted for inventions, utility models, and designs.170 TCM would be protected …” „… as an invention. Article 22 of the Chinese Patent Law states that any invention must possess novelty …”

Patents S. 22-23

„… the 1970 Indian law (inventions not patentable) would make it very difficult for most TM to be …” „… inventions: “intended for use, or capable of being used, as food or as medicine or drug,”80 no patent can be …” „… will continue to be difficult to patent in India. The Amendment lists what are not inventions: the …”

Indian Bio-Diversity Act S. 23-24

„… inventions: the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in the enhancement …” „… provision, but it does not specifically consider an invention to be a new use of a known substance that …” „… patent office granted a patent (5,401,504) for tumeric (Curcurma longa) for the ‘invention’ of wound …”

Categories of Patent S. 16-17

„… patents in the US.41 The invention must fall in one of three categories: ‘manufacture,’ ‘process,’ or a …” „… bulbs.51 The court conceded that the invention was a ‘tremendous’ technical advance but the fact that …” „… that could prove essential for competing concerns. The ultimate goal of patents is to promote invention …”

Databases S. 27-29

„… invention is: “novel if it does not form part of the prior art base.”103 The prior art base is determined …” „… : . . . in relation to an invention so far as claimed in a claim, means all matter (whether a product, a …” „… exploited since if their knowledge were simply copied there would be no invention to patent.”107 This …”

Tumeric S. 23

Traditional Knowledge: A Certain Term? S. 13

„… not be required. As an example, in patent law, general terms such as ‘invention’ have no definition …” „… nature of a ‘patentable invention.’ In a similar way, copyright treaties and laws do not define the …” „… the economic interests of the author of the invention or idea and society’s needs as a whole. The two …”

IP Laws and Traditional Knowledge S. 13

PATENT PROTECTION S. 14

„… , advertising or otherwise using an invention or idea over which an individual has a patent.31A patent does not …” „… confer a right to use the invention. A patent may be defined as a national grant of exclusive rights for …” „… a limited time for a new, useful invention. These rights are in general territorial so that an …”

Potential Conflict with TRIPS Obligations S. 21

„… of an invention under consideration for a patent is excluded. This is represents a geographic …” „… they introduced the invention into the US before another.75 Section 104 allows foreigners to obtain US …” „… (as is the case for joint inventions) but it is up to the right holders to use the law. Two recent …”

Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples S. 12-13

„… ‘invention’ have no definition in international treaties and national laws. Nevertheless, there is a clear …” „… understanding of the nature of a ‘patentable invention.’ In a similar way, copyright treaties and laws do not …” „… preserving a balance between the economic interests of the author of the invention or idea and society’s …”

Geographic Disparity in US Patent Law S. 25-26

„… ) stating that a “method of agriculture or horticulture” is not an invention and therefore cannot be …” „… more rigorously determining what could be considered a valid invention. The previous ‘presumption of …” „… patents for inventions derived from indigenous 99 See id. at 910. 100 See Kadidal, supra note 76, at 401 …”

The Controversy S. 8-9

„… framework be established. Patents are appreciated by this group as unsuitable: First, the invention is not …” „… for an invention that may have little in common with TM as practiced by an indigenous community …” „… use or (unpublished) knowledge of an invention in 9 See generally Gavin Stenton, Biopiracy Within the …”

Neem S. 24-25

„… outside of India for any invention: “based on any research or information on a biological resource …” „… ) stating that a “method of agriculture or horticulture” is not an invention and therefore cannot be …”

CONCLUSION S. 44-48

„… a serious intention to commercialize the invention in the west.187 It is clearly the intention of …” „… invention would not be protected. At best they can be supplemental to patent protection for TM. Trade secret …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… PATENT SYSTEM 16 1. Categories of Patent 16 2. Novelty 17 3. Joint Invention 20 4. Potential Conflict …”

TRIPS S. 15

„… source plant in TM, the connection between the TK and the invention is clear. The degree of the …”

TRADEMARKS S. 36

„… the inventor. Even a group with limited production facilities could benefit from an invention if it …”

The Neem Patent at the EPO S. 25

„… ) stating that a “method of agriculture or horticulture” is not an invention and therefore cannot be …”

DISCLOSURE OF ORIGIN S. 30-31

„… used in an invention. There would also be a requirement to provide evidence that the right holder gave …”

PROSPECTING AGREEMENTS S. 32-34

„… . There is no requirement that an invention has to be a trade secret in order to be patented. Shaman …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845214993

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Patentability Requirements for Nanotechnological Inventions

Mario Cisneros

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 5 2009

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Inventions and discoveries S. 15-18

„… basic research is essential to develop uses and applied solutions from nanotechnology. 2. Inventions …” „… states that a patentable invention includes “[…] any inventions, in all fields of technology, provided …” „… Convention doesn’t define what an invention is, nevertheless it provides a non-exhaustive list with …”

Non patentable knowledge S. 18-21

„… that technology. Even if high investment is needed to put the invention in the market and we assume …” „… that patents facilitate putting inventions to use, third parties may still have the possibility to …” „… knowledge According to the EPC, there is no requirement for the applicant to explain why the invention …”

Industrial Applicability S. 49-52

„… 49 V. Industrial Applicability Industrial applicability of the invention is a further requisite …” „… included in EPC to grant a patent.136 According to this requirement, “an invention shall be considered …” „… requirement should be one of the easiest to comply with for a nanotechnological invention. However we will …”

Patenting naturally existing structures S. 31-37

„… 31 III. Novelty EPC requests novelty for an invention to be patentable.73 To assess this …” „… requirement, EPC defines the state of the art from which the invention needs to differentiate, as …” „… part of the prior art, but also any substance, material or product containing the invention if it is …”

Statistical presence and sub-ranges S. 37-41

„… nanotechnological inventions is related to the possibility of invalidation of a patent due to the existence in the …” „… claimed as the invention. An example illustrating this situation is found in patents for new steel …” „… the nanostructure may clearly anticipate the invention. If the claims are drafted to protect any …”

Concerns on the patent thicket S. 24-30

„… health in connection with nanotechnological inventions are raising concerns. The early stage of …” „… building blocks of nanotechnological inventions in areas such as biology or materials science may be …” „… aggressive patenting strategies may take control over a wide range of basic inventions able to be applied in …”

Inventive Step S. 45-48

„… 45 IV. Inventive Step EPC requires an invention to involve an inventive step compared to the …” „… the following order, of the identification of the closest prior art to the invention, the evaluation …” „… of the technical result obtained by the invention when compared to the prior art, the definition of …”

Ethical concerns on nanotechnology and the impact on patentability issues S. 21-24

„… flexibility is created by the unclear definition of terms like the distinction between invention and …” „… “[…] patents shall not be granted in respect of inventions the commercial exploitation of which would be …” „… contrary to ordre public or morality […]”.36 Some products incorporating nanotechnological inventions have …”

Nanoscience v. nanotechnology S. 13-15

„… requisites to grant a patent for an invention. These basic requisites establish that the invention (i) is …” „… with basic science.11 Many inventions available today would not be possible without the pioneers that …” „… develop inventions.12 In this way, much of the knowledge coming from these areas is responsible for the …”

Conclusions S. 53-54

„… 53 VI. Conclusions Patenting nanotechnological inventions under the EPC may represent some …” „… inventions. This Thesis has attempted to cover a list of issues identified as significant for the …” „… complexities related to patenting of nanotechnological inventions are susceptible to be solved by a good …”

The inherent properties S. 43-44

„… prior art, the invention should be in a better position to be considered new and patentable. 4. The …” „… inherent properties An invention may be anticipated not only by its explicit characteristics but also by …” „… any of the means as set out in Article 54(2) EPC, then the claimed invention is novel, even though …”

Introduction S. 11-12

„… controlling the knowledge and inventions around nanotechnology, has encouraged them to follow aggressive …” „… to get broad protection of their inventions and the impact this may generate in the possibility to …” „… requirements may be applied to the particularities and complexity of nanotechnological inventions and …”

Higher degree of purity S. 41-43

„… composition of what is produced, to give origin to new inventions. While the new manufacturing process can …” „… invention the EPO should evaluate the new properties generated by the absence of impurities in the …” „… disclosed or promoted by the prior art, the invention should be in a better position to be considered new …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Nanotechnological Inventions An Approach from the European Patent Convention Perspective Nomos 1. Auflage 2009 …” „… . Patentable Subject Matter 13 1. Nanoscience v. nanotechnology 13 2. Inventions and discoveries 15 3. Non …”

List of Works Cited S. 55-60

„… Octrooibureau, Novelty of biotechnological inventions and further therapeutic use in Europe, IP in the life …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220826

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Law & Odeur

Claire Guillemin

Series: Schriften zum geistigen Eigentum und zum Wettbewerbsrecht

Volume 80 2016

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§ 10 The Olfactory Invention S. 74-81

„… The Olfactory Invention “The present invention relates to a perfume exerting a special …” „… http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/epc.html (last visited 15 May 2015). 270 Burnier, La notion de l’invention en droit européen des brevets, p …” „… http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/epc.html (last visited 15 May 2015). 276 Roudnitska, Le Parfum, p. 84. § 10 The Olfactory Invention 74 …”

§ 9 Patent Protection S. 69-73

„… commercially exploiting an invention without authorisation.” In return for patent protection, applicants must …” „… fully disclose their inventions. This information is published in the patent document so that everyone …” „… relate to the description and the claims of the invention: “The European patent application must disclose …”

§ 11 Olfactory Source and Patentability Requirements S. 82-85

„… considerations cannot justify a patent monopoly on existing inventions. Newness is, therefore, an essential …” „… condition to protection. Art. 54 (1) EPC defines an invention as follows: “An invention shall be considered …” „… application.” This means that the invention must show some new characteristics that are not known in the body …”

Bibliography S. 221-228

„… / VIVANT, MICHEL: Protéger les inventions de demain, Paris (2003). ders.: Droit d’auteur, Paris (2009 …” „… ). BURNIER, DOMINIQUE: La notion de l’invention en droit européen des brevets, Nyon (1981). 221 BURR …” „… Measurement of Invention, London (2006). CARON, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE: Note under CA Paris, 25 January 2006, Le …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-22

„… Four Conditions?1. 71 The Concept of Invention in European Law2. 72 The Olfactory Invention§ 10 74 …” „… Inventive ScopeI. 74 Exclusion of Aesthetic Creations1. 74 Fragrances as Inventions2. 75 Formula of the …” „… of Patent Protection for Olfactory Inventions 1. 212 The Unlucky Fate of Olfactory Marks2. 213 The …”

§ 1 Introduction S. 23-29

„… Present Study Intellectual property applies to a creation: an invention in patent law, a distinctive sign …” „… will be successively treated as olfactory inventions, olfactory signs and olfactory works. The first …” „… invention (§ 10). It will then be addressed whether the olfactory source can fulfil the patentability …”

§ 12 Practical Relevance of Patent Protection for Perfumes S. 86-89

„… industrial products. In any event, to be patented, an olfactory invention must present a technical character …” „… “application must disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out …”

§ 13 Conclusion of Part 2 S. 90-91

„… qualified as invention. However, if the creative aspect is put in the foreground, the notion of …”

§ 24 Recapitulation and Final Summary S. 212-220

„… Patent Protection for Olfactory Inventions It is true that fragrances have an aesthetic aim in that they …”

§ 20 Chronology of Fragrances and Copyright Case Law S. 156-178

„… fragrance formula as “invention.” Following this reference - and possibly mislead by the full name of the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845270401

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Second Generation Patents in Pharmaceutical Innovation

Hyewon Ahn

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 19 2014

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II. PHARMACEUTICAL INVENTIONS, INNOVATIONS & PRODUCTS S. 29-59

„… , 65. 28 primary/secondary patents, basic inventions/applications,38 pioneer/subsequent patents,39 …” „… PHARMACEUTICAL INVENTIONS, INNOVATIONS & PRODUCTS Cumulative nature of inventions Most inventions …” „… have been developed based on previous inventions.30 This has never been so accentuated as in the …”

IV. STANDARDS OF PATENTABILITY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION INVENTIONS S. 96-184

„… STANDARDS OF PATENTABILITY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SELECTION INVENTIONS So far we have explored …” „… inventions, products and patents. In this chapter, we explore the patentability of these second generation …” „… inventions. In order to obtain a patent, patent law requires a claimed invention to be new, to involve an …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-21

„… inventionsA. 28 Basic and second generation inventions1. 29 Improvement inventionsa) 30 Selection inventionsb …” „… Product inventions and patents1. 39 Species selection inventionsa) 39 Optical isomersb) 43 Crystalline …” „… conclusionE. 243 PROPOSALSVI. 245 IntroductionA. 247 Nature of selection inventionsB. 249 Different natures of …”

VI. PROPOSALS S. 246-312

„… inventions that would be under-used, because a patentee would charge a monopoly price. Consequently, only …” „… those buyers willing and financially able to pay the monopoly price could use the inventions.1307 …” „… However, as discussed so far, more weight should be given to the basic inventions in the pharmaceutical …”

VII. FINAL CONCLUSIONS S. 313-321

„… . Pharmaceutical inventions are generally divided into basic inventions, which can be further developed into new …” „… medical entities, and second generation inventions. The latter include species selection inventions …” „… chemical selection inventions, such as species selection inventions, optical isomers, crystalline forms …”

I. INTRODUCTION S. 22-28

„… motivations for making useful inventions,2 ii) disclosing and disseminating information and inventions to the …” „… system encourages investment in potentially risky commercialization activities6 and turns inventions into …” „… creates the incentives to develop nascent inventions into marketable products, since the prospect of a …”

V. IMPLICATIONS OF THE PATENTABILITY REQUIREMENTS ON INNOVATION AND COMPETITION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY S. 185-245

„… INDUSTRY The patent system grants the right to exclude others from practicing the claimed invention …” „… . However, it does not convey the freedom to operate the invention.970 The question of the freedom to …” „… single party with the freedom to operate.972 If practicing the invention infringes another’s patent, one …”

III. SPECIFICITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS S. 60-95

„… inventions can be imitated, the need for cumulative innovation rather than stand-alone development, the speed …” „… Uncertainties in post-invention development “A hallmark of medical decision-making is choice under uncertainty …” „… uncertainty of even post-invention development in this field. At least three levels of risk are are derivable …”

Bibliography S. 334-355

„… . Organ. 1153 (2008). Arrow, Kenneth, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, in …” „… inventions and the protection of industrial designs, London: Stevens & Sons, 5th Ed. (1983). Bohsem, Guido …” „… , Brigitte/Narasimhan, Om/Prabhu, Jaideep, From Invention to Innovation: Conversion Ability in Product Development, 43 J …”

List of Statutory Instruments S. 322-323

„… legal protection of biotechnological inventions, as amended. European Patent Convention (as amended …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250861

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