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New Digital Markets Act

Jens Peter Schmidt (ed.), Fabian Hübener (ed.)

2023

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Gonçalo Machado Borges, Sofia Vaz Sampaio, Leonor Martins Machado J. Private enforcement in Portugal S. 165-171

„… the claimant must also file.Other bases for claimsPossibly for some of the obligations laid out in Art …” „… . Basis for claimsThere is no legislative provision that adapts the Spanish legal system to the DMA.195 …” „… which are untested at this stage:First approach: non-contractual claimsThe first way to enforce the DMA …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler D. International jurisdiction S. 127-128

„… basis for such claims.D. International jurisdiction (Henner Schläfke/Immo Schuler)The regulatory …” „… claims.E. Private enforcement in France (Franck Audran/Elsa Mandel)This section explains the fundamental …” „… claim is therefore generally national law, not Art. 101 and 102 TFEU themselves.59 Consequently …”

Henner Schläfke, Immo Schuler F. Private enforcement in Germany S. 135-145

„… can be held with regard to standalone claims.CompetenceAs indicated in this section, it is likely that …” „… Other bases for claimsWith the 11th GWB Amendment Act extensive provisions on private enforcement of the …” „… DMA damages claims will initially be based on the basic civil liability regime of Art. 1240 French …”

Franck Audran, Elsa Mandel E. Private enforcement in France S. 128-135

„… increasingly be subject to such claims.II. Basis for claimsThere are no specific provisions for the …” „… , Art. 7 no. 2 Recast Brussels I Regulation also remains relevant for tortious claims.E. Private …” „… can be held with regard to standalone claims.CompetenceAs indicated in this section, it is likely that …”

Rick Cornelissen, Lumine van Uden I. Private enforcement in the Netherlands S. 153-164

„… RAD, will be discussed below (→ mn. 228 et seqq.).II. Basis for claimsThe DMA provides in Art. 5, 6 …” „… the DMA, they will thus be discussed in more detail below.Assignment of claimsIn competition damages …” „… within thisstage oreven separatelybeforethisstage.•Filing collective claimsClaim organisation …”

Markus Brösamle, Emilia Etz Chapter 11 Role of national authorities and courts S. 96-106

„… third-party claims(private enforcement)In addition, unfair practices by gatekeepers leading to non-compliance …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32II. National courts and enforcement of third-party claims (private enforcement …” „… have to be taken into account (cf. rec. 6 DMA), meaning that there is also a benefit to the economy of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLII

„… courts and enforcement of third-party claims (private enforcement) . . . . . . . . .II. 105Assistance …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .II. 122Civil law claims under the DMA (Henner Schläfke/Immo Schuler …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. 125Secondary claims under European Union law …”

Markus Brösamle, Johanna Krauskopf Chapter 4 Designation as a gatekeeper (Art. 3 DMA) S. 29-35

„… derive claims against gatekeepers from the DMA or are to benefit from the conduct obligations, as well …”

Juliane Mendelsohn, Oliver Budzinski Chapter 2 DMA: background, objectives, and its relationship to competition law S. 3-22

„… now (want to) pay using the card, the greater the benefit for the business owners to accept the card …” „… goods benefit from these economies of scale and may continue to grow at the expense of their competitors …” „… Chicago School (and also certain interpretations of the more economic approach61). Proponents claim that …”

Annex: Digital Markets Act S. 177-254

„… benefit of consumers in the Union.(2) At the same time, among those digital services, core platform …” „… benefit of the Union’s economy as a whole and ultimately of the Union’s consumers.(9) Fragmentation of the …” „… , act as an important gateway for business users to reach end users and benefit from an entrenched and …”

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International Investment Law

Marc Bungenberg (ed.), Jörn Griebel (ed.), Stephan Hobe (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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Ursula Kriebaum VIII. Expropriation S. 959-1030

„… the Tribunal: Expropriation Claims’in Richard B. Lillich and Daniel B. Magraw (eds), The Iran–United …” „… ClaimsTribunal’ (1988) 19 NYIL 53–178; Markus Perkams, ‘The Concept of Indirect Expropriationin Comparative …” „… the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal’ (1994) 88 AJIL 585–610; Charles N.Brower and Jason D …”

Joachim Steffens II. Excursus: German Political Risk Insurance S. 1552-1568

„… transformed into funds (equity participations converted into claims);b) endowment capital provided for a …” „… those claims (claims converted from equity participations, investment-like loans, claimsarising from …” „… to these rights and claims.If such an assignment is not possible or if it is waived by the Federal …”

Richard Happ A. The Energy Charter Treaty S. 240-260

„… investor, raising the hurdle for unjustified claims.InvestorAccording to Art. 1(7), an ‘Investor’ of a …” „… com-plementarities and mutual benefits, in accordance with the objectives and princi-ples of the Charter’ (Art. 2 …” „… directand indirect shareholders from Europe and other contracting parties. That is whyunder the ECT, claims …”

Gabriel Bottini, Veronica Lavista, Mariana Lozza E. MERCOSUR and CAFTA S. 326-341

„… Investment Claims(Cambridge University Press, 2009) 397–457.107 Art. 10.18.3.108 Arts. 10.16.2 and …” „… 331–410; Rachel Thorn and Jennifer Doucleff,‘Disregarding the Corporate Veil and Denial of Benefit Clauses …” „… illegalities must be present for the investor to lose the right to bring a treatyclaim.69 The benefits of this …”

Vivienne Bath, Luke Nottage C. The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement and ‘ASEAN Plus’ – The Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) and the PRC–ASEAN Investment Agreement S. 283-303

„… therefore signifi-cant that Art. 19 of ACIA (Denial of Benefits) provides that a State may onlydeny the …” „… benefits of the agreement to an investor that is a juridical person of anASEAN State but which is owned or …” „… allowing for the imposition ofrestrictions notwithstanding the grant of national treatment or MFN benefits …”

Michael Waibel II. Investment Arbitration: Jurisdiction and Admissibility S. 1212-1287

„… role with re-spect to res judicata, which as a legal impediment precludes sequential claims,or the …” „… ) Sufficient Relationship to the Principal Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104D. Scope of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2785. Derivative Claims by Shareholders …”

Kaj Hobér, Joshua Fellenbaum I. Political Risk Insurance and Investment Treaty Protection S. 1517-1551

„… legis-lation, or taking other measures, affecting the benefits and burdens of theproject. It is in such a …” „… and multilateral investment treaties, politicalrisk insurance can not only benefit the investor by …” „… securing protection for his in-vestment,8 but it can also benefit the developing host nation by encouraging …”

Yun-I Kim I. Investment Law and the Individual S. 1585-1601

„… jurisdic-tion of an international arbitral tribunal with regard to (asserted) treaty claims.The award in the …” „… regard to contract claims:In a case where the essential basis of a claim brought before an international …” „… in principle meant to benefit investors by defining substan-tive standards for the treatment of …”

Joachim Karl F. The Negotiations on the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment S. 342-360

„… . SeeUNCTAD, Denunciation of the ICSID Convention and BITs: Impact on Investor-State Claims,IIA Issues Note …” „… TextsDenial of BenefitsSource: OECD, MAI Negotiating Text, 24 April 1998, reprinted in UNCTAD, Lessons from …” „… claim an exception to the obligation to grantmost favoured nation treatment in order to be able to grant …”

Arno Gildemeister V. Investment Law and Taxation S. 1677-1691

„… (MFN) standard,stating that this standard shall not be used to claim the benefits granted to na-tionals …” „… , para. 227; George W. Cook v. Mexico, US–Mexican ClaimsCommission, 4 RIAA 593.49 See Sergeij Paushok v …” „… (n. 50) paras. 449–454, 556, 621; Civilian Claims–Eritrea’s Claims15, 16, 23 & 27-32, Partial Award …”

Irmgard Marboe I. The System of Reparation and Questions of Terminology S. 1031-1044

„… claims.In order to arrive at an amount of money that represents ‘full reparation’, it isnecessary to create …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Literature: Markham Ball, ‘Assessing Damages in Claims By Investors Against States’(2001) 16 ICSID …” „… valuation of claims Irmgard Marboe 10311is very divergent. The financial outcome of a proceeding is hardly …”

Index S. 1913-1952

„… – corrective/supplemental function of in-ternational law Chapter 3 I 16– distinction from treaty claimsChapter 8 VII 22 …” „… Article 42– application to treaty claimsChapter 11 IV 18– implicit choice of lawChapter 11 IV 27– role of …” „… international law for contractclaims Chapter 11 IV 19– role of international law for treaty claimsChapter 11 IV …”

Lucy F. Reed, Jonathan E. Davis A. Who is a Protected Investor? S. 614-637

„… claim. This question has provena fertile area for objections to jurisdiction. To give one of the more …” „… to bring a claim under theConvention, in which case an investor may nonetheless avail itself of …” „… nationalityalone.15 The language of denial of benefits clauses, which allow a State to ex-clude certain investors …”

Achim-R. Börner IV. Investment Law and Energy S. 1644-1676

„… claimsUSD 1 bn in compensation for the taking. Luke E. Peterson, Italian firm resorts to arbitra-tion over …” „… State and the hostState, which provides guarantees for the benefit of the investor.8 This bi- or mul-4 …” „… environment for the benefit of business planning and to bar new legislationrunning counter to their interests …”

Chester Brown I. The Evolution of the Regime of International Investment Agreements: History, Economics and Politics S. 153-185

„… resolu-tion of these claims.Uncertainties in the Customary International Law of InvestmentProtectionIn light …” „… presentation of such claims.Article 20 first provided that ‘[a] claim may be presented (…) by an injuredalien …” „… establishment of mixed commissions to hear claims.27 In addi-tion, early FCN treaties did not reflect all of the …”

Jan K. Schäfer I. Alternatives to Investment Arbitration S. 1186-1211

„… , ‘Investor-State Dispute Mediation: The Benefits andObstacles’ in Arthur W. Rovine (ed), Contemporary Issues in …” „… and Asia.5The various benefits of amicably solving a dispute with the assistance of a thirdparty have …” „… parties. These benefits become even more pronounced in situations display-ing cross-border elements.12In …”

Giorgio Sacerdoti, Matilde Recanati XIII. Approaches to Investment Protection outside of Specific International Investment Agreements and Investor-State Settlement S. 1839-1862

„… claims,noting that the same rule was contained in Art. 20 of the Permanent Court of Ar-bitration Optional Rules …” „… the Basis of the ELSI Case and the Claim by the USAagainst Italy …” „… Issue of the Admissibility of Claims on Behalf of Sharehold-ers in Case of Damages Suffered by a Local …”

Anne K. Hoffmann G. Denial of Benefits S. 598-613

„… G. Denial of BenefitsAnne K. Hoffmann1. Introduction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. The Origins and Purpose of Denial of Benefits Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Denial of …” „… Benefits Clauses in Investment Arbitration Case Law . . . 11a) Case Law Based on BITs and NAFTA …”

Stefan Kröll VII. Enforcement of Awards S. 1482-1504

„… opportunity for a successful party to benefit from the ordersmade in the award is to get it enforced and …” „… awards) on the one hand and all others on the otherhand (non-ICSID awards). ICSID awards benefit from the …” „… claim that is submitted to arbitrationshall be considered to arise out of a commercial relationship or …”

André von Walter I. Investor-State Contracts in the Context of International Investment Law S. 80-92

„… remain available for other claims.It therefore seems as if there is still no clear consensus on the …” „… protection agreements, investors also commonly claim the re-spect of contractual commitments on the basis of …” „… international law, or international means for the settlement of in-vestment disputes may arguably benefit from …”

Monique Sasson III. Investment Arbitration: Procedure S. 1288-1372

„… Nicaragua’s claims.Furthermore, the ICJ held that, for the purposes of determining its jurisdic-tion, it must …” „… . This part alsoaddresses the unique ICSID provision for early dismissal of a claim on thegrounds that it …” „… investment arbitration proceedings.– The investor-claimant need not lobby its government to espouse its claim …”

August Reinisch IV. Most Favoured Nation Treatment S. 807-845

„… International Law of Investment Claims(Cambridge University Press, 2009); Zachary Douglas, ‘The MFN Clause in …” „… address claims alleging vi-olations of MFN treatment as regards substantive treatment. Rather, most of …” „… Protected InvestmentWhile MFN clauses have been mostly invoked in order to claim a better sub-stantive …”

Sabine Konrad B. Protection of Investments Owned by States S. 545-554

„… claimant’s claims).Chapter 6: The Scope of Application of International Investment Agreements546 Sabine …” „… toRomania, although ultimately dismissing the claimant’s claims).10 See, e.g., Hrvatska elektroprivreda dd v …” „… enforce its claims on a State-State lev-el.However, the number of State-affiliated claimants in …”

Irmgard Marboe V. Valuation in Cases of Breach of Contract S. 1103-1114

„… fault of the party have a direct influence on the claim to recover lost financial benefit. SeeJohn …” „… rules on expropriation apply.3However, investment tribunals also have treated contract claims separately …” „… andindependently from treaty claims and applied the law governing the contract,1 Irmgard Marboe and August Reinisch …”

Stephan W. Schill XII. Multilateralization: An Ordering Paradigm for International Investment Law S. 1817-1838

„… differentnature than bilateralism. It is not about the imposition of rules that create one-sided benefits for a …” „… participating actors based on ‘dif-fuse reciprocity’, meaning that benefits from international cooperation are …” „… benefits not only of capital-exporting vis-à-vis capital-im-porting countries but also of stronger …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund B. NAFTA’s Contributions to Investor-State Dispute Settlement S. 261-282

„… , and hear and determine one or more of the claims,the determination of which it believes would assist …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31c) Jurisprudential Development and Control Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . 35d) Frivolous Claims …” „… Rev.–FILJ225–267; Noah Rubins, ‘Loewen v United States: The Burial of an Investor-State ArbitrationClaim …”

Andrew Newcombe B. The Americas S. 202-220

„… result-ed in an unexpected number of investor-State claims against the US and Canada.1.1 See Andrea …” „… BITs in the 1990s provided the breedingground for a ‘baby boom’5 in investment treaty claims beginning …” „… in the early2000s. Numerous treaty claims along with economic and political upheaval havehad a mixed …”

Jan Asmus Bischoff, Richard Happ A. The Notion of Investment S. 495-544

„… Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113(2 …” „… , The international law of investment claims (CambridgeUniversity Press, 2009); Emmanuel Gaillard …” „… company or business enter-prise;(c) claims to money and claims to performance pursuant to contract having …”

Burkhard Schöbener IV. Outlook on the Developments in Public International Law and the Law Relating to Aliens S. 64-79

„… protection, in order to submithis or her claims of a violation of human rights vis-à-vis the host …” „… 2014, para. 3.9 LFH Neer and Pauline Neer (USA v. Mexico), American–Mexican Claims Commission,Award …” „… Neer, the General Claims Commission (Mexico and the United States) de-termined that a violation of the …”

Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan VI. Investment Law and Intellectual Property Rights S. 1692-1713

„… toQuit? Assessing International Investment Claims Against Plain Packaging in Australia’(2011) 14 J. Int’l …” „… innovative, creativegoods which are to the benefit of society and mankind.2 Without a certain degree1 For …” „… to benefit from the inno-Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and …”

Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Jorge E. Viñuales VIII. Human Rights and Investment Disciplines: Integration in Progress S. 1739-1767

„… investmentclaims; (b) human rights claims as independent heads of claims.Human Rights Claims as Investment ClaimsA …” „… investment claims:This Tribunal’s competence is limited to commercial disputes arising under a contract …” „… internationallaw is further confirmed by the increasingly growing number of ‘treaty claims’,whereby investors make …”

Anthony Sinclair VII. Umbrella Clause S. 887-958

„… obligations in State con-tracts.B. Overview of Arbitral Practice Concerning Umbrella Clause ClaimsPart B …” „… theclause’s effect.9 Fedax cannot truly be said to mark the modern emergence ofumbrella clause claims.The …” „… umbrella clause claims,although the tribunal did not in fact find that the clause had been breached …”

Stephan Wittich V. Investment Arbitration: Remedies S. 1391-1430

„… benefits. Examples of non-pecuniaryremedies are declaratory relief, restitution, injunctions or orders for …” „… means that an internationalcourt or tribunal which has jurisdiction with respect to a claim of State …” „… Court2.16 Zachary Douglas, The International Law of Investment Claims (Cambridge University Press,2009 …”

Irmgard Marboe IV. Valuation in Cases of Breaches of International Law Unrelated to Expropriation S. 1082-1102

„… ClaimsTribunal Rep. (1992), para. 114; International Technical Products Corp. v. Iran, Award, 28October 1985, 9 …” „… Warner(eds), Investment Treaty Law Issues, Vol II: Nationality and Investment Treaty Claims. Fairand …” „… standards aimed at the protection of foreigninvestment in the host State may be the basis for a claim for …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLVIII

„… in-vestment treaty claims.John has worked with the international arbitration practices of King & Spaldingand …” „… State ...........F. 590Christina KnahrDenial of Benefits …” „… VerfahrensrechtsIR Institution RulesIran–US CTR Iran–United States Claims Tribunal, Iran–United StatesClaims Tribunal …”

John Y. Gotanda VIII. Interest S. 1142-1153

„… claim arises until the actual payment of the awardand the sums involved are significant, it is not …” „… restitutionary goal may favour a ratethat removes the benefit from the respondent of having the use of the …” „… post-award interest. Claims for interesttypically involve four issues:1. Whether there exists the authority …”

Christina Knahr F. The Territorial Nexus between an Investment and the Host State S. 590-597

„… arbitral tribunals can be faced with whenhaving to determine their jurisdiction to hear a claim is also the …” „… , Investment Arbitration Panel upholds jurisdiction to hearmass bondholder claims against Argentina, ASIL …” „… whereand/or for the benefit of whom the funds are ultimately used, and not the place where the funds werepaid …”

Christoph Schreuer V. The Future of International Investment Law S. 1904-1912

„… considerably with a corresponding reduction of thesize of China’s shield against investment claims. Conversely …” „… calculations are conservative often differing dra-matically from the claims put forward by investors.D. New …” „… intra-EUBITs generally. The effects of a strategy to terminate investment protection areof questionable benefit …”

Catharine Titi IX. International Investment Law and Good Governance S. 1768-1783

„… BIT, thosebreached under Article 11 do not give rise to arbitrable claims.27Analogous provisions to …” „… (EITI).62 The OECD has also been very active4.Claims against Complicit or Compliant Host States – Where …” „… the ‘Chapter 11arbitral process could benefit from being perceived as more open or transparent;or …”

August Reinisch IV. The Likely Content of Future EU Investment Agreements S. 1884-1903

„… claims in the Abaclat18 and subsequent Argentinian bondholder cases19 as in-vestment disputes under the …” „… in a separate Annex X, aiming at excluding investor-State claims for debt restructuring claims.21 …” „… development of thehost State’ led to the dismissal of the claims on jurisdictional grounds. Theomission of the …”

Katharina Diel-Gligor, Rudolf Hennecke D. Investment in Accordance with the Law S. 566-576

„… accordance with thelaws and regulations of the host State’ in order to benefit from the protectionsgranted by …” „… heard whose claim is based on his own disgraceful behavior’, see ‘Legal Max-ims’ in Bryan A. Garner (ed …” „… from the outset; rather, ‘it might be a defense for the host State to claimsubstantive violations of …”

Carsten Kern VI. Transfer of Funds S. 870-886

„… foreign investorcan, after a successful investment, enjoy the financial benefits of his investment,e.g. by …” „… investor will be able to enjoy the financial benefits of a successful investment.’4 See Giorgio Sacerdoti …” „… the freetransfer provision of the Argentina–US BIT. The claimant later dropped this partof his claim …”

Sabine Konrad C. Protection for Non-Profit Organisations S. 555-565

„… tobring claims before ICSID.The ICSID Convention does not define the term ‘national’, but relies mainlyon …” „… the national law of the State the national of which the claimant claims to be.15Does an NGO have an …” „… , stocks or bonds in acompany, moveable and fixed property, loans or claims to money, entitlement …”

Ralph Alexander Lorz II. Protection and Security (Including the NAFTA Approach) S. 764-789

„… ’ must conform to this minimum interna-tional standard.8 Likewise, the Iran–US Claims Tribunal pointed …” „… General Claims Commission in 1926, which set thestage for the development of the customary international …” „… references.15 USA (Neer) v. Mexico, The Mexican–United States General Claim Commission, Award, 15October 1926 …”

Marc Jacob, Stephan W. Schill I. Fair and Equitable Treatment: Content, Practice, Method S. 700-763

„… to have been expressed in the (in)famousNeer case, in which the United States–Mexican General Claims …” „… Fair andEquitable Treatment’ (2010) 43 NYU JILP 43, 49–53 has put forward a similar claim, akin tothe …” „… economy of international investment treaties that pointsto benefits the adoption of the concept of the …”

Richard E. (Rory) Walck II. Methods of Valuing Losses S. 1045-1056

„… particular asset – say, for example, a piece of equipment – its valuecan be related to the benefit it brings …” „… valuators, rather than engaging in the more difficult process ofestimating the future economic benefit the …” „… litigation and internal tribunal deci-sion-making.26C. Valuing the Loss of ProfitsLoss of profits claims …”

August Reinisch II. The Interpretation of International Investment Agreements S. 372-410

„… Meaning”of BITs and the Jurisdiction of Treaty-Based Tribunals to Hear Contract Claims’ (2007) 8JWIT 5–68 …” „… International Law378 August Reinisch141516claim by merely stating: ‘In construing Article 1102 of the NAFTA, the …” „… thepresent Treaty, and in particular in articles 4, 5 and 6, with the exception of benefits providedby one …”

John P. Gaffney, Zeynep Akçay A. European Bilateral Approaches S. 186-201

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24(c) Test of Nationality for Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25(d) Claims …” „… , traditional property rights, rights in companies, monetary claims, copyrights, in-dustrial property rights …” „… States. Thus investors no longer depended upon‘gunboat diplomacy’ or on the espousal of their claim by …”

Markus Perkams B. Protection for Legal Persons S. 638-652

„… Investors and International Claims against the Investor’s Own State’ (2006) 7JWIT 857–881; Norah Gallagher …” „… whether claimants had the necessary legal capacity to bring the claims. InImpregilo SpA v. Pakistan, for …” „… example, the tribunal denied the claimant’s rightto claim ‘for and on behalf of its joint venture …”

Armand de Mestral III. Pre-Entry Obligations under International Law S. 685-699

„… an investment in the territory ofthe other Party (…)’ (emphasis added). However, a claim to be an …” „… , applications by private persons.50 Such claims could includedenial of admission of investments by a member …” „… on the benefits of liberalisingthe conditions of foreign investments. They were influential in …”

Marc Bungenberg, Catharine Titi VIII. Precedents in International Investment Law S. 1505-1516

„… apparent attempt to achieve consistency.26 Inthe Enron decision on jurisdiction (ancillary claim), the …” „… Jurisdiction (Ancillary Claim), 2 August 2004, para. 25.VIII. Precedents in International Investment LawMarc …” „… pre-sumption against full success of investment claims brought against Argentina,thereby aiding the State in …”

Christina Binder IV. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness S. 442-480

„… economic crisis 2001–02 whereArgentina extensively relied on the defence against claims brought by …” „… increasingly devalued Argentine peso.In considering claims brought against Argentina following the crisis, the …” „… Max Huber in theBritish Claims in the Spanish Zone of Morocco case (Great Britain v. Spain), 23 …”

Jörn Griebel D. The New EU Investment Policy Approach S. 304-325

„… implement itsown policies without having to fear claims from foreign investors, the right toregulate is …” „… not want to extend all of the specific benefits of the EU tothird country nationals – and this seems …” „… bringing claims within such proceedings and of taking the pos-ition of the respondent in case of claims by …”

Irmgard Marboe III. Valuation in Cases of Expropriation S. 1057-1081

„… cases. See Charles Brower andJason D. Brueschke, The Iran–United States Claims Tribunal (Martinus …” „… highlight some aspects that are important for the val-uation of claims in expropriation cases. It will …” „… International Finance v. Iran, (1987) 15 Iran–US Claims Tribunal Rep. 247, para. 194.See also Aminoil v. Kuwait …”

Michael Hahn II. EU Rules and Obligations Related to Investment S. 671-684

„… individuals, the former didnot benefit from the same status but rather constituted an objective obligation …” „… legal order, the court has refused to change its legal analysis forthe benefit of third-country …” „… other side – theUnion organs started to claim, at the latest after 1 December 2009, that the perti-nent …”

Morris Besch II. Typical Questions Arising within Negotiations S. 93-152

Marc Bungenberg, Stephan Hobe II. The Relationship of International Investment Law and European Union Law S. 1602-1628

„… Germany on the one handand Greece and Portugal on the other; no claims are known to have been regis-tered …” „… limit the rights of investors of the Parties to benefit fromany more favourable treatment provided for …” „… existing international legal regulations of EU memberStates and should only claim supremacy if the legal …”

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Raub - Beute - Diebstahl

Matthias Weller (ed.), Nicolai Kemle (ed.), Thomas Dreier (ed.)

Series: Schriften zum Kunst- und Kulturrecht

Volume 17 2013

Results in this title

Norman Palmer The Spoliation Advisory Panel and Holocaust-related Cultural Objects S. 119-140

„… claims brought against publicly funded museums by thosewho lost possession of cultural objects between …” „… legal right. In fact there has been no claim where the Panel has not foundthe legal title to have …” „… that threatened tofrustrate claims against national museums and posed a seemingly impregnablebarrier to …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845248974

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Nachhaltigkeit als Gegenstand und Zielgröße der Rezeptions- und Wirkungsforschung

Anna Sophie Kümpel (ed.), Christina Peter (ed.), Anna Schnauber-Stockmann (ed.), Frank Mangold (ed.)

Series: Reihe Rezeptionsforschung

Volume 44 2022

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J. Matthes, C. Eicher, B. Naderer, A. Neureiter, D. Schmuck, M. Zibarzani Driving Forces in Green Advertisements: A Comparison of Green Advertisements in Ten Countries S. 209-230

„… = 950 ads did not contain any of the mentioned claims.Driving Forces in Green Advertisements221Table 4 …” „… ) 42.5 (406)Note. N = 1635; n = 950 ads did not contain any of the mentioned claims.DiscussionWe argued …” „… impact of the products they buy (Futerra, 2018). This increases the relevance of sustainability claims or …”

Anna Schorn Wirkung nach Werten: Förderung von umweltfreundlichem Verhalten durch die Übereinstimmung von Wertorientierung und Wertappell? S. 85-106

„… Verhalten, wenn es Benefits entweder für die Umwelt oder auch für die eigene Person gibt. Andere Studien …” „… /2021-topics-and-trends-reportGanz, B., & Grimes, A. (2018). How claim specificity can improve claim …” „… credibility in green advertising: Measures that can boost outcomes from environmental product claims. Journal …”

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Europäisches Atomhaftungsrecht im Umbruch

Norbert Pelzer (ed.)

2010

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Evelyne Ameye Legal Study on Nuclear Third Party Liability for DG TREN of the European Commission S. 145-156

„… claims-handling costs, that are not included in the provisions of the Paris and Vienna Conventions as opposed to …” „… European claims-handling force should be created, whereas others suggest that claimshandling should stay …” „… secure harmonisation (e.g. through a European network of claims-handling insurers, similar to the …”

Julia A. Schwartz Great Expectations: Where Do We Stand with the Revised Nuclear Liability Conventions? S. 41-68

„… provide equivalent reciprocal benefits. Furthermore, claims for personal injury or death may now be …” „… maintenance and improvement of existing units were all in jeopardy. This balancing of the benefits of …” „… jurisdiction to hear claims and which state’s laws should apply to the adjudication of those claims. The …”

Florence Touitou-Durand The Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage: A Solution for Europe? S. 257-274

„… inadequate to satisfy claims for compensation, the Installation State will have to make public funds …” „… available in order to ensure the payment of such claims, up to the limit of the national compensation …” „… exclusive jurisdiction over claims for nuclear damage resulting from a nuclear incident in its exclusive …”

Jakub Handrlica Diskussionsbericht / Report of Discussion S. 275-282

„… environmental damage. Firstly, who may claim for compensation of damages under the EU Directive, under the …” „… any time limitation of claims? Can a management of a company be held liable if an insurance contract …” „… damage. The claims have to be submitted in the period of 30 years. Concerning the liability of the …”

Eliana Danzi Some Reflections on the Exclusion of Nuclear Damage from the Scope of Application of the Environmental Liability Directive S. 191-212

„… regime. Particularly, »fears of financially devastating liability claims in the event of an accident …” „… relatively low parameters13 and claims for compensation were subject to a prescription period of ten years …” „… :// www.world-nuclear.org/info/reactors.html. 22 »Because neither Convention has ever been invoked in support of any claim, the scope of …”

Ulrich Magnus Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgements under the Current Nuclear Liability Regimes within the EU Member States S. 105-122

„… the gap between the two regimes and to extend the benefits of the one regime to persons governed by …” „… is hoped to be outbalanced by certain advantages: all claims resulting from the same incident and …” „… channelling of claims onto the operator of the nuclear installation that the Convention provides for.38 This …”

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Die Tugenden des Marktes

Ingo Pies (ed.)

Series: Angewandte Ethik

Volume 3 2018

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Luigino Bruni, Robert Sugden Wie man die Tugendethik wieder in die Ökonomik zurückholen kann S. 15-92

„… many economists would findmore natural—to point to the enormous benefits, including incomeand leisure …” „… benefits, it can be argued, questions about whether mar-ket motivations are virtuous are second-order …” „… historicallyinclined economists, hoping to be read both by philosophers and byour fellow economists. For the benefit of …”

Ingo Pies Weiterführende Hinweise S. 282-300

„… atbeing a soldier). So I (and Sugden) would not claim (as some virtue ethicists would)that conscript …” „… out of danger and discomfort) they wouldn’t begood soldiers. Analogously, we don’t claim that when …” „… opportunity tomake them is a form of freedom. We therefore propose to treat mutual benefit, notself-interest …”

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CETA Investment Law

Marc Bungenberg (ed.), August Reinisch (ed.)

2022

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Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch An Overview of the CETA – Investment Chapter (Chapter 8) S. 1-42

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. The Economic Background: Benefits of a CETA Investment Chapter . . . . . . 7C. The EU and Canada …” „… . Exemptions, Reservations and Denial of Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805. Interim …” „… paradigm change of EU investment law.B. The Economic Background:Benefits of a CETA Investment ChapterThe …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.42 Role of the Parties S. 917-922

„… fora, it further provides the benefit of avoiding competing tribunalinterpretations of the same claim …” „… investor brings, as the Parties also refer to making ‘claims’in the context of State-to-State dispute …” „… Article 8.42Role of the Parties1. A Party shall not bring an international claim, in respect of a …”

Crina Baltag Article 8.26 Third party funding S. 584-599

„… arbitra-tions.74 While the availability of TPF may result in an increase of arbitration claims,these would …” „… third party funder.2. The disclosure shall be made at the time of the submission of a claim, or, if …” „… thefinancing agreement is concluded or the donation or grant is made after thesubmission of a claim, without …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.2 Scope S. 114-146

„… not apply to a measurewith respect to cultural industries.4. Claims may be submitted by an investor …” „… Section F.Claims in respect of an obligation set out in Section B are excluded from thescope of Section F …” „… . Claims under Section C with respect to the establishment oracquisition of a covered investment are …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.43 Consolidation S. 923-944

„… claims,which describe the situation where multiple, individual claimants bring claims in theirown name ab …” „… division of theTribunal that may have been constituted in the original claims.This Chapter reviews the …” „… serving the interests of fair and efficient resolution of the claims.Fundamentally, the desirability of …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.40 Indemnification or other compensation S. 856-875

„… inconvert-ibility claims.ExpropriationThe differences in protection against expropriation in CETA and insurance …” „… Inconvertibility ClaimsThe difference in damage covered by CETA and a political risk insurance becomesquite evident …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553. Currency Inconvertibility Claims …”

Marc Bungenberg, Afolabi Adekemi Article 8.18 CETA (Scope) S. 434-484

„… Section a claim that the other Party has breachedan obligation under:(a) Section C, with respect to the …” „… investment,or(b) Section D, where the investor claims to have suffered loss or damage as aresult of the alleged …” „… breach.2. Claims under subparagraph 1(a) with respect to the expansion of a covered in-vestment may be …”

Ursula Kriebaum Article 8.12 Expropriation S. 297-336

„… the law of the expropriatingParty, to a prompt review of its claim and of the valuation of its …” „… States Claims Tribunal (ClarendonPress, Oxford 1996); Olav Alt, ‘Neue Schiedssprüche zum Recht der …” „… Expectations’(2004) 3 TDM, 1; Charles Brower and Jason Brueschke, The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal …”

Richard Happ Article 8.35 Discontinuance S. 779-786

„… Article 8.35DiscontinuanceIf, following the submission of a claim under this Section, the investor …” „… Claimant’s Hands? Admissibility and Consequences of a With-drawal of Claims in International Arbitration …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131. ‘If, Following the Submission of a Claim under this Section’ . . . . . . . . . . . 132. ‘The …”

Irmgard Marboe Article 8.39 Final award S. 826-855

„… Post, Telegraph and Telephone, Iran-US ClaimsTribunal, Award (16 April 1986), (1986) 11 Iran-US Claims …” „… arbitration costs from bringing legitimate claims.With respect to the prevention of frivolous claims, the …” „… restitution, determined in a manner consistent with Arti-cle 8.12.2. Subject to paragraphs 1 and 5, if a claim …”

Céline Lévesque Article 8.16 Denial of benefits S. 395-416

„… right of denial after a claim by an investorhas been made under CETA in order to benefit from the …” „… respondent to invoke the denial of benefits provision before a claim is filed wouldplace an untenable burden …” „… Article 8.16Denial of benefits*A Party may deny the benefits of this Chapter to an investor of the …”

Erman Özgür Article 8.3 Relation to other chapters S. 147-158

„… other chapters148 Erman Özgür2345financial service suppliers and in financial institutions may benefit …” „… (Expropriation), 8.13 (Transfers), 8.14 (Subrogation), 8.16 (Denial of benefits), and 8.17 (For-mal requirements …” „… for claims that a Party has breached Article13.3 or 13.4 with respect to the expansion, conduct …”

Marc Bungenberg, Angshuman Hazarika Article 8.1 Definitions S. 43-113

„… property andrelated rights;(i) claims to money or claims to performance under a contract.For greater …” „… certainty, claims to money does not include:(a) claims to money that arise solely from commercial contracts …” „… , Jurisdiction and Admissibility in International Investment Claims’ (2012) 3(2) J. Int. Disp. Settle-Art. 8.1 …”

Arnaud de Nanteuil Article 8.14 Subrogation S. 360-373

„… Party’The first question relates to the ratione personae scope of the provision, namely:who can benefit from …” „… Party’ which calls for precision. Indeed, it only coversthe situation where an investor benefits from a …” „… protection that a guarantormight claim under Article 8.14.Indeed, this provision allows for subrogation only …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXIV

„… .......................................................Article 8.15 374Denial of benefits …” „… ......................................................................Article 8.21520Procedural and other requirements for the submission of a claim to the TribunalArticle 8.22 …” „… 534Submission of a claim to the Tribunal .............................................Article 8.23 …”

Patricia Nacimiento Article 8.13 Transfers S. 337-359

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39e) Payments Made Pursuant to Claims for Compensation for Losses orExpropriation …” „… successful on their claims against Pakistanthat it had violated its obligations to permit the investors the …” „… investors were unsuccessful on that claim, having relied solely on the letter ofadvice as their reasoning …”

N. Jansen Calamita Article 8.36 Transparency of proceedings S. 787-807

„… thepublic disclosure of information regarding the dispute.3Claims arising under investment treaties, however …” „… proceedings involving claims against the other Party(ies)to the treaty. In CETA, however, the participation of …” „… the final disposition of claims.6 In addition, therehas been criticism about the inability of …”

Lori Di Pierdomenico Article 8.15 Reservations and exceptions S. 374-394

„… areservation which a Party makes unilaterally, an exception applies for the benefit ofboth Parties.4 There are …” „… latteragreement: ‘The core reservations exist to exclude any claims for non-compliance for specified existingand …” „… amendment to a measure that has been reserved will only benefit from the reservation “to theextent that the …”

Güneş Ünüvar Article 8.38 Non-disputing Party S. 813-825

„… notice of determination of the respondent, a claim submittedpursuant to Article 8.23, a request for …” „… (CETA)Party in the context of a CETA ICS claim filed against one of the Parties.1 The Articlecontains the …” „… thedetermination itself, c) the (statement of) claim submitted pursuant to Article 8.23‘Submission of a Claim to …”

Stefanie Schacherer Article 8.9 Investment and regulatory measures S. 236-255

„… of an investor claim alleging a breach of its investment guaran-tees. The concrete benefits of such …” „… interest constituted by the freedom to conductbusiness, relied on by the investor bringing the claim …” „… claim,against public interests, set out in the EU and FEU Treaties and in the Charter, relied on by the Unionin …”

Colin M. Brown Article 8.27 Constitution of the Tribunal S. 600-609

„… claims submitted pur-suant to Article 8.23.2. The CETA Joint Committee shall, upon the entry into force …” „… a claim pursuant to Article 8.23, the Presi-dent of the Tribunal shall appoint the Members of the …” „… hear a claim, other than the fees referred to in paragraph 12,shall be those determined pursuant to …”

Index S. 979-994

„… 8.31 44– to claims 8.22 21American Bar Association 8.14 16Amicable consultations 8.19 47Amicable …” „… dispute settlement 8.19 2, 40 ff.,8.22 7, 14Ancillary claims 8.22 20Annex 29-A– rules of procedure for …” „… 8.11 29Claim 8.14 37Claim under Section F of Chapter 8– withdrawal 8.35 13 ff., 23 ff.Claims …”

Marc Bungenberg, Anna Holzer Article 8.41 Enforcement of awards S. 876-916

„… is deemedto relate to claims arising out of a commercial relationship or transaction for thepurposes …” „… of Article I of the New York Convention.6. For greater certainty, if a claim has been submitted …” „… New York Convention. Itclarifies that an award is deemed to relate to claims arising out of a …”

Armand de Mestral, Lukas Vanhonnaeker Article 8.4 Market access S. 159-174

„… possible benefits such as wide foreign distribution channels whichhave the potential to benefit the host …” „… access anddispute settlement under the investment chapter by excluding claims arising underArticle 8.4 of …” „… , Article 8.2(4) of the CETA provides that:Claims in respect of an obligation set out in Section B [i.e …”

Marc Bungenberg, August Reinisch Article 8.29 Establishment of a multilateral investment tribunal and appellate mechanism S. 633-653

„… structuralreforms i.e. standing courts,49 some others acknowledge the potential benefits of aMIC but demand a reform …” „… would therefore requirefundamental restructuring in order to allow claims by investors. Also integration …” „… as frivolous claims and treaty shopping, which often affect invest-ment arbitration proceedings.77 …”

Christina Binder Article 8.5 Performance requirements S. 175-193

„… with those produced by local investors,which would give a CETA-Party the benefits of FDI – increased …” „… the advantages or benefits a priori voluntarily, the prohi-bitions of paragraph 2 aim primarily at …” „… allows that domestic production orcontent requirements be imposed e.g. on goods which benefit from …”

Katia Fach Gómez Article 8.30 Ethics S. 654-703

„… Article 8.30 CETA can be seen as a spearhead contradictingthe well-grounded claim that ‘international …” „… claims submitted to arbi-tration, alluded to party-appointed arbitrators, left the decision regarding …” „… claim against a government directly to binding international arbitration.Investor-state dispute …”

August Reinisch Article 8.7 Most-favoured-nation treatment S. 216-230

„… intended toexclude benefits under free trade agreements, like NAFTA, or customs unions, like theEU, to the …” „… Party the benefit of any treatment resultingfrom: (a) treatment granted as a process of economic …” „… not be con-strued to oblige a Party to extend to the investors of the other Party the benefit ofany …”

Christoph Schreuer Article 8.11 Compensation for losses S. 277-296

„… thesecompensatory measures will be in the form of financial benefits. These may take theform of payment ex gratia or …” „… based on legislation. The benefits may take the form of atax waiver or tax rebate. Restitution or …” „… /93/1, Award (21February 1997).Compensation for losses Art. 8.11Christoph Schreuer 2873738394041claim’s …”

Frank Hoffmeister, Mattijs Kempynck Article 8.28 Appellate Tribunal S. 610-632

„… there is a likelihood of many claims under a par-ticular agreement, was to be considered, but was not …” „… claims that the CETA Tribunal was not properly constituted. It shall hencesecure the integrity of the …” „… tribunal. For that claim, the relevant review standard is theentire body of Article 8.27. In addition, this …”

Herman Verbist Article 8.20 Mediation S. 485-519

„… January 2020, 39thsession, A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.190, para. 37. Following submission of claim to arbitration …” „… Parties are unable to reach a negotiated settlement of the entirety ofthe claims in issue, the use of ADR …” „… investor of a Party may submit to the Investment Tribunal constituted underthis Section a claim that the …”

Johannes Tropper Article 8.6 National treatment S. 194-215

„… to a coveredinvestment …’Both investors and investments benefit from national treatment. The …” „… ’ will result ina dismissal of national treatment claims without any further analysis on whether …” „… (→ Art. 8.18 mn. 73; → Art. 8.2 mn. 111 f.). Aninvestor may only bring a claim that national treatment …”

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AMNOG auf dem ökonomischen Prüfstand

Dieter Cassel, Volker Ulrich

Series: Gesundheitsökonomische Beiträge

Volume 56 2015

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Executive Summary S. 21-29

„… uneconomical and threatened with possible compensation claims—either in general or at least for subpopulations …” „… (pharmazeutischer Unternehmer – pU) is required to prove the additional benefit of its product with respect to an …” „… additional benefit: The Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss – G-BA) of the German Statutory …”

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Ausprägungen der Globalisierung: Der Investor als partielles Subjekt im Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Tillmann Rudolf Braun

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 5 2012

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Ausgangsfragestellung S. 71-85

„… international law to sustain their claims.”(Schwebel, 1995)235Zu einer der grundlegenden und bislang nicht …” „… auch auf der Basis des Investitionsschutzvertrages (‚treaty claims‘)Klagen gegen den Gaststaat erheben …” „… könnte es sich um einen Verzicht der Geltendmachung von ‚contract claims‘vor auf der Basis des …”

Welthandelsrecht S. 241-265

„… the costs and benefits ofbringing WTO claims against each other and anticipates that some states may …” „… benefits to Members [of the WTO] which are meant to flow as a result of the acceptance2.786 Griebel, Lehren …” „… Claims Before the WTO Dispute Resolution System, 65 Fordham Law Review (1997), 2275 [2307: „The direct …”

Erster Schritt: Entwicklung des Investitionsschutzvertrages S. 50-64

„… referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, provided that the Partyagainst which the claim is made has …” „… declared that it accepts the jurisdiction of the saidArbitral Tribunal in respect of claims by nationals of …” „… , dass mit ‚any undertakings‘ auch vertragliche Rechtspositionen (‚contract claims‘) und Zusicherungen …”

‚Aufwertung‘ des diplomatischen Schutzes S. 211-214

„… , http://www.miga.org/quickref/index_sv.cfm?stid=1587#con9, [„The small number of claims paid by MIGA over the last 18 years attests tothe agency’s …” „… finding solutions to pre-claim situations before they reach the levelof full-fledged claim, ultimately …” „… keeping the investment and its development benefits on track.MIGA’s proactive facilitation efforts have …”

Partielle Völkerrechtssubjektivität des Investors als Ausprägung der Globalisierung S. 162-187

„… Menschenrechte] the ability of individuals to claim damages is more limitedthan in investment arbitration. Under …” „… Inter-American Commission on Human Rights brings the claim before the Inter-American Court, and the Commission …” „… has declined to bring claims on behalf of corporations. Further, the Inter-American Court has adopted …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 319-354

„… Claims(New York, 1915).Borchard, Edwin, Reprisals on Private Property, 30 American Journal of International …” „… Treaties, RdC 235 (1992 IV), 301.Burchard, A., The Mixed Claims Commission and German Property in the …” „… .Caron, David D., The Nature of the Iran United States Claims Tribunal and the Evolving Structureof …”

Akzeptanz des Internationalen Investitionsrechts S. 225-241

„… Claims, IIA Issues NoteNr. 1 (1. Dezember 2010).740 De Cordoba, Chávez Takes Steps to Exit Global Forum …” „… that any investments made in Russiaprior to 19 October 2009 will continue to benefit from the Treaty’s …” „… international arbitrations over measures it took in the wake of its financial crisis of 2001-02. Many claims are …”

Pflichten für den Investor S. 187-203

„… anerkannt sei.“Plaintiffs assert claims for aiding and abetting violations of the law of nations against …” „… , it still imposes obligations only upon States.”].190the ATS. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ ATS claims must …” „… auditorpropriam turpitudinem allegans (that nobody can benefit from his own wrong – understood asthe prohibition …”

Einführung S. 15-31

„… Claims (2009); Sornarajah, TheInternational Law on Foreign Investment (2010); Salacuse, The Law of …” „… Vereinbarung der Parteien beigelegt, Ross, China claim over before it begins?, GAR (5. August 2011).Zwei …” „… , A BIT about ICSID, 7 TDM (2010), 7 [„Many appearto have been concluded with the benefit of careful …”

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Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration 2023

Christian Klausegger (ed.), Peter Klein (ed.), Florian Kremslehner (ed.), Alexander Petsche (ed.), Nikolaus Pitkowitz (ed.), Irene Welser (ed.), Gerold Zeiler (ed.)

2023

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Chapter IV: Investment Arbitration S. 293-368

„… of jurisdiction or a denial of admissibility of claims.One of the earliest cases in which the issue …” „… standard” (FPS) claims, there has long been a perception among lawmakers in States which find them-selves …” „… .2) (v) Steady growth of arbitration claims based on international investment treaties. Given that …”

Chapter II: The Arbitrator and the Arbitration Procedure S. 83-240

„… edifice of international arbitration rests”5) and perhaps “lay claim to be the most effective instance of …” „… offensively to directly enforce its claims (using the agree-ment as a “sword”).42) Second, a party may also …” „… this to happen. Not only that we would lose all the benefits of arbitration, such as worldwide …”

Chapter I: The Arbitration Agreement and Arbitrability S. 1-82

„… “pecuniary”,15) including both claims that are directed towards a monetary benefit (e.g., payment), and …” „… beneficiaries to benefits to be granted by the foundation, or claims of the private foundation against board …” „… party beneficiary, if the relevant contract provides benefits to a third party and there is a dispute …”

Chapter V: Developments on the Austrian Market S. 369-400

„… proceedings that do not benefit from institutional support (ad hoc proceedings) are typically conducted under …” „… of the statement of claim and the transmission of documents in electronic form (Articles 7, 12 and 36 …” „… information required in a statement of claim has been amended to include the nationality of the parties …”

Chapter III: The Award and the Courts S. 241-292

„… agreement or the parties’ claims.From the plaintiffs’ allegations in the setting aside claim neither can be …” „… specific issue or claim, regardless of the form.7) The obligation to state reasons also extends to parts …” „… judgment or an irrational splitting of the difference between what one party claims and the other admits …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-LXX

„… . Statement of Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 D. Shareholder and Corporate Claims in Investment Arbitration . . . 172 III. World Café Reports …” „… Wachter/Han Ah Lee G. Res Judicata Claims That Could Have Been Brought in a First Proceeding, but Were …”

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Rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung des Verbraucherinformationsrechts

Thomas Pfeiffer (ed.)

Series: Privatrecht - Wirtschaftsrecht - Verfahrensrecht

Volume 4 2013

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: Länderbericht der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika S. 387-434

„… your country possesses data on this question: Which bases for claims/causes of action are most often …” „… . 3. Why are these bases for claims/causes of actions the ones most frequently used? 4. If there are …” „… (»entitlement«) programs such as Social Security and Medicaid, which provide benefits for low income and …”

: Länderbericht Großbritannien S. 255-322

„… making such a claim without complying with the terms of the approval, endorsement or authorisation. 6 …” „… . For example, it is now specifically stated that items must not be offered for the personal benefit of …” „… clear that promotional aids are more likely to be acceptable under the code if they benefit patient …”

: Länderbericht Irland S. 323-386

„… and by providing independent information to consumers about the risks and benefits of different …” „… information is generally expected to be provided directly to the consumer, e.g. nutritional claims about food …” „… Untersuchung des Verbraucherinformationsrechts Länderbericht Irland 343 2. What are the bases of claim for …”

: Länderbericht Schweden S. 213-254

„… possesses data on this question: Which bases for claims/causes of action are most often used by consumers …” „… Verbraucherinformationsrechts Länderbericht Schweden 243 3. Why are these bases for claims/causes of actions the ones …” „… before posting. 2. What are the bases of claim for consumers to obtain information about production …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… information regulations 126  I. Questions going beyond individual bases of claims 126  1. General …” „… . Cost-benefit analysis 146  D. Practical Enforceability 147  I. Enforceability of the right of information 147 …” „… . Questions going beyond individual bases of claims 229  1. General considerations 229  2. Dealing with …”

: Länderbericht Belgien S. 105-152

„… § 1). 2. If your country possesses data on this question: Which bases for claims/causes of action …” „… claims/causes of actions the ones most frequently used? 4. If there are any statistic data on this issue: How …” „… claim for consumers to obtain information about production processes or health hazards of products …”

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OER Osteuropa Recht

Browse Volumes: OER Osteuropa Recht

OER Volume 69 (2023) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 2366-6730

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Maciej Bujalski Principle of Cumulative Concurrence of Tort and Contractual Liability in Polish Law S. 28-44

„… concerning the set-off of tort claims.Keywords: civil liability, tort liability, contractual liability, tort …” „… BujalskiExtension of Rules on Set-Off of Tortious ClaimsArticle 505 pt 3 CC states that claims resulting from tort …” „… whereby if a breach of contract constitutes a tort at the same time, the victim-creditor may claim payment …”

Aizhan Abdrassulova The Development of the Process of Informatization, Digitalization and the Place of Information in the Kazakh Legal System S. 45-55

„… is considered as a personal benefit in Article 115 Civil Code: information regarding personal and …” „… family secrets refers to personal non-property benefits and rights,10 i.e. information acts as a personal …” „… accordance with Article 115(3) of the Civil Code, personal non-property benefits and rights include privacy …”

Karolina Wróbel Evolution of the Statutory Property Regime in Poland from the Perspective of the Marital Functions S. 13-27

„… alimony claims awarded to a former spouse in a situation where the spouse obliged to meet the bene-fit …” „… state social policy (e.g. the benefit system for families with children), but also through appropriate …” „… the legal act, so that in the writing it is even possible to find a claim that the introduction of the …”

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International Sales Terms

Patrick Ostendorf

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2014

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… order to avoid risks and to benefit from opportunities, a general under-standing of international sales …” „… ................................................................. 358. Concurring claims under tort (product liability …” „… .................................................................................................. 57I. The benefit of a countersigned main contract document …”

Delivery Terms S. 97-103

„… claim. In these circumstances, an exclusion of set-off rights to the detriment of the purchaser seems …” „… counter-claim haseither been finally adjudicated or acknowledged by the other party, see § 309 No 3 German …” „… (pursuant to German domestic law) warranty claims. Under Englishlaw, “no set off” clauses are generally …”

General Part S. 18-74

„… benefits in thatregard: Given that almost all relevant provisions are compiled in one single …” „… in relation to claims for damages) whereas US sellers were inter alia concerned about …” „… by leading academic scholars and practitioners in the field.4016One major benefit of the CISG is its …”

Appendix S. 164-196

„… . Conformity of the goods and third party claimsArticle 35(1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the …” „… claims against the Seller in accordance with the governinglaw of the Contract that are owed in the same …” „… currency as the corresponding claim of the Sellerarising out of the Contract and that are either undisputed …”

Exclusion/Limitation of Damages Claims S. 115-126

„… claims are excluded in their entirety with the sole exception of claimsbased on delay in delivery that …” „… statutory limitation periodprovided by Art 210 CO for the benefit of the seller from two to one year (see …” „… exposure as the applicableten-year limitation period for claims based on a defect in title is – according …”

Entire Agreement, Written Form, Severability and Anti-Assignment Clause S. 141-147

„… or claims arising from orrelated to this Contract to any third party without the prior written …” „… written contract can on astand-alone basis not constitute relevant “conduct”, as the benefit of a written …” „… clause)334The potential transfer of individual rights and claims arising from a salescontract to a third …”

The Main Contract Document S. 74-92

„… claims.III. Payment Terms1. The legal position under the CISG172 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the …” „… 13:48:113B2 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmI. The benefit of a countersigned main contract document …” „… performance of either party.I. The benefit of a countersigned main contract document59Reemers Publishing …”

Arbitration and Litigation S. 151-164

„… maychoose the applicable law also with regard to concurring claims under tort.606XIV. Arbitration and …” „… concurring tort claims are governed by the(chosen) governing law of the contract by means of an accessory …” „… other hand may have toenforce warranty claims based on defective goods even after the delivery of …”

Force Majeure S. 138-141

„… lockouts.(3) If either Party claims that an Event of Force Majeure has occurred affectingits performance …” „… strict liabilitywith regard to breaches of contract also in relation to claims for damages and, asopposed …” „… exemption provided under Art 79 (1) CISGdoes not do away with any remedy other than a damage claim.553315 A …”

Product Defects S. 105-115

„… Purchaser. A right of the Purchaser to claim delivery of substitute Products isexplicitly excluded.(5) The …” „… in § 6 below and by the applicable governing law, the sameprerequisites shall apply for any claim for …” „… (subject to the limitations set forth in § 6 below) claim damages.(9) The Seller shall only be liable for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259000

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Internationale Investitionsschutzabkommen im Spannungsfeld zwischen effektivem Investitionsschutz und staatlichem Gemeinwohl

Markus Perkams

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 3 2011

Results in this title

Die indirekte Enteignung im Recht der Investitionsschutzverträge S. 194-306

„… of the Iran – U.S. ClaimsTribunal (1996) (im Folgenden ALDRICH, Jurisprudence); BROWER …” „… dieRechtsprechungspraxis des Iran – U.S. Claims Tribunal (e.) sowie eine Reiheneuerer Entscheidungen anderer …” „… sie die Hälfte des Marktwerts des betroffenen Teils des Grundstücks.588 Norwegian Shipowners’ Claims …”

In den Abkommen enthaltene Definitionen S. 157-168

„… participation, includingminority participation, in a company;claims to money or to any performance under …” „… benefit or other business purposes; and(h) interest arising from the commitment of capital or other …” „… production, revenues or profitsof an enterprise;But investment does not mean,(i) claims to money that arise …”

Die indirekte Enteignung in anderen völkerrechtlichen Quellen S. 306-397

doi.org/10.5771/9783845230689

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Patent Litigation in Germany, Japan and the United States

Johann Pitz, Atsushi Kawada, Jeffrey A. Schwab

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

Results in this title

. Claims of the patent holder and objections of the infringer S. 74-123

„… claims without the benefit of discovery.(3) Obligation to pay damages. It is important to bear in mind …” „… benefits of thepatentee as mentioned above. If the patentee claims passive damages calculated pursuant to …” „… size: 160.00mm 240.00mmPart 4Claims of the patent holder and objections ofthe infringerI. Legal basis …”

. Pre-procedural measures S. 124-145

„… specificity has a number of benefits. It could provide a basis for theaccused infringer to claim that the …” „… applicant has done its part in rapidlyenforcing its claims.The relevant time span varies between the …” „… claims may be advisable. The seriousand definite request to cease and desist in connection with the …”

. Procedural principles S. 174-215

„… benefit of “in particular”asserted sub-claims is evident in case constellations in which the right of …” „… patent, but not to the sub-claim(s). In such case, the “in-particular” claimsfunction as alternatively …” „… terminate the proceedings by accepting the claim(s).According to § 93 ZPO, Plaintiff shall bear the costs of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259031

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