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The Thinker's Guide to Ethical Reasoning

Richard Paul, Linda Elder

2019

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Intellectual Standards for Assessing Ethical Reasoning S. 32-33

„… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningIntellectual Standards for Assessing Ethical ReasoningEthical reasoning must …” „… meet the same intellectual standards that apply to other domains of knowledge. If our ethical reasoning …” „… . Here are brief elaborations of some important intellectual standards along with questions one can ask …”

Building a Community of Intellectual Excellence S. 52-1

„… Thinker’s Guide to Intellectual StandardsPaperback 9780944583395eBook 978153813392705 Ethical Reasoning TG …” „… 9781538133910A Guide for Educators to Critical Thinking Competency StandardsPaperback 9780944583302eBook …” „… Foundations of Ethical ReasoningBuilding a Community of Intellectual Excellence The Center for Critical …”

Preface S. i-3

„… to Educational Fads22. e inker’s Guide to Intellectual Standards23. A Guide for Educators to Critical …” „… Standards for Assessing Ethical Reasoning. (Ethical reasoning must meet the same intellectual standards that …” „… minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for …”

The Function of Ethics—and Its Main Impediment S. 4-8

„… embodied in action. Yet to put them into action requires intellectual skills as well as ethical …” „… intellectual traits. We can learn to respect the rights of others and not simply focus on fulfilling our …” „… ethical principles when dealing with “outsiders.” A double standard in applying ethical principles to …”

Language as a Guide to Ethical Reasoning S. 19-25

„… Depicting Unethical Behavior or MotivationUsing Intellectual Skills to Get Others to Act Against their Own …” „… implied by the concept of honesty. Expecting others to live up to standards that we ourselves routinely …” „… complex cases with intellectual humility, avoiding the tendency toward self-righteousness in applying …”

Appendices S. 37-51

„… interests of one’s friend’s, community or nation. It implies adherence to intellectual standards without …” „… occurs whenever people expect others to meet a standard higher than what they require of …” „… thing and does another, or uses a double standard, judging oneself and one’s friends by an easier …”

Essential Ethical Traits S. 35

„… ethical viewpoints sympathetically and to assess them with the same intellectual standards without …” „… IntegrityRecognition of the need to be true to one’s own ethical thinking, to be consistent in the ethical standards …” „… one applies, to hold one’s self to the same rigorous standards of evidence and proof to which one …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133781

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The Thinker's Guide to Scientific Thinking

Richard Paul, Linda Elder

2019

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Intellectual Standards in Scientific Thinking S. 13

„… me from looking at it objectively? Am I misrepresenting a view with which I disagree? Intellectual …” „… Standards in Scientic Thinking11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 13 3/25/21 8:45 AM …”

Scientific Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards S. 38

„… developMust be applied toScientic Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards to the Elements of …” „… mindClarityAccuracyRelevanceLogicalnessBreadthPrecisionSignificanceCompletenessFairnessDepthESSENTIAL INTELLECTUAL STANDARDS11 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 38 3/25/21 8:45 AM …” „… THOUGHTIntellectual HumilityIntellectual AutonomyIntellectual IntegrityIntellectual CourageIntellectual …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientific Thinking S. 11-12

„… Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientic ThinkingUniversal intellectual standards are standards …” „… or more intellectual standards extant in natural languages (the languages we speak every day). For …” „… more on intellectual standards, see The Thinker’s Guide to Intellectual Standards by Linda Elder and …”

Ethics and Science S. 63-1

„… Critical Thinking Competency StandardsPaperback 9780944583302eBook 9781538133934How to Improve Student …” „… StandardsPaperback 9780944583395eBook 978153813392711 SciThinking TG 01.2015.indd 66 3/25/21 8:45 AM …” „… wrote this message to the World Congress of Intellectuals:We scientists, whose tragic destiny it has …”

The Elements of Scientific Thought S. 5

„… Scientic ThoughtUsed With Sensitivity to Universal Intellectual StandardsClarity Q Accuracy Q Depth Q …”

Intellectual Dispositions Essential to Scientific Thinking S. 36-37

„… www.criticalthinking.org Intellectual integrity consists of holding yourself to the same intellectual standards you expect …” „… others to honor (no double standards). Questions that foster intellectual integrity in scientific …” „… www.criticalthinking.org © 201536 The Thinker’s Guide to Scientific ThoughtIntellectual …”

Preface S. I-3

„… Intellectual Standards23. A Guide for Educators to Critical inking Competency Standards11 SciThinking TG …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Scientic Thinking . . . . . . . 11Intellectual …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Scientic Thinkers Routinely Apply the Intellectual Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 …”

Why Scientific Thinking? S. 4

„… of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them.The Result:A …” „… , testing them against relevant criteria and standards;• thinks open-mindedly within convergent systems of …” „… self-corrective. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It …”

The Figuring Mind Thinking Scientifically S. 14

„… objectour Point of View or Frame of ReferenceIntellectual Standards …” „… sense of somethingThere are intellectual standards scientists use to assess whether the logic in their …”

How to Analyze the Logic of a Scientific Article, Essay, or Chapter S. 15-16

„… this, you can evaluate the author’s reasoning using intellectual standards (see page 21). Here is a …” „… this Thinker’s Guide, we are looking at scientific thinking and seeing it “as requiring intellectual …” „… discipline and the development of intellectual skills.”)If you truly understand these structures as they …”

The Problem of Pseudo-Scientific and Unscientific Thinking S. 57

„… naturally believe in our intuitive perceptions — however inaccurate. Instead of using intellectual standards …” „… in thinking, we often use self-centered psychological standards to determine what to believe and what …” „… to reject. Here are the most commonly used psychological standards in unscientific human …”

Asking One-System and Conflicting-System Questions S. 23-24

„… evaluate answers to these questions using universal intellectual standards such as clarity, accuracy …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133842

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The Thinker's Guide to Engineering Reasoning

Richard Paul, Robert Niewoehner, Linda Elder

2019

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Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Graphics S. 27-28

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 27Using Intellectual Standards …” „… precise seeing becomes as one with clear and precise thinking.4Thus, intellectual standards apply to …” „… did not appear in our prior list of intellectual standards. It appears here because efficient use of …”

Skilled Engineers Consentingly Adhere to Intellectual Standards S. 21-24

„… Consentingly Adhere to Intellectual Standards Universal intellectual standards must be applied to thinking …” „… graphics through intellectual standards. Students and faculty interested in clarity of graphical …” „… . These standards are not unique to engineering, but are universal to all domains of thinking. To think as …”

Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Design Features S. 26

„… www.criticalthinking.org26 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningUsing Intellectual Standards …” „… (cost/schedule/performance/interoperability)?Are test standards clearly defined?What are the success criteria?Accuracy Are the modeling assumptions …”

Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Engineering Reasoning S. 25

„… www.criticalthinking.orgThe Thinker’s Guide to Engineering Reasoning 25Universal Intellectual …” „… Standards Essential to Sound Engineering ReasoningClarity Could you elaborate further? Could you give me …”

Evaluating an Engineer's or Author's Reasoning S. 29-30

„… reasoning.Elements of ReasoningRelevant Intellectual StandardsPurposeIs the report’s (design’s) purpose clearly …” „… Engineering ReasoningElements of ReasoningRelevant Intellectual StandardsPoint of ViewIs the author’s point of …” „… Author’s ReasoningEvaluating reasoning entails applying intellectual standards to the elements of …”

Stages of Critical Thinking Development S. 51-53

„… Critical Thinking Competency StandardsPaperback 9780944583302eBook 9781538133934How to Improve Student …” „… StandardsPaperback 9780944583395eBook 978153813392706 Engineering Reasoning 03.2013.indd 53 8/29/19 3:29 PM …” „… Development12 Accomplished Thinker (Intellectual skills and virtues have become second nature in our …”

Intellectual Traits Essential to Engineering Reasoning S. 6-8

„… yourself to the same intellectual standards you expect others to honor (no double standards). Questions …” „… nation. It implies adherence to intellectual standards without reference to one’s own advantage or the …” „… www.criticalthinking.org6 The Thinker’s Guide to Engineering ReasoningIntellectual Traits Essential …”

Preface S. i-1

„… Educational Fads22. The Thinker’s Guide to Intellectual Standards23. A Guide for Educators to Critical …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Skilled Engineers Consentingly Adhere to Intellectual Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 …” „… Universal Intellectual Standards Essential to Sound Engineering Reasoning . . . . 25Using Intellectual …”

A Framework for Engineering Reasoning S. 4-5

„… engineering disciplines.Next, the intellectual standards are introduced and exemplified. These constitute the …” „… Engineering Reasoning 5Engineers concerned with good thinking routinely apply intellectual standards to the …” „… Critical thinkers routinely apply the intellectual standards to the elements of reasoning in order to …”

The Problem of Egocentric Thinking S. 50

„… intuitive perceptions—however inaccurate. Instead of using intellectual standards in thinking, they often …” „… use self-centered psychological standards to determine what to believe and what to reject. Here are …” „… the most commonly used psychological standards in human thinking.“IT’S TRUE BECAUSE I BELIEVE IT …”

Analyzing an Engineering Document S. 12-13

„… author’s reasoning using intellectual standards (see page 26). Here is a template to use:1. The main …” „… intellectual discipline and the development of intellectual skills.”If you understand these structures as they …”

Two Kinds of Engineering Questions S. 16

„… questions using universal intellectual standards such as breadth, depth, logicalness, and fairness. Some of …”

Analyzing and Assessing Engineering Research S. 31-39

„… realistic and significant.• All research questions should define clearly stated intellectual tasks that …” „… a purpose.)Primary Standards: (1) Clarity, (2) Significance, (3) Achievability (4) Consistency, (5 …” „… an attempt to figure something out, to settle some question, solve some problem.)Primary Standards …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538133798

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