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Psychologie für Juristen

Daniel Effer-Uhe, Alica Mohnert

Series: NomosStudium

Volume 2019

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§ 7 Attribution S. 143-149

„… AttributionVon der Frage, wie ein Verhalten tatsächlich motiviert ist, ist die Frage zu …” „… Attributionsarten denkbar: Bei der internalen (oder dispositionalen)Attribution wird die Ursache des Verhaltens bei …” „… Penology 1 (1973), S. 69, 93.§ 7 AttributionEffer-Uhe 145401402auf ihre Rolle rechtfertigen.857 Innerhalb …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Fehlschlüssen, zur Attribution, zu sozia-len Rollen, sozialen Normen und sozialem Einfluss, zu Aggression …” „… AltruismusI. 137Exkurs: Soziale SkripteII. 140Attribution§ 7 143Soziale Normen, soziale Rollen, sozialer …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 193-210

„… , 2. Aufl. Stuttgart 2009, S. 86–99.Bell, S. T./Kuriloff, P. J./Lottes, I., Understanding attributions …” „… Review 99 (1981), S. 67–85.Jones, E.E./Harris, V. A., The Attribution of Attitudes, in: Journal of …” „… ), S. 340–348.Literaturverzeichnis201Kulik, J. A./Brown, R., Frustration, attribution of blame and …”

§ 6 Motivation S. 136-142

„… . 2018, S. 86.829 Gerrig, Psychologie, 21. Aufl. 2018, S. 86; Bell u. a., „Understanding Attributions of …” „… , 1729; Ryckman u. a., Physi-cal Size Stereotyping as a Mediator of Attributions of Responsibility in an …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 211-213

„… Attribution– defensive 7 410– externale 7 405– internale 7 405– selbstwertdienliche 7 409 …” „… Attributionsfehler– fundamentaler 7 397– ultimativer 7 407Attributionstheorie 7 393Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung 4 …”

§ 9 Aggression S. 157-160

„… ; Kulik/Brown, Frustration, Attribution of Bla-me, and Aggression, in: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology …”

§ 4 Wahrnehmen und Erinnern S. 62-82

„… einen sogenannten „fundamentalen Attributionsfehler“, dazu näherunten S. 143.284 Grundsätzlich kritisch …”

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Inside Wikipedia

Paul A. Thomas

2022

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Image Attribution S. 151-152

„… 151Image AttributionAll images used in this book were taken from Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia …” „… Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License and the GNU Free Docu-mentation License. …” „… .org) and are available for free reuse, provided proper attribution, per …”

2. The Wiki-Ethos S. 21-36

„… under the “Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0” license (often simply referred to as “CC BY-SA …” „… and incorporate it into a book you are writing. What would the ideal attribution statement look like …” „… author list).13 Second, the attribution state-ment needs to indicate whether any changes were made. This …”

5. Concrete Ways to Make Wikipedia a Better Resource S. 105-124

„… article at [[Source Language Code:Name of article]]; see its history for attribution.In that example …” „… the original creator and provide a link to the original.3. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC …” „… attribution. (If you forget or neglect to include this note in your edit summary, do not panic. You can always …”

Preface S. i-viii

„… Wiki-Slang 145Image Attribution 151Notes 153Bibliography 165Index 171About the Author 177 …”

Notes S. 153-164

„… Plagiarism,” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2012): 227.46. In the spirit of attribution …”

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State Entities in International Investment Law

Luca Schicho

Series: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Volume 4 2012

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Attribution ultra vires S. 145-146

„… 145 3. Attribution ultra vires As described above, Art. 5 specifically limits attribution to cases …” „… attributable to the State”.693 4. Conclusions Case law for the attribution of State entities under Art. 5 is …” „… attribution. Unfortunately, such clear distinctions are still rather the exception than the rule.695 Tribunals …”

No attribution ultra vires S. 189-190

„… 189 C. No attribution ultra vires Attribution under Art. 8 does not include ultra vires conduct.927 …” „… the attribution of ultra vires conduct of State organs and of entities empowered to exercise …” „… attribution to acts committed on behalf and on the wish of the State.928 This is further confirmed by Art. 7 …”

Determining attribution under the ILC ASR S. 28-31

„… submissions in terms of attribution of conduct by failing to distinguish between the State itself and the …” „… and reach, in the end, a comprehensive and unambiguous decision on attribution. Adopting the structure …” „… tribunals. This makes sure that the process of determining attribution will be understood as envisaged by …”

The structure: distinguishing between attribution rules S. 228-230

„… tribunals share one legal framework concerning attribution, thereby contributing to the consistency and …” „… contribution to adapting the rules of attribution to the needs of investment law. Attempts to broaden the scope …” „… of attribution in a field where otherwise State entities may represent an attractive option to …”

The importance of the rules of attribution S. 17-18

„… 17 Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 1. The importance of the rules of attribution …” „… The rules of attribution4 have been repeatedly described as a topic of essential importance for …” „… decision of a court. Where there is doubt however, it is for the claimant to establish attribution by …”

Art. 4 in the process of establishing attribution S. 116-117

„… 116 4. Conclusions Art. 4 plays an important role for the question of attribution of State entities …” „… other attribution provisions. Just like domestic law is of decisive importance for the application of …” „… decision on the attribution of conduct of an entity. It has been fittingly described, for this reason, as …”

The use Art. 4 for interpreting other attribution provisions S. 118-119

„… 118 C. The use Art. 4 for interpreting other attribution provisions For purposes of interpreting …” „… and applying the other provisions of attribution, it should be taken into account that these are …” „… related rules of attribution. A good example is the double requirement of Art. 5 that an entity is not …”

The application of the rules of attribution to State entities S. 21-22

„… attribution found throughout the chapters of this book. Furthermore, violations of the duty to protect are not …” „… will not be discussed in greater detail in this book. 3. The application of the rules of attribution to …” „… of attribution with regard to the conduct of State entities. The subject is of particular interest as …”

The impact of the assessment of Art. 4 on the overall decision on attribution S. 117-118

„… inapplicable, it needs to proceed to the next phase by discussing a possible attribution under other provisions …” „… conferring elements of governmental authority would then play a decisive role for a possible attribution of …” „… decision on attribution As discussed above, the determination whether an entity constitutes a State organ …”

The law: the role of the ILC ASR S. 227-228

„… 227 Chapter VIII. Conclusions and Outlook The application of the rules of attribution to the …” „… attribution in the in Jan de Nul v. Egypt, Bayindir v. Pakistan, EDF v. Romania and Hamester v. Ghana. Based …” „… proper determination of attribution in cases involving State entities. 1. The law: the role of the ILC …”

Control S. 159-189

„… concerning the conduct of the Contras in the Nicaragua Case, this might even result in the attribution of …” „… rule would stretch the rules of attribution too far. Bearing in mind that in the past, States have even …” „… opposed the attribution of ultra vires conduct of their own organs747 it is quite clear that there is no …”

Mainly merits: the prima facie test S. 31-36

„… responsibility. 8. A question of jurisdiction or merits? While the question of attribution is part of the …” „… attribution, it still must be distinguished from cases of actual attribution, where the claim is brought …” „… attribution, the determination of attribution of conduct has frequently taken place, to a certain extent …”

Recourse to the ILC ASR in investment arbitration case-law S. 26-28

„… the interpretations of the rules of attribution by a specific arbitral tribunal were indeed in …” „… case in which matters of attribution were discussed without reference to the Articles in one way or …” „… the field of attribution. As the broad majority of BITs do not contain special provisions on matters …”

Acting in official capacity S. 94-102

„… individuals having the status of State organs.396 The underlying considerations for this strict attribution of …” „… proving that the organ had actually acted upon official orders of a superior.398 Furthermore, attribution …” „… , the only restriction upon attribution of the conduct of State organs is the requirement that they …”

Application of the concept of overall assessment S. 108-116

„… personality in domestic law could not prevent attribution of conduct in breach of the BIT.477 B. Application …” „… Chapter 15 of the NAFTA provided for a lex specialis regime in relation to the attribution of conduct of …” „… , 5 or 8 ILC ASR.490 Concerning attribution under Art. 4, the respondent State in its rejoinder made …”

Instructions S. 157-159

„… 157 2. Requirements for applying Art.8 There are two main subcategories of attribution under Art. 8 …” „… between the State and the entity cannot result in the attribution of its entire conduct. This is the legal …” „… subsequently express support for certain acts, there may be room for an attribution of conduct due to adoption …”

Exercising elements of governmental authority S. 127-143

„… the scope of attribution under Art. 9.578 B. Exercising elements of governmental authority The …” „… ., Principles of International Investment law, 204 (2008). 578 See Chapter VII “Other Attribution Provisions …” „… 2006, para. 203.; Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F …”

Organ status S. 86-94

„… , earlier work of the ILC on the subject of attribution of State organs will be equally drawn upon in …” „… their domestic laws to evade attribution of conduct.353 However, certain questions of international law …” „… , A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When is a State Responsible for the Acts of State …”

Influence based on public law S. 197-205

„… for these to resist external influence. Nonetheless, it may play an important role in attribution …” „… also lead to an attribution of the act under Art. 8. In Noble Ventures v. Romania, the Tribunal …” „… terms of attribution under Art. 5 ILC ASR. However, the Tribunal also analyzed the influence of the …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… Chapter II. State Responsibility and Attribution 17 1. The importance of the rules of attribution 17 2 …” „… attribution to State entities 21 4. The ILC ASR as a structural framework 22 5. The ILC ASR and their …” „… attribution under the ILC ASR 28 8. A question of jurisdiction or merits? 31 A. Mainly merits: the prima …”

Empowerment by law S. 123-127

„… attribution under Art. 5 is that it has three specific and separate, even though closely linked requirements …” „… apply. In such cases, attribution can only occur under Arts. 4, 8, 9 or possibly 11 ILC ASR. This also …” „… .558 It is also not relevant for attribution under Art. 5 whether the entity is generally characterized …”

Multiple control S. 190-191

„… noted that this passage is only of limited use to uphold an extension of the attribution of ultra vires …” „… directed”, while the attribution of ultra vires conduct typically deals with cases of outright violations …” „… States are not willing to embrace a rule of attribution that would make them responsible for each and …”

Overall control S. 191-193

„… 191 and every one of these influences can be considered for purposes of attribution. Only influence …” „… relevant for attribution under Art. 8. Accordingly, even in cases of multiple control it should always be …” „… , such cases lie outside the field of Art. 8, as they do not concern attribution of the conduct of the …”

A lex specialis of lower thresholds S. 193-196

„… attribution rule of Art. 8 too far.945 However, when the State entity possesses no “own agenda” and …” „… , 677, 770 (2006). 947 As for example held, concerning the rules of attribution under customary …” „… regime in relation to the attribution of conduct of State enterprises and monopolies and that therefore …”

The ILC ASR as a structural framework S. 22-25

„… 22 for a broader scope of attribution of conduct, in accordance with the object and purpose of …” „… entity in whatever context. This would mean, for example, that the determination of attribution of …” „… departing from the essential aspects of the rules of attribution under customary law of State responsibility …”

Objections raised by respondent States S. 102-108

„… a further examination of the State owned enterprise unnecessary.444 Since the rule of attribution …” „… the purposes of attribution that the conduct of a State organ may be classified as ‘commercial’ or as …” „… confirming the important rule that commercial conduct is not exempt from attribution under Art. 4, this …”

Mainly jurisdiction: the “State entity test” S. 36-38

„… test the the jursdictional stage and to examine attribution “at the merits stage, in order to allow for …” „… attribution of each specific act. B. Mainly jurisdiction: the “State entity test” A particularly detailed …” „… ”, and leave questions of attribution to the merits stage.114 However, the Tribunal then noted that this …”

State ownership in Maffezini v. Spain S. 209-211

„… though it would have been under an obligation to do so. This seems to imply an attribution as a State …” „… of the “the rules of attribution in international law” it attributed the conduct in the end, this …” „… Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of …”

The distinction from violations of the duty to protect S. 18-21

„… to protect The question of attribution of acts must be distinguished from the question whether a …” „… Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive Rules”, in: Lillich, R.B., Magraw, D.B. (eds.), The …” „… of Acts of the State and in Particular the Attribution of Acts of Individuals to the State”, in: Ando …”

Drafting history of Art. 8 S. 148-152

„… rules of attribution concerning organs and other entities formally appointed by the State to act on its …” „… present from the earliest stages of the work on the provisions for attribution. The first 701 ILC …” „… article 8, which was presented in 1974 and was entitled “Attribution to the State of the conduct of …”

Influence based on State ownership S. 205-209

„… itself which constitutes a ground for attribution, as each state has the right freely to choose and …” „… sufficient control for attribution under Art. 8 in the absence of additional rights, such as the right to …” „… assessed attribution under Art. 5 and therefore did not specify whether an attribution could also take …”

Intervention with de iure binding instructions: EDF v. Romania S. 212-214

„… . Romania In EDF v. Romania, the Tribunal addressed attribution pursuant to Art. 8 after having concluded …” „… attribution of conduct of a person or group of persons to the State as provided by Art. 8 is “exceptional …” „… respondent State that the attribution pursuant to Art. 8 in cases of control “in order to achieve a …”

Infrastructure and development agencies S. 73-75

„… operator.293 Findings of attribution in such entities have been quite frequent, as there is usually a …” „… November 2008. 293 EDF v. Romania, Award, 8 October 2009. 74 in attribution due to control under Art. 8 …” „… attribution due to exercise of governmental authority under Art. 5 can be made. In terms of attribution due to …”

Drafting history of Art. 4 S. 84-86

„… 84 A. Background The attribution of conduct of State organs is conceived as the typical case of …” „… The concept of attribution of conduct of State organs is the oldest and most central of all …” „… attribution provisions. While there have been extensive debates on its application to provincial and lower …”

Acting in that capacity – exercising that authority S. 143-145

„… the best option to achieve balanced and practical solutions for the attribution of State entities …” „… characteristic of attribution under Art. 5 is that this requires the respective entity to have acted in that …” „… attribution in two steps: first, the question of whether the entity was empowered to exercise elements of …”

Terminology problems in distinguishing the sub-categories S. 155-157

„… of assistance provided to the Contras.728 In the conclusions on the question of attribution, the …” „… unclear, as it is used as an equal basis for attribution to control, but also as a factual element proving …” „… addressed first. Afterwards, attribution due to instructions as well as the question of attribution ultra …”

The sub-categories under Art. 8 S. 152-155

„… under the direction or control of a State.719 1) Instructions Attribution due to instructions applies to …” „… series of contracts. Thereby, attribution of conduct under the instructions of a State is a clear-cut …” „… pursue certain objectives is not sufficient to allow attribution of the specific acts committed to …”

State entities in arbitral decisions S. 48-56

„… Discussing a possible attribution under Art. 5 ASR, the Tribunal referred to the possibility of the NHA being …” „… its considerations on the topic as a review of attribution “pursuant to Article 5 (State …” „… , as an “Egyptian State entity”.181 Concerning the rules relevant for the attribution of its conduct …”

Public Private Partnerships S. 75-78

„… 75 ment promotion agencies can enjoy substantial autonomy, making an attribution of conduct …” „… State property, is partly commercial and partly governmental.300 Accordingly, attribution due to …” „… of these powers would be attributable under Art. 5 ILC ASR. Attribution due to control under Art. 8 …”

State entities in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001) S. 42-44

„… customary rules of attribution as enshrined in the ILC ASR are applicable.140 2. Use of the term “State …” „… entities and the State. State conduct is addressed in Art. 4, which provides for the attribution of conduct …” „… attribution of other conduct are Art. 5, concerning the exercise of governmental authority, and Art. 8 …”

Outside the official structure of the State S. 59-60

„… that case, the question of attribution would not be affected by the considerations that are the subject …” „… State organs. This includes, for example, national or central banks. The attribution of such organs …” „… , 582 (2006); Griebel, J., Plücken, M., “New Developments Regarding the Rules of Attribution? The …”

Governmental authority in treaties S. 122-123

„… exercising those functions”555 2. The requirements of Art. 5 An important characteristic of attribution under …” „… apply. In such cases, attribution can only occur under Arts. 4, 8, 9 or possibly 11 ILC ASR. This also …” „… .558 It is also not relevant for attribution under Art. 5 whether the entity is generally characterized …”

Distinguishing from other entities S. 60-62

„… might be acknowledged or adopted by the State as its own, which allows attribution under Art. 11.230 …” „… regional governments, are part of the State and the attribution of their conduct to the State has been long …” „… or of a territorial unit of the State”.232 Nonetheless, the attribution of conduct by regional …”

List of Sources S. 231-249

„… Attribution in Cases of Genocide”, 84 NYU University Law Review 1623 (2009) Bishop, R.D., Crawford, J …” „… ) Caron, D.D., “The Basis of Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive Rules”, in: Lillich …” „… relationship between Form and Authority”, 96 AJIL 857 (2002) Caron, D.D., “Attribution Amidst Revolution: The …”

Conclusions S. 38

„… application of the rules of attribution without making a specific distinction between the two. Where …” „… attribution can still give rise to difficulties, in particular when applied in circumstances different from …” „… those under which these rules were originally developped. This is the case when the rules of attribution …”

Conclusion S. 38

Introduction S. 221

„… 221 Chapter VII. Other Attribution Provisions 1. Introduction Besides Arts. 4, 5 and 8, two more …” „… attribution provisions of the ILC ASR could, under certain circumstances, apply to the conduct of State …” „… entities. Art. 9 provides for the attribution of conduct carried out in the absence or default of the …”

State enterprises S. 70-72

„… powers on an enterprise, even attribution as a State organ under Art. 4 might be envisaged. For this …” „… law will be relevant to its classification as an ‘organ’”.277 Attribution of conduct under Art. 5 …” „… certain public or regulatory functions”.278 Whether and to what extent this would result in attribution of …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… activities. These different forms of connection determine which attribution rules are applicable to the …” „… conduct of a State entity. These rules of attribution are enshrined in the ILC Articles on State …” „… in their discussion on the attribution of conduct of a State entity.3 Thereby, investment arbitration …”

Regulatory and supervisory agencies S. 72-73

„… would result in attribution of conduct depends on whether Art. 5 is applied restrictively or not.279 …” „… proven very difficult as attribution on this basis requires evidence that the specific conduct was …” „… the Articles on State Responsibility. Attribution under Art. 8 would prove more difficult, as the …”

Expected intervention: FW Oil v. Trinidad & Tobago S. 211-212

„… Tribunal discussed the possible attribution of conduct of Petrotrin, a State enterprise in the oil and gas …” „… this way, and that he was entitled and expected to do so”.1026 In the subsequent passages, attribution …” „… addressed attribution pursuant to Art. 8 after having concluded that the conduct could not be attributed …”

The importance of State entities S. 39-42

„… Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International Investment Disputes”, 3 …” „… Schicho, L., “Attribution and State Entities: Diverging Approaches in Investment Arbitration”, Journal of …” „… States and their representatives “often seem to be unaware” of the existence of any rules of attribution …”

Background S. 83-84

„… 2009, para. 187. 84 A. Background The attribution of conduct of State organs is conceived as the …” „… The concept of attribution of conduct of State organs is the oldest and most central of all …” „… attribution provisions. While there have been extensive debates on its application to provincial and lower …”

Overall control S. 217-218

„… more reluctant to deviate from the rules of attribution under general international law than one might …” „… determining attribution in investment law.1060 B. Lower threshold as lex specialis Overall, a review of recent …” „… suggestions concerning lex specialis attribution rules in investment law. An example that comes to mind is the …”

Lower threshold as lex specialis S. 218-219

„… Tribunal in Hamester v. Ghana explicitly rejected it for the purposes of determining attribution in …” „… concerning lex specialis attribution rules in investment law. An example that comes to mind is the decision …” „… the rules of attribution, its significant weaknesses notwithstanding. Accordingly, there is still time …”

The ILC ASR and their preparatory works S. 25-26

„… Entities in International Arbitration 7, 9 (2008); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in …” „… : Introduction and Overview”, 96 AJIL 773, 783 (2002); Smutny, A.C., “State Responsibility and Attribution: When …” „… particular, it will be assessed to what extent the interpretations of the rules of attribution by a specific …”

Drafting history of Art. 5 S. 120-122

„… attribution enshrined in 538 Palchetti, P., “De Facto Organs of a State”, para. 13, in: R. Wolfrum (ed …” „… of Art. 5 The principle of attribution enshrined in Art. 5 can already be found in the discussions of …” „… attribution of conduct of territorial governmental entities.546 The Commentaries explain that the provision is …”

Art. 9 – Conduct carried out in absence or default of official authorities S. 221-223

State entities in scholarly writings S. 56-58

„… Attribution: When is a State Responsible for the Acts of State Enterprises?: Emilio Augustin Maffezini v. The …” „… , A.M., “The Wrongful Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International …” „… (2008); Hober, K., “State Responsibility and Attribution”, in: Muchlinski, P., Ortino, F., Schreuer, C …”

Privatization agencies S. 75

Intervention with de facto binding instructions: Lemire v. Ukraine S. 214-217

„… role for their final decision. While convincingly specifying how attribution due to control should be …” „… matters of attribution, as it was the “influencing acts” by State organs that were at the heart of the …” „… applicable threshold for control are limited, as the decision did not deal with attribution strictu sensu. It …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… application of the rules of attribution under public international law to the conduct of State entities in the …” „… context of investment protection. Besides a brief discussion of the role of the rules of attribution and …” „… the three principal rules of attribution relevant in this field. These are examined with respect to …”

Conclusions S. 146-147

„… attributable to the State”.693 4. Conclusions Case law for the attribution of State entities under Art. 5 is …” „… attribution. Unfortunately, such clear distinctions are still rather the exception than the rule.695 Tribunals …” „… should specifically state which facts they consider relevant for the attribution of Art. 5 ILC ASR. In …”

Sovereign Wealth Funds S. 78-81

„… major problems of attribution.315 Furthermore, if they lack separate legal personality, these funds do …” „… rule of attribution is most likely to be applicable to the conduct of individual SWFs. The functions …” „… governmental. Accordingly, attribution would be most conceivable due to control under Art. 8. However, this is …”

Separate legal personality S. 58-59

„… , the question of attribution would not be affected by the considerations that are the subject of this …” „… . This includes, for example, national or central banks. The attribution of such organs endowed with …” „… ., “New Developments Regarding the Rules of Attribution? The International Court of Justice’s Decision in …”

State entities in the ICSID Convention S. 44

„… “constituent subdivisions or agencies” under Art. 25(1) must be distinguished from the question of attribution …” „… responsibility of the State as party to the proceedings.146 Thus, no inferences can be made for the attribution …”

Special relationship with the State S. 60

Conclusion S. 81-82

„… pursued by investment firms and could hardly be characterized as governmental. Accordingly, attribution …” „… non-commercial aims are a fertile ground for disputes with foreign investors.331 When determining the attribution …”

State entities in the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004) S. 44-46

Art. 11 – Conduct acknowledged and adopted S. 223-226

„… ., “The Wrongful Acts of Independent State Entities and Attribution to States in International Investment …” „… acts as an achievement of the government, this could give rise to attribution under Art. 11. masinghe …”

Conclusion S. 230

„… and challenges should ensure that the attribution of State entities will continue to pose a difficult …”

Conclusions S. 226

„… give rise to attribution under Art. 11. masinghe, C., “Immunity of State Officials and International …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 219-220

„… 219 Nul v. Egypt.1062 The only recent case in which the attribution considerations in Bayindir were …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 196-197

„… Proceedings 60, 63 (1984); Caron, D.D., “The Basis of Responsibility: Attribution and Other Trans-Substantive …”

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Holy Silence

Mike Hickey, Michael Hickey

2022

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Cover Attribution S. 121-122

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Asymmetrien in Cyberkonflikten

Kerstin Zettl (ed.), Sebastian Harnisch (ed.), Mischa Hansel (ed.)

Series: Außenpolitik und Internationale Ordnung

Volume 2022

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Rebecca Beigel Attribution von Cyberoperationen – Deutschlands öffentliche Zuschreibungen S. 169-198

„… ) er-wähnte Attributions-»nuancen« analysiert. Nach Egloff (2020: 10) werden lediglich die Art der …” „… der Erwähnung von Egloff (2020: 10) als »Nuancen« der Attri-bution (2) Attributions-Institution Wer …” „… Attributionsprozessen (siehe Abschnitt »Definition und Erklärung von Attribution«) kann die öffentliche Attribution des …”

Sebastian Harnisch, Kerstin Zettl, Mischa Hansel Einleitung: Asymmetrien und Cyberkonflikte S. 11-42

„… Attributions-informationen an internationale Organisationen angegriffene Staaten viele potentielle Reputationsabwägungen und …” „… de-ren konkreten Implikationen für die US-Cybersicherheits- und Attributions-politik auf operativer sowie …” „… . Asymmetrien und Cyberkonflikte 35 Im zweiten Beitrag des Attributions-Themenblocks stellt Rebecca Beigel …”

Mischa Hansel, Kerstin Zettl, Sebastian Harnisch Schlussbetrachtung S. 257-276

„… wichtige Aufgabe der zukünftigen Attribu-tionsforschung werden. 3. Attribution und Geheimhaltung Dass …” „… in der Attributionsforschung. Der Blick auf die ›Nuancen‹ der Attribution könnte indes auch noch in …” „… offensiver Proxies und die Verschleierung im Rahmen defensiver Attributions-prozesse nicht nur die …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… [Hrsg.]Asymmetrien in CyberkonfliktenWie Attribution und der Einsatz von Proxies die Normentwicklung …” „… .AuflageAsymmetrien in CyberkonfliktenNomosWie Attribution und der Einsatz von Proxies die Normentwicklung …” „… . Eine empirische Annäherung 105 ATTRIBUTION Sebastian Harnisch Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive …”

Sebastian Harnisch Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive Selbstverteidigung und die gescheiterte Cybersicherheitspolitik der Trump-Regierung S. 137-168

„… Attribution der US-Regierung. Diese staatliche Attributionszurückhaltung könnte somit einen weiteren Einfluss …” „… ATTRIBUTION 137 Cyber Fiasko: Populismus, proaktive Selbstverteidigung und die gescheiterte …” „… ihr Verhalten, z. B. die öffentliche Attribution eines Angriffs, den sozialen Kontext für das …”

Kerstin Zettl Der Einsatz von Cyberproxies zur Wahrung autokratischer Regimesicherheit – Iran und Nordkorea im Vergleich S. 69-104

„… , dass das Regime durch Attribution extern in Zugzwang gerät; zudem verhindern sie, dass sich innerhalb …” „… der attribuierten AngreiferInnen und Opfer Der Datensatz versteht Attribution weniger als ein genuin …” „… und entsprechend durch die Kategorien »Attribution Basis/ Attribution Type« kenntlich gemacht. Auf …”

Alexander Klimburg Whole of What? Kooperationsansätze in der internationalen Cybersicherheit S. 229-254

„… Akteur*innen, zum Beispiel bei der zunehmenden Attribu-tion von Cyberangriffen (2017). 2014 kehrte Nye dann …” „… Dissens bezüglich der Standards einer legitimen politischen Attribution gibt, sodass Regierungen, welche …” „… weiter vertiefen könnte. Seit 2019 hat eine Reihe von Staaten begonnen, »informell« bei der Attribution …”

Stefan Steiger Auf leisen Pfoten oder brüllend laut: Chinesische und russische Cyberangriffe im Vergleich S. 45-68

„… Attributions-Quellen trianguliert, ist nicht davon auszugehen, dass die Befunde durch die Attributionspraxis …” „… , wurde ebenfalls auf die Attribution im Datensatz zurückgegriffen (Initiator Cate-gory). Für die Analyse …” „… dieser Studie durch die (politische) Attri-butionspraxis beeinflusst sein könnten. Wie im …”

Mischa Hansel Cybernormbildung in den Vereinten Nationen. Welche Rolle spielt der asymmetrische Gebrauch von Proxies? S. 201-228

„… specialis, schaffen. So könnten Staaten, gestützt auf due diligence, auch ohne zweifelsfreie Attribution …” „… .). Bei den so ausgewählten Cyberoperationen wurde jeweils nachrecherchiert, ob eine Attribution vorlag …”

Matthias Schulze Asymmetrien zwischen Cyber-Offensive und -Defensive. Eine empirische Annäherung S. 105-134

„… kann und durch das Attributionsproblem die Urheber nicht immer klar sind, braucht es sichtbare, also …”

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Decent Work and Transnational Governance

Thorsten Göbel

2010

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Attribution and causal mechanisms S. 174-175

„… 174 6.5 Attribution and causal mechanisms Inclusiveness, or rather exclusion, does not help fully …”

Attribution and causal mechanisms S. 141-146

„… section. 5.5 Attribution and causal mechanisms In the previous section, I identified a number of elements …”

Object of evaluation: Three dimensions of effectiveness S. 39-45

„… additional point to our understanding of effectiveness is the notion of an «attribution gap» – or rather an …” „… attribution problem – between outcome and impact of an institution (GTZ 2004: 1+10). This identifies the …” „… problem of causal attribution, of linking effects to the operation of an institution (Buhl/Gsänger 2006 …”

Standard of reference S. 45-50

„… 45 Beyond the attribution «gap» – if there is indeed such a thing – only plausibility statements …” „… might be possible (GTZ 2004: 13; SLE 2005: 12). «Real» causal attribution, however might not even be …” „… starting point for impact assessment. Therefore, it might be better to shift the focus from attribution to …”

Preface S. 5-12

„… Attribution and causal mechanisms 101 4.5.1 Direct economic benefits and commitment 101 4.5.2 Membership …” „… - Impact on conditions of employment 136 5.4 Inclusiveness and effectiveness 139 5.5 Attribution and …” „… - Impact on conditions of employment 167 6.4 Inclusiveness and effectiveness 170 6.5 Attribution and …”

Index S. 235-241

„… 116 attribution ? attribution gap 40, 41 ? attribution problem 40, 41 audit duplication 98, 144 …”

Inclusiveness and effectiveness S. 98-101

„… more detail. 4.5 Attribution and causal mechanisms Attribution of effects to the MSI and particularly …”

Direct economic benefits and commitment S. 101-104

„… connections between inclusiveness and effectiveness in more detail. 4.5 Attribution and causal mechanisms …” „… Attribution of effects to the MSI and particularly to its inclusiveness, as well as the detection of causal …”

Impact S. 157-170

„… studies. 180 This makes attribution of the effects to the MSI of course less straightforward. 181 These …” „… their countries, not to the MSIs, which makes a direct attribution to AVE-GTZ difficult. I found that …” „… situation were given by interview partners, and that attribution to AVE factories is not always obvious …”

List of Figures S. 14

„… 2: Complex structure of effects 43 Figure 3: Institutional effects and the attribution gap 44 …”

List of Tables S. 13-14

„… attribution gap 44 Figure 4: Points of reference and net effects 49 Figure 5: Benefits, transaction costs …”

Outline: Limits of the study and content S. 36-38

„… effectiveness, and attribution of effects also becomes slightly easier (Iverson 2003: 29-30). The major …”

Research design for analysing MSI effectiveness S. 34-36

„… effectiveness, and attribution of effects also becomes slightly easier (Iverson 2003: 29-30). The major …”

Inclusiveness and effectiveness S. 139-141

„… following section. 5.5 Attribution and causal mechanisms In the previous section, I identified a number of …”

Inclusiveness and effectiveness S. 170-174

„… factories, because of the often missing link between the two parts of the MSI. 174 6.5 Attribution and …”

Impact S. 187-194

„… successfully addressed in AVE factories, although direct attribution to the MSI is admittedly difficult. Forced …”

Impact S. 124-139

„… monitor and you improve conditions THERE, but you actually 140 Admittedly, direct attribution of changes …”

Bibliography S. 213-234

„… Complicit in Undermining Union Rights, in: Union View, September 2007. Iverson, Alex 2003: Attribution and …”

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Collected Writings of Charles Brockden Brown

Michael C. Cohen (ed.), Alexandra Socarides (ed.)

2020

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APPENDIX 1. DISPUTED ATTRIBUTIONS S. 315-332

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Softwareagenten im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr

Rotraud Gitter

Series: Der Elektronische Rechtsverkehr

Volume 19 2007

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Vorgaben für die Attribution von Verantwortlichkeit S. 251-261

„… den Einsatz mobiler Softwareagenten konkretisiert werden. 7.1 Vorgaben für die Attribution von …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-22

„… Softwareagenten 232 6.5 Zusammenfassung 247 7 Verantwortlichkeit 251 7.1 Vorgaben für die Attribution von …” „… Zusammenfassung 247 7 Verantwortlichkeit 251 7.1 Vorgaben für die Attribution von Verantwortlichkeit 251 7.1.1 …”

Zusammenfassung S. 247-251

„… werden. 7.1 Vorgaben für die Attribution von Verantwortlichkeit Dem Angebot und der Nutzung …”

Abbildung der Chancen und Risiken auf rechtliche Themenfelder S. 105-111

„… - 441 S. zur präventiven Wirkung der eindeutigen Attribution von Verantwortlichkeit Kap. 3.3.5. 442 S …”

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A comparative overview of the mandatory bid rule in Belgium, France, Germany and the United Kingdom

Caroline Bolle

Series: Studien zum Handels-, Arbeits- und Wirtschaftsrecht

Volume 125 2008

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The attribution of voting rights for the assessment of control S. 96-148

„… mandatory bid if control is merely strengthened. 2. The attribution of voting rights for the assessment of …” „… effectivelyserve the same purpose.By providing for an attribution provision, the legislature has in fact …” „… . Thus,the aim of the attribution provisions is to avoid circumvention of the mandatorybid rule, for example …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-26

„… application of the mandatory bid rule 892. The attribution of voting rights for the assessment of control 963 …” „… deemed to confer control 901.2 Strengthening existing control 942. The attribution of voting rights for …” „… limited company and its managers 137(g) Other examples of concerted action 1372.2 Attribution of voting …”

Legal framework and obligation to launch a mandatory bid S. 65-79

„… a capital increase, the cancellation of shares previously redeemed by the company, the attribution …” „… obligation to bid296. The same attribution provisions apply and voting rights held or acquired by affiliated …” „… .299 Article 50, paragraph 8 of the Royal Decree on Takeover Bids.75The same attribution provisions in …”

The chain principle S. 148-156

„… bidder794; those shares need to be attributed to the bidder.The rationale for this attribution provision …” „… todetermine whether the bidder is under an obligation to launch a mandatory bid.For this attribution provision …” „… . 1652.821 For a description of subsidiary, see Part II, Chapter 1, Section 2.2.1 (Attribution of …”

Field of application of the mandatory bid rule S. 79-84

„… , Section 2.2 (Attribution of voting rights in the selected jurisdictions).334 Section 31, subsection 1 of …” „… . 84versely, the German price-setting rules will not apply, but the attribution provisions will apply …”

Control for the application of the mandatory bid rule S. 89-96

„… arenewed obligation to launch a mandatory bid if control is merely strengthened. 2. The attribution of …” „… attribution provision, the legislature has in fact deviatedfrom the corporate law “single-entity” principle437 …”

Supervisory authority S. 84-88

„… 84versely, the German price-setting rules will not apply, but the attribution provisions will apply …”

Securities determining and transactions triggering the application of the mandatory bid rule S. 156-171

„… bid when twoyears after such acquisition the securities acquire double voting rights. On attribution …”

Exemptions and dispensations from the obligation to launch a mandatory bid S. 215-241

„… control following the attribution of voting rights to an entity (not referred to in the offer document …”

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International and European Law Problems of Investment Arbitration involving the EU

Peter Ratz

Series: Schriften zur Europäischen Integration und Internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung

Volume 41 2017

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3. Lack of protection due to ineffective mechanisms of attribution of conduct to the EU? S. 81-152

„… Lack of protection due to ineffective mechanisms of attribution of conduct to the EU? In chapter 2 …” „… “classical” (i.e., state-to-state) BITs. In this chapter 3, the mechanisms of the attribution of conduct, i.e …” „… uncertainty that persists with regard to the attribution of responsibility under mixed agreements (see above …”

7. Conclusion S. 443-446

„… sufficient legal bases for the attribution of responsibility, especially if one accepts that there is a …” „… special rule for the attribution of conduct to the EU pursuant to art. 64 of the ILC draft so that the …” „… EU’s internal rules are applicable to the attribution of conduct. However, responsibility gaps exist …”

1. Introduction S. 29-38

„… not the mechanisms of attribution of conduct (i.e., mechanisms based on which potential infringements …” „… at the extent to which the EU is bound by legal obligations and the mechanisms of attribution of …” „… attribution of conduct to the EU and/or its Member States. The question whether or not internationally …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-28

„… to ineffective mechanisms of attribution of conduct to the EU? 3. 81 Focus on the ILC draft articles …” „… on the responsibility of international organizations 3.1 81 General rules on the attribution of …” „… investment agreements remain, however: While there are sufficient legal bases for the attribution of …”

6. Lack of protection due to EU IIAs not being compatible with the case law of the cjeu? S. 317-442

„… by agreements (chapter 2), the particularities of the attribution of conduct to the EU (and/or its …”

2. Lack of protection due to problems relating to the binding nature of relevant legal obligations for the EU? S. 39-80

„… assessed, the mechanisms of attribution of conduct (i.e., potential non-compliance with such obligations …” „… mechanisms on the allocation of respondent status and the mechanisms on the attribution of conduct be subject …”

4. Lack of protection due to ineffective dispute settlement mechanisms? S. 153-266

„… attribution of conduct applicable to the EU, we shall now compare in this chapter 4 the effectiveness of the …”

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Climate Change, Responsibility and Liability

Eva Schulev-Steindl (ed.), Monika Hinteregger (ed.), Gottfried Kirchengast (ed.), Lukas H. Meyer (ed.), Oliver C. Ruppel (ed.), Gerhard Schnedl (ed.), Karl W. Steininger (ed.)

Series: Climate Change Law and Governance | Droit et Gouvernance du Changement Climatique | Klimaschutzrecht und Governance

Volume 1 2022

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Andrea K Steiner, Mastawesha M Engdaw Climate change, its impacts, and attribution of causes: Current status and challenges S. 21-40

„… Part I: Foundational basis for climate responsibility and liability: Attribution science …” „… , economics and philosophical perspectives 21 Climate change, its impacts, and attribution of causes …” „… impacts on the environment and society. Attribution science identifies the drivers of climate change by …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-18

„… the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.OnlineversionNomos eLibrary 5 Table of …” „… contributors 15 Part I: Foundational basis for climate responsibility and liability: Attribution science …” „… , economics and philosophical perspectives Climate change, its impacts, and attribution of causes: Current …”

Karl W Steininger Foreseeability of economic damages related to inadequate climate mitigation and adaptation S. 93-102

„… attributing responsibility and liability: Based on attribution sciences, economics uses models to quantify …” „… ? Complementing the natural science attribution (addressed in the first chapter of this publication), we here …” „… only preventable, ‘but demon-strably reasonably foreseeable.’ Building upon extreme weather attribution …”

Monika Hinteregger Climate change and tort law S. 383-414

„… would not have occurred without it. This method of damage attribution has a long tradition and enjoys …” „… instruments for the attribution of damage in most causality scenarios. For climate change damage it is …” „… essential to see that these deliberations even ensure appropriate damage attribution when damage is caused …”

Julia Pleiel, Kirsten Schmalenbach Climate change responsibility and liability in international law S. 105-132

„… system.95 To overcome this attribution problem, novel methods for proving the existence of a causal link …” „… event attribution whereby causal explanations are based on probability distri-butions.96 This leads to …” „… Myles Allen et al., ‘Scientific challenges in the attribution of harm to human influence on climate …”

Julia Wallner The first Austrian climate lawsuit S. 361-380

„… climate change. Recently, attribution science has yielded promising results which could be used in future …” „… Change 651. 93 Michael Burger et al., ‘The law and science of climate change attribution’ (2020) 45 (1 …” „… edn, Verlag Österreich 2021). Burger M et al., ‘The law and science of climate change attribution …”

Mareike Rumpf Climate change litigation and the private sector – assessing the liability risk for multinational corporations and the way forward for strategic litigation S. 441-490

„… and Radley Horton, ‘The law and science of climate change attribution’ (2020) 45(1) Columbia JEL 57 …” „… , ____________________ 116 Myles Allen et al., ‘Scientific challenges in the attribution of harm to human influence on …”

Oliver C Ruppel South Africa: Climate change, responsibility and liability – the legal system, public and private law considerations S. 201-278

„… Michael B Richman and Lance M Leslie, ‘The 2015-2017 Cape Town drought: Attribution and prediction using …”

Oliver Dörr State responsibility for climate change under EU and German law S. 299-312

„… of the claimant itself. Additionally, attribution, specific damage, causality and fault would have to …”

Daniel Ennöckl, Judith Fitz Climate change litigation in Germany and Austria – an overview S. 281-298

„… The relevant literature pleads instead for attribution of responsibility according to the extent to …”

Jaap Spier From blabla to concrete obligations: The Oslo Principles and the Principles on Climate Obligations of Enterprises S. 133-160

„… Principles 9.1 and 10.1.45 5.3.6 Attribution of emissions Richard Heede’s research contends that well over 50 …”

Lydia A Omuko-Jung A rights-basis for climate compensatory claims in Kenya S. 179-200

„… defendant’s liability for the plaintiff’s injuries. 31 The recent field of attribution science tries to find …”

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Metaphor from the Ground Up

Daniel C. Strack

2019

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Chapter Three: The Challenge of Feature Attribution S. 51-70

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European Financial Services Law

Matthias Lehmann (ed.), Christoph Kumpan (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2019

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Article 65 Feeder’s monitoring obligation; attribution of fees and benefits to feeder S. 1407

„… Section 6Obligations and competent authoritiesArticle 65Feeder’s monitoring obligation;attribution …”

Article 10 Acquisition or disposal of major proportions of voting rights S. 1148-1155

„… . Cases of attributionArticle 10 covers a range of situations of indirect control. All of them only apply …” „… reference to their takeover relevance.35III. Consequences of attributionWhere one or several of the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2II. Cases of attribution …”

Article 11 Annual financial reports S. 1155-1156

„… effectiveness of their activities. Hence, thegeneral rule of Article 9 and the attribution rule for shares as …” „… as monetary authorities, theprovisions would still apply. In addition, the remaining attribution …”

Article 66 Additional tasks vis-à-vis master’s competent authority S. 1407-1408

„… Section 6Obligations and competent authoritiesArticle 65Feeder’s monitoring obligation;attribution …”

Article 64 Conversion disclosures and procedures S. 1405-1407

„… 6Obligations and competent authoritiesArticle 65Feeder’s monitoring obligation;attribution of fees …”

Article 9 Sanctions for legal persons S. 637-640

„… (c), it is also per-missible for Member States to provide for the attribution of acts to legal …”

Article 9 Legitimate behaviour S. 705-711

„… rules of attribution (see Art 8(5) for furtherdiscussion),7 the natural person making a decision to …”

Article 12 Procedures on the notification and disclosure of major holdings S. 1156-1163

„… apply. In addition, the remaining attribution rules of Article 10would apply to the ESCB in any …”

Index S. 1785-1803

„… etseq.– addressees TD 9 10 et seq.– aggregation TD 13a 1 et seq.– attribution TD 14 7– attribution of …”

Article 13 Accepted market practices S. 756-767

„… national rulesof attribution. The provision operates in the same way as Art 8(5) of MAR, which ap-plies the …”

Article 8 Insider dealing S. 692-705

„… judged according tonational law. The provision refers to national rules of attribution of liability,65 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLII

„… 1405Section 6Obligations and competent authoritiesFeeder’s monitoring obligation; attribution of fees …”

Article 12 Market manipulation S. 730-756

Article 14 S. 1174-1176

„… Directive.4 The attributionrules of Article 10 do not apply.III. Disclosure procedureIn consequence, the …”

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Hofmannsthal Jahrbuch zur Europäischen Moderne

Gerhard Neumann (ed.), Ursula Renner (ed.), Günter Schnitzler (ed.), Gotthart Wunberg (ed.)

Series: Hofmannsthal. Jahrbuch zur europäischen Moderne

Volume 10 2002

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Ludwig Dietz Verfasserangaben Franz Bleis für Artikel seiner Zeitschrift der Anonymen »Der Lose Vogel« Zu Attributionen an Robert Musil und Rudolf Borchardt S. 7-36

„… Attributionen an Musil und Borchardt 7Ludwig DietzVerfasserangaben Franz Bleis für Artikel seiner …” „… Zeitschrift der Anonymen »Der Lose Vogel« Zu Attributionen an Robert Musil und Rudolf …” „… . Attributionen an Musil und Borchardt 9No. 2.Man spricht von Krieg. F. BleiKarneval, das Fest des Übermutes. F …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Anonymen »Der Lose Vogel«Zu Attributionen an Robert Musil und Rudolf Borchardt 7Zwei frühe Rezensionen zu …”

Otto Neudeck, Gabriele Scheidt Prekäre Identität zwischen romantischer und galanter Liebe Zu Zerfall und Restituierung des Subjekts im dramatischen Werk Arthur Schnitzlers S. 267-302

„… zugleich der Grund für die Zitation des Ori-ginals – ist die Zurechnung von »différents«: Die Attribution …”

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International Law and Litigation

Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed.)

Series: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law

Volume 15 2019

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Remy Jorritsma Unravelling Attribution, Control and Jurisdiction: Some Reflections on the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights S. 659-694

„… Unravelling Attribution, Control and Jurisdiction: Some Reflections on the Case Law of the European …” „… of the European Court of Human Rights (the Court) dealing with issues of attribution, control and …” „… Convention, rules of attribution as found in the law of State responsibility, and the availability of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-4

„… Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial …”

Hélène Ruiz Fabri, Edoardo Stoppioni Introduction S. 5-18

„… Aravind Ganesh Unravelling Attribution, Control and Jurisdiction: Some Reflections on the Case Law of the …”

Marco Benatar Cyber Espionage in Inter-State Litigation S. 271-300

„… substantiating covert intelligence gathering and its attribution to the opposing State.11 Past cases show the …” „… can therefore present a greater challenge than in the case of ‘traditional’ espionage. Attribution is …”

Edoardo Stoppioni L’accès direct de la personne privée à la juridiction internationale : Une comparaison entre l’arbitrage d’investissement et le contentieux de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme S. 147-182

„… au corollaire de la volonté de soumission de l’État à la juridiction, à un langage d’attribution …”

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