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The Genocide Contagion

Israel W. Charny

2016

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About the Author and the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem S. 243-244

„… researches of denials of genocides.”In 1980 Charny established the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in …” „… to 2012 he was editor of the website www.genocidepreventionnow.org, which hosted GPN: Genocide …” „… 243About the Author and the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in JerusalemIsrael W. Charny is …”

Bibliography S. 219-230

„… : Kibbutz Hameuchad, 1976–1977 (Hebrew).Alvarez, Alex. Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative …” „… Suffering: Genocide in the 20th Century. Tel Aviv: Kibbutzim College of Education, 1994 (Hebrew).———. The …” „… Pain of Knowledge: Holocaust and Genocide Issues in Education. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction …”

Introduction S. 1-14

„… spring of 1994 as genocide—not because of disagreements as to the nature of the events themselves but …” „… exterminating specific ethnic groups (genocide).Some scholars propose using the term “ethnocide” to describe …” „… among genocides—indeed, the Holocaust was a one-of-a-kind “industry of death” based on a racist theory …”

Notes S. 199-218

„… . Professionally I am known as an expert in both fields: marriage and genocide—and if saying so is done in good …” „… Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem (http://www.genocidepreventionnow.com).3. Barbara Harff, “No Lessons …” „… New Concept of Democide,” in Encyclopedia of Genocide, ed. Israel W. Charny (Santa Barbara, CA …”

Chapter 7. Summing Up: Who Are We and What Will Become of Us? Toward Our Individual and Collective Futures S. 161-170

„… there will be some element of a reply to the key question, Could I commit genocide?Could I— ■ When the …” „… save others.So,Where am I?Could I commit genocide?Each reader who dares can ask themselves.I, the …” „… tHe MorAL IMPerAtIVe oF PreVentIon oF MAJor ILLness ALso APPLIes to GenoCIde, tHe WorLd’s nuMBer one …”

Preface S. i-viii

„… ContagionHow We Commit and Confront Holocaust and GenocideI S R A E L W . C H A R N YROWMAN …” „… (electronic)Subjects: LCSH: Genocide—History—20th century. | Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Psychological aspects …” „… . | Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Moral and ethical aspects. | Genocide.Classification: LCC HV6322.7 .C46313 …”

Chapter 6. “I Did Nothing Wrong”: Denial and Improper Management of Emotions S. 135-160

„… evidence. An educator who special-izes in genocide-focused educational projects was present in the …” „… not at all surprising that some people deny the Holocaust and other genocides.tHe denIAL oF eVIL We …” „… G ” 153examples from the Holocaust and other Cases of GenocideDuring the Holocaust, it was as if …”

Chapter 1. Who Are We as Human Beings? How Do Ordinary People Commit Violence? S. 19-30

„… . Ben-Gurion1I AM A HuMAn But AM I?Man GenociderA poem by Israel W. CharnyI am a son of AdamWho am I?A …” „… peace-loving man grateful for the gift of my life?A serial mass genocider?An accomplice to mass murders?An …” „… translated into acts of genocide.In all societies, we find psychological mechanisms and dynamics that can be …”

Chapter 2. The Foundations of Evil in Human Nature S. 31-44

„… addition to the satanic figures who typically head genocide-initiating hierarchies, such as Hitler, Stalin …” „… genocide.Below is a list of dynamic processes that constitute foundations of evil. Regretfully, all are human …” „… able to commit genocide?In all societies there are people who are brutal and bloodthirsty and who …”

Independent Study. Learning Exercises about How We Cause Harm and Protect Life S. 171-184

„… hu-man psyches, examining how much we make ourselves aware of genocide and other types of evil, and how …” „… genocide, this exercise teaches us about a darker and less familiar side of the inner continuum of our …” „… the following questions as they apply to various genocides: ■ Did the Catholic churches and the …”

Chapter 3. Exaggerated Self-Defense, Exaggerated Power, and Dehumanization S. 45-70

„… genocide.An intriguing and somewhat tragic paradox lies in the fact that as a result of their sensitivity to …” „… lurks and appears often enough.)example from the Holocaust and other Cases of GenocideThe Nazis …” „… is the boss.examples from the Holocaust and other Cases of GenocidePhotos from the Holocaust show …”

Chapter 4. “Just Like Everyone Else”: Conformity and the Lure of the Golden Calf S. 71-104

„… and other Cases of GenocideBureaucrats played a major role in the Holocaust: ■ Clerks typed the names …” „… Holocaust and other Cases of GenocideDuring events as violent and troubling as genocide, members of …” „… rebels, gangs of murderers and criminals—and genociders.examples from the Holocaust and other Cases of …”

Chapter 5. SS Footsteps: Putting on the Uniforms of Camp Guards and Sacrificing Others S. 105-134

„… force fueling all genocides is the quest for power. In the words of the English 16_259-Charny.indb 106 …” „… Genocide ■ Taking the life of another person is, of course, the most destructive use of power there can be …” „… . ■ During many genocides, the power to kill has been entrusted to low-level officials, ordinary policemen …”

Preface S. 15-18

„… 15PrefaceWhen we consider genocide, we must always be mindful of our own roles as human beings in …” „… the phenomenon, not only as victims but as perpetra-tors of evil.The exploration of genocide must …” „… of the psychological aspects of genocide.1. The psychology of social organizations and institutions …”

Index S. 231-240

„… , transfer (forced migration) of, 185–188, 191Armenian Genocide (Armenian holocaust), 7, 109, 134, 135, 136 …” „… , 140–141; emotions, “I did nothing wrong,” 135–145; fun of, 135; of genocide, 10, 139, 141–142; of the …” „… Armenian Genocide, 134; of past wrongdoing, 141–143Desensitization to evil, 24, 83, 97Destruction of life …”

Appendix. Studies on Israeli Willingness to Commit Evil S. 185-198

„… . In this way, we fulfilled one basic requirement of genocide perpetrators—to provide people “rational …” „… studies were ■ Holocaust and Genocide Studies (at the time edited in Israel but published abroad as an …” „… o M M I t e V I L 191Those familiar with the field of Holocaust and genocide studies will …”

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Origins of the Kurdish Genocide

Ibrahim Sadiq

2021

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Chapter 3: Genocide and the De-Civilizing Process in Iraq S. 77-112

„… targeting was based on systematic stages to complete the process of genocide.THE EXPULSIONSince the Baath’s …” „… genocide.In any case, the enormity of the bombing of Halabja with chemical weap-ons, according to Michael …” „… destroyed. Thus, dependent on this belief, the stage for genocide was set.The previous chapter investigated …”

Chapter 6: Personal Views and Experiences in the Process of Genocide S. 175-206

„… my attention from 177Personal Views and Experiences: Process of GenocideTalabani’s book is the …” „… did not build the 181Personal Views and Experiences: Process of GenocideIraqi state on a specific …” „… , 2015).189Personal Views and Experiences: Process of GenocideHere, we have a unanimous view between the …”

Chapter 1: Iraq, under the Theoretical Mirror: Nation Building and Genocide S. 13-36

„… genocide.Kinloch has used this term in a more complex way, as one of the quiet, slow, and effective causes of …” „… genocide in Iraq. This approach can be compared to what happened after the First World War in Germany with …” „… process of genocide of the Jews. In this regard, Elias produced his prominent theory on the civilizing …”

Chapter 4: Genocide and the De-Civilizing Process in Iraq: The Anfal Campaigns1 S. 113-146

„… possible relationship with the Chapter 4Genocide and the De-Civilizing Process in IraqThe Anfal Campaigns …” „… Genocide and the De-Civilizing Process in Iraq: The Anfal Campaignspeople and stripping them of their …” „… property. However, the “Dictionary of Genocide” states that “the Anfal campaign was the name of a series of …”

Introduction S. 1-12

„… genocide.By approaching the origins of genocide, we will get to know the prevail-ing ideology in Iraq that was …” „… confrontations, which led to the conflict and then to genocide.As a consequence of the process of nation building …” „… process of the Kurdish genocide in Iraq. Note that within the Kurdish genocide, the Anfal campaigns in …”

Conclusion S. 207-222

„… , deportation, and the destruction of land and people in a clear process of genocide.The aim has been to …” „… building in Iraq and the process of genocide.In this regard, Iraqi state formation, as described in chapter …” „… direct second main cause of the genocide.Another question that had to be addressed is: To what extent was …”

Preface S. i-xiv

„… Origins of the Kurdish GenocideKurdish Societies, Politics, and International RelationsSeries …” „… GenocideNation Building and Genocide as a Civilizing and De-Civilizing ProcessIbrahim SadiqPublished by Lexington …” „… government—20th century. | Genocide—Iraq—History—20th century. | Panarabism—Influence …”

Chapter 5: Personal Views and Experiences in the Process of Iraqi State Formation and Ideology S. 147-174

„… genocide.As has been confirmed in the previous three chapters, the genocide was carried out during a long-term …” „… ideology and the stages involved in the process of genocide against the Kurds. This chapter builds on the …” „… and their perceptions of genocide and the Baath’s behavior toward individuals and groups in Iraqi …”

Chapter 2: Nation Building and Arab-Centrism in Iraq S. 37-76

„… , while the Kurdish nation was facing genocide.THE EMERGENCE OF THE BAATH PARTYIn the framework of the …” „… 37Understanding genocide in Iraq as a de-civilizing process is impossible with-out understanding …” „… the de-civilizing process, the breakdown of the Iraqi state and consequently the genocide …”

About the Author S. 231-232

„… , including the Arab Gulf. He is specialized in the study of genocide and nation building, and his main …” „… research interests include genocide and human rights, state and nation building, religion and political …”

Index S. 223-230

„… , 2, 212, 213, 220genocide, 1–10, 13, 14, 19, 25, 30, 31, 33, 37, 47, 48, 51, 63, 64, 70, 77, 78, 80 …” „… , 185, 190, 191, 194–97, 199, 204, 208Kurdish: genocide, 1, 4, 8, 13, 30; language, 196; phobia, 157 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781793636836

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Balkan Genocides

Paul Mojzes

2011

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Chapter 7: Retaliatory Genocides against Wartime Enemies S. 109-130

„… 1097Retaliatory Genocides against Wartime EnemiesThose who hoped that the end of World War II would …” „… time; hence, little or no hostile action was directed toward them.1 GenoCide of yuGoSlavia’S etHniC …” „… , are unaware that genocide was perpetrated on Yugoslavia’s German minority in the immediate post–World …”

Chapter 1: Definitions of Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing S. 1-16

„… genocide;Attempt to commit genocide;Complicity in genocide.Huttenbach observes that while the preceding definition …” „… shall be punishable:Genocide;Conspiracy to commit genocide;Direct and public incitement to commit …” „… 11Definitions of Genocide and Ethnic CleansingIn this chapter I examine the meaning of the key …”

Chapter 4: Multiple Genocides of World War II S. 45-78

„… revenge, and it does so in a way that is less likely to ignite a future round of genocides.Based on truth …” „… 454Multiple Genocides of World War IIWestern BalkansThe material about the ethnic cleansing …” „… , genocide, and Holocaust that oc-curred during World War II is so extensive that it seems wise to divide it …”

Chapter 5: Multiple Genocides of World War II S. 79-100

„… types of war crimes. The Partisans as well as the Ustaše started accusing them of “genocide”—accusations …” „… 795Multiple Genocides of World War IINortheastern and Central BalkansIn this chapter, I cover the …” „… about 500 were needed to prepare the Sajmište Multiple Genocides of World War II: Northeastern and …”

Chapter 6: Multiple Genocides of World War II S. 101-108

„… 1016Multiple Genocides of World War IISoutheastern BalkansbulGarian JeWS not deported to deatH …” „… apply the Multiple Genocides of World War II: Southeastern Balkans 103many discriminatory anti-Semitic …” „… preliminary measures singling out Jews for severe repressive measures, a prelude to genocide, but even in the …”

Preface S. i-xvi

„… (electronic) 1. Genocide—Balkan Peninsula—History. 2. Genocide—Yugoslavia—History. 3. Ethnic …” „… Balkan GenocidesStudies in Genocide: Religion, History, and Human RightsSeries Editor: Alan L …” „… Professor of Religion at the University of BridgeportBalkan GenocidesHolocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the …”

Notes S. 239-274

„… ), 190–209. 49. “Genocide against Bosniaks in Višegrad 1941–1945,” genocideinvisegrad .worldpress.com …” „… /2009/12/29/genocide-against-bosniaks-in-visegrad (accessed July 6, 2010). See also …” „… . Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009), 151–81. 3 …”

Chapter 3: Balkan Wars 1912–1913 S. 25-44

„… 253Balkan Wars 1912–1913An Unrecognized GenocideThe first European genocide of the twentieth …” „… them to conclude that what took place is what today we would not hesitate to call genocide.“From first …” „… century took place during the Balkan wars of 1912–1913; it is a heretofore unrecognized genocide. My aim …”

Chapter 10: War in Bosnia and Herzegovina S. 163-196

„… Srebrenica genocide.There are also arguments against considering ethnic cleansing in B&H as genocidal. A case …” „… dynamic, namely genocide/ethnic cleansing and counter-genocide/counter ethnic cleansing.84Huttenbach …” „… developed into a vicious type of chauvinistic nationalism, which in turn led to ethnic cleansing, geno-cide …”

Chapter 9: War in Croatia S. 151-162

„… distinctiveness of Croatia’s traditions and identity. To Serbs, it was a threat to replay Ustaša genocides.A rapid …” „… genocides.During Operation Storm at the end of the war, the Croatian government forces drove out nearly the entire …” „… resettle.WaS it GenoCide and/or etHniC CleanSinG?The war in Croatia was preceded by the fear of genocide, more …”

Chapter 11: Protracted Conflict and War in Kosovo S. 197-220

„… genocide.And the fourth is the countercharge that the KLA and the Albanian Kos-ovar authorities carried out a …” „… probably the single most important factors for ethnic cleans-ing and genocide. The Serb revenge against the …” „… bars and restaurants. Charges were made that Albanians were carry-ing out genocide against the Serbian …”

Bibliography S. 275-288

„… for Social Development, 1995. Allen, Beverly. Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina …” „… , Aaron. Macedonia and the Jewish People. Skopje: Macedonia Review, 1994.Avramov, Smilja. Genocide in …” „… Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. Con-densed ed. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press …”

Index S. 289-298

„… Ražnjatović, Željko-ArkanArmenian(s), 3, 33, 35–37, 243n5; geno-cide, 2, 25–26, 37, 48, 243n5armistice, 43, 68 …” „… Genocide Convention, UN, 15–16, 73, 92, 110, 117, 121, 130, 178, 189, 191, 212, 221, 229genocide deniers …” „… Haradinaj, Ramush, 206, 219, 224Herero genocide, 26Herzeg-Bosna, 165, 168, 170, 177Himler, 73Hitler, Adolf …”

Chapter 2: The Heritage of Horrors S. 17-24

„… 172The Heritage of HorrorsWriting about the Balkan genocides is different than writing about the …” „… so regarding the Balkan genocides. The writers of the histories of the twentieth century (and before …” „… Museum of the Victims of Genocide in Belgrade, is one of the main proponents of the claim that the …”

Chapter 12: International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia S. 221-230

„… self-defense. Of course, people had a general awareness of both the Geneva Conventions and the UN Genocide …” „… entire people of being collectively guilty of the crimes, even the crime of genocide. It may be tempting …” „… , and genocide. Its mission was to dispense justice to individuals who were deemed responsible for …”

Time Line S. 237-238

„… mutual genocides take place.1913 Second Balkan war: Bulgaria wages war against Greece and Serbia. Turkey …” „… against occupying forces. Holocaust, genocides, and ethnic cleansing take place from 1941 to 1945.1945 …” „… Yugoslavia. Retaliatory geno-cides and ethnic cleansing are carried out against ethnic minorities related to …”

Chapter 8: Ethnic Cleansing during Yugoslavia’s Wars of Disintegration in the 1990s S. 131-150

„… genocide of the twentieth century, but they were also a reprise of the first European genocides of the …” „… ethnic cleansing before the Serbs allegedly invented it in the 1990s, just as there had been genocides …” „… prior to Raphael Lemkin’s invention of the word. Yet, for most readers the word genocide is inextricably …”

Chapter 13: Onward into the Twenty-first Century S. 231-236

„… Macedonia.tHreat of GenoCide averted in maCedoniaAt first Macedonia avoided being directly embroiled in the wars of …” „… concessions and efforts to address a variety of issues. Genocide and ethnic cleansing were knocking at …” „… international community have encouraged the states in which genocides and ethnic cleans-ing took place to …”

About the Author S. 299-300

„… College in Pennsylvania and was the Ida E. King Distinguished Visiting Professor of Holocaust and Genocide …” „… dialogues and scholars conferences on the Holocaust and genocides, both in the United States and …”

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Referral of Cases from International to National Criminal Jurisdictions

Lena Lindemann

Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Volume 3 2013

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Genocide S. 24-26

„… genocide,crimes against humanity and war crimes. The prohibitions of these crimes constitute ius cogens, i.e …” „… been given jurisdiction under general international law, that is, the core crimes of genocide …” „… international criminal courts.5 Inthe following the crime of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity …”

The Impact of the Referral Practice on National Extradition Decisions S. 213-235

„… 6 of the GenocideConvention, i.e. the state where genocide has been committed or an international …” „… Rwanda impacted on nationalextradition decisions concerning the extradition of genocide suspects to …” „… Rwanda.Shortly after the Genocide in 1994 a great number of genocide suspects fledRwanda to other countries, in …”

International Prosecution of International Crimes S. 27-38

„… Tribunal has also jurisdictionover genocide and crimes against humanity. Unlike the ICTR, the ICTY …” „… “genocide”, thePresident noted that “ the Security Council recalls that the killing of members ofan ethnic …” „… genocide”.38 The request was a response to a report of the Secretary-General and a report submitted by the …”

National Prosecution of International Crimes S. 38-44

„… in the genocide to be dealt with judicially in Rwanda: Rikhof, Fewer Places toHide? The Impact of …” „… law (i.e., where the national criminal lawprovides for an autonomous “genocide” crime) or through …” „… Genocide Conventionof 1948), to which the state is a party. This means that the crime outlined in thetreaty …”

Requirements for Referral under Rule 11bis S. 84-203

„… carrying out most of the ethnic killings during the Rwandan genocide.In July 2005, Bagaragaza was indicted …” „… has been suspected of having participated in the 1994 genocide. The Dutch court refused to try the …” „… Rwandan for genocide because it foundthat it did not have jurisdiction ratione temporis.343 Following this …”

Prosecuting as an Ordinary Crime S. 240-256

„… did not provide for aspecific prohibition on genocide. If referred to Norway, Bagaragaza would …” „… to genocide under the ICTR Statute could not be adequately characterized in national proceedings …” „… definition signifies that certain acts that would not amount to genocide, crimes against humanityor war …”

Synthesis S. 282-286

„… national law. Referral is barred if the national court will prosecutea person who is charged with genocide …” „… the legal description as genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes. Because all crimeswithin …” „… of the United Kingdom shows,genocide suspects might find themselves in a safe haven because national …”

The Impact of the Referral Process on National Judicial Systems S. 203-213

„… genocide denial, two amendments were made. Firstly,Article 13 of the original Transfer Law was supplemented …” „… or extradition of genocide suspects toRwanda.Furthermore, Rwanda reformed its witness protection …” „… transfers of genocide accused fromthe ICTR and the extradition of genocide suspects from other states.793 …”

Bibliography S. 287-296

„… , Mark A.: Prosecution of Genocide v. the Fair Trial Principle, in: Journal of International Criminal …” „… .Magnarella, Paul J.: Justice in Africa – Rwanda’s genocide, its courts, and the UN CriminalTribunal, Ashgate …” „… Genocide, in: War Crimes: The Legacy ofNuremberg by Cooper (ed.), pages 211–229.Morris, Virginia/Scharf …”

Summary Table of Contents S. 9-10

„… of the Prosecution of International Crimes 24International CrimesA. 24GenocideI. 25Crimes Against …”

Table of Contents S. 11-18

„… Prosecution of International Crimes 24International CrimesA. 24GenocideI. 25Crimes Against HumanityII. 26War …”

Transfer of Cases Prior to Indictment S. 66-70

„… in the Territoryof Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such …” „… Persons Responsible for Genocideand Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed …”

The System of Admissibility of a Case S. 238-240

„… provide for aspecific prohibition on genocide. If referred to Norway, Bagaragaza would havebeen prosecuted …” „… for the ordinary crime of murder. The Court found that as thealleged conduct amounting to genocide …”

Crimes Against Humanity S. 26

„… , Article 3 of the ICTR Statue and Article 7 of the Rome Statute.Unlike war crimes and genocide, crimes …”

War Crimes S. 26-27

„… , Article 3 of the ICTR Statue and Article 7 of the Rome Statute.Unlike war crimes and genocide, crimes …”

No Prosecution due to Lack of Criminalization S. 256-257

„… has been prosecuted in a national jurisdiction foran “ordinary” crime, for genocide, war crimes of …”

Raison d’Être of the Completion Strategies S. 49-52

„… national extradition decisions regarding extradition of genocide suspects to Rwanda.126 Petrig/Pocar, Case …”

Referral of Cases After Indictment S. 70-84

„… crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994 between national …” „… adifferent case concerning the genocide in Rwanda where jurisdiction of the Dutchcourt was denied.290The …”

Development of the Completion Strategies S. 52-63

„… 1994 Rwandan genocide.194The Security Council also recalled and reaffirmed “in the strongest terms …”

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