„… Statue of William Penn stands before main building of Pennsylvania Hospital. Note the white marble …” „… . The Pennsylvania Hospital THE PENNSYL V ANlA HOSPITAL The Pennsylvania Hospital, on Pine Street …” „… between Eighth and Ninth, was built in 1 755, the first hospital in the colonies. It was designed by …”

Foreword and Acknowledgments S. 1-8

„… ASSURANCE COMPANy . ..... . THE OLD PINE STREET CHURCH THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL …” „… market, the buildings of severa! historie insurance companies and the famous Pennsylvania Hospital. I …” „… annual house tours: the Pennsylvania Hospital, the National Society of Colonial Dames in the Commonwealth …”

THE HILL-PHYSICK-KEITH HOUSE S. 56-59

„… many years was associated with the Pennsylvania Hospital. Here, in 1 824, Dr. Physick entertained for …” „… Pennsylvania Hospital. The Redevelopment Au-thority secured it through condemnation in 1962. George Brooke …”

THE OLD PINE STREET CHURCH S. 112-117

„… Shippen, Jr., first professor of medicine in America and Director-General of hospitals during the War for …” „… Philadelphia during the Revolution, the British used Old Pine as a hospital and burned the pews for fuel. A …”

INDEX S. 187-192

„… of, 1 59 Jay, John, 83 Jayne, David, Dr., 23 Jefferson Hospital, 8 Jefferys, C. P. Beauchamp, 8 …” „… , 1 1 0 Pennsylvania Hospital, 7, 8, 1 9, 44, 57, 59, 98, 1 1 8-23, 1 33 Pennsylvania Militia, 1 1 3 …” „… Presbyterian Historical Society, 1 1 5 prints Pennsylvania Hospital, early 19thcen tury, 1 22 Philadelphia, by …”

PORTICO ROW S. 132-133

„… Wharton. The one at 700 Spruce belongs to the Pennsylvania Hospital and the others are now rooming houses …”

THE BARCLAY HOUSE S. 18-19

„… standing, and the original east wing of the Pennsylvania Hospital . The house, of brick with a pent eave …”

THE DILWORTH HOUSE S. 42-44

„… Pennsylvania Hospital tour for sorne five years. There were so many requests to open the house and such crowds …”

THE HEAD HOUSE and OLD MARKET S. 51-55

„… various neighborhood church and hospital benefits. Permission to go inside at other times may be secured …”

THE MORRIS HOUSE S. 94-104

„… . Ali the rest, except for the Pennsylvania Hospital, at Eighth and Spruce, was field and orchard. In 1 …”

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Die Welt, »ein großes Hospital«

Manfred Osten

2021

Results in this title

Einleitung S. 7-16

„… »großes Hospital« verständlich werden als gegenläufige Groß-Metapher des 21. Jahrhunderts. Die den Blick …” „… seid ihr verloren«, Vers 11548). Und schließlich mit der barbarischen Hospital-Strategie als …” „… andere abgründige Vision: dass nämlich »zu gleicher Zeit die Welt ein großes Hospital und einer des …”

3. Kapitel: Goethes Islam: die Immunität der Furchtlosigkeit S. 35-48

„… dem Weg in das »große Hospital« befinden. Denn ihnen »sendet in der steigenden Gefahr« die Natur …” „… Prozess, der sogar die Freiheit erfasst und auch sie zum Opfer des »großen Hospitals« der Mutlosigkeit …” „… Hospital« zu erkennen. Er gab stattdessen Spinozas Ethik resolut den Rang eines fünften Evangeliums …”

3. Kapitel: Das große »Fratzengeisterspiel« S. 101-109

„… Übertretung in das »große Hospital« der Grenzenlosigkeit führt, in der alles erlaubt und alles möglich ist …” „… . Für Goethe ist es der Weg in ein »großes Hospital« der doppelten Grenzenlosigkeit. Es ist geöffnet im …” „… »große Hospital« durch eine Rangerhöhung der Virtualität. Das heißt, Lynceus als Repräsentant eines …”

5. Kapitel:: »Krieg, Handel und Piraterie« S. 123-132

„… andere »große Hospital« der Entgrenzung von Zeit und Raum. Es steht für Goethe gleichwertig neben dem …” „… »großen Hospital« der globalen Schuldenakrobatik. Als Merkmal einer wachsenden globalen Immunschwäche im …” „… Zeichen »verwirrender Lehre« zu »verwirrenden Handel«. Gemeint ist das »große Hospital« der …”

6. Kapitel: »Lazaret-Poesie« S. 68-80

„… nach alles Wahre, Ästhetische sich von selbst verbannt«. Goethe sieht sie als eine Hospital-Welt ohne …” „… -Weiber«: Damit antizipiert er bereits jene Hospital-Welt, die er im 5. Akt von Faust II versiegeln wird …” „… nun schon ein halbes Jahrhundert zurückliegende Bezeichnung der Welt als »großes Hospital« erinnert …”

1. Kapitel: »Die Natur versteht gar keinen Spaß« S. 81-88

„… 81 Teil II Die Wege in das »große Hospital« 1. Kapitel »Die Natur versteht gar keinen Spaß« Im …” „… Blick auf das »große Hospital« der Welt gefordert hat: die Ausbildung des Menschen zum »humanen …” „… ? Sind sie die Merkmale des prophezeiten »großen Hospitals« der Welt? Und ließe sich dieses »große …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Manfred Osten Die Welt, »ein großes Hospital« Goethe und die Erziehung des Menschen zum »humanen …” „… Krankenwärter« Manfred Osten Die Welt, »ein großes Hospital« Goethe und die Erziehung des Menschen zum …” „… « 68 6 Teil II Die Wege in das »große Hospital« 1. Kapitel »Die Natur versteht gar keinen Spaß« 81 …”

4. Kapitel: »Wir brauchen alle Tage mehr«: die Schuldenakrobatik S. 110-122

„… Mephisto, der »Fausten auf die Schulter« genommen hat, das »große Hospital« der von ihm inszenierten …” „… »Hospitals«: die Schuldenakrobatik. Ein mephistophelisches Kunststück, das Goethe offenbar mit im Blick …” „… Schritt auf dem Weg ins »große Hospital« einer modernen Schuldenakrobatik im Dienste einer radikalen …”

4. Kapitel: »Nur durch Mäßigung erhalten wir uns« S. 49-55

„… »Frisch ins Blaue« zu leben, so war es Spinoza, der als Rettung aus dem »großen Hospital« maßloser …” „… auch folgerichtig den Ursprung allen Unglücks im »großen Hospital« der Welt erblickt. Ja, er hat …” „… allen der Geduld!« (Vers 1606) 51 Als das kammermusikalische Gegenbild dieses »großen Hospitals« im …”

5. Kapitel: Gesundheit ex oriente S. 56-67

„… Goethes Begriff der Welt als »großes Hospital« aufschlussreichen Zusatz, er »brauche sie nicht in den …” „… Hospitälern zu suchen.« (Gespräch mit Soret, 17.3.1830) Weshalb denn Goethe im West-östlichen Divan auch die …” „… Hospital« der Maßlosigkeit, der Entgrenzung, der Ungeduld. Das Psychogramm seines faustischen Opfers hat …”

Schluss S. 133-142

„… Menschen selbstgeschaffenen »großen Hospital« der Welt. Beide Krisen entspringen derselben Quelle: der …” „… gegenüber der Natur beschäftigt haben. Das »große Hospital« der Welt kann daher rückblickend verstanden …” „… exemplarisch spiegelt als Schritte auf dem Weg in das »große Hospital« der Moderne. Es sind gefährliche …”

2. Kapitel: Die Immunität des entschiedenen Willens S. 25-34

„… Ermutigungen anderer, mit denen er immer wieder den Versuchungen der »Krankheit zum Tode« im »großen Hospital …” „… Quellgrund aller »leiblichen Krankheiten« und »geistigen Schwächen« im »großen Hospital« der Welt erweist …” „… Krankenwärter« zu erziehen. Nur auf diese Weise gelingt im »großen Hospital« der Welt das Gute, Hilfreiche und …”

1. Kapitel: Das »einfachere Tier im zusammengesetzten Menschen« S. 17-24

„… zusammengesetzten Menschen« Goethe hat es nicht belassen bei der Prophetie vom »großen Hospital der Welt«, wo …” „… Hospitals« der Welt, das er bereits 1798 beschrieben hat mit den Worten: »denn von der …” „… Goethes bereit sind, sich und andere auszubilden als »humane Krankenwärter« im »großen Hospital«. Und …”

2. Kapitel: »Erde, wie sie sich quälen lässt« S. 89-100

„… Hospital« der Natur. Er wird erstmalig wissenschaftlich diesen »starr-zähen Egoismus« verantwortlich …”

Goethes asketologische Sendung oder: Von der therapeutischen Erziehung des Menschen. Nachwort von Peter Sloterdijk S. 143-156

„… Hospital gewandelt hat, muß man einer Öffentlichkeit mit aktueller Pandemieerfahrung nicht eigens beweisen …” „… . Jahrhundert bei der Hospitalisierung der Menschheit noch zu leisten im Sinn hat. In dieser Lage scheint es …”

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Health Care Reforms in Europe

Ines Verspohl

Series: Schriften zur europäischen Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik

Volume 10 2012

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Hospitals S. 261-266

„… billion per year. 7.7.2 Hospitals De-hospitalization and privatization characterize the development of …” „… personnel In contrary to the de-hospitalization trend, the number of physicians in hospitals increased from …” „… care within the EU. German patients spent on average 12.8 days in hospital, in contrast to 6.2 in …”

Hospital investment S. 253-254

„… physicians only receive the GKV prices for the treatment of people on social assistance. 7.6.6 Hospital …” „… investment Hospital funding has experienced the most far-reaching changes of all sectors during the last 20 …” „… years. Traditionally, hospitals were funded by a dual structure of insurances and states. The social and …”

Stationary care S. 133-135

„… the same as all over Europe: decrease the number of hospitals and beds. De-hospitalization has been a …” „… family doctors. 5.7.2 Stationary care Hospital care is responsible for the majority of all health care …” „… key goal of policy-makers since mid 80s. Intensive cost-pressure resulted in hospital mergers. A total …”

Funding S. 288-290

„… 288 Private hospitals have a long tradition. Churches or charity foundations own and run hospitals …” „… . Non-profit organizations dominate the Dutch hospital sector, following the traditional pillarization. In …” „… Germany, one-third of hospitals were private nonprofits. Even in the Swedish NHS, around 20 private …”

Provision S. 287-288

„… Profitisation in the hospital sector is one of the main components of the liberalisation strategy. Private …” „… companies are expected to run the hospital more efficient. Furthermore, sales profits relief the struggling …” „… public budgets. 288 Private hospitals have a long tradition. Churches or charity foundations own and run …”

Privatisation S. 188-196

„… 188 lation, in the inner city even 150%. This allows for Stockholm hospitals to specialise. Still …” „… , this only provides a remedy for the rural counties in the South. Hospital mergers to profit from …” „… hospital, primary care and the municipality care (Federation of Swedish County Councils, 2002). It has been …”

Devolution S. 182-188

„… hospital care. Demand-side measures are politically sensitive issues. Hence, politicians refer to …” „… other specialties – apart from dentists - are only available within the hospitals. This led to a …” „… tradition of direct visits to hospital emergency departments, especially in the cities. In an international …”

Conclusion Provision S. 269-271

„… in Germany. The dual structure of office-based and hospital-based specialists offer a low threshold …” „… only cut expenditures. Hospital investment was kept stable, not because of efficiency gains, but …” „… because of underfunding. The effects are indebtedness of hospitals …”

Other sources of funding S. 254-255

„… 254 of state contributions to hospital investments decreased from 86% in 1992 to 59% in 2008 …” „… (Statistisches Bundesamt)90. Municipalities traditionally own public hospitals. These were already struggling …” „… hospitals with their own legal form, however, can acquire money at the international financial markets …”

Provision S. 81-82

„… into the three ideal types: public hospitals and health centres in NHS, private, non-profit hospitals …” „… and physicians in guilds in SHI, and private, for-profit hospitals and physicians in the market system …” „… providers, turning public hospitals into private, for-profit clinics; second, establishing competition …”

Market and competition S. 169-172

„… the other hand for good cooperation between primary care, hospitals and rehabilitation centres …” „… hospitals were built and staffed based on regional planning. Patients were assigned by postcode to their …” „… between the purchaser (the County) and the provider (the health care centre or hospital) are necessary …”

Ambulatory care S. 130-133

„… the same as all over Europe: decrease the number of hospitals and beds. De-hospitalization has been a …” „… health care system, traced back to the medieval ages. Hospitals and other care and cure institutions are …” „… high percentage of group praxis. Specialists only practice within the hospitals. At the start of the …”

Governance of Providers S. 241-242

„… , they draft hospital plans to guide the expansion of the sector. The investment in buildings and new …” „… ). All types of hospitals – public, private, for- and not-for-profit – can be included in the hospital …” „… , only 3% of hospitals are not included in the hospital plans. The plan not only defines the number of …”

Funding S. 79-81

„… : public hospitals and health centres in NHS, private, non-profit hospitals and physicians in guilds in SHI …” „… , and private, for-profit hospitals and physicians in the market system. To introduce market elements in …” „… the provision dimension, several options exist: first, privatizing providers, turning public hospitals …”

Institutional legacy S. 156-160

„… first local authorities began to construct small hospitals with around 20 beds and one employed …” „… . Nonetheless, it remained voluntary until the Hospital Act of 1928, which obliged the counties to provide …” „… inpatient hospital care for all citizens. Ambulatory care continued to be provided privately, besides the …”

Waiting lists S. 201-204

„… purchaser-provider splits described above (see funding) and the transformation of hospitals into public companies may …” „… result in competition between public providers, however, up to now, no hospital or health care centre was …” „… not contracted. New public management was also introduced in Sweden in public hospitals and health …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 135-136

„… is the only sector where the market is working and selective contracts are concluded. For hospital …” „… implemented at the University hospital Leiden. Nonetheless, it took 13 more years to implement a per-case …” „… into the general hospital budgets (Schmid & Götze, 2009). Since 2006, care providers have been paid via …”

Remuneration S. 82-84

„… in health care centres and hospitals or in their own offices. Shifting treatments from physicians to …” „… used for family doctors. According remuneration for hospitals and specialists is the new instrument of …” „… diagnosis related group (DRG). The hospital receives a lump sum per case, and thus has an incentive to …”

Competition for patients S. 283-284

„… 283 37% of hospital services are open to selective contracts. Insurances can also conclude …” „… a contract with the hospital and the family doctors association and the others follow. Furthermore …” „… reports on the quality of regions and hospitals are published. Also in the Netherlands, a national agency …”

Volume and Expenditures S. 291-293

„… budgets. The latter also led to privatization of hospitals, either to sell them to private investors, or …” „… economic sector. The supply side determines the path-dependency of health care expenditures. Once hospitals …” „… impossible to close a private praxis, or lay off physicians in hospitals. 292 Graphic 19: Development of …”

Civil servants S. 252-253

„… has its own doctors and hospitals to treat soldiers. Young men who refuse military service and instead …” „… hospitals are salaried, which reduces supply induced demand. 253 completely reimbursed for their health …” „… the treatment of people on social assistance. 7.6.6 Hospital investment Hospital funding has …”

Private Insurances S. 238-241

„… care falls under the responsibility of the states. Since 1972, they draft hospital plans to guide the …” „… , operational costs by the insurances (Rosenbrock & Gerlinger, 2006). All types of hospitals – public, private …” „… , for- and not-for-profit – can be included in the hospital plan and gain access to the dual public …”

Conclusion Privatization S. 290-291

„… investments in hospital buildings and specialized technologies in all three countries. Sweden maintained this …” „… system, whereas the Netherlands and Germany liberalized hospital investment, although for different …” „… Germany, however, the states continuously retrieved from hospitals investment due to tight budgets. Out of …”

Institutional legacy S. 97-100

„… progress, translated into the establishment of hospitals. According to the pillarization of the society …” „… , not-for-profit ownership in the hospital sector (Amelung, Glied, & Topan, 2003, p. 261). 98 During the Second …” „… generous, including hospital care and covering children and wives of the male breadwinner as well. From the …”

Competition S. 110-113

„… care since the 90s are the corporatist interests, including social partners, hospital organisations …” „… remuneration. Also, specialists who practice in the Netherlands in the hospitals were paid directly on a …” „… fee-for-service basis negotiated by their interest association and the insurers. The hospitals were subject to …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 140-143

„… hospitals. A general trend in provision is de-hospitalization. However, this is not part of the managed …” „… contracts with all providers, thus patients can still visit all hospitals and specialists – also abroad …” „… vast majority of hospitals are still private non-profit organisations. Profitisation did not take place …”

Benefit package and health technology assessment S. 137-139

„… harmonization are the dominant trends in the provision of care. Since the 90s, hospital beds have been reduced …” „… and hospitals and ambulatory practices merged into bigger units. These changes were predominately the …” „… impact on the provision of care. Private, for-profit provision is still very limited in hospital care. In …”

Direct markets in dental care S. 284-285

„… 284 its providers. Afterwards, physicians, both in hospitals and in health care centres, received a …” „… salary. Hospitals received budgets. In Germany and the Netherlands, the state also planned the provision …” „… of health care and hospitals received budgets. Patients were assigned by post-code to their doctor …”

Uninsured S. 253

Conclusion Provision S. 200-201

„… outlined for primary and hospital care even more pronounced: incremental privatisation in combination with …” „… part of the cure system, especially in primary care and in the Southern cities. For hospital care, the …” „… described above (see funding) and the transformation of hospitals into public companies may result in …”

Governance of Physicians S. 116

„… of the reforms. It took place at national level, in the steering committees, and in the hospitals …” „… associations of physicians agreed to conclude special contracts with the hospitals to maintain their income …” „… (Harrison, 2004). Despite wide variations among hospitals, managers gained more control over physicians on …”

Liability S. 116-117

Ambulatory care S. 257-261

„… patients, the IGeL, account for one billion per year. 7.7.2 Hospitals De-hospitalization and privatization …” „… hospitals. Outpatient care by hospitals is generally not allowed. Since 2004, integrated care models have …” „… seem to be limited to hospitals linked with ambulatory post care and rehabilitation providers. The link …”

Governance of Insurances S. 113-116

„… selective contracting is dominated by a shortage of physicians and hospitals not interested in profits …” „… hospitals. The feefor-service remuneration for specialists was decreased in such a way that local and …” „… regional associations of physicians agreed to conclude special contracts with the hospitals to maintain …”

Institutional legacy for health S. 218-221

„… had a contract with one physician. Bigger funds had their own pharmacies, hospitals and laboratories …” „… provided in health care centres, so called polyclinics that could be integrated in a hospital. In contrast …” „… Sweden, provided by district nurses. Hospitals were predominantly but not exclusively owned by the state …”

Benefit package S. 271-273

„… never restricted in Germany. The dual structure of office-based and hospital-based specialists offer a …” „… constitute a severe burden on the hospitals. Furthermore, it can be asked whether 137 public hospitals are …” „… sufficient to guarantee all services for the whole population. Apart from hospital care, the provision of …”

Provision of non-medical benefits S. 266-267

„… self-governance furthermore has to define a list of treatments and operations for which hospitals have to provide …” „… . However, since 2000, governmental obligations have required hospitals and insurances to conclude contracts …” „… on quality. The hospitals have to deliver outcome data an all cases they charge. A new independent …”

Conclusion funding S. 255-257

„… expenditures of private households. Public budgets finance hospital investment, the tax subsidy to the GKV, and …” „… budgets also decreased. This is mainly caused by the decreasing hospital investments …” „… which were religious, traditionally owned hospitals. Outpatient care by hospitals is generally not …”

Access and equality S. 290

Conclusion Provision and Remuneration S. 137

Hampered implementation S. 303-305

„… the gatekeeper model. In Germany, the market idea legitimized the privatization of hospitals. Private …” „… St. Göran hospital by the moderate Stockholm county council that the SAP government answered with the …” „… demands. Dutch companies contracted hospital beds to offer their employees direct access. In both …”

Bottom up initiatives S. 168-169

„… agreements on free choice of hospitals for their patients across county borders. In 2005, the Federation of …” „… questionnaire for health centres and hospital that does not just allow for individual monitoring and evaluation …” „… good cooperation between primary care, hospitals and rehabilitation centres. (European Commission, 2007 …”

Dental care S. 136-137

„… the 90s, hospital beds have been reduced and hospitals and ambulatory practices merged into bigger …” „… still very limited in hospital care. In the ambulatory sector, the practices are integrated into …” „… relative share of expenditures for hospital and specialist care decreased. However, they still receive the …”

Conclusion Funding S. 181-182

„… policy was only offered by one insurance company that had a contract with a private hospital in Stockholm …” „… sustainable. Sweden is therefore the only NHS country with direct access to specialists and hospital care …” „… specialties – apart from dentists - are only available within the hospitals. This led to a tradition of direct …”

Access S. 84-86

„… increases efficiency. Both in NHS and SHI, the prices are equal for all physicians, all hospitals, and all …” „… linked. Private hospitals can compete with each other, too. In the traditional SHI system with …” „… to hospitals. 4.2.4 Access In the European Union, all citizens have a general right to access health …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 274-276

„… providers dominated both ambulatory and stationary care, although most private hospitals were non-profit …” „… important forms. However, the share has been further increased, and credit funding for private hospitals …” „… nearly half of the hospitals were public and investment was funded by the states. In 2008, the picture …”

Drift - Change without reform S. 305

„… demands. Dutch companies contracted hospital beds to offer their employees direct access. In both …” „… , forprofit hospitals had their niche in the health care system. Selling a hospital to a private company was …” „… , the establishment of a pharmacy by a company, and the privatization of a hospital in Sweden were met …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 198-200

„… the Regional Social Insurance office. Pharmaceuticals used in hospitals were the only exception that …” „… was financed via the general hospital budget by the county councils. Reform of the pharmaceutical …” „… 1997, county councils received the right to buy pharmaceuticals for hospitals directly from the …”

Conclusion Convergence S. 296-298

„… should maintain solidarity. However, the story of hospital privatizations shows that re-regulation is …” „… hospital to a for-profit company. In Germany, the national government did not prohibit the even more …” „… dangerous cross-border leasing of hospitals by municipalities. Hence, while developing in the same direction …”

Reform history S. 101-110

„… among each other and with the provider. The hospitals were afraid that competition would lead to even …” „… hospital beds and prices for pharmaceuticals (Gilardi, Füglister, & Luyet). This was not achieved by market …” „… established. Health insurance companies can conclude contracts with selected hospitals and general …”

Devolution S. 173-180

„… hospital wings received global budgets. Calculation was simply based on the budget of the previous year …” „… . However, for the first time comparison between regions and hospitals became possible and a debate on …” „… efficiency and medical tourists visiting hospitals in other regions, started. Olsen argues that efficiency …”

Conclusion Access S. 273-274

„… ambulatory and stationary care, although most private hospitals were non-profit. Private households …” „… , the share has been further increased, and credit funding for private hospitals introduced a new source …” „… hospitals were public and investment was funded by the states. In 2008, the picture has changed …”

Selective Contracts S. 282-283

„… . Competition can only take place when multiple providers exist. This therefore excludes hospitals in rural …” „… insurances compete for contracts with good providers. In the Netherlands, 283 37% of hospital services are …” „… physicians. However, the leading fund in the region normally concludes a contract with the hospital and the …”

Summery funding S. 127-130

„… insurance, supplementary private insurance, state subsidies for hospitals and direct purchases by patients …” „… is a predominant feature of the Dutch health care system, traced back to the medieval ages. Hospitals …” „… practice within the hospitals. At the start of the new system, the coverage equalled the care basket of the …”

Impact of the EU S. 305-307

Competition for members S. 279-282

„… different accounting methods, all the expenditures of hospitals and health care centres were reimbursed …” „… . In Sweden, patients were attributed to their health care centre and hospital by residence. Hence, no …” „… hospital, but undersupply and waiting lists complicated changes. In 1990, competition was thus not an aim …”

Conclusion Competition S. 286-287

„… competition between providers. Insurance services are mobile. The only hospital in a sparsely populated region …” „… cost-containment. 8.2.1 Provision Profitisation in the hospital sector is one of the main components of the …” „… liberalisation strategy. Private companies are expected to run the hospital more efficient. Furthermore, sales …”

Discourse S. 160-163

„… tackle the waiting lists for hospital surgery. Throughout the 80s, they had been lobbing for more private …” „… county level. The Moderate government of Stockholm County sold a hospital to an investment fund in 1999 …” „… national law strictly separated private and public funding for hospitals. The sectoral trade unions took a …”

Conclusion Governance S. 172-173

„… . The tool was tight budgetary planning. Health care centres and hospital wings received global budgets …” „… between regions and hospitals became possible and a debate on efficiency and medical tourists visiting …” „… hospitals in other regions, started. Olsen argues that efficiency did not increase during this time. Tight …”

Ideas in health care S. 38-45

„… self-governance. In these countries, physicians outside hospitals are independent and work in their own office …” „… budget ceilings were an instrument for cost control in hospitals. In the US however, where no public …” „… but the OECD became a strong advocate for DRGs to compare hospital efficiency on a cross-country scale …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Primary care 190 6.7.2.2. Regional differences 192 6.7.2.3 Hospitals 193 6.7.3 Public Health 196 6.7.4 …” „… 251 7.6.4 Civil servants 252 7.6.5 Uninsured 253 7.6.6 Hospital investment 253 7.6.7 Other sources …” „… 261 7.7.2 Hospitals 261 7.7.2.1 Hospital personnel 265 7.7.2.2 Quality assurance 265 7.7.3 …”

Devolution S. 165-166

„… Moderates, sold a hospital to a private company. This was met with fierce resistance by the national social …” „… democratic government and in 2004 enacted the stop law. Private hospitals were not allowed to offer care …” „… also members of the hospital boards. Next to the inherent value of democratic participations, this …”

Social Insurances S. 230-238

„… membership, benefit-package and remuneration to the Associations of Providers and Funds. In hospitals …” „… doctors – is analysed in detail under access. The part closes with the governance of hospitals and a …” „… all areas. Before the reforms, ambulatory care was governed by self-administration; hospital care …”

Welfare State S. 155-156

„… small hospitals with around 20 beds and one employed physician. The county councils as regional …” „… therefore assigned to this new level of governance. Nonetheless, it remained voluntary until the Hospital …” „… Act of 1928, which obliged the counties to provide inpatient hospital care for all citizens …”

Reform history S. 163-165

„… government called their law in 2006 start-law. It removed the stop-law and allowed hospitals to provide …” „… , sold a hospital to a private company. This was met with fierce resistance by the national social …” „… democratic government and in 2004 enacted the stop law. Private hospitals were not allowed to offer care …”

National framework S. 166-168

„… county councils are elected on health care issues, and local politicians are also members of the hospital …” „… agreements on free choice of hospitals for their patients across county borders. In 2005, the Federation of …” „… questionnaire for health centres and hospital that does not just allow for individual monitoring and evaluation …”

Path-dependent Institutions S. 207-209

„… general trend from hospital to primary care significantly reduced the costs of these treatments. The …” „… contract private providers or sell their public hospitals, until a national law required otherwise. The …” „… patients by post-code to their doctors and hospitals did not fit the new postmodern values anymore. People …”

Health Status S. 211-213

„… companies own hospitals. Regional and federal bodies of self-administration govern the system. Germany is …” „… age group 15-64) rose from 56% in 1992 to 66% in 2008. The German hospital sector is traditionally …” „… protestant. Both churches and their respective organisations (Caritas and Diakonie) owned hospitals …”

The role of the state S. 294-296

„… , state governance should maintain solidarity. However, the story of hospital privatizations shows that …” „… first hospital to a for-profit company. In Germany, the national government did not prohibit the even …” „… more dangerous cross-border leasing of hospitals by municipalities. Hence, while developing in the same …”

Dental care S. 196-198

„… level. Although it is not a core part of the cure system, it lifts pressure from hospitals and health …” „… hospitals were the only exception that was financed via the general hospital budget by the county councils …”

Typology of health care systems S. 35-38

„… . Doctors and pharmacists set their own prices. Health care was provided on the market. The church hospitals …” „… government budget (Jacobs & Goddard, 2000, p. 7). Goods and services are provided by private hospitals, often …” „… . The responsible state level owns the hospitals. 38 Local health centres as well as private praxis …”

Liability S. 242

„… before market elements were introduced. The benefit package was defined by the state. The hospital …” „… planning was done by the state. The obligation to contract all providers in the hospital plan and all …”

Conclusion Theory S. 45-46

„… 45 services with a certain hospital or medical practice. Within these contracts, quality …” „… . Municipalities can sell their hospital out of the conviction that private providers are more efficient then …”

Conclusion Governance S. 242-243

Discourse S. 100-101

„… system provided the wrong incentives, the specialists determined the hospital expenses by their treatment …” „… and prescriptions, but were not subject to the hospital budget. Furthermore, the providers obtained a …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 206-207

„… and management: global budgets for hospitals, capitation for family doctors and DRGs, as well as …” „… widely used. However, new developments like keyhole surgery, day care and the general trend from hospital …”

Institutional path-dependency S. 276-277

„… for health care is split between the states, which are responsible for hospitals and public health …” „… of hospitals and credit funding showed. More research on the effects of the credit burden is needed …”

Market idea S. 277-278

„… cases of privatization of hospitals and credit funding showed. More research on the effects of the …” „… municipality hospitals to private investors increased the share of for-profit providers. This was enabled by an …”

Overall conclusion S. 308-310

„… funding and municipality hospitals were privatized to relief public budgets and employers. Hence, every …” „… social insurances even increased solidarity, whereas the privatization of funding and hospital investment …”

Welfare state S. 96-97

„… well. The new believe in technological progress, translated into the establishment of hospitals …” „… , establishing the tradition of private, not-for-profit ownership in the hospital sector (Amelung, Glied, & Topan …”

Inequality S. 205-206

„… hand an unintended consequence of the shift of care from the hospitals (low co-payments) to ambulatory …” „… and management: global budgets for hospitals, capitation for family doctors and DRGs, as well as …”

Private health insurance S. 251-252

„… has its own doctors and hospitals to treat soldiers. Young men who refuse military service and instead …” „… hospitals are salaried, which reduces supply induced demand. …”

Out-of-pocket payments S. 249-251

„… , co-payments have been ex5ended to hospital stays, rehabilitation and transportation. In the 80s, co-payments …” „… restructured out-of-pocket payments. Co-payments for hospital stays, rehabilitation, medical aids and …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 267-269

„… only cut expenditures. Hospital investment was kept stable, not because of efficiency gains, but …” „… because of underfunding. The effects are indebtedness of hospitals …”

Welfare state institutions S. 53-62

„… , the ECJ specified its ruling and allowed the persistence of preauthorisation for hospital care …” „… authorisation for hospital care. However, massive public protests lead to the outsourcing into a new directive …” „… , 2001). When they are entities of public law, hospitals and insurances also have to apply public …”

Social Insurances S. 243-249

„… presented. Thus uninsured and state subsidies for hospitals are presented. In the last part, the complex …” „… room in a hospital. The private health insurances regarded these optional tariffs as an attack at their …”

Second compartment S. 120-126

„… , hospital personnel have also been covered by a special scheme. Together, these schemes account for around 5 …” „… expensive hospital and specialist treatments. The rule results in 1.45 billion savings for the insurances …”

Conclusion Ideas S. 45

„… 45 services with a certain hospital or medical practice. Within these contracts, quality …”

Conclusion methodology S. 86-88

„… public hospitals Access Membership Citizenship “going private” to skip waiting lists parallel private …”

Europeanization S. 278

„… municipality hospitals to private investors increased the share of for-profit providers. This was enabled by an …”

Final conclusion S. 278

„… municipality hospitals to private investors increased the share of for-profit providers. This was enabled by an …”

Dutch abbreviations and terms S. 15-16

„… CBZ College Bouw Zorginstellingen Committee for Hospital Building CDA Christen Democratisch Appèl …”

Conclusion access S. 206

„… and management: global budgets for hospitals, capitation for family doctors and DRGs, as well as …”

Outline S. 22-24

„… . Output data include numbers of operations, hospital discharges, and contacts with general practitioners …”

Public Health S. 196

„… level. Although it is not a core part of the cure system, it lifts pressure from hospitals and health …”

Third compartment – supplementary insurances S. 126-127

„… for hospitals and direct purchases by patients. The harmonization of the second compartment erased a …”

Health and Health care S. 20-21

„… book deals just with the provision of care to the ill, with doctors, hospitals and health insurance …”

Data sources S. 21-22

„… nutrition, life-styles, education and so forth. Output data include numbers of operations, hospital …”

Privatisation of funding S. 180-181

„… private hospital in Stockholm (Sophiahemmet). The private policy ensured direct access to medical …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 285-286

„… competition between providers. Insurance services are mobile. The only hospital in a sparsely populated region …”

Adapted solutions S. 302-303

„… privatization of hospitals. Private management should be more efficient them municipality bureaucracy. As …”

Reform history S. 229-230

„… Associations of Providers and Funds. In hospitals governance, the Länder have a more salient role. Governance …”

Co-payments S. 204-205

„… hospitals (low co-payments) to ambulatory care with high copayments for drugs and visits. 6.8.4 Inequality …”

Incremental change S. 34-35

„… the market. The church hospitals were the last resort for poor people. During the 18th century, the …”

Inequality S. 139-140

„… allocated high technology. After consultation with the Health council, the minister decides which hospital …”

Solidarity S. 293-294

„… of hospitals does not decrease overall expenditures. On the contrary, it generates supply-induced …”

AWBZ S. 117-120

„… , higher expenditures for hospitals and specialist care drove up overall expenditures. The high growth …”

Welfare state institutions S. 216-218

„… , hospitals and laboratories. When insurance coverage expanded, these contracts became increasingly attractive …”

Political Institutions S. 213-216

„… of their population, they regulate public health and the hospitals. The federal level is only …”

Scope S. 17-20

„… book deals just with the provision of care to the ill, with doctors, hospitals and health insurance …”

Biobliography S. 311-328

„… : A Challenge for the hospital industry: paper presented at the 8th ESPAnet Conference 2010. Budapest …”

List of Figures S. 13-14

„… Graphic 9: De-hospitalization …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235370

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A World Erased

Noah Lederman

2017

Results in this title

Ch03. THE HOSPITAL S. 21-26

„… father.“Poppy’s in the hospital. He’s going to be fine. When you finish your tests, you’ll visit him. I just …” „… Authority and we drove across the city to Beth Israel Hospital. I expected to find Poppy with his engraved …” „… curtain, it had been like revealing the disappointing Wizard of Oz. He was lying on the hospital bed, his …”

Ch24. GRANDMA’S DETERMINATION S. 159-164

„… death—those same two inhabitants of all the camps now lurked in the corridors of this Brooklyn hospital.“What …” „… the past was taking shape in her mind?“She’s losing it,” Dad said as we left the hospital.“She’ll get …” „… settings from the kitchen table, where the Holocaust was served up like an entrée, to a hospital room …”

Ch25. GET WELL SOON S. 165-170

„… , fishing for anything, with Grandma still in the hospital.“Leave me alone,” he said, half joking, half …” „… good.”“Gracias.”Get Well Soon 167I went to the hospital and asked Grandma about her friends from Ausch …” „… this time pointed to the hospital window. Outside 168 A World Erasedwas a bright summer day. “I …”

Ch26. THE BRONZE ARM S. 171-178

„… 17126THE BRONZE ARMWhile Grandma remained in the hospital, I had quickly exhausted the shortlist of …” „… exist.Then one day, after visiting Grandma in the hospital, I drove south down Ocean Parkway with Marissa …” „… . When she returned to her Brighton Beach apartment after three weeks in the hospital, I reminded her of …”

Ch31. A RETURN TO THE CAMPS S. 195-202

„… 19531A RETURN TO THE CAMPSI’m going to Majdanek,” I told Grandma as she lay in her hospital bed. I …” „… Poland, I visited Grandma again in the hos-pital from which she had once escaped. Her health had worsened …” „… , while I ate someone else’s cholent, Grandma could have died in her hospital bed. The cholent stopped …”

Ch28. BETTER AND YOU BETTER S. 181-184

„… of pestering and family building kept her invigorated and hospital-free.“Noiach, they you cousins …” „… 18128BETTER AND YOU BETTERDuring the spring of 2008, just a few days fresh from the hospital …”

Ch19. NEARLY UNRAVELED S. 141-144

„… apartment to recover in the Czyste hospital. But after four days inside, he had learned that a selection …” „… would empty the hospital. He stole clothes and returned to his cousin’s apartment. But his cousin turned …”

Ch11. THE TAPES S. 93-96

„… really don’t think you should tell him either. But I wanted to tell you. When I was in the hospital with …” „… , Noah, I should have asked the hospital to take down the picture. Maybe I should have . . .”I listened …” „… “Judaization” and accused my people of being ungrateful for Polish hospitality.“Warsaw will say goodbye to the …”

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS S. 223-224

„… . And she was present bedside for the sad hospital visits. She was always there to take Grandma’s hand …”

Preface S. i-x

„… through Nightmares 1 2 Super Poppy and the Meshugge Grandma 13 3 The Hospital 21 4 Keys to the …”

Photospread S. B-P

„… in the hospital at the Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp either before or after she gave birth. He …”

Ch12. PANAMA S. 97-102

„… first-class hospitals here?” Grandma shouted. “I had to have one of the British attendants watch the Nazi …”

Ch15. A BOX OF PHOTOS S. 121-126

„… side as she sat up in a hospital bed with legs outstretched. The photograph from 1947 had them packed …”

Ch06. DEATH IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC S. 53-60

„… through the camp in a daze. The dark rooms—the isolation areas and the hospital—smelled moldy. It began to …”

Ch05. ADRIFT S. 35-52

„… fragile. She had been freshly sprung from the hospital, overcoming another bout with congestive heart …”

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