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European State Aid Law

Martin Heidenhain

2010

Results in this title

Services of General Economic Interest S. 545-594

„… Interest § 28. Services of General Economic Interest A. Introduction and Overview of the Community Acquis …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Services of General Economic Interest in the EC Treaty …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 C. Services of General Interest Outside the Scope of the Competition Rules 17 I. Economic versus …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-46

„… ) ............................................................................ 493 Chapter 7. Services of General Economic Interest …” „… ..................................................................... 499 § 28 Services of General Economic Interest (Klasse …” „… ......................................................................................................... 19 G. Compensation for the Discharge of Services of General Economic Interest ........ 20 H. De …”

Procedure regarding Unlawful Aid S. 674-714

„… . General …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. General principles …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 I. General Principles …”

State Investments of Capital S. 119-149

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 a) General principles of interpretation …” „… period, and it pays interest during such time period at a Leibenath 73 Reemers Publishing Services GmbH …” „… general ban on State aid on the basis of the private investor test.4 The standard of the private investor …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3) EC – Support of Certain Economie Activities or Economie Areas – Sectoral Aid S. 360-455

„… of general economic interest. The Commission determines whether a State intervention includes State …” „… general economic interest clearly defined as such by the Member State (definition) 51 The entrustment and …” „… of a service of general economic interest and receiving public service compensation in any form …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(c) EC – Aid to Facilitate the Development of Certain Economie Activitis or Certain Economie Areas – Horizontal Aid S. 255-359

„… Boesdorf AG; on the other hand, the granting of a partly interest-free shareholder’s loan (which later …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 III. Definition of Terms and General Requirements for Approval . . . . . . . . 18 1. Firm in …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 I. General Principles …”

The Concept of State Aid S. 68-106

„… parafiscal duties and in part from profits earned in private economic activities, grants an interest-free …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 I. General …” „… full extent. Where a loan is granted at an interest rate which is lower than market rate, the present …”

State Aid and Public Procurement S. 837-862

„… rights in the context of procuring services of general economic interest. The exclusive right is granted …” „… subject to certain obligations to serve the public interest. When the services of general economic …” „… services of general economic interest. The Regulation distinguishes, for contracts falling within its scope …”

General Block Exemption Regulation S. 465-492

„… . General Block Exemption Regulation A. General Background …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. The General Block Exemption Regulation …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. Legal Basis of the General Block Exemption Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 II …”

General Principles S. 197-228

„… the Common Market pursuant to Article 87(3) EC § 14. General Principles A. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 XI. Changes Introduced by the General Block Exemption Regulation . . . 81 D. The Commission’s ad …” „… an aid does not arise ex lege by virtue of a general standard, but rather through the decisions on …”

Rights of Interested Parties S. 728-736

„… 22.11.2009 22:23:55 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 35. Rights of Interested Parties A. General …” „… control. It was argued, moreover, that the interests of interested parties were well protected through the …” „… general principles that are observed in any state 22 The case law also qualifies interested parties as …”

Privatisation S. 517-538

„… carrier Deutsche Bundesbahn into Deutsche Bahn AG and the British national postal service General Post …” „… down general principles which it has constantly applied within the State aid control to privatisa- 2 …” „… not as such benefit from a derogation from the general prohibition of State aid as laid down in …”

Procedure regarding Notified Aid S. 637-673

„… before the granting or alteration of aid to review its compatibility with Article 87 EC, in the interests …” „… the general block exemption Reg 800/2008 (OJ 2008 L 214/3). 34 E.g. Art. 5(2) Reg 543/97, OJ 1997 L …” „… measures as it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests. In this respect …”

Proceedings before National Courts S. 813-830

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. Recovery of interests …” „… was subsequently quashed by the Community courts44. Following Advocate General Mazak on this point …” „… question of compatibility), recovery of “illegality interests”, damages for competitors or other third …”

General Principles S. 619-636

„… three chapters treating the rights of interested parties, monitoring instruments, and general provisions …” „… , Council Regulation 659/1999 § 30. General Principles A. Basics of the Procedure …” „… , 95. A. Basics of the Procedure 1 While Article 87 EC defines the general prohibition of State aid and …”

De Minimis Aid S. 107-118

„… 69/2001. However, the general de minimis ceiling was adapted to 100,000 EUR 13 The regulation defines …” „… event to cases where the aid concerned was not exempted under the regulation, the general legal …” „… contrary to the general block exemption regulation no reference has to be made to the de minimis Regulation …”

Sector Specific Rules S. 595-618

„… Services of general interest are discharged in the individual Member States in a wide breadth of areas in …” „… simply asks whether and to what extent an undertaking, which discharges a service of general interest …” „… perspective, services of general interest in liberalised economic areas are of particular interest, since here …”

Legal Remedies for Aid Recipients S. 763-772

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 b) Decision on a general aid scheme …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 b) Decision on a general aid scheme …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 II. Sufficient Legal Interest …”

General Principles S. 493-498

„… towards services of a general economic interest1. As a matter of fact, the intensification of State aid …” „… term means that the term economic activity includes services of a general economic interest6. 4 …” „… notion of services of a general economic interest as opposed to services of a general interest, infra …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(b) EC-Aid to Promote the Execution of an Important Project of Common European Interest or to Remedy a Serious Disturbance in the Economy of a Member State S. 245-254

„… arrive at a general definition. 3 The common European interest is expressed in the objectives of the …” „… ) EC – Aid to Promote the Execution of an Important Project of Common European Interest or to Remedy a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Aid to Promote the Execution of an Important Project of Common European Interest …”

Transparency Directive S. 499-504

„… right, or operate a service of general economic interest and receive public service compensation …” „… costs imputable to the service of general economic interest and make it possible to check for …” „… general economic interest (pursuant to Article 86(2) EC) and that receive public service compensation. I …”

Legal Remedies for Competitors of the Aid Recipient S. 773-791

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 A. General 1 Competitors of an aid recipient mainly have an interest in challenging decisions in …” „… , general precondition of jurisdiction. The concept of a sufficient legal interest is not expressly named in …” „… Aid Recipient A. General …”

General Principles S. 59-67

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 G. Compensation for the Discharge of Services of General Economic Interest …” „… General Economic Interest45 21 The provisions of Articles 87, 88 EC are, as provided in Article 86(2) EC …” „… , applicable to undertakings entrusted with performing services of general economic interest, “in so far as the …”

Cross-Subsidisation S. 508-516

„… context of reserved sectors and undertakings entrusted with services of general economic interest25. In …” „… an undertaking entrusted with a service of general economic interest, and that the creation and …” „… Public Services 22 Cases relating to the overcompensation of services of general economic interest can …”

Public Funding of Infrastructure, Sales of Public Land and Buildings S. 177-188

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 IV. Obligations of General Economic Interest …” „… . Obligations of General Economic Interest 8 Insofar as the operators of infrastructures assume obligations of …” „… general economic interest the principles set forth by the ECJ in Altmark Trans 21 are applicable. In such …”

Relation to Article 295 EC S. 539-544

„… C 307/3, para 4; Commission, Communication on services of general interest, OJ 2001 C 17/4, para 21 …” „… purchase or sell shares or other interests in public or private undertakings. As such, neither …” „… especially attributed to the Commission, the Commission must respect Member States’ property interests in …”

State Liabilities S. 150-163

„… restricted to providing services of general economic interest.9 In order to ensure that the lender in fact …” „… with the general economic interest within the meaning of Article 86(2) EC. This means, however, that …” „… , overcapacities, stagnating cash flow, mounting indebtedness and interest payment obligations, and a shrinking or …”

Basic Outline of State Aid Law S. 47-53

„… 19.11.2009 17:41:43 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm Chapter 1. General Principles § 1. Basic …” „… market (“aid proceedings”) stems from Article 88 EC and from Reg 659/1999.6 In general, only the …” „… . General Principles 2 Heidenhain Reemers Publishing Services GmbH O:/Beck/Heidenhain_978-3-406-57884-7/3 …”

Development of State Aid Law S. 54-58

„… direct business taxation (1998);10 the communication on services of general interest (1996/2001 …” „… 19.11.2009 17:41:45 3B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm § 2. Development of State Aid Law A. General …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 A. General Literature: Mederer, Evolution of State aid control, in: Mederer/Pesaresi/van Hoof, vol …”

Legal Remedies for Other Third Parties S. 792-797

„… A. General …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A. General I. Importance 1 For small and medium-sized businesses, the costs of conducting a law …” „… an action that affects the general concerns of this group.8 8For this reason, the Courts seem to want …”

State of Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(d) EC S. 456-459

„… to the common interest”1. The power to exempt aid for the promotion of cultural activities was added …” „… and competition in the Community, the fact finder (unlike in the general establishment of the facts …” „… in aid granted to him; (c) the amount of aid should in general be limited to 50 % of the production …”

Legal Remedies for the Member State Granting Aid and other State Bodies S. 755-762

„… demonstrate a sufficient legal interest. Nevertheless, the ECJ rejected as inadmissible the complaint of a …” „… challenged in court. According to the general principles24 developed by the Court of Justice, such a decision …” „… the decisions summarized here, the Court of Justice rejected the contrary view of the Advocate General …”

State Aid pursuant to Article 87(3)(a) and (c) EC – Promotion of Areas with Abnormally Low Standard of Living or Serious Underemployment, Promotion of Certain Economic Areas – Regional Aid S. 229-244

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1. General principles …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 C. General Block Exemption Regulation …” „… exceptions for regional aid from the general prohibition of aid under Article 87(1) EC. Regional aid2 is aid …”

Procedure regarding Existing Aid Schemes S. 718-727

„… general aid scheme. Only if this is not the case can the Commission examine the compatibility of the …” „… general review and modification of all existing schemes for a specific category of aid (in specific …” „… sectors or with specific objectives) in all Member States.9 The Commission will often undertake a general …”

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The Right to Regulate in International Investment Law

Aikaterini Titi

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 10 2014

Results in this title

General observations on essential security interests S. 78-82

„… Essential security interestsGeneral observations on essential security interestsMasked under …” „… . Exploration of this regulatory interest commences in the present section with some general definitional …” „… See above, General observations on essential security interests; also UNCTAD(2009a), op cit., p. 7 et …”

General regulatory clauses and the public interest (‘General exceptions’ modelled after Article XX GATT or the right to regulate by subject: the public interest) S. 173-188

„… formulations for specific standards of treatment and certain regulatory interests.General …” „… to regulate by subject: thepublic interest)General exceptions clauses modelled after Article XX …” „… interestsGeneral exceptions modelled after Article XX GATT have the advantage ofsimplicity and clarity over …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… regulatory interestsV. 76General observationsA. 76Essential security interestsB. 78General observations on …” „… regulatory clauses and the public interest(‘General exceptions’ modelled after Article XX GATTor the right to …” „… in the public interestD. 99Concluding remarksE. 103Positive language on regulatory interestsVI. 104 …”

General remarks S. 169-173

„… standards of treatment and certain regulatory interests.General regulatory clauses and the public interest …” „… interest)General exceptions clauses modelled after Article XX GATTWhile, as already mentioned, exceptions clauses …” „… specific regulatory interests in Chapter IX,the subsequent sections will consider general regulatory …”

Essential security interests S. 206-211

„… ’, seeChapter V, General observations on essential security interests), Article 7(1) UKModel BIT 2008 (cf. the …” „… emergency in Indian BIT practice1139, generally constituting part of a general essential security interests …” „… matters and cultural diversity.Essential security interestsAlthough far from being universal – exceptions …”

Necessity S. 237-257

„… of state interests.X. The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international law246Analysis of …” „… essential security interests exception1280. The present section opens withsome general remarks and a note on …” „… successful invocation.1389 See also Chapter V, General observations on essential security interests.1390 See …”

The right to regulate and expropriation S. 148-155

„… the legitimate interests of the host state (Expropriation);also below, Relevance of general exceptions …” „… in its first Protocol butsubjects it, inter alia, to some general interest safeguards, thus allowing …” „… propertyin accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or othercontributions or …”

Regulation in the public interest S. 99-103

„… regulate and a right to regulate in the public interest485 – and with general exceptions clauses modelled …” „… termemployed is the ‘public interest’487, an unqualified collective noun definedas ‘[t]he people’s general …” „… interpretive minefield.Regulation in the public interestThe final regulatory interest explored in this chapter …”

General S. 195-201

„… of internationalpeace and security, or necessary to protect its essential security interests’.VIII …” „… considers’ – Self-Judging clausesGeneralA particular formulation of the nexus requirement is that of the …” „… having an equivalent effect1053. Theyare more eminently present in essential security interests clauses …”

Conclusion S. 298-304

„… address a more general concern withthe public interest.Of special significance in the perusal of the right …” „… interest, to name but a few. Investment treaties endorse these interestswhen incorporating them in the form …” „… number of arbitrations involving security interests.Legitimate public policy concerns other than security …”

General observations S. 76-78

„… Types of regulatory interestsGeneral observationsThe discussion now turns to the types of …” „… intended.’.A. General observations77Essential security interestsGeneral observations on essential security …” „… interestsMasked under different names, such as security323, essential security interests324, essential interests …”

The right to regulate and the preamble S. 115-122

„… interests:‘Desiring to develop the economic cooperation between the Parties;Desiring to encourage, create and maintain …” „… interpret preambles601, but in the absence of particular language on regulatory interests,these …” „… setting in place‘soft’ obligations that encourage a regulatory interests-friendly interpretation of IIA …”

Introduction S. 19-31

„… so, they have significantly confined their policyspace. The pursuit of regulatory interests in …” „… backdrop the right to regulate has gradually come to thespotlight as the focus of increased interest, with …” „… , stating this introduction of ‘more public interest safeguards’ already in 2005. See further Titi, C.(2013a …”

Expropriation S. 281-288

„… clauses, tribunals show deference to host state interests?First, mention of legitimate state interests …” „… treatment of bothstandards.ExpropriationHost state legitimate interests have also figured in some arbitral …” „… cit.B. Arbitral jurisprudence and the legitimate interests of the host state281state intent relating to …”

The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the minimum standard of treatment and full protection and security S. 143-148

„… interests to betaken into account.The right to regulate and the fair and equitable treatment, the …” „… tribunal to take into account the legitimate interests of the host state752, to some extent – but to …” „… good faith, or reprehensibleinvestor conduct755, or where the state’s legitimate interest is so …”

Public order (ordre public) S. 94-99

„… focus on interpretations of this regulatory interest. Commencing withsome general observations, it will …” „… madebetween a generic right to regulate and a right to regulate in the public interest485 – and with general …” „… interests, may on occasion prove an interpretive minefield.Regulation in the public interestThe final …”

Bibliography S. 305-330

„… BibliographyGeneral bibliographyAaken, A. van and Lehmann, T. A. (2011), Investment and Sustainable …” „… InternationalBlackaby, N. (2004), Public Interest and Investment Treaty Arbitration, TDM 1 (1)Bibliography306Bolton, P …” „… under the Lisbon Treaty,Biennial Interest Group Conference in Washington DC PaperBungenberg, M. (2009 …”

Concluding remarks S. 233-234

„… . Commencing with plausibly the most seminal interest,essential security, it discussed the formulation of …” „… practice.Concluding remarksChapter IX examined exceptions drafted with respect to three particularregulatory interests …” „… state’sessential security interests, exceptions for international peace and securityand circumstances of extreme …”

The fair and equitable treatment S. 276-281

„… regulatory interests.To commence with the 2000 S.D. Myers Partial Award, in interpretingArticle 1105(1) NAFTA …” „… , will not be revisitedhere.Arbitral jurisprudence and the legitimate interests of the host …” „… , recent arbitral jurisprudence has tentatively started toreference the state’s regulatory interests, even …”

Cultural exception, exception for cultural policy and the investment law context S. 224-233

„… with plausibly the most seminal interest,essential security, it discussed the formulation of essential …” „… negotiating directives1215. The present sectionconsiders the general regulatory landscape of the audiovisual …” „… on the website of the French Ministryfor Culture and Communication, Direction générale des médias et …”

The standard of review of self-judging clauses S. 201-202

„… essential security interests exception. However, evenself-judging clauses do not completely oust arbitral …” „… review subsists by virtueof general international law: the obligation emanates from the pacta …” „… , such as in the event of a state claiming anessential security interests situation to protect against an …”

Positive language S. 104-111

„… section offers an overview of general positive language in IIAs incorporating regulatory interests, while …” „… Positive language on regulatory interestsIn the attempt to enhance their regulatory freedom, states …” „… may dispose ofpositive language on regulatory interests incorporated in investment treaties.Strictly …”

Essential interests S. 88-90

„… industries407.Essential interestsA distinction needs to be drawn between essential security interests and …” „… essential interests. Although the two terms have sometimes been examinedinterchangeably as if forming a …” „… single regulatory interest408, the linguisticnuance between them does not appear to be inconsequential …”

The right to regulate and performance requirements S. 164-166

„… (2012).881 Below, General regulatory clauses and the public interest (Performance requirements).882 E.g …” „… a general exception covering any derogation from BIT standards in order to comply with anobligation …” „… exception, contained in Article 1106(6) NAFTA. Withphrasing sharply reminiscent of general exceptions …”

The right to regulate and provisions on compensation for losses S. 166-169

„… (2012).881 Below, General regulatory clauses and the public interest (Performance requirements).882 E.g …” „… responsibility, El Paso Award, op cit., paras 559-560.See further Suez, Sociedad General de Aguas de Barcelona …” „… majorityof investment disputes.The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause (or generalexceptions …”

Essential security interests, economic crises and economic security S. 82-84

„… an essentialsecurity interest.In conclusion, although technically economic crises or economic …” „… Essential security interests, economic crises and economic securityThe relationship between …” „… essential security interests and economic crisesmerits analysis, as one of the salient issues that have …”

Concluding remarks S. 122

„… interests-friendly interpretation of IIA provisions. Positive language may be drafted both as a host state‘obligation …” „… of the IIA617 while granting regulatory interests an interpretative scope thatextends to the entire …” „… treaty. The downside of course, at least of includingregulatory interests exclusively in the preamble, is …”

Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and European investment agreements S. 62-66

„… regulatory interests.Developments at the collective level: the right to regulate and Europeaninvestment …” „… , 30.3.2010) (TEU). See also Chapter V, Regulationin the public interest.III. The right to regulate in context …” „… chapter which ‘will protect the rights of the TPP countries to regulate in thepublic interest.’242 …”

Is an explicit treaty-based right to regulate harmful to regulatory freedom? S. 294-296

„… policy interests1602; second, it is submitted that exceptions, namely Article XX GATT-like general …” „… recognition of general regulatory freedom. In particular, two observations sound the alarm: first, a doubt is …” „… observation made with reference to the2004 Canadian Model BIT, that, paradoxically, introducing general …”

General observations S. 275-276

„… Arbitral jurisprudence on the right to regulate (beyond IIAsand general international law) and the …” „… question of an implicitright to regulateGeneral observationsUnder the status quo, substantive IIA …” „… under general international lawhas been examined, the present chapter will turn its attention to …”

Are explicit treaty exceptions necessary to reserve policy space? S. 293-294

„… ; therefore, a balancedapproach is required that takes into account the interests of the foreign investor as …” „… to be in its public interest1595, including, naturally, its essential security interests. Nonetheless …” „… absence of a treaty-based essentialsecurity interests exception the state may be allowed to derogate from …”

Deference afforded at tribunal discretion S. 40-42

„… interests of the host state, and Markert, L. (2011), op cit., p. 158.107 See generally Titi, C. (2013a), op …” „… cit., and Chapter XI.II. The right to regulate: general observations40bunal determining the existence …” „… in general international law. Atribunal may opt for a more or less state-friendly interpretation of …”

Some developments at the bilateral level S. 58-61

„… that gavebirth to the 2004 US Model BIT was in the general direction of eliminatingsome of the more …” „… welfare objectives’212, selfjudging language213 of the essential security interests exception214 …” „… language on regulatory interests217 testify to thequest for ampler policy space.The same desire to …”

The nexus requirement S. 190-195

„… India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA). Article 6.11 (General Exceptions) of that …” „… disclosure of which [a Party] considers contrary to its essential security interests’, ‘action which …” „… itconsiders necessary for the protection of its essential security interests […]relating to […]’, etc.) and an …”

The right to regulate: what’s in a name… S. 32-35

„… The right to regulate: general observationsThe capacity of a state to regulate is well-entrenched …” „… Natural Resources: Balancing Rights andDuties, reprinted 2008, NY: CUP, p. 278 et seq.; also, UN General …” „… whichshould not be confused with the general regulatory capacity discussed immediately above65. Accordingly …”

Clarifications and interpretative statements S. 42-45

„… of itsown essential security interests’, goes on to clarify by means of examples whichmeasures it may …” „… . The right to regulate: general observations42and stave off future interpretations at odds with the …” „… interests andthe regulatory tasks of public authorities’.While EU Member State investment treaties have …”

The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an express treaty-based right to regulate S. 290-293

„… The protection of essential security interests in the absence of an expresstreaty-based right to …” „… interests? The same questions are naturally raisedfor other treaties that, like the French Model BIT, do not …” „… , essential security constituting afundamental regulatory interest1578. The limited protection that …”

The right to regulate and the contingent standards of treatment: most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment S. 126-143

„… frequently-encountered exceptions pertaining to specific treatyprotections639. The exploration begins with some general …” „… not examined separately. Other exceptions for essential security interests and tax matters affecting …” „… the contingent standards are surveyed in a dedicated chapter later in the book644.General …”

International peace and security S. 90-94

„… environment in that case ‘related to an “essential interest” of that State’420,the ICJ opened the …” „… would ecological damagealso fall within the purview of an essential security interests exception …” „… circumstances and thespecific provision under interpretation. In encompassing interests beyondthose tied to a …”

Concluding remarks S. 188-189

„… ofessential security interests is not easily reconcilable with the nature of theseinterests and may induce …” „… standards, the ana-D.1007 See Chapter V, Essential security interests, economic crises and economic security …” „… a second step, general regulatory clauses applicable to the entire treaty were surveyed, with a …”

Limiting the scope of investment protection S. 35-40

„… Interests of the Investor and the State, JWI&T 8, p. 729 et seq.and Kriebaum, U. (2008), Eigentumsschutz im …” „… Arbitration, JIDS 3 (1); Kulick, A. (2012),Global Public Interest in International Investment Law, NY: CUP, p …” „… ; Newcombe, A. (2011), GeneralExceptions in International Investment Agreements, in Cordonier Segger …”

WTO law, EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights S. 56-58

„… interests are not foreign to EUlaw either. In the context of the free movement of goods, Article 36 of …” „… restrictions on imports, exports or goods intransit for the protection of regulatory interests, such as public …” „… right’).194 See Chapter VII, The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause.195 Chapter VII …”

Exceptions versus reservations S. 50-52

„… equally demonstrates that the EU is in favour of such aclause171. In any case, despite the general …” „… Union. 3109th General Affairs Councilmeeting, Brussels, 12 September 2011, 13587/11, PRESSE 285, PR CO …” „… .II. The right to regulate: general observations50the significance of exceptions for the right to …”

Concluding remarks S. 296-297

„… of interests, such as where these are listed as examples; e.g.‘nothing in the agreement shall be …” „… the protection of its essential security interests, including…’1612 Yet in any event, since under the …” „… arbitral jurisprudencebeyond explicit treaty language on regulatory interests, especially exceptions, and …”

Circumstances of extreme emergency S. 94

„… focus on interpretations of this regulatory interest. Commencing withsome general observations, it will …” „… security interests exception447. Circumstances of extreme emergency are likely to be a subset of essential …” „… security interests448 and, depending on the occasion, could satisfy the criteria for the invocation of the …”

Legal nature and effects of upholding a defence under the ILC Articles S. 258-265

„… regulate beyond IIAs in general international law258Legal nature and operation of the defenceThe ILC …” „… for internationally wrongful acts are secondary rules of statei.1408 ILC (2001), op cit., General …” „… . (2012), op cit., p. 491.1410 ILC (2001), op cit., General commentary, para. 1. Cf. Binder, C. (2009), op …”

Taxation S. 211-216

„… , General observations on essential security interests.1145 See Wälde, T. W. and Kolo, A. (2008), Coverage …” „… state1144. And although it is unclear that essential security interests exceptions will become …” „… relevant to investor-state disputes as often as exceptionscovering more prosaic public interests – although …”

Index S. 375-376

„… , 150-151,157, 164-165, 246, 281, 284-285,290, 300-302Essential interests 88-90, 216, 239,247, 256Essential …” „… security interests 78 etseq., 206-211, 290-293. See alsoArgentine crisis disputes and Necessity.EU …” „… protection and security 44, 59,126, 143 et seq., 179, 184-185,192375General exceptions modelled afterArticle …”

General S. 235-237

„… ArticlesGeneralTo some extent, states are able to pursue regulatory interests under publicinternational law despite …” „… The right to regulate beyond IIAs in general international lawGeneral international law affords …” „… consists in triggering the general international lawdefence where a treaty exception is found to be …”

General observations S. 123-125

„… of the types of regulatory interests covered.This approach, also possible for general regulatory …” „… The right to regulate in IIAsGeneral observationsThe present chapter delves into exceptions couched …” „… therein. These clauses, often termed ‘general exceptions’, come for the most partunder two rubrics …”

General remarks S. 125-126

„… interests covered.This approach, also possible for general regulatory clauses635, would haveB.1.630 E.g. see …” „… The right to regulate in the respective standards of treatmentGeneral remarksIn the European treaty …” „… ), Belarus,Guatemala, Mexico (1999), Nigeria and Peru. Some of these provisions are seemingly fashioned as a general …”

The pre-modern-investment-world regime S. 53-56

„… examined in ChapterVII195.Exceptions for the protection of regulatory interests are not foreign to EUlaw …” „… goods intransit for the protection of regulatory interests, such as public morality andB.192 See …” „… Chapter VII, The right to regulate as a general regulatory clause.195 Chapter VII, Relevance of GATT/WTO …”

Introduction S. 216-219

„… concluded, it should not interfere with any ofFrance’s essential interests and he went on to make the …” „… respect tothis often neglected regulatory interest, in order to better evaluate its significance. The …” „… the UNESCO Convention in general, see RichieriHanania, L. (2009), ibid., p. 266 et seq.; UNESCO (2007 …”

Concluding remarks S. 52

„… ’ appears more suitable. In the interest ofclarity and consistency, it is this term – ‘exceptions’ – that is …” „… right to regulate: general observations52 …”

The right to regulate and the free transfer of capital S. 155-164

„… , Definition of “Investment” and General Safeguard Provisions, Note by theChair, DAFFE/MAI/EG5(97)1, 14 January …” „… cit., proposed by the EU.826 Article 2104(1) NAFTA. Although drafted as a general clause, this …” „… Sanctions Committees general webpage http://www.un.org/sc/committees/.834 Lavranos, N. (2007), UN Sanctions …”

The exception for cultural diversity S. 219-222

„… regulatory interest, in order to better evaluate its significance. The detailed excursus is warranted by this …” „… ‘counter-hegemonic strategy’’, ibid. p. 325. On the UNESCO Convention in general, see RichieriHanania, L. (2009 …”

ILC defences and the right to regulate. Some further reflections S. 265-270

„… the General Assembly (A/66/10, para. 87),YBILC 2011, vol. II, Part Two. See further Article 57 ILC …” „… . 131-137. See also Aguirre Luzi, R. (2008), op cit., p.173 and above, General and Necessity and the …” „… criteria for its successful invocation.1461 ILC (2001), op cit., General Commentary, p. 32, para. 5 (‘[The …”

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European State Aid Law

Frank Montag (ed.), Franz Jürgen Säcker (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2017

Results in this title

SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (SGEI) S. 296-383

„… SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (SGEI) Bibliography: Alchian, Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic …” „… _PART III_Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI).3d from 22.07.2016 13:57:42 3B2 9.1.580; Page …” „… General Economic Interest (SGEI) 296 Wolf Reemers Publishing Services GmbH o:/Beck/Montag_Saecker/3d/008 …”

RULES FOR EXAMINING AID IN SPECIFIC SECTORS S. 1164-1509

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 b) Article 106 (2) TFEU: Service of general economic interest. . . . 22 c) Article 52 GBER …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. Article 106(2) TFEU: Services of general economic interest . . . . . . . 68 3. Article 107 (2 …” „… . Services of general economic interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXVIII

„… ...................................................................................... 281 PART III SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST (SGEI …” „… .............................................................................. 332 3. Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI …” „… ................................................................................. 1189 2. Article 106(2) TFEU: Services of general economic interest …”

ARTICLE 107 TFEU S. 52-295

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 c) Compensation for the costs for providing services of general economic interest (‘SGEI …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 1. General aspects – The effects doctrine …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 1. General …”

ARTICLE 108 TFEU S. 1510-1553

„… operation of services of general economic interest, OJ L7/3 of 11.01.2012. 49 ECJ, Case 173/73 – Italy v …” „… general economic interest is fulfilled,56 or where extensive economic considerations within the framework …” „… economic interest.62 For these measures, the Commission has already exercised its competence in a general …”

FINANCIAL TRANSFERS AND TRANSACTIONS S. 978-1109

„… commercial character.”113 56Non-economic are hence activities that – whilst being of general interest – serve …” „… return of public funds used and the compensation for financial burdens imposed (in the general interest …” „… States may pursue their general interests in the form of public undertakings and, in doing so, are not …”

Index S. 1718-1749

„… recovery of aid X 14 33 et seq. – publication of aid recovery interest rates X 14 33 et seq. Interested …” „… representatives XII 107 et seq. – industry, trade associations and other interest groups XII 103 et seq. – legal …” „… interest in the proceedings XII 110 et seq. – legal standing see there – other public bodies XII 87 et seq …”

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) NO 659/1999 S. 1554-1649

„… interests of interested parties either in full or in a summary form or to make copies of such decisions …” „… aid; whereas, in the interests of transparency and legal certainty, the procedures to be followed in …” „… restored; whereas for this purpose it is necessary that the aid, including interest, be recovered without …”

TAX MEASURES S. 1110-1163

„… Goods, Legal Issues of Economic Integration 2001, 361; Kurcz/Vallindas, Can general measures be …” „… , Selectivity and Selective Aid in Respect of Taxes and Special Levies, EStAL 1/2010, 161; Lopéz, General …” „… ; Winter, Note to Case C-88/03, CMLRev. 2008, 183. Content I. General …”

RESCUE AND RESTRUCTURING AID S. 888-977

„… , systemic importance of a company in a region, disruption of a service of general economic interest are more …” „… – Enterprise Directorate General, 2004; McLaughlin/Maloney, The European Automobile Industry: multi-level …” „… objective of common interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. Need for State intervention …”

COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) NO 651/2014 S. 384-887

„… general conditions for the application of this Regulation should be defined on the basis of a set of …” „… common principles that ensure the aid serves a purpose of common interest, has a clear incentive effect …” „… to the common interest. (6) Aid that fulfils all the conditions laid down in this Regulation both …”

ARTICLE 109 TFEU S. 1650-1665

„… Regulations apply in case of services of general economic interest76, the agriculture sector77 as well as …” „… . Enabling Regulation for Block Exemption Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 a) General principles …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 c) General Block Exemption Regulations (GBER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 d …”

JUDICIAL PROTECTION AT EU-LEVEL S. 1666-1717

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 (4) Industry, trade associations and other interest groups . 103 (5) Employee representatives …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 c) Legal interest in the proceedings …” „… the initially established European Court of Justice (ECJ), the General Court (GC formerly the Court of …”

INTRODUCTION S. 2-51

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 b) Merit Goods and Services of General Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3 …” „… size: 160.00mm 240.00mm 54 b) Merit Goods and Services of General Interest. In many cases, aid is …” „… term “services of general economic interest” is used to justify the granting of aid. The term “services …”

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Defining Social Services in Europe

Albert Brandtstätter (ed.), Peter Herrmann (ed.), Cathal O'Connell (ed.)

2007

Results in this title

Peter Herrmann The Celtic Tiger – a Matter of General Interest? S. 211-218

„… 211 Peter Herrmann The Celtic Tiger – a Matter of General Interest? Characteristics of Social …” „… services of general interest. At the same time, the definition aims on understanding these services as …” „… of general interest (including social SGIs) Consequently, the definition of Social Services of …”

Mathias Maucher Shaping the policy and legal framework for social and health services in Europe: An analysis of replies of the Member States’ governments to the 2004 enquiry of the Social Protection Committee S. 177-195

„… Community framework for social and health services of general interest (SHSGI) as one part of a broader …” „… Community approach for services of general interest (SGI). After an attempt to contextualise the analysis 1 …” „… by the White Paper on SGI. In the White Paper „Services of General Interest” [COM (2004)374 final of …”

Peter Herrmann, Albert Brandstatter Social Services in question S. 15-28

„… QuASI-project tried to give its special impulse. Services of General Interest – EU-policies Mentioning and …” „… anything as the general interest, and suggesting instead that a general interest exists there are at least …” „… soci(et)al reproduction. Especially the latter is more useful than the reference to a general interest …”

Peter Herrmann Accessibility of Social Services – a General Matter of Assessing Services in a Social Quality Perspective S. 156-176

„… functional understanding 4 of person-oriented social services as services of general interest. Social …” „… dimensions are crucial to consider a person-oriented social service as service of general interest. These are …” „… service? – This is not the same as asking if these services are in the general interest; rather, it can …”

Hans van Ewijk Good quality employment: the essence of recognition S. 109-130

„… European Commission as part of its Fifth Framework Program. Good quality employment in the EU In general …” „… issues: fair wages, protection against health risks at work, workers’ rights to assert their interests …” „… ; Banks, 2006; NMMW, 2005). • The dilemma of conflicting interests, conflicting persons and conflicting …”

Peter Herrmann Standard of Dynamism – Dynamism of Standards S. 131-140

„… imbalance • the organisation as entity with its own rights – and obligations • the “general interest” All of …” „… difference change and stability. This list is as such not of interest for our debate; over time many …” „… Relationships to Managerialism and Control We can see an important general shift in terms of quality assessment …”

European Women’s Lobby “Who Cares?” S. 44-59

„… : Social services of general interest in the European Union9 on April 26, 2006. This is an ongoing process …” „… services and to consider how the specific characteristics of social services of general interest can be …” „… General Assembly Seminar of October 2006 will also be dedicated to the issue of care where a Manifesto on …”

Carole Salères Social Services in France – A National Perspective S. 201-205

„… the evolutions concerning the public procurement rules). Social services of general interest are …” „… specific services of general interest: they have the same characteristics as services of general interest …” „… which aim at guaranteeing fundamental rights. Social services of general interest are not “ordinary …”

Albert Brandstatter, Peter Herrmann, Cathal O'Connell Foreword and Acknowledgements S. 5-14

„… general (economic) interest (SSGI/SSGEI) – a debate that is in political, practical and academic …” „… Social Services in question 15 Introduction 15 Services of General Interest – EU-policies 16 Social …” „… Services of General (Economic) Interest – the Inciting Agent 16 Milestones of the EU-service-debate 21 …”

Susanna Heinäsmäki, Martina Liebsch Person oriented Social Services – Approaching a Common Understanding S. 77-98

„… debate on the Services of General Interest and in particular Social Services, including already the …” „… ongoing elaboration of the White Paper on Social and Health Services of General Interest ought to take …” „… services (European Commission, 2006 a, b). The communication on social services of general interest …”

Peter Szynka Homeless Citizens. Providing Services for Homeless People in the area of Oldenburg/East Frisia, Germany S. 219-236

„… . In general, he describes different forms of “helping people” as a “structure of mutual expectation …” „… isolated autonomous units or as inter- 221 dependent parts of the society in general. The given political …” „… working towards a modern and inclusive society. Of special interest are those social service providers …”

Ariane Rodert, Ludvig Sandberg The National Forum for Voluntary Social Work, Sweden – Contribution to a European Social Model S. 206-210

„… or local government responsibility, in general. And we want to have our clear say in specific issues …” „… clear new interest from the state to facilitate this trend. A new government investigation is going to …” „… social services we need a clear ethic that works in the every day activities, and a real interest in what …”

List of Contributors S. 274-276

„… ); until 2005 Secretary General of Eurodiaconia; 1996 one of the founders of the Austrian …” „… College, Cork, Ireland. His main teaching and research interests are in the area of urban social policy …” „… 1995) He is founding father of EASPD, president and and currently secretary general. …”

Fred Powell The Changing Quality of Citizenship in Postmodern Society S. 29-43

„… citizenship and the alienation in general of the youth population in the inner cities (as powerfully exposed …” „… many other social forms and collectivity, based on interest, gender, ethnicity, hobby, friendship …” „… policy and views ‘social crusading’ as an essential means to awakening public interest in their plight …”

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Beyond Consensus

Enrico Zoffoli

Series: Studies in Political Theory

Volume 4 2013

Results in this title

Freestanding rationales and general interests S. 207-210

„… freestanding value or general interest,381 which all would/should reasonably care about as citizens with common …” „… that one’s interest in being rescued from situations of extreme danger is general in this sense. It is …” „… freestanding defeaters, which is precisely what consensus models claim. 381 I talk about “general” interests …”

The argument from reasonable compliance S. 198-202

„… . Andy and Bea know that peace will secure their interests, so as instrumentally rational agents they …” „… beneficial scheme of cooperation out of private self-interest and nonetheless regularly obey its rules of …” „… interests, in a Hobbesian fashion, as the only relevant evaluative standards. Rawls objects that attempt to …”

What defeats what? S. 151-154

„… precedence over R*, at least as a general rule. In many cases liberty can be curbed on pragmatic grounds …” „… conception (see introduction, II.c and chapter 1, §1.5.2). First, we have to identify general principles …” „… ” expressing “generalizable interests”. Thus, the fundamental problem is to understand whether or not in case d …”

b Justificatory liberalism S. 13-20

„… to justify her liberty. To be sure, Benn is concerned with interference in general, while theorists …” „… officials in general are legally entitled to lay down coercive laws, and hence to claim political authority …” „… individuals in their own image to promote the satisfaction of their own interests.18 Some 150 years later …”

a Varieties of liberalism S. 11-13

„… the Will of any other Man”.1 Liberals thus insist that, as general rule, a just society should be …” „… have conflicting interests, and the fact that neither has the power to repress or root out the other …” „… liberalism. However, the three conceptions I have canvassed are interesting because they differ in many …”

A further problem S. 226-231

„… “zoom out”, as it were, and focus on abstract laws or general principles. Any such law or principle will …” „… no longer: “Which norm is of equal interest to all those affected” but rather: “Which valid norm is …” „… ”, which I have contrasted with that of “strength”). In order to correctly interpret and apply general …”

Back to post-metaphysical rationality S. 154-156

„… general principles, which, we take it, all have (freestanding) reason to endorse. Then we need set out to …” „… “moral reasons” expressing “generalizable interests”. Thus, the fundamental problem is to understand …” „… failure of radical strength-based arguments in general leads to the failure of moderate strength-based …”

Framing the issue S. 202-205

„… sheer private interests”, on which convergence models such as Gauthier’s rely. Citizens’ private reasons …” „… ” beliefs in general (in Habermas’s sense). The point is to verify whether these different evaluative …” „… , but not convergence in general. 3.6 The argument from symmetry 3.6.1 Framing the issue A further …”

Procedures of abstraction S. 76-79

„… FT, they give different interpretations of ?. In this section, and in this book in general, I shall …” „… , on Gaus’s view ? cannot lead to purely political results because ? (and public reason in general …” „… , a universalistic standpoint. As a general rule, this means that U will essentially comprise moral or …”

The Strong Burden Thesis and the Weak Burden Thesis S. 205-207

„… presumption in favor of liberty in general, for both views presuppose that liberty is the status quo. Moreover …” „… convergence models in general, would not warrant Andy’s claim in case 1). Since in case 1) a “justified moral …” „… this intuition that the argument from symmetry turns. 3.6.3 Freestanding rationales and general …”

Three levels of publicness S. 54-56

„… reasons reflect “particular interests”, as opposed to “common” or “generalizable” interests; others seem …” „… there is more. In fact, convergence is not only a plausible interpretation of the general Concept of …”

Summary S. 231-232

„… public reason (§3.3.1 – 3.3.3) – a charge to which “political” liberalism in general is vulnerable …” „… interests reason themselves into “reasonable” persons that resist the temptation to cheat? The other …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Burden Thesis 205 3.6.3 Freestanding rationales and general interests 207 3.6.4 Why the argument from …”

Conclusion S. 233-240

„… laid the basis for my argument by describing the general Concept of Public Reason as a combination of …” „… second principle comprised by the general concept of public justification, which I called the Principle …” „… ). Then I defined consensus and convergence as two conflicting interpretations of the general Concept of …”

a Consensus and convergence S. 20-24

„… overwhelming majority of justificatory liberals subscribe to this general view. For instance, Charles Larmore …” „… dominant view, in that they hold that, at least as a general rule, a theory of public reason should in …” „… general concept of public justification. Secondly, it defines consensus and convergence models as two …”

Rejecting the Derivative Justification Thesis S. 44-46

„… whether they approve the proposition or reject it, but whether or not it conforms to the general will …” „… On Rousseau’s views, once the general will is revealed it is to be taken as infallible in the strong …” „… majorities are more likely to be right in general. But while this can be an argument in favor of democracy …”

Validity claims S. 134-137

„… inquiry and truth-oriented deliberation in general, seem inherently “objective”, at least in principle. If …” „… about empirical states of affairs and “truth-claims” in general, while “practical rationality” deals …” „… “rightness-claims” in general.255 Now consider how theoretical rationality is normally thought to work when it comes …”

The asymmetry between rightness claims and truth claims S. 137-140

„… affairs and “truth-claims” in general, while “practical rationality” deals with reasons for beliefs about …” „… courses of actions, normative/prescriptive statements and “rightness-claims” in general.255 Now consider …” „… element of the general Concept of Public Reason. In chapter 1 (§1.2.5), we saw that the Principle of …”

The Freestandingness Thesis S. 74-76

„… section, and in this book in general, I shall be concerned mainly with three such interpretations, namely …” „… . Interestingly, even critics of consensus such as Gaus, K. Vallier and J. Stout accept FT. What these critics …”

A more moderate defense of consensus? S. 146-149

„… 146 2.7.2 A more moderate defense of consensus? Let us draw some more general conclusions from …” „… reasons which affirm or deny the existence of reasons understood as external facts. Interestingly, this …”

The Commonsense View of Shareability S. 179-182

„… claiming that justification in general should depend on citizens’ beliefs may be a legitimate position, but …” „… conceptions of public reason. An interesting question is how well C2 and C3 would fare with respect to PJS and …”

Ethical discourses and open justification S. 129-133

„… justification Let me begin with the Unnecessary Open Justification Thesis and with some general considerations …” „… more interesting. Recall that, for Habermas, in everyday interaction we always raise validity claims …” „… justificatory reasons. Moreover, it is interesting to notice that, in Habermas’s view, some beliefs can be …”

The argument from normative stability S. 194-198

„… rescues convergence from the more general charge of relying on a potentially libertarian justificatory …” „… self-interested bargaining ploys. Denying moral authority to basic moral rules is a grave matter indeed. Members …” „… interesting argument for consensus, which fundamentally holds that convergence would encourage citizens to be …”

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