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Digitalisierung und Recht

Elisabeth Hoffberger-Pippan (ed.), Ruth Ladeck (ed.), Peter Ivankovics (ed.)

2023

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Vanessa VOHS Europäische Regulierungsoptionen Künstlicher Intelligenz im militärischen Kontext S. 53-80

„… , un.org/disarmament/the-convention-on-certain-conventional-weapons/background-on-laws-in-the-ccw/ (abgefragt 19. 12. 2022). 4 Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on …” „… Prohibitions or Re-strictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively …” „… , Germany Needs a National Directive on Autonomy in Weapon Systems, fourninesecurity.de/2022/12/06 …”

Dominik STEIGER Der Einsatz Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) bei der Anwendung militärischer Gewalt im Völkerrecht S. 13-52

„… Dahlmann/Dickow, Preventive Regulation of Autonomous Weapon Systems: Need for Action by Germany at Various Levels …” „… wird noch schwieriger, wenn tödliche autonome Waffen (Lethal Autonomous Weapons; in Folge „LAWs“)5 …” „… , icrc.org/sites/default/files/document/file_list/autonomy_artificial_intelligence_ and_robotics.pdf (abgefragt 22. 1. 2023); Galliott/Scholz, Artificial Intelligence in Weapons …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Oberster Gerichtshof OLG Oberlandesgericht OODA observe, orient, decide, act PADR Preparatory Action on …” „… Ranjana Andrea ACHLEITNER Governance im Digital Services Act: Zur erstarkenden Rolle der Europäischen …” „… Review on Defense CCW Convention on Certain Convention Weapons CR Computer und Recht (Fachzeitschrift …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748917533

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Entscheidung zur Denuklearisierung

Antje Nötzold

Series: Nichtverbreitung, Abrüstung & Rüstungskontrolle

Volume 1 2023

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1.2 Aufgabe des militärischen Nuklearprogramms S. 198-220

„… ) (Hrsg.): Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act 87 of 1993, Pretoria 1993, in …” „… of Weapons of Mass Destruction Act, 1993, S. 5ff.1306 Ausführung zum Nuclear Energy Act von 1999, der …” „… ), http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act/nea1999156.pdf.1307 Vgl. Stumpf: Birth and Death of the South African Nuclear Weapons Programme …”

V. Literaturverzeichnis S. 733-782

„… Weapons of Mass Destruction Amendment Act, 1995, in: http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act …” „… Weapons of Mass Destruction Amendment Act, 1996, in: http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/num_act …” „… . Mai 1981, in: Wielligh, Nic von/ Wielligh-Steyn, Lydia von: The Bomb. South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons …”

2.5 Nuklearwaffenrelevante Fähigkeiten und Kapazitäten S. 446-504

„… . Albright/ Stricker: Revisiting South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 2016, S. 3; Kapitel III. 1.1.1 …” „… / Burgess: South Africa’s Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2005, S. 33.2 Kongruenzanalyse der Gründe für …” „… Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2005, S. 33.2851 Vgl. Newby-Fraser: Chain Reaction, 1979, S. 69.2852 Vgl. NEA …”

2.2 Internationale Institutionen und Normen S. 273-295

„… Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Option, in: Arms Control Today vom 1. April 2005, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04 …” „… country with a nuclear weapons capability that has willingly turned itself into a country without this …” „… Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1995.1706 Vgl. Kapitel II 2.3.2 Faktoren des Kongruenztests.2 Kongruenzanalyse …”

2.4 Nationale Identität S. 402-445

„… : Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S. 91.2551 Vgl. Kapitel II 2.3.2 Faktoren des Kongruenztests.402 III …” „… Afrikas.2553 Vgl. McNamee: Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S. 18, 99.2554 Vgl. McNamee …” „… : Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S. 18f, 95, 99.2555 McNamee: Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S …”

1.1 Genese der nuklearen Kapazitäten und Bau der Nuklearwaffen S. 161-197

„… Nuklearwaffen„The South African nuclear weapons program demonstrated perseverance, patience, and technical …” „… towards safe, secure, and deliverable nuclear weapons.”877Zum Bau einer Nuklearwaffe bedarf es nach Horton …” „… .11.1877 Albright, David: South Africa's Secret Nuclear Weapons, in: ISIS Report, 1. Mai 1994 …”

1.1 Übertragbarkeit der Erkenntnisse auf die Denuklearisierung in Libyen S. 621-706

„… can act as building blocks for future attempts to build generalizable causal theories that can explain …” „… Libyen„[E]very nation is unique in its path of acquiring nuclear weapon and in […] rolling back that capability …” „… : Pretoria’s Nuclear Weapons Experience, 1999, S. 33.3824 George und Bennett ordnen diese Art von Fallstudien …”

3.1 Darstellung des kausalen Mechanismus und Erklärungskraft für den Fall Südafrika S. 523-607

„… . McNamee: Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S. 191.3264 Vgl. de Klerk: The Autobiography, 1998, S. 79 …” „… Executive and the African Population, 1994, S. 192; McNamee: Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons, 2002, S …” „… Direktor der First National Bank of South Africa, zitiert nach: McNamee: Afrikanerdom and Nuclear Weapons …”

2.1 Sicherheit S. 222-272

„… opportunity to renew South Africa’s commitment to the total elimination of nuclear weapons as the only …” „… guarantee that nuclear weapons will never be used again by anyone under any circumstances‘.“1376 …” „… entry-into-force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, Media Statement vom 22. Januar 2021, in …”

2.3 Staatliche Präferenzen S. 296-401

„… sowie Kapitel III. 2.5.1 Uranvorkommen und -förderung.1860 Vgl. Purkitt/ Burgess: South Africa’s Weapons …” „… Europäische Gemeinschaft 1985 Ölverkäufe an das Land und im Zuge des Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act stellten …” „… mit dem Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act erlassene Importban auf südafrikanische Produkte klammerte …”

2.3 Operationalisierung der Variablen S. 79-152

„… als übergeordneter Begriff „all strategies leading an actor to end up without nuclear weapons“383 und …” „… getroffen sein 379 Orientiert an den Kriterien von Müller und Schmidt für „nuclear weapons activities …” „… : „For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a …”

2 Handlungsempfehlungen S. 721-732

„… des Non-Proliferationsregimes aufgezeigt.Handlungsempfehlungen„Nuclear weapons represent the ultimate …” „… , S. 14.4532 Vgl. Bleek, Philipp C./ Kane, Chen/ Pollack, Joshua H.: Elimination of weapons of mass …” „… Erkenntnisse auf die Denuklearisierung in Libyen.4534 Bleek/ Kane/ Pollack: Elimination of weapons of mass …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 13-18

„… Nuklearwaffenfreie Zone (African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone) oder Vertrag von Pelindaba (Treaty of Pelindaba)ANZUS …” „… Comprehensive Plan of ActionLEU niedrig angereichertes Uran (low enriched uranium)14 …” „… NuklearkraftwerkNMC National Material CapabilitiesNNWS Nicht-Nuklearwaffenstaaten (non-nuclear weapons states)NP …”

1 Einführung S. 19-22

„… that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war“1.(Präambel …” „… .): Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Text of the Treaty, in …” „… Deterrence. The Relevance, Morality and Cost-effectiveness of Nuclear Weapons, in: IFRI Security Studies …”

2.2 Fallauswahl S. 76-78

„… world that had developed nuclear weapons on its own and then chosen to abandon them.“329 Südafrika gilt …” „… Action (JCPOA) vom Juli 2015 von der IAEA auch eine zumindest zeitweilige militärische Dimension des …”

2.4 Vorgehensweise der Prozessanalyse S. 153-160

„… South African Bomb, 2004, S. 54; Albright/ Stricker: Revisiting South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Program …” „… or state of affairs involved in, or responsible for, an action, reaction, or outcome of a natural or …” „… eine Reihe von Teilen umfasst, die jeweils aus entities834 und den von ihnen betriebenen activities835 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937388

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Herausforderungen an Staat und Verfassung

Christian Calliess (ed.)

Series: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Volume 100 2015

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Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg The Exasperating Debate on the Legality of Unmanned Systems – Time for a Realistic Approach S. 145-162

„… „weapon system that, once activated, can select and engagetargets without further intervention by a human …” „… input after activation.” A ‘semiautonomous weapon system’ is defined as a „weapon system that, once …” „… Killer Robots, 2012.4 Krishnan, Killer Robots – Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons, 2009 …”

Magne Frostad The Norwegian Coastal Steamer and the Pan American Airways Corporation: Military Objectives and Direct Civilian Participation in Hostilities during World War II? S. 78-97

„… warship; this excludeslight individual weapons for the defence of personnel, e.g., against pirates, and …” „… weapons were against enemy militaryaircraft may be disputed, but they were probably meant to be of …” „… somehelp.65 At the very least, such weapons must be seen as something else thanlight individual weapons for …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845254319

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Menschenrechte als Ideologie

Falko Grube

2010

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Die Zuspitzung nach dem 11. September 2001 – Der Weg zum 3. Golfkrieg S. 294-302

„… , it will immediately and unconditionally forswear, disclose, and remove or destroy all weapons of mass …” „… terrorism and act to suppress it, as all states are required to do by U.N. Security Council resolutions …” „… the return of the United Nations weapons inspectors to Iraq without conditions.“1202 Dessen ungeachtet …”

Der Irak als Schurkenstaat II – Die Bedrohung mit Massenvernichtungswaffen S. 311-316

„… act against America.”1283 Damit war eine Säule der amerikanischen Schurkenstaaten-Legitimation …” „… has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade.” (Bush, George W …” „… to destroy and stop developing all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles, and to prove …”

Der Irak als Schurkenstaat I – Die Verbindungen zur al-Qaida S. 308-311

„… too far.” (Rice: Iraq trained al Qaeda in chemical weapons.- In: http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/09/25 …” „… day to provide a biological or chemical weapon to a terrorist group or individual terrorists. Alliance …” „… , and without fingerprints, he could provide one of his hidden weapons to terrorists, or help 310 …”

Menschenrechtsschutz und Demokratisierung – Die Legitimation des Irakkrieges als humanitäre Intervention S. 316-319

„… that a new Government are in place, committed to disarming Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, is the …” „… under the UN. Disarmament of all weapons of mass destruction is the demand. One way or another, it must …” „… be acceded to. […]Finally, there are many acts of this drama still to be played out. I have always …”

Der Regimewechsel im Irak als Bestandteil der neuen amerikanischen Sicherheitsdoktrin S. 302-308

„… entered, the only path to safety is the path of action. And this nation will act.“ (Bush, George W …” „… vollzogen. Diese Zielstellung fand ihren Ausdruck im Iraq Liberation Act1237, den der amerikanische Kongress …” „… der Bush-Administration die 1237 U.S. P.L. 105-338 (H.R.4655.ENR); Der Iraq Liberation Act wurde am …”

Zur Legalität des Irakkrieges – Rechtfertigungen aus rechtspositivistischer Perspektive S. 319-330

„… )) 1324 „I have never put the justification for action as regime change. We have to act within the terms …” „… threatened, we have a right to act. And we do not accept in a community that others have a right to oppress …” „… Iraq’s possession of weapons of mass destruction constitutes a threat to international peace and security …”

Die Sanktionen der UNO und die Flugverbotszonen im Irak S. 280-287

„… , under international supervision, of: (a) All chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents …” „… weapons or nuclearweapons-usable material or any subsystems or components or any research, development …” „… its nuclear-weapons-usable materials under the exclusive control, for custody and removal, of the …”

Der Bürgerkrieg im ehemaligen Jugoslawien S. 147-152

„… Vergewaltigung muslimischer Frauen durch Serben als „acts of unspeakable brutality“ (S/RES/798 (1992)). 150 des …” „… Unterlassung von „acts which endanger the well-being and the safety of their inhabitants“546 auf und zeigte …” „… in Somalia, immediately implement a general and complete embargo on all deliveries of weapons and …”

Die Auswirkungen der Sanktionen und die humanitäre Situation im Irak S. 290-294

„… destroy all weapons of mass destruction, long-range missiles, and all related material [...], it will …” „… immediately end all support for terrorism and act to suppress it, as all states are required to do by U.N …” „… resolution. Instead, the States that proclaimed and enforce the no-fly zones claim to be acting on an …”

Der Fall Liberia S. 176-182

„… to rebel movements of weapons, fuel or other prohibited materiel […] Taking note of the findings of …” „… , including refraining from actions which endanger the security of neighboring States.” (UN Security Council …” „… Liberia den Diamantenhandel, da „the active support provided by the Government of Liberia for armed rebel …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 377-408

„… Strategic Studies (Hrsg.): Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Net Assessment, London 2002. Thompson, John …” „… . Structure and Action in International Relations.- In: Review of International Studies, 17(1991), S.393-410 …” „… , Oxford 2004. Hollis, Martin/ Smith, Steve: Structure and Action. Further Comment.- In: Review of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845225746

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Frieden in Freiheit - Peace in liberty - Paix en liberté

Andreas Fischer-Lescano (ed.), Hans-Peter Gasser (ed.), Thilo Marauhn (ed.), Natalino Ronzitti (ed.)

2008

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Natalino Ronzitti The Proliferation Security Initiative and International Law S. 281-296

„… wrongful act in conducting its anti-proliferation activity. For instance, a State incurs in international …” „… when a PSI activity is carried out without committing any international wrongful act since the …” „… Introduction The danger of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has not been eliminated …”

Mary Ellen O’Connell Defending the Law against Preemptive Force S. 249-260

„… act in self-defence until the attack has actually started. In this case, a situation equivalent to an …” „… : Israel[’s attack on Syria] received only pro forma rebukes -- apparently because it had blocked a weapon …” „… gradually changing to accommodate new realms of self-defense. Had American forces found nuclear weapons in …”

Hanspeter Neuhold The International Community and „Rogue States“ S. 227-248

„… in 1988. To add to its unlawful activities, Iraq extensively used chemical weapons, especially …” „… nuclear-weapon states have caused headaches to the international community for decades. The nuclear activities …” „… . 1-18. Neuhold 216 • are determined to acquire weapons of mass destruction, along with …”

Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov The End of Contractual Disarmament? S. 345-350

„… by the use of chemical weapons during the first World War. It would not be too much of a stretch to …” „… Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BTWC) of 1972 and …” „… Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC) of 1993. Impressive in their intent and design, interwar treaties …”

Thilo Marauhn The Silent Thread: Explosive Remnants of War S. 205-216

„… of weapons, effects activated during armed conflict. To give an example, the war-fighting use of …” „… 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons”, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, vol. 86, no …” „… determined that a specific wartime act will result in “widespread, longlasting, and severe” damage to the …”

Heike Spieker The Conduct of Hostilities and the Protection of the Environment S. 753-780

„… Dougherty. 2 The value of references to the environment as “fifth kind of weapons” – in addition to …” „… conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons – is doubtful; see Lohbeck, W., „Umwelt und bewaffneter …” „… Weapons; Best, G., “The Historical Evolution of Cultural Norms Relating to War and the Environment”, in …”

Dieter Fleck Law Enforcement and the Conduct of Hostilities: Two Supplementing or Mutually Excluding Legal Paradigms? S. 403-420

„… ) excludes ‘internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and …” „… other acts of a similar nature’ from the field of application of this Protocol. Even two decades after …” „… International Criminal Court (ICC Statute) excluded any acts committed in such situations from the Court’s …”

Ruth Lapidoth The legal effect of Security Council Resolution 1701 (2006) on cessation of hostilities in Lebanon S. 199-204

„… chapter VII of the UN Charter, and such a situation authorizes the Council to act in the framework of …” „… its territory, so that there will be no weapons without the consent of the government of Lebanon, and …” „… Litani river of a zone demilitarized of any weapons or armed personnel except for those of the …”

Marco Sassòli Human Shields and International Humanitarian Law S. 579-590

„… peaceful village with a tank column or who establishes a weapons factory in a densely populated area acts …” „… objectives.”1 The consequences of this principle are that attacks, i.e. acts of violence in offence or in …” „… my view, the decisive criterion cannot be whether the defending belligerent acts (human shields) or …”

Bibliographie Michael Bothe S. 1265-1290

„… New Chemical Weapons Convention - Implementation and Prospects, Den Haag u.a. 1998, 613 S. (mit …” „… Natalino Ronzitti und Allan Rosas); eigene Beiträge:The Chemical Weapons Convention: a general overview, S …” „… . 1 - 15; National implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention: some legal considerations, S …”

Christian Tomuschat Pacta sunt servanda S. 1059-1078

„… cannot be bound by any established law, would act contrary to His nature if He did not make good His …” „… a conventional human rights regime amounts essentially to an act of self-restraint. States build …” „… the UN Charter is perhaps the most prominent case in point. As a consequence, the original act of …”

Jost Delbrück Protecting National Security against Terrorism in Open Societies – A Political, Constitutional and Ethical Dilemma S. 53-62

„… „Luftsicherheitsgesetz“ (Air Security Act), judgement of 15 February 2006, BVerfGE 115, 118 et seq. 5 In this meaning …” „… European Union.11 Following these definitions one may summarize that terrorist acts are criminal acts …” „… Government or an International Organization to do or abstain from doing any act. 3. Acts of terrorism in …”

Gerhard Hafner The ECHR torn between the United Nations and the States: The Behrami and Saramati Case S. 115-134

„… relating to negligence in de-mining activities, but the responsibility for the act of detention by KFOR …” „… convey the responsibility for the performance of individual acts set in the course of such activities …” „… brought by staff members of the organization against a State, involving acts of international …”

Yves Sandoz Mondialisation, société civile et action humanitaire S. 563-578

„… les Actes du Colloque : « Quel droit international pour le 21ème siècle ? » organisé par …” „… effet que l’on doit criminaliser un acte commis contre un agent de l’ONU en mission de maintien de la …” „… actes d’un soldat engagé dans une guerre que mène son pays contre des troupes de l’ONU ou des troupes …”

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg Manoeuvring in Rough Waters: The UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict and the Law of Naval Warfare S. 439-456

„… proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their components5 do have a legal basis that is independent …” „… renders a vessel a legitimate military objective. It may be attacked for that very act of resisting a …” „… out in the present chapter might suggest, in the action that it may lawfully take against the shipping …”

Peter H. Sand Japans „Forschungswalfang“ und das Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen (CITES) S. 693-722

„… Umwelt-Handelssanktionen der USA: beginnend mit dem Lacey Act vom 25. Mai 1900, der 1935 um ein Einfuhrverbot für …” „… zum Fishermen’s Protective Act von 1954,103 sowie das “Packwood-Magnuson Amendment” von 1979 zum …” „… Fishery Conservation and Management Act von 1976.104 Diese Gesetze ermächtigen den US-Präsidenten …”

Autoren der Festschrift S. 1291-1298

„… Weapons, Pfinztal (D); (465-480) Kugelmann, Dieter; Prof. Dr., Professor for European Law and European …” „… , Athens, Director of European Center for Research and Training for Human Rights and Humanitarian Action …”

Yoram Dinstein Comments on the UK Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict S. 387-402

„… reference to "hiding weapons" in Section 11.14, Manual, supra note 2, at 280. 46 On censorship, see …” „… cursory glance. In the final analysis, what counts is not the text of the Manual but actual practice by …” „… of action officially endorsed by the UK. However, this is so only as long as the practice of British …”

Stefan Oeter Das militärische Vorgehen gegenüber bewaffneten Widerstandskämpfern in besetzten Gebieten und internen Konflikten – „Direct participation in hostilities“ und der Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung S. 515-534

„… Menschenmengen bedraf, wie etwa Wasserwerfer, Tränengas, non-lethal weapons, sondern dass auch die rechtlichen …” „… Feindseligkeiten“ alle Handlungen „which by their nature and purpose are likely to cause actual harm to the …” „… Vorhandensein von „actual control“ über Gebiet und Bevölkerung.51 Das fragliche Gebiet wird dann wieder zur …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845209593

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