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Politikwissenschaftliche Einstellungs- und Verhaltensforschung

Thorsten Faas (ed.), Oscar W. Gabriel (ed.), Jürgen Maier (ed.)

2019

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Thorsten Faas, Arndt Leininger 21. Issue Voting und Economic Voting S. 502-526

„… Issue Voting und Economic Voting Thorsten Faas und Arndt Leininger1 Entstehung des Forschungsfeldes …” „… eine Form des issue voting. Und tatsächlich weisen alle großen Paradigmen der Wahlforschung Bezüge zu …” „… Perspektive auf politische Sachfragen hat sich auch ein Forschungsfeld des issue voting im engeren Sinne …”

Evelyn Bytzek 23. Strategisches Wählen S. 554-571

„… . Boehmke und J. Nagler, 2006: Strategic voting in British elections. In: Electoral Studies 25: 1-19 …” „… . Alvarez, R. M. und J. Nagler, 2000: A new approach for modelling strategic voting in multiparty elections …” „… : Coalition-targeted Duvergerian voting. How expectations affect voter choice under proportional representation. In …”

Jakob-Moritz Eberl, Hajo G. Boomgaarden 5. Wahlkampfkommunikation S. 164-183

„… Zivilgesellschaft kommende Internetanwendungen, die als Entscheidungshilfen bei Wahlen dienen sollen (voting advice …” „… . Dalton, S. Greene und R. Huckfeldt, 2002: The social calculus of voting. Interpersonal, media, and …” „… und E. Kaplan, 2007: The Fox News effect. Media bias and voting. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics …”

Marc Debus, Jochen Müller 18. Soziale Konflikte, sozialer Wandel, sozialer Kontext und Wählerverhalten S. 435-457

„… 1998; Elff 2007, 2009). War sozialstrukturell und sozioökonomisch determiniertes class voting bis in …” „… Beispiel hierfür stellt der Alford-Index (Alford 1962) dar, mit dem die Kohärenz von class voting ermittelt …” „… index of the association of social class and voting. In: Public Opinion Quarterly 26: 417-425. Beck, U …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-16

„… Wahlentscheidung ..........................................20. 480 Dieter Ohr Issue Voting und Economic Voting …” „… : Die Panel-Stabilität der Parteiidentifikation in Deutschland ............... 469 21. Issue Voting und …” „… Economic Voting ............................................................ 502 Abbildung 1: Anteil der …”

Alexander Jedinger 22. Kognitive Prozesse und Wählerverhalten S. 527-553

„… Schoen 2015). Schließlich haben sich in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Voting Advice Applications (VAA …” „… . Carmines, E. G. und J. A. Stimson, 1980: The two faces of issue voting. In: American Political Science …” „… : 58-73. Enelow, J. M., und M. J. Hinich, 1984: An introduction to the spatial theory of voting. Cambridge …”

Dieter Ohr 20. Kandidatenorientierungen und Wahlentscheidung S. 480-501

„… Personalisierung auszugehen, sondern das Ausmaß des ‚Candidate-Voting‘ von Wahl zu Wahl aufgrund der situativen …” „… „conditionality“ of leader effects on voting. In: Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 19: 473-500 …” „… democratic elections. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-10. Brettschneider, F., 2001: Candidate-Voting. Die …”

Adrian Vatter, Thomas Milic, Bianca Rousselot 14. Beteiligung an direktdemokratischen Verfahren S. 348-375

„… Bevölkerungsgruppen sogar noch verstärkt. Wie Magleby (1984: 121) zusammenfasst: „For these citizens at least, voting …” „… gibt, niemals beteiligen. Indes, viele beteiligen sich trotzdem. Dieses paradox of voting wurde …” „… Abstimmens über das Internet (e-voting; Bochsler 2010; Sciarini et al. 2013; Serdült und Trechsel 2006) und …”

Kerstin Völkl, Rebekka Heyme 24. Nebenwahlen S. 572-590

„… perspective. In: German Politics 24: 85-98. Calvert, R. L. und J. A. Ferejohn, 1983: Coattail voting in recent …” „… multi-level voting in Germany. In: German Politics 10: 73-98. Johns, R. 2011: Credit where it’s due? Valence …” „… für Sozialwissenschaften, 335-359. Kramer, G. H., 1971: Short-term fluctuations in U.S. voting …”

Markus Steinbrecher 13. Wahlbeteiligung S. 325-347

„… , 1954: Voting. A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: Chicago University …” „… davonlaufen. München: Droemer. File, T., 2013: The diversifying electorate − voting rates by race and Hispanic …” „… of voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Granberg, D. und S. Holmberg, 1991: Self-reported …”

Martin Kroh 19. Parteiidentifikation: Konzeptionelle Debatten und empirische Befunde S. 458-479

„… strategischen Wahlverhaltens wie etwa split-ticket voting abnimmt, wenn viele Wähler eine Parteiidentifikation …” „… linear regression. Breaking the iron triangle in voting research. In: Political Behavior 14: 195-211 …” „… ., P.F. Lazarsfeld und W.M. McPhee, 1954: Voting. A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign …”

Eva-Maria Trüdinger 12. Policy-Orientierungen S. 309-324

„… steht mit dem Wahl-O-Mat, der deutschen Ausprägung einer sogenannten Voting Advice Application (VAA …” „… Arbeiten aus der Wahlforschung zum issue voting eine zentrale Rolle ein (vgl. dazu ausführlich Kapitel 21 …” „… : American Journal of Political Science 32: 416-440. Fiorina, M. P., 1981: Retrospective voting in American …”

Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck, Anne Schäfer 3. Interpersonale Kommunikation S. 121-140

„… : Voting. A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press …” „… political agreement, political discussion frequency, and voting turnout. In: International Journal of Public …” „… , P. C. Magalhães und A. Moreno (Hrsg.): Voting in old and new democracies. New York: Routledge, 64-98 …”

Oscar W. Gabriel, Jürgen Maier, Thorsten Faas 1. Politikwissenschaftliche Einstellungs- und Verhaltensforschung S. 17-90

„… duales Prozessmodell 40, 638 dynamic information boards 637, 647 e-voting 82, 365 echo chambers 28, 202 …” „… , 205 economic voting 60, 74, 503–507, 509, 514f., 517, 519f., 522–526 Eigeninteresse 44, 106, 187, 262 …” „… ., 486, 495, 499, 651 Isolationsfurcht 157 issue ownership 502, 504 issue publics 354 issue voting 85 …”

Sascha Huber 25. Experimente S. 591-614

„… , K., 2014: Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates. What really …” „… experiment measuring the effect of newspapers on voting behavior and political opinions. In: American …” „… versus sequential voting. In: American Political Science Review 93: 51-67. Morton, R. B. und K. C …”

Isabella Bablok, Anna Baumert, Michaela Maier 26. Implizite politische Einstellungsmessung S. 615-635

„… : Predicting voting behavior with implicit attitude measures. In: Experimental Psychology 54: 247-255. Friese …” „… , M., C. T. Smith, M. Koever und M. Bluemke, 2016: Implicit measures of attitudes and political voting …” „… , M. Bluemke und B. A. Nosek, 2012: Do implicit attitudes predict actual voting behavior particularly …”

Constanze Beierlein, Axel Burger 2. Prozesse der Beschaffung und Verarbeitung politischer Informationen S. 91-120

„… voting (Brennan und Lomasky 1993) der Wahlentscheidung zugeschrieben. Einstellungen erfüllen oft eine …” „… , 1954: Voting. A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago …”

Bettina Westle 10. Kognitives politisches Engagement S. 273-295

„… . Lazarsfeld und W. N. McPhee, 1954: Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bobbio, N., 1994: Rechts und …” „… University Press, 125-166. Lachat, R., 2008: The impact of party polarization on ideological voting. In …” „… . Rabinowitz und O. Listhaug, 1995: Political sophistication and models of issue voting. In: British Journal of …”

Jan W. van Deth, Carolin Zorell 16. Politischer Protest und Konsum S. 393-412

„… , voting is sui generis. For this reason, it is a mistake to generalize from our extensive knowledge about …” „… voting to all forms of participation“ (Verba, Schlozman und Brady 1995: 24f.). Politischer Konsum im …” „… ., P. F. Lazarsfeld, und W. N. McPhee, 1954: Voting. A study of opinion formation in a presidential …”

Thorsten Faas, Jürgen Maier, Jochen Mayerl 27. Methoden zur Messung von Informationsverarbeitung: Reaktionszeitmessung, real-time response-Messung, information boardsMethoden zur Messung von Informationsverarbeitung S. 636-654

„… the accessibility of voting intentions. What contributes to accessibility and how it affects vote …” „… . New York: Routledge. Steenbergen, M. R., 2013: The new political psychology of voting, in: T. Faas, K …”

Christian Schemer, Stefan Geiß 4. Massenkommunikation S. 141-163

„… publicity or good publicity? A competitive test of visibility- and tonality-based media effects on voting …” „… effects on voting intentions in direct-democratic campaigns. In: American Behavioral Scientist 56: 334-352 …”

Claudia Landwehr 17. Deliberative Beteiligungsformen S. 413-434

„… . Schumann, 2007: Personality traits, partisan attitudes, and voting behavior. Evidence from Germany. In …”

Andreas Jungherr 6. Kommunikation auf sozialen Netzwerkplattformen S. 184-206

„… Computer-Mediated Communication 22: 163-178. Rolfe, M. und S. Chan, 2017: Voting and political participation. In …”

Sonja Zmerli 9. Politisches Vertrauen S. 248-272

„… , É., 2017: Political trust and voting behaviour. In: Zmerli, S. und T. W. G. van der Meer (Hrsg …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845264899

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Wirtschaft, Krise und Wahlverhalten

Heiko Giebler (ed.), Aiko Wagner (ed.)

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 29 2015

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Sascha Huber, Alexander Staudt Wirtschaftskrise, Materialismus und Economic Voting S. 202-234

„… Wirtschaftskrise, Materialismus und Economic VotingSascha Huber/Alexander StaudtEinleitungDer …” „… jüngsten Krise auf das Ausmaß an economic voting.Wirtschaftskrise, Materialismus und Economic Voting203 …” „… zeigen ein stärkeres Ausmaß an economic voting.Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothese können wir leider nicht …”

Simon R. Bauer, Nils D. Steiner Eurokrise, Economic Voting und der Erfolg der Union bei der Bundestagswahl 2013. Positions- und performanzbasierte Sachfragenorientierungen als Determinanten der Wahlentscheidung S. 49-83

„… zentralen Befund der Literatur zum economic voting,Eurokrise, Economic Voting und der Erfolg der Union65dass …” „… Teil 1Was ist ökonomisches Wählen?Eurokrise, Economic Voting und der Erfolg der Union bei …” „… speziellder Perspektive der Forschung zum economic voting (s. Lewis-Beck/Stegmaier 2000, 2007), wonach Wähler …”

Tarik Abou-Chadi Das Thema europäische Integration und die Wahlentscheidung bei der Bundestagswahl 2013 S. 84-106

„… votingZwei zentrale Thesen bilden die Grundlage der Ansätze des EU issue voting. Die erste postuliert, dass …” „… issue votinggekommen sein könnte. In einer kritischen Diskussion der EU-Issue-Voting …” „… 93Abbildung 2: Salienz des EU-Themas in den Parteiprogrammen1994–2013Ergebnisse – EU issue votingWie …”

Heiko Giebler, Aiko Wagner Wirtschaft, Krise und Wahlverhalten. Eine Einführung S. 9-48

„… schwieriger, eine Wahlentscheidung im Sinn des economic voting(sinnvoll) zu treffen. Dies schließt an die …” „… kurzenÜberblick über die wichtigsten Entwicklungsschritte und Elemente des sogenannten economic voting, eines …” „… zugleich jeweils einen Schritt weiter und versuchen, die Modelle des economic voting weiterzuentwickeln …”

Thorsten Faas, Jürgen Maier Wahrnehmungen der Wirtschaftslage, Zuschreibungen von Verantwortung und die Auswirkungen auf das Wahlverhalten im Kontext der Fernsehdebatte Merkel – Steinbrück 2013 S. 235-266

„… traditionsreiche) Feld des economic voting anschaut. Zuschreibungenvon Verantwortung spielen hier erst in jüngerer …” „… Economic-Voting-Modellen zeigen, ist Gegenstand dieses Beitrags.Wir werden zunächst im zweiten Abschnitt das TV-Duell 2013 …” „… voting beeinflussen. Innerhalb dieser beiden zentralen Abschnittewerden wir uns dabei jeweils anschauen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Forschungsströmung des economic voting und ihre Weiterentwicklung vor dem Hintergrund der Wirtschaftskrise, aber auch …” „… WagnerWas ist ökonomisches Wählen?Teil 1 49Eurokrise, Economic Voting und der Erfolg der Union bei …” „… Wirtschaftskrise, Materialismus und Economic Voting 202Sascha Huber/Alexander StaudtWann wird ökonomisch …”

Agatha Rudnik, Harald Schoen Mehr als ökonomisches Kalkül? Zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren von auf die Eurokrise bezogenen Performanzbewertungen und Policy-Präferenzen S. 139-164

„… . Es finden sich also, analog zum economic voting (Fiorina 1981;10 Die vorliegende Fragestellung macht …” „… . (1980): The Two Faces of Issue Voting. In:The American Political Science Review 74 (1), S. 78–91.Chong …” „… . (1981): Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. NewHaven, CT: Yale University …”

Thomas Schübel Politisches Wissen und der Einfluss der Wirtschaftslage auf das Wahlverhalten bei der Bundestagswahl 2013 S. 165-201

„… Lage (pocketbook voting) oder die der Volkswirtschaft (sociotropic voting) gewichtiger ist.Es wird …” „… Economic Voting? Contingency Dilemmas and the Limits of Democratic Accountability. In: Annual Review of …” „… ): Retrospective Voting in American National Elections.New Haven: Yale University Press.Gomez, Brad T./Wilson, J …”

Markus Steinbrecher Eine Analyse der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Parteiidentifikation und Wahrnehmungen der aktuellen wirtschaftlichen Lage in Deutschland S. 107-138

„… . (2004): Macro vs. Micro-Level Perspectives on Economic Voting.Is the Micro-Level Evidence Endogenously …” „… , Christopher J./Mendes, Silvia M./Tverdova, Yuliya V. (2004): EndogenousEconomic Voting. Evidence from the 1997 …” „… : University of Michigan Press, S. 78–112.Blount, Simon (2002): Unemployment and Economic Voting. In: Electoral …”

Nicolas Merz Wie haben die Parteien auf die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise reagiert? Eine Untersuchung der Thematisierungsstrategien europäischer Parteien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Deutschlands S. 301-330

„… Theorie des ökonomischenWählens (economic voting) aus. Wie beschrieben besagt diese Theorie inihrer …” „… voting forcierenoder verhindern können.LiteraturAdams, James (2012): Causes and Electoral Consequences of …” „… , Timothy (2012): Constructing Accountability. Party Position Taking and Economic Voting. In: Comparative …”

Daniela Braun, Markus Tausendpfund Wirtschaftskrise und politische Unterstützung im europäischen Vergleich S. 331-360

„… überprüfen zu können, greifen wir auf den Economic-Voting-Ansatz zurück (vgl. die Argumentation des …” „… Economic-Voting-Ansatzes, u. a. Duch/Stevenson 2008; Lewis-Beck/Paldam 2000; Lewis-Beck/Stegmaier 2000, 2007). In Anlehnung …” „… S./Paldam, Martin (2000): Economic Voting: an Introduction. In:Electoral Studies 19 (2–3), S. 113–121 …”

Sebastian H. Schneider, Markus Tepe Bundestagskandidaten und ihre Einstellung zur Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise S. 267-300

„… Economic-Voting-Literatur belegt, dass die Wahlentscheidung derBürger von der eigenen und nationalen wirtschaftlichen Lage …” „… besten repräsentieren(issue voting) (z. B. Pappi/Shikano 2007: Kap. 2). Zudem darf man nichtvergessen …” „… ): Economic Models of Voting. In:Dalton, Russell J./Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (Hrsg.): Oxford Handbook of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845262048

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Last Man Standing

Danielle Sarver Coombs

2013

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6 Voting Begins S. 119-144

„… Chapter SixVoting BeginsJanuary–February 2012After months of debates, events, polls, stump speeches …” „… , and seemingly end-less shifts in fortunes among candidates, the build-up was finally over: Vot-ing was …” „… to cast their support to the candidate of their choice: Did they wantVoting Begins 121someone they …”

7 Last Man Standing S. 145-162

„… , both considered no-hopers for much of thebuild-up to January voting, had failed to qualify for the …” „… , the candidates and their campaigns began the push to-ward Super Tuesday, a one-day voting extravaganza …” „… donors.The next major day of voting, March 13, featured four contests: Alabama,Mississippi, Hawaii, and …”

5 The Final Stretch S. 91-118

„… holidays—and voting—began was held onDecember 15 at the Sioux City Convention Center in Sioux Center, Iowa.The …” „… develop a substantial andconsistent lead in this Midwestern early voting state. His religion, a stum-The …” „… SPRINT BEGINSWith only a month to go before voting commenced, stakes were higher thanever for the seven …”

2 Unsettled Field S. 11-38

„… early voting states to give speeches, charm voters, and solicitdonors. The denizens of Iowa and New …” „… way: paying dues to kingmakers in the early voting states andspending as much time on the ground as …” „… , particularly in the early voting states where memories are long andvoters pay close attention. Romney’s …”

Preface S. i-x

„… Winter CampaignsRallying Behind a Conservative CandidateNotes6 Voting Begins: January–February 2012 119 …”

8 Conclusion S. 163-170

„… during the months leading up to voting—a me-thodical and meticulous campaign characterized by impressive …”

3 The Race Intensifies S. 39-60

„… period, a disproportionate amount of attention was paid toIowa—considerably more than other early voting …” „… race: Even if he did not yet have thenomination locked up (and, in fact, voting was still months away …”

4 The Rollercoaster Continues S. 61-90

„… voting states, the steady barrage of debates during September andOctober shifted strategy. No longer were …”

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Innovation und Modernisierung durch E-Government

Dieter Klumpp

2010

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E-Voting und Online-Wahlen S. 114-119

„… E-Voting und Online-Wahlen Im Podiums-Statement auf dem Deutschen Verwaltungstag des …” „… Thema E-Government sind auch auf dem Teilgebiet des „E- Voting“ die allgemein diskutierten „Ziele“ in …” „… der Informationsgesellschaft – ein E-Voting, das „sicher“ und damit vor allem „unanfechtbar“ ist …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-9

„… - Stop-Government im Bürgerbüro? (107) • Schaffung einer „Overlay-Verwaltung“ (110) E-Voting und Online-Wahlen …”

Kooperation von Staat und Wirtschaft S. 120-139

„… , möglicherweise sogar beim E-Voting, aber auch des E-Procurement, des E-Commerce und letztlich sogar der gesamten …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845269016

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In Search of Federal Enforcement

Vanessa A. Holloway

2015

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4 Voting Rights, Voting Wrongs S. 39-46

doi.org/10.5771/9780761865773

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Shareholder Empowerment

Michael Zurkinden

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 8 2010

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Expressive voting S. 109-113

„… likely to be the best answer for them as well. 4.2 Expressive votingDrawing upon an analogy between …” „… of expressive votingIn their seminal book, Brennan and Lomasky (1993) present a theory of individual …” „… 109ciding whether or not to sell their voting rights, only take into account the compensation for …”

Proxy Voting S. 143-153

„… 143Annex A: Proxy VotingA.1 Proxy voting in the U.S.What is proxy voting?Most shareholders today …” „… voting allows these shareholders to vote in absentia, i.e. by delegating their voting rights. Prior to …” „… voting choices. The proxy card must be signed and returned to the company. An example of a U.S. proxy …”

Expressive Voting S. 156-158

„… 156Annex C: Expressive VotingDe? nitionsP1 = each shareholderP2 = all other shareholdersS0 …” „… the compensation for one voting right is larger than the direct expressive bene? t of voting.C P1 is …” „… pre-bid share valueV = price of the voting rightE = (total) expressive bene? t; E = Eb + Ec , whereby Eb …”

The motivation crowding effect S. 113-116

„… the voting rights is higher than in a situation without expressive bene? ts, but it is also lower than …” „… voting right. Potential vote sellers now demand a slightly higher compensation. Thus, more resources are …” „… returns somewhat extenuate shareholders’ incentives to sell their voting rights, the effect is less …”

Introduction S. 85-87

„… ownership and control has been identi? ed as the major characteristic of the modern corporation. Voting …” „… use their voting rights in a manner that maximizes the value of the ? rm.59 However, if shareholders …” „… do not use their voting rights wisely, the corporation, which is a fundamental institution of …”

One share – one vote S. 87-89

„… 87vote on an important matter but instead to earn money from selling voting rights. These arti …” „… taking into account the effects of indexation, the implications of expressive voting theory, the …” „… ownership and voting power as stipulated by the principle of one share – one vote is widely believed to be …”

Indexation S. 107-109

„… and thus, selling is more likely to be the best answer for them as well. 4.2 Expressive votingDrawing …” „… effects of (reciprocal) vote buying.The theory of expressive votingIn their seminal book, Brennan and …” „… suggests that vote buying diminishes the intrinsic value of voting, which would be important for the …”

Endogenous incentive effects S. 116-118

„… voting but also every single member of the voting community. Even those individuals who decide not to …” „… sell their votes now regard voting as a meaningless exercise. The reason is that voters feel that the …” „… introduction of the price system into the system of voting empties the latter of its entire purpose. The …”

Overall Summary and Conclusions S. 120-132

„… the ultimate owners of a corporation can delegate monitoring and voting power to a third party …” „… aims at reforming the process by which shareholders delegate monitoring and voting power to pension …” „… well as the task of exercising voting rights to a specialized agent. Institutional investors are more …”

Vote buying as a blessing S. 89-92

„… on the shares he purchases. Non-voting shares can mitigate this free-rider problem if “shareholders …” „… correlated (see Burkart, Lee, 2007, p. 12). In addition, a higher number of non-voting shares may lead to …” „… , 2007, p. 12). Third, the smaller the number of voting shares, the more likely a given shareholder is to …”

Reciprocal and non-reciprocal vote buying S. 95-97

„… management from reactivating otherwise dormant voting rights.693 CritiqueIt is important that the …” „… . Reciprocal vote buying occurs when the shareholder sells his voting rights to a vote buyer, who, in turn …” „… , which is de-? ned as any “voting agreement supported by consideration personal to the stockholder …”

Vote buying as a curse S. 92-94

„… allows better informed shareholders to accumulate voting power in order to improve corporate governance …” „… cannot expect to have an in? uence on the overall outcome of the vote. He is willing to sell his voting …” „… that if competition drives up the price of voting rights so that vote sellers are fully compensated …”

Intermediaries and agency chains S. 46-49

„… , i.e. who lack the mechanisms that allow bene? cial owners to in? uence voting decisions.31 In this …” „… pension funds (i.e. among their asset managers), to delegate the execution of voting rights to proxy …” „… even greater gulf between bene? cial ownership and control over voting rights. For instance …”

Introduction S. 11-17

„… may not include the outright delegation of voting power. If voting rights can be pooled in the hands …” „… institutional arrangements, which not only allow shareholders to delegate monitoring and voting authority, but …” „… delegation arrangements are used in practice, of which proxy voting is the simplest form. No genuine …”

The prisoner’s dilemma in the case of reciprocal vote buying S. 97-99

„… a bid for outstanding voting rights by offering LEPOs for shares (i.e., by engaging in reciprocal …” „… vote buying). The strategies available to each shareholder (P1) are to retain or to sell the voting …” „… negative. If P1 sells his voting rights to the activist, he obtains a payoff in the amount of V per voting …”

Regulatory responses S. 94-95

„… evidence. In their ? rst paper, Hu, Black (2006a) collect 25 worldwide examples of empty voting or hidden …” „… ” (see Hu, Black, 2006a, p. 23). In their later work, they also call for voting restrictions on shares …” „… phenomenon of corporate vote buying by introducing new disclosure rules and voting restrictions for empty …”

The current practice of electing directors S. 26-30

„… feature of U.S. corporate law6 is the plurality rule. Unlike in the system of majority voting …” „… are to be held according to the majority rule, although the byelaws may de? ne some other voting rule …” „… limits to the execution of voting rights insulate management and the controlling shareholder from …”

Conclusions S. 118-119

„… initial proposal cannot be precluded from selling his voting rights. Endogenous incentive effects also …” „… . 5 ConclusionsThe transfer of unbundled voting rights in exchange for economic bene? ts amounts to a …” „… control, owners delegate control over the ? rm but retain control over voting rights, this new form …”

Corporate governance reform S. 30-32

„… encourage shareholders to make conscious use of their voting rights. Raising voter participation per se (or …” „… even making the execution of voting rights compulsory) would not be appropriate as voters must remain …” „… free not to vote if they feel they lack the necessary information. Voting results contain more and …”

The role of the profit source S. 102-107

„… in the share value. Unless the raider is willing to pay an enormous amount for each voting right …” „… prefers to retain his voting rights. Therefore, if it is assumed that there are a small number of large …” „… bids by additional raiders drive up the price that is paid for each voting right. The bidding process …”

References S. 133-142

„… Voting by Mutual Funds, in: Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 85, 2, 552-570Deci, Edward L. (1975 …” „… Paper 8711, Cambridge MAEasterbrook, Frank H.; Daniel R. Fischel (1983): Voting in Corporate Law, in …” „… Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 9., 901-904Harris, Milton; Raviv, Artur (1988): Corporate Governance: Voting …”

Institutional activism in practice S. 63-65

„… 63voting practices between public and private funds. Romano (1993, p. 798) concludes that “(t)he …” „… emphasis on the exercise of shareholder voting rights. For this purpose, it has developed voting guidelines …” „… , publishes voting recommendations in advance of annual general meetings, and provides proxy voting services …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-9

„… 1024 Extensions 1074.1 Indexation 1074.2 Expressive voting 1094.3 The motivation crowding effect 1134.4 …” „… : Proxy Voting 143Annex B: Securities Lending 154Annex C: Expressive Voting 1569List of …” „… FiguresIntroduction:Figure 1: Three ways to delegate monitoring and voting power 12Chapter I:Figure 2: Corporate governance …”

Three investment strategies S. 56-60

„… shareholder is very unlikely to cast the decisive vote. Thus, the expected bene? t of voting is in …” „… of indexing is the factual negligence of voting rights. If shares are voted at all, they are voted …” „… negligence of voting rights is also a consequence of the index funds’ engagement in the securities lending …”

The shortcomings of traditional solutions S. 32-39

„… , it is necessary to encourage shareholders to make conscious use of their voting rights. Raising voter …” „… participation per se (or even making the execution of voting rights compulsory) would not be appropriate as …” „… voters must remain free not to vote if they feel they lack the necessary information. Voting results …”

Securities Lending S. 154-155

„… 154Annex B: Securities LendingA particular type of decoupling of economic and voting ownership …” „… traditional motivations for borrowing stock listed above, securities lending may also be used for voting …” „… purposes. Securities lending involves a decoupling of economic and voting ownership because the lender …”

Conclusions S. 49-51

„… investors and particularly pension funds must de? ne rules according to which voting rights are executed …” „… competition between institutional investors will force fund managers to take into account the voting …” „… factual lack of competition between pension funds makes voting rights, from the point of view of plan …”

The rise of institutional ownership S. 60-62

„… position as owners of the corporation, can be expected to have the right incentives to use their voting …” „… shareholders to hold less than half of share capital and still control a majority of the voting rights …” „… its equity into participation certi? cates (comprising no voting rights) and bearer shares (comprising …”

The prisoner’s dilemma in the case of non-reciprocal vote buying S. 99-101

„… picture. In addition to having to decide whether or not to sell their voting rights, potential vote …” „… source of the losing bidder has been exhausted. Thus, competition drives up the price of the voting right …” „… those who sell their voting rights are partly compensated for their loss.3.3 The prisoner’s dilemma in …”

A critique of institutional activism S. 65-66

„… Switzerland. In the U.S., pension funds have been required to make their voting decisions public since 1988 …” „… , pension funds are required to disclose their general voting policies, but not individual voting decisions …” „… has little opportunity for in? uencing the pension fund’s investment and voting decisions. Therefore …”

Possible ways out of the prisoner’s dilemma S. 101-102

„… share value. Unless the raider is willing to pay an enormous amount for each voting right (which is very …” „… his voting rights. Therefore, if it is assumed that there are a small number of large shareholders, a …” „… bids by additional raiders drive up the price that is paid for each voting right. The bidding process …”

The free choice hypothesis S. 68-70

„… interests are expressed directly through a voting-by-feet mechanism. For instance, individuals with a …” „… shareholder voting rights accordingly, these specialized pension funds would build a reputation for pursuing …” „… voice their concerns, e.g. by organizing plan member meetings in which upcoming investment and voting …”

Conclusions S. 83-84

„… , shareholders are assumed to use their voting rights in a manner that maximizes the value of the ? rm. However …” „… a pro? t source that is not marginal in size. The considerations of indexation, expressive voting …” „… buying, corporate governance, expressive voting …”

The agency problem and corporate governance S. 53-56

„… , the disciplining mechanism of the market for corporate control is replaced by voting challenges, in …” „… order to become informed about possible alternatives and exercise their voting rights. If it is assumed …” „… very unlikely to cast the decisive vote. Thus, the expected bene? t of voting is in? nitesimally small …”

The universal ownership hypothesis S. 77-79

„… submitting proposals to be included with a company’s proxy statement, by voting on proxy proposals, or by …” „… voting for or against individuals nominated to the board. The motivation for this behavior does not come …”

Possible caveats S. 70-77

„… statement, by voting on proxy proposals, or by voting for or against individuals nominated to the board. The …”

Institutional activism in theory S. 62-63

„… political involvement in their organizational form” as well as “scant differences” in proxy 63voting …”

Contested director elections S. 24-26

„… important feature of U.S. corporate law6 is the plurality rule. Unlike in the system of majority voting …”

Public choice problems S. 39-46

„… investors with great voting power. The election outcome will thus be biased against the large anonymous mass …”

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European Corporate Law

Peter Kindler (ed.), Jan Lieder (ed.)

2021

Results in this title

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 10 Proxy voting S. 959-966

„… banned from voting.101 Liability of controlling shareholders who benefited from improper or illegally …” „… undisclosed related party transactions would also be consistent with the Directive. Article 10 Proxy voting 1 …” „… rights through proxy holders without specific voting instructions for each resolution in respect of which …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 14 Voting results S. 971-973

„… Article 14 Voting results 1. The company shall establish for each resolution at least the number of …” „… provide or allow companies to provide that if no shareholder requests a full account of the voting, it …” „… shall be sufficient to establish the voting results only to the extent needed to ensure that the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 12 Voting by correspondence S. 967-968

„… ) SRD. Beyond this “basic formal requirement”, the shareholders’ right to proxy voting shall only be …” „… voting instructions, and only to the extent that they are proportionate to achieving these objectives …” „… thereof to the company as well as the issuing of the shareholders’ voting instructions. Further formal …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 7 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting S. 907-910

„… Article 7 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting 1. Member States shall …” „… or the exercise of voting rights in the general meeting to be dependent on the shares being deposited …” „… . Participation and voting of non-shareholders The prevailing opinion on this issue further assumes that it is …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 83 Voting requirements for the decisions of the general meeting S. 380-382

„… the requirements of a direct application (cf. → Intro Art. 44 mn. 64). Article 83 Voting requirements …” „… Kapitalrichtlinie – Mindest- oder Höchstnorm?, 1998, p. 264. Art 83 Voting requirements for the decisions of the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 13 Removal of certain impediments to the effective exercise of voting rights S. 968-971

„… the possibility of postal voting in their transposition, even under the narrowest interpretation of …” „… postal vote. Many see postal voting (by letter) as part of the minimum harmonisation programme of Article …” „… economic point of view, it does indeed seem contradictory to deny voting in advance of the general meeting …”

Article 67 Subscription, acquisition or holding of shares by a company in which the public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting rights or on which it can exercise a dominant influe... S. 322-330

„… which the public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting rights or on which it can …” „… company directly or indirectly holds a majority of the voting rights or on which it can directly or …” „… public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting rights indirectly or can exercise a …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 11 Breakthrough S. 1010-1014

„… (f) any restrictions on voting rights, such as limitations of the voting rights of holders of a …” „… given percentage or number of votes, deadlines for exercising voting rights, or systems whereby, with …” „… in restrictions on the transfer of securities and/or voting rights within the meaning of Directive …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 11 Formalities for proxy holder appointment and notification S. 966-967

„… notification of the appointment to the company and the issuance of voting instructions, if any, to the proxy …” „… voting instructions, respectively, and only to the extent that they are proportionate to achieving those …” „… provisions of Article 11 SRD supplement the substantive provisions on proxy voting in Article 10 SRD with …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 15 The right of squeeze-out S. 1020-1022

„… % of the capital carrying voting rights and 90 % of the voting rights in the offeree company, or (b …” „… securities representing not less than 90 % of the offeree company’s capital carrying voting rights and 90 …” „… % of the voting rights comprised in the bid. In the case referred to in (a), Member States may set a …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 i Protection of members S. 434-445

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 a) Exit right available to holders of voting shares; Member State option for holders of non-voting …” „… . As a consequence, Member States shall furnish at least those members holding shares with voting …” „… should be free to furnish other members, for example, members holding shares without voting rights with …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 j Transparency of proxy advisors S. 891-895

„… all of the following information in relation to the preparation of their research, advice and voting …” „… 4 5 (c) the procedures put in place to ensure quality of the research, advice and voting …” „… , legal, regulatory and company-specific conditions into account; (e) the essential features of the voting …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 10 Information on companies as referred to in Article 1(1) S. 1008-1010

„… are not exercised directly by the employees; (f) any restrictions on voting rights, such as …” „… limitations of the voting rights of holders of a given percentage or number of votes, deadlines for exercising …” „… voting rights, or systems whereby, with the company’s cooperation, the financial rights attaching to …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 14 Information for and consultation of employees' representatives S. 1019-1020

„… the capital carrying voting rights and 90 % of the voting rights in the offeree company, or (b) where …” „… representing not less than 90 % of the offeree company’s capital carrying voting rights and 90 % of the voting …” „… that may not, however, be higher than 95 % of the capital carrying voting rights and 95 % of the voting …”

Article 66 Acceptance of the company’s own shares as security Jan P. Brosius S. 320-322

„… shares by a company in which the public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting rights …” „… public limited liability company directly or indirectly holds a majority of the voting rights or on which …” „… in Annex II. However, where the public limited liability company holds a majority of the voting …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 5 Protection of minority shareholders, the mandatory bid and the equitable price S. 994-999

„… concert with him/her, directly or indirectly give him/her a specified percentage of voting rights in that …” „… to launch a bid shall no longer apply. 3. The percentage of voting rights which confers control for …” „… cash securities carrying 5 % or more of the voting rights in the offeree company. Member States may …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 g Engagement policy S. 885-887

„… dialogues with investee companies, exercise voting rights and other rights attached to shares, cooperate …” „… implemented, including a general description of voting behaviour, an explanation of the most significant votes …” „… engagement policy, including voting, on behalf of an institutional investor, the institutional investor shall …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 1 Scope S. 981-983

„… % of the securities with voting rights (assuming that this percentage is sufficient to gain control in …” „… remaining securities 2. If the offeror holds 5 % of the securities with voting rights and acquires through …” „… securities on which the bid is made must be transferable securities carrying voting rights (see Art 2).1 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 2 Definitions S. 863-869

„… view to informing investors’ voting decisions by providing research, advice or voting recommendations …” „… that relate to the exercise of voting rights; (h) ‘related party’ has the same meaning as in the …” „… by Articles 3 a et seq. SRD. In addition, Article 13 SRD is relevant to constellations of voting by …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 8 Participation in the general meeting by electronic means S. 910-914

„… and the exercise of voting rights in absentia in Article 8 and 12 SRD,1 which complement each other in …” „… time and cost efficient electronic participation in meetings as well as voting by electronic means are …” „… , voting) but not to every technically possible implementation of these forms of participation. Since the …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 f Information on implementation S. 884-885

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 c Facilitation of the exercise of shareholder rights S. 879-882

„… that shareholders who engage with an investee company by voting know whether their votes have been …” „… . Voting Confirmation (Para. 2) Paragraph 2 reflects the need for legal certainty.8 On the one hand, the …” „… electronic voting, electronic confirmations of receipt must be issued (1.). Electronic confirmation of …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 4 Equal treatment of shareholders S. 895-896

„… who are in the same position with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… are in the “same position” with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… participation and the exercise of voting rights in the general meeting”) that objectively justified differences …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 a Identification of shareholders S. 870-876

„… non-listed companies or non-voting shares is permitted.2 This could help to avoid split …” „… shareholders holding more than a certain percentage of shares or voting rights. Such a percentage shall not …” „… certain percentage of the shares or voting rights in accordance with paragraph 1 and, if so, the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXII

„… liability company holds a majority of the voting rights or on which it can exercise a dominant influence …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 82 378 Voting requirements for the decisions of the general meeting …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 6 902 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 1 Subject matter and scope S. 857-863

„… , Institutional Investor Voting Behavior: A Network Theory Perspective ECGI Law Working Paper No. 393/2018, 15 …” „… Transparenzvorschriften für Stimmrechtsberater’ ZGR 2019, 163; Schouten, ‘The Political Economy of Cross-Border Voting in …” „… Virtuellen Hauptversammlung’, NZG 2007, 686; Zetzsche, ‘Shareholder Passivity, Cross-Border Voting and the …”

Article 65 Additional safeguards in case of related party transactions Jan P. Brosius S. 317-320

„… Directive 2013/34/EU is an undertaking that (i) has a majority of the shareholders' voting rights in the …” „… (iv) is a shareholder in the company and either (x) has exercised its voting rights to appoint a …” „… – Member States may provide that such undertaking holds at least 20% of the voting rights in the company …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 9 Obligations of the board of the offeree company S. 1005-1008

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 144 Simplified formalities S. 709-710

„… depositary receipts in a public or private limited liability company and to holders of voting rights based on …” „… securities conferring voting rights of all the companies involved in the division have renounced them …” „… securities conferring voting rights upon them may, by means of unanimous consent, exempt the administrative …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 5 Information prior to the general meeting S. 896-902

„… are in the “same position” with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …” „… participation and the exercise of voting rights in the general meeting”) that objectively justified differences …” „… of treatment are permissible.8 Therefore, the granting of multiple or maximum voting rights is …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 e Report of the administrative or management body for members and employees S. 413-422

„… compensation and at the same time minimize the risk of members voting against approval of the draft-terms of …” „… of the corporate veil scenario, applicable voting thresholds, existing veto rights, minority …” „… , namely, the right of members’ holding voting shares to vote against approval of the draft terms; that …”

Index S. 1029-1055

„… provisions IV 11 4 – restriction of voting rights IV 11 8 – restrictions IV 11 7 – successful bid IV 11 …” „… division 160b 4 – UCITS 160a 28 – unwinding 160u 1 – validity 160u 1 Cross-border exercise of voting …” „… , 17, 21, 29 – non voting shares 86d 15 – offer of cash compensation 86d 25 – one-tier system 86d 7 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 6 Right to put items on the agenda of the general meeting and to table draft resolutions S. 902-907

„… to prepare for the discussion and voting on each item on the agenda”. 12 Jung and Stiegler in Jung …” „… and to increase their own share of voting rights in advance of the meeting by purchasing or lending …” „… Article 7 Requirements for participation and voting in the general meeting 1. Member States shall ensure …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 g Disclosure S. 766-769

„… less than one month before the date of the general meeting of the company being divided voting on the …” „… , independent expert report) may be made publicly available at least one month before the general meeting voting …” „… shares or to the subscribed capital represented at the general meeting. In any event, the voting …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 12 Optional arrangements S. 1014-1018

„… Due to his or her majority and the ‘redistribution’ of voting rights offeror can ultimately always …” „… where the restrictions on voting rights are compensated for by specific pecuniary advantages. VIII …” „… multiple/double voting rights in the breakthrough rule. Giving up anticipatory resolutions in turn was made …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 a Right to vote on the remuneration policy S. 919-931

„… excessive remuneration in advance. V. Voting Schedule (Para. 5) Regular voting cycle The regular voting …” „… have a vote outside of the 4-year voting cycle if shareholders exercise their right to add items onto …” „… Member State.32 There are two exceptions to the regular voting 1. 26 Dissenting Jung and Stiegler in Jung …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 h Approval by the general meeting S. 769-773

„… shares or to the subscribed capital represented at the general meeting. In any event, the voting …” „… supermajority. – At least the members who hold voting rights and voted against the approval of the draft terms …” „… alternative protection to members holding non-voting shares in case the Member State of the company being …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 154 Exemption from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of the company being divided S. 723-724

„… securities conferring voting rights in the company being divided belong to the recipient companies, Article …” „… voting rights in the company being divided already belong to the recipient companies cannot take place by …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 Further national measures S. 869-870

„… 869 15 16 1 non-listed companies or non-voting shares is permitted.2 This could help to avoid split …” „… shareholders holding more than a certain percentage of shares or voting rights. Such a percentage shall not …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 145 Protection of employees’ rights S. 710-711

„… Article 142(1) are not required if all shareholders and holders of other securities conferring voting …” „… , following Article 2506ter Italian Civil Code, shareholders and holders of other securities conferring voting …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 i Protection of members S. 773-778

„… requiring a super-majority. – At least the members who hold voting rights and voted against the approval of …” „… members holding shares without voting rights or members who, as a result of a cross-border division, would …” „… company with all rights attached to the membership (in particular voting right and right to receive …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 Right to ask questions S. 914-919

„… voting rights.1 Since the intention is to create a basis of information with regard to the vote on …” „… with the exercise of voting rights is sufficient.5 First, this can be derived from the general scope of …” „… the Directive (see the reference in Article 1 SRD to “voting shares”) and the wording of Article 9 SRD …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 c Transparency and approval of related party transactions S. 943-959

„… safeguards which apply before or during the voting process to protect the interests of the company and of the …” „… on the future exercise of voting rights is not genuinely an economic one.19 Point (b) refers to the …” „… voting process to protect the interests of the company and of the shareholders who are not a related …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 78 Redemption of subscribed capital without reduction S. 368-370

„… incorporation provide for redemption, the latter shall be decided on by the general meeting voting at least …” „… the redemption of capital voting at least under the usual conditions of quorum and majority, i.e …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 2 Definitions S. 983-985

„… successful outcome of a bid; (e) ‘securities’ shall mean transferable securities carrying voting rights in a …” „… transferrable securities carrying voting rights in a company (Art 2 (1)(e), see also under Art 1 → mn. 4 …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 82 Conditions for redemption of shares S. 378-380

„… mn. 64). Article 83 Voting requirements for the decisions of the general meeting The laws of the …” „… . Art 83 Voting requirements for the decisions of the general meeting 380 Jan P. Brosius 8 9 10 11 12 …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 h Investment strategy of institutional investors and arrangements with asset managers S. 887-889

„… example of voting on “purely procedural matters” and voting in companies in which the investor has a “very …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 i Transparency of asset managers S. 889-891

„… explicitly disclosed. For example, conflicts of interests may prevent the asset manager from voting or from …” „… all of the following information in relation to the preparation of their research, advice and voting …”

Tobias de Raet Article 93 Approval by the general meeting of each of the merging companies S. 518-522

„… to which share classes may be different based on voting and/or profit participation rights.12 III …” „… non-voting shares from this calculation. For the purposes of point (b) of the first paragraph, Article 97(2 …”

Peter Kindler Introduction S. 1-65

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 4 Supervisory authority and applicable law S. 988-994

„… of the offeree company and in matters relating to company law, in particular the percentage of voting …” „… voting rights in that company, giving him/her control of that company, Member States shall ensure that …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 h Approval by the general meeting S. 429-434

„… general meeting. In any event, the voting threshold shall not be higher than that provided for in national …” „… voting rights represented will need to vote in favour of the approval as far as a German limited …”

Tobias de Raet Article 91 Draft terms of merger S. 509-514

„… decisions when exercising their voting rights with respect to the merger.7 Other elements of this …” „… . voting rights or the distribution of profits) and the holders of securities other than shares, or the …”

Tobias de Raet Article 126 Approval by the general meeting S. 643-648

„… approval is granted (cf. Article 121(1)),9 in particular, the voting procedure, quorums for consent and …” „… be fixed at more than 5 %. Member States, however, must provide for the exclusion of non-voting …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 72 Increase in capital by consideration in cash S. 346-358

„… carrying different rights with regard to voting, or participation in distributions within the meaning of …” „… shareholding.11 In this respect, it provides for a twofold dilution protection, i.e. in terms of voting rights …” „… the shares carry different rights with regard to either voting or participation in distributions …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 3 k Review S. 895

„… who are in the same position with regard to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 77 Reduction in the subscribed capital and the minimum capital S. 367-368

„… decided on by the general meeting voting at least under the usual conditions of quorum and majority; where …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 16 The right of sell-out S. 1022-1023

„… capital carrying voting rights comprised in the bid. The presumptions are refutable. If the excluded …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 140 Derogation from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of a recipient company S. 702-703

„… exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. For the purposes of point (b) of the first paragraph …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 155 Definition of a ‘division by the formation of new companies’ S. 724-725

„… transaction and therefore divisions where all the shares and other securities conferring voting rights in the …”

Tobias de Raet Article 111 Exemption from the requirement of approval by the general meeting S. 568-569

„… exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. Article 112 Shares held by or on behalf of the …”

Tobias de Raet Article 112 Shares held by or on behalf of the acquiring company S. 569-570

„… Member States may, however, provide for the exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. Article …”

Tobias de Raet Article 114 Exemption from requirements applicable to mergers by acquisition S. 572-573

„… non-voting shares from this calculation. Article 114 Exemption from requirements applicable to mergers by …”

Tobias de Raet Article 115 Transfer of all assets and liabilities by one or more companies to another company which is the holder of 90 % or more of their shares S. 573-574

„… securities with voting rights of the company being acquired are not held solely by the acquiring company but …”

Tobias de Raet Article 116 Mergers with cash payment exceeding 10 % S. 574-575

„… securities with voting rights of the company being acquired are not held solely by the acquiring company but …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 147 Protection of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached S. 714-715

„… who voted against the division proposal and the holders of non-voting shares to lodge a request for …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 148 Drawing up and certification of documents in due legal form S. 715-716

„… division proposal and the holders of non-voting shares to lodge a request for compensation from the company …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 d Draft terms of cross-border conversions S. 404-413

„… to reporting. Examples of special shareholders’ rights are preferred shares, non-voting shares, or …” „… voting against the approval of the draft terms. Such minority members shall have the right to exit the …”

Dieter Leuering Article 7 [Single-member enterprise with limited liability] S. 853-855

„… Perspectives 21 (2007), 117; Enriques and Romano, Institutional Investor Voting Behavior: A Network Theory …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 17 Addressees S. 976-979

„… takeover barriers like maximum-voting rights might be deviated from temporarily for a bid procedure. If the …”

Tobias de Raet Article 94 Derogation from the requirement of approval by the general meeting of the acquiring company S. 522-524

„… may, however, provide for the exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. For the purposes …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 143 Availability of documents for inspection by shareholders S. 707-709

„… of voting rights based on the right of usufruct or right of pledge. Article 144 Simplified …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Introduction S. 979-981

„… decide in a first step if the duty of neutrality or takeover barriers like maximum-voting rights might be …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 68 Decision by the general meeting on the increase of capital S. 330-339

„… are administrative rights and rights of control, for instance voting rights, the right to attend the …” „… level of voting rights shareholders receive; certain shares may also carry a preferential right to a …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 139 Approval by the general meeting of each company involved in a division S. 700-702

„… , provide for the exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. For the purposes of point (b) of the …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 153 Conditions for nullity of a division S. 721-723

„… voting rights in the company being divided belong to the recipient companies, Article 154 makes a …”

Tobias de Raet Article 113 Merger by acquisition by a company which holds 90 % or more of the shares of a company being acquired S. 570-572

„… approve the merger. Member States may, however, provide for the exclusion of non-voting shares from this …”

Dieter Leuering Article 3 [Disclosure] S. 846-848

„… voting rights of the individual shareholder by a representative and can define the scope of the powers …”

Dieter Leuering Article 4 [General Meeting and Decisions] S. 848-850

„… criticised that national law can now allow the exercise of the voting rights of the individual shareholder by …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 f Independent expert report S. 763-766

„… meeting of the company being divided voting on the cross-border division. V. Public Disclosure of the …”

Article 63 Holding of own shares and annual report in case of acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 302-305

„… supervise and control itself. Therefore, own shares do not carry any voting rights.4 Further, to provide …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 85 Equal treatment of all shareholders who are in the same position S. 387-390

„… to participation and the exercise of voting rights in the general meeting. 7 Cf. Case C-101/08 …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 f Independent expert report S. 422-425

„… opinion on whether the cash compensation which the company offered in the draft terms to members voting …”

Tobias de Raet Article 101 Protection of holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached S. 546-549

„… not confer any voting rights, but – in contrast to tort claims – grant the right to either become a …”

Tobias de Raet Article 132 Simplified formalities S. 677-680

„… company or companies being acquired which confer voting rights in the general meeting of shareholders …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 138 Publication of the draft terms of division S. 697-700

„… non-voting shares or shares without profit sharing rights (as regard the private limited liability company …”

Jan Lieder, Martin Bialluch Article 9 b Information to be provided in and right to vote on the remuneration report S. 931-943

„… publish the report without undue delay.61 The voting results are not mentioned, unlike in the case of …” „… of results in the voting pursuant to paragraph 4 on the company’s website. 56 Recital 36 SRD II. 57 …”

Jan P. Brosius Article 79 Reduction in the subscribed capital by compulsory withdrawal of shares S. 370-374

„… capital voting at least under the usual conditions of quorum and majority, i.e. generally with simple …”

Silja Maul, Larissa Furtwengler Article 6 Information concerning bids S. 999-1003

„… voting rights of the company. The holders of securities who sell their shares later shall be given equal …”

Karsten Kühnle Article 86 g Disclosure S. 425-429

„… general meeting. In any event, the voting threshold shall not be higher than that provided for in national …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 137 Draft terms of division S. 693-697

„… non-voting shares or shares without profit sharing rights (as regard the private limited liability company …”

Tobias de Raet Article 88 Rules governing mergers by acquisition and mergers by formation of a new company S. 501-505

„… technically hold, but economically holds, 100 % of the shares, interest and voting rights in the respective …”

Tobias de Raet Article 126 a Protection of members S. 648-653

„… States, however, must provide for the exclusion of non-voting shares from this calculation. IV …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 e Report of the administrative or management body for members and employees S. 757-763

„… liability in a piercing of the corporate veil scenario, applicable voting thresholds, existing veto rights …”

Klaus Bader, Andreas Börner Article 160 j Protection of creditors S. 778-784

„… (in particular voting right and right to receive dividends), and not to receive a compensation, as the …”

Tobias de Raet Article 124 Report of the administrative or management body for members and employees S. 625-634

„… respective voting or information rights).24 Finally, the section addressed at the members further has to …”

Article 60 Acquisition of own shares Jan P. Brosius S. 286-297

„… (voting) rights attached to the shares the company has acquired.23 Articles 60 et seqq. aim to minimise …”

Hanno Merkt Accounting and Auditing Law of the European Union S. 809-835

„… majority of the shareholders' or members' voting rights in the latter or has the right to appoint or remove …”

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The Voting Rights War

Gloria J. Browne-Marshall

2016

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Ch06. The Voting Rights Act S. 121-140

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Point, Click, and Vote

R. Michael Alvarez, Thad E. Hall

2003

Results in this title

Security and Internet Voting S. 76-101

Trials of Internet Voting S. 124-146

Conventional Wisdom about Unconventional Voting S. 16-30

Internet Voting, Political Debate, and Policymaking S. 54-75

The Past and Future of Internet Voting S. 1-15

What Can Be Done to Make Internet Voting a Reality? S. 147-170

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Tuesday's Gone

Elliott Fullmer

2021

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Chapter 1: The Early Voting Story S. 11-34

Chapter 2: Early Voting and County Turnout S. 35-74

Chapter 3: Early Voting and Individual Turnout S. 75-86

Chapter 5: Early Voting and Racial Inequity S. 101-112

Chapter 6: Early Voting and Presidential Nominations S. 113-132

Chapter 4: Early Voting and Down-Ballot Roll-Off S. 87-100

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Postkommunistische Nachfolgeparteien im östlichen Mitteleuropa

Kai-Olaf Lang

Series: Aktuelle Materialien zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 76 2009

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Hypothese 6: „Class Voting“ S. 235-269

„… 235 5.1.6 Hypothese 6: „Class Voting“ ? PKNP sind erfolgreich, wenn Class Voting stark ausgeprägt …” „… erfolgen: Die These vom wachsendem Class Voting beruht auf der impliziten Annahme, im östlichen …” „… Arbeit und Kapital. Dies bedeutet: Die Class-Voting-These ist letztlich in der konfliktlinienorientierten …”

Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ S. 294-302

„… 294 5.1.8 Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ ? PKNP sind erfolgreich, wenn sie in der …” „… nicht gestoppt, sondern „besser“ fortgeführt werden. Mit den Effekten des „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ lässt …”

Strukturierung und Formulierung der Hypothesen S. 43-46

„… Gruppierungen an Schwung verlieren müssten. Hypothese 6: „Class Voting“ ? PKNP sind erfolgreich, wenn Class …” „… Voting stark ausgeprägt ist. Diese Aussage stützt sich auf die Annahmen der oben dargestellten …” „… neunziger Jahren einen generellen Aufschwung verzeichnen. 46 Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ ? PKNP …”

Hypothese 5: „Tradition“ S. 224-235

„… kronika XX. stoletja. 1900–1941, Ljubljana 1995, S. 329. 235 5.1.6 Hypothese 6: „Class Voting“ ? PKNP …” „… sind erfolgreich, wenn Class Voting stark ausgeprägt ist. Nach den Wahlen in Polen 1993 und Ungarn 1994 …” „… unterzogen wird, muss eine Vorüberlegung erfolgen: Die These vom wachsendem Class Voting beruht auf der …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-7

„… Hypothese 6: „Class Voting“ ................................................................... 235 5.1.7 …” „… Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ ............................................... 294 5.2 …”

Erfolgsbedingungen im Vergleich: Das Gesamtbild S. 302-310

„… lediglich der Prädikator „Class Voting“ liquidieren. Diese Erkenntnis ist allerdings nicht zentral, da die …” „… Class-Voting-These auch die Gewerkschaftsthese nicht haltbar ist. Die Analyse der spezifischen Hypothesen brachte …”

Sekundärliteratur S. 343-352

„… . uni-mannheim.de/sowi/elff/Forschung/DeclineRevisitedREV-main.pdf>. Evans, Geoffrey (Hg.), The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context, Oxford …” „… , Michael/Brooks, Clemm, „Class Voting in Capitalist Democraties since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or …”

Empirische Basis und Vergleich S. 46-50

„… 46 Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ ? PKNP sind erfolgreich, wenn sie in der Opposition sind …”

Die Class-Voter-Alignment-These S. 30-32

„… Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context, Oxford 1999; Martin Elff, Social Structure and Party Support …”

Schwachstellen der Erklärungsansätze S. 36-42

„… postkommunistischen Nachfolgeparteien wird zeigen, dass es keinen durchgängigen Trend zum Class Voting in allen …”

Hypothese 7: „Linksruck“ S. 269-294

„… 5.1.8 Hypothese 8: „Anti-Incumbancy-Voting“ ? PKNP sind erfolgreich, wenn sie in der Opposition sind …”

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The Resilient Voter

Shauna Reilly, Stacy G. Ulbig

2018

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A Heterogeneous Electorate

Romain Lachat

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

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Split-ticket voting S. 117-120

„… seem to confirm the conclusions we have drawn above with respect to Germany. 5.3. Split-ticket voting …” „… The third aspect of voters’ behavior likely to be affected by electoral change is splitticket voting …” „… constituency, who can belong to a different party. Our measure of split-ticket voting is based on the …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 218-220

„… a value of 1, the highest level of political expertise. Timing of the voting decision Most of the …” „… categories (precampaign decide-219 Table 49. Construction of the variable timing of the voting decision in …” „… the voting decision in the 1975 and 1991 Swiss studies. In the 1975 study, no such item was included …”

The voting decision process S. 208-210

„… , and split-ticket voting, are influenced by the two sources of heterogeneity on which we focused. It is …” „… dependent on strategic behavior. We observed this clearly in the case of split-ticket voting in Germany …” „… the implications of these results for future research. 9.3. The voting decision process In chapters …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… consider how the process of dealignment and realignment affects the formation and stability of voting …” „… aspects of the voting decision process: timing of the voting choice, split-ticket voting, and electoral …” „… voters are expected to be more uncertain of their voting choice. They should be more likely to make their …”

The voting behavior of social classes S. 76-82

„… process. 4.2.3. The voting behavior of social classes Literature on the evolution of the class cleavage in …” „… (1998) find that the relationship between social class and voting choice has lessened in strength. A …” „… decades. Similarly, the number of members of the old middle class voting for the CDU/CSU dropped from …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… 25 2. Social modernization and electoral change The traditional models of voting behavior, which …” „… . Voting patterns could be explained on the basis of long-term factors, such as the position an individual …” „… models of voting behavior. In doing so, we emphasize how individual-level processes may have contributed …”

Volatility, time of decision, and split-ticket voting in Germany S. 124-132

„… , time of decision, and split-ticket voting in Germany We now turn to the main part of our analyses …” „… interelection volatility, campaign volatility, split-ticket voting, and timing of the voting decision. All four …” „… a stable voting choice (the base outcome), we find that predisposition strength has a significant …”

What explains the instability of party preferences? S. 204-208

„… 204 reduction of the cleavage strength, while changes in their voting behavior (behavioral …” „… , split-ticket voting, and late decision-making in electoral campaigns. A direct impact of party identification …” „… voting intentions, for instance, but the strength of this relationship will vary across levels of …”

Activation and conversion effects S. 175-182

„… identification in Germany. While the presence of inertia effects show that voting choices are to some extent …” „… analysis by estimating the importance of the campaign period for the voting decision process. In previous …” „… chapters, we have analyzed the stability of voters’ attitudes and of their voting intentions. We have seen …”

Selection of variables and baseline model S. 142-152

„… ’ choices: electoral volatility, timing of the voting choice, and split-ticket voting. All three types of …” „… . Instead of considering the various “symptoms” of uncertainty, we focus on the determinants of voting …” „… central aspect of the analyses that follow—we do this with a dynamic perspective, focusing on the voting …”

Tables S. 13-16

„… political sophistication and of the Index of Predisposition Strength on split-ticket voting in Germany 130 …” „… the voting choice in Germany 131 15. Effect of political sophistication and of the Index of …” „… political sophistication and of the Index of Predisposition Strength on split-ticket voting in Switzerland …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… 17 1. Introduction Electoral change has been a central theme in analyses of voting behavior during …” „… level of volatility and of instability in their voting decisions (Dalton 1984; Dalton and Wattenberg …” „… consequences of electoral dealignment to analyze the voting decision process. We agree with the literature on …”

Model specification S. 168-171

„… 168 7. The voting decision process For the second part of our analyses of the voting decision …” „… determine the importance of the campaign period for the voting decision process. The developments associated …” „… voting decision during that period. We have found evidence that the proportion of voters who have a high …”

Explaining the consequences of electoral change in Switzerland S. 132-139

„… 132 Figure 15: Predicted probabilities of timing of the voting choice by levels of political …” „… stable voting choice. figure 16 presents the predicted probability of an intrablock change as a function …” „… , between intrablock volatility and a stable voting intention, is again very low, with a value of –2.6. In …”

Figures S. 12

„… 12 Figures 1. Voting behavior of social classes in Germany, 1969–2002 77 2. Voting behavior of …” „… social classes in Switzerland, 1971–2003 80 3. Voting behavior of the service class in Switzerland …” „… , 1975–2003 82 4. Voting behavior of religious groups in Germany, 1969–2002 84 5. Voting behavior of religious …”

Conclusion S. 182-184

„… of electoral campaigns in the voting decision process. Our aim was to see how much the campaign …” „… campaign period by comparing how voting intentions expressed early in the campaign and the final voting …” „… compared these likely voting choices with their early voting intentions and with their voting choices. In …”

Model specification S. 185-187

„… 185 8. Enlightened voters? The final part of our analysis of the voting decision process concerns …” „… the evolution, during electoral campaigns, of the impact of attitudes on voting intentions. In the …” „… voting choices. Now, we pursue whether the relationship between attitudes and voting preferences, both …”

The evolution of volatility in the German electorate S. 110-116

„… 110 For Switzerland and Germany, there exist few analyses that discuss timing of the voting …” „… characteristic of citizens’ voting behavior. This concept refers to changes in party preferences, usually be- 46 …” „… ; Longchamp and Hardmeier 1992: 42). 111 Figure 10: Timing of the voting choice in Germany and Switzerland …”

Conclusion S. 139-141

„… 139 Figure 19: Predicted probabilities of timing of the voting choice by levels of political …” „… uncertainty among voters: electoral volatility, split-ticket voting, and late decision-making in electoral …” „… with some qualifications. The trend was clearest in the case of timing of the voting choice. Both in …”

Hypotheses and operationalization S. 120-123

„… support different parties in the two elections. While the increase in the level of split-ticket voting …” „… decision-making in electoral campaigns, electoral volatility, and splitticket voting, have often been interpreted …” „… aspects of the voting decision process relate to the strength of voters’ predispositions and to their …”

The Michigan model S. 29-32

„… 29 the “waverers,” started with a voting intention, then changed to the other candidate or became …” „… stable voting intention throughout the campaign or formed one during it. Volatile voters thus constitute …” „… “party changers.” What led these voters to be hesitant or to change their voting intention? Finding the …”

Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation S. 61-64

„… orientation, issue preferences, and so forth), on the one hand, and their voting choices, on the other …” „… their voting choice should be more strongly related to the usual determinants of party preferences. This …” „… on voting choices should be linear. Yet, the same does not apply to the instability of party …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… important to better understand the voting decision process. The increase in the level of “uncertainty …” „… partisans on two crucial points: they are more likely to base their voting choices on political issues and …” „… characteristics, of course, are related. As their voting choices are not likely to be based on traditional …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… 198 Table 46: Effect of variable categories on voting intentions or choices by level of political …” „… of the impact of the variables on voting choices. First differences are usually higher (in absolute …” „… . Conclusion This chapter presented the final part of our analyses of the voting decision process. We focused …”

The impact of attitude changes S. 171-175

„… place during the campaign matter in explaining voting choices, or whether these choices are to some …” „… determining the voting choice. Two citizens with similar attitudes on the day of the election will be expected …” „… they continue to impact on voting choices even when they change during the campaign. A third …”

Measuring the strength of cleavages S. 86-90

„… analyses focus only on voting behavior, and do not include variations in the size of groups, they capture …” „… which voting choices are regressed on structural and social-demographic variables. This allows us to …” „… existing indices differ in how they compare voting probabilities (or observed vote shares) of different …”

Index of predisposition strength S. 101-105

„… of party identifiersPercentage of party identifiers voting for “their” party 1971 71.7 67.0 1975 64.5 …” „… different perspective, but it is more appropriate for our purpose, as we focus on the voting decision …” „… -102 ences, they should also matter for the process through which citizens form their voting choices …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… the voting decision process A Heterogeneous Electorate NomosRomain Lachat1. Auflage 2007© Nomos …” „… cleavages and frozen party systems 262.1.1. The social-structural model of voting choice 272.1.2. The …” „… electoral campaigns 422.3. The consequences of dealignment 443. A cognitive approach to the voting decision …”

How strong is electoral dealignment? S. 201-204

„… one of the cornerstones of voting behavior analyses. It is generally assumed that the traditional …” „… consequences for our understanding of the voting decision process. One of the consequences which has received …” „… loyalties and social-group memberships become less relevant, voting choices should be increasingly …”

References S. 223-234

„… . A suggested index of the association of social class and voting. Public Opinion Quarterly 26(3 …” „… . McPhee. 1954. Voting: A study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: The University of …” „… Brace. Elff, Martin. 2002. An orthodoxy disrupted: Cleavage voting in Western Europe. Paper presented at …”

Switzerland S. 195-198

„… ratio tests, which provide information on the significance of a variable’s impact on voting choices …” „… 0.52 Table 44: Effect of variable categories on voting intentions or choices in Switzerland Wave 1 …” „… . Table 45 shows how the voting probabilities for each of the four groups of parties are affected by a …”

The religious cleavage S. 82-86

„… 82 Figure 3: Voting behavior of the service class in Switzerland, 1975–2003 …” „… approximately 40 to 50 percentage points. However, the number of Catholics voting for the CDU has declined …” „… examine this hypothesis by looking at the distribution of voting choices among two groups—Catholics and …”

Campaign intensity S. 64-65

„… important factor. By this, we refer more precisely to voters’ motivation to make an accurate voting decision …” „… heuristic decision processes. In the case of voting choices, a factor that strongly impacts on voters …” „… consistent with Chaiken’s heuristic-systematic model. Such differences could be shown in analyses of voting …”

Evolution of cleavage strength in Germany S. 90-94

„… religious cleavages is based on multivariate models of voting choice. In contrast to the above discussion of …” „… of both cleavages are based on the same model, in which voting choices are regressed on a set of …” „… individual-level variables. Next, we compute predicted voting probabilities for this model and summarize them with …”

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… 67 4. The transformation of social-structural predispositions Before analyzing the voting decision …” „… class schema used in our analyses. Then, we examine how changes in the size and in the voting behavior …” „… their joint impact on voting choices. We rely for this on a series of regression models, used to compute …”

Conclusion S. 166-167

„… . Conclusion This chapter is the first in a series of three in which we focus on the voting decision process …” „… between individuals’ attitudes and their voting intentions and choices. The analysis of this general …” „… of voting choice. This includes all variables relevant to an analysis of the voting decision process …”

The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of new issues S. 32-38

„… preference. At the same time, it does not make this model of voting choice a less valid description of the …” „… voting decision process. In spite of such occasional deviations, most identifiers regularly support their …” „… proposed their hypothesis of a “freezing” of party systems, the voting behavior of European electorates …”

Some implications for future research S. 210-212

„… during the campaign of the relationship between attitudes and voting intentions or voting choice. This …” „… imply interaction terms between the determinants of voting choices and these predispositions. If all …” „… hypothesis was largely supported and applies equally to splitticket voting, electoral volatility, or the …”

The transformation of the class structure S. 72-76

„… turn to the second aspect of the dealignment process. 4.2.3. The voting behavior of social classes …” „… , Gluchowski and von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1998) find that the relationship between social class and voting …” „… class voting for the CDU/CSU dropped from about 70 percent in the early 1970s to about 50 percent in the …”

The modernization of electoral campaigns S. 42-44

„… influence of partisan criteria on voting choices should decrease, to the advantage of short-term issues …” „… are important to better understand the voting decision process. The increase in the level of …” „… traditional partisans on two crucial points: they are more likely to base their voting choices on political …”

Analyzing attitude stability S. 152-154

„… 152 0.53 and, most surprising, it does not affect the chances of voting for the left. While an …” „… largest impact on voting probabilities. Those who dislike Mr. Blocher express no chance of supporting his …” „… sympathy for Ruth Dreifuss increases the probability of voting for the left from 0.18 to 0.48. Changes in …”

Germany S. 187-195

„… five independent variables we have included explain voting preferences in the two preelectoral waves …” „… total impact of attitudes on the vote (or on voting intentions), the conclusion to be drawn from this …” „… evident. Most important is the absence of a reinforcement effect. Citizens’ voting choices are not more …”

Conclusion S. 105-106

„… grown much larger. Changes in the voting behavior of these social groups, however, appear to be more …” „… the size of groups. This control makes it possible to isolate the impact of changes in the voting …” „… probabilities of voting choice, based on a social-structural model of the vote. This index allows us to …”

Electoral volatility in Switzerland S. 116-117

„… questions on retrospective voting behavior. Another problem is the relatively small number of cases, which …” „… seem to confirm the conclusions we have drawn above with respect to Germany. 5.3. Split-ticket voting …” „… The third aspect of voters’ behavior likely to be affected by electoral change is splitticket voting …”

A multivariate analysis of attitude stability S. 162-166

Party identification S. 220-222

„… 220 Table 50. Construction of the variable timing of the voting decision in Swiss election surveys …” „… this variable, in this case, we chose to not consider timing of the voting decision in the 1991 …” „… voting recommendations of this party in popular votes. How about you: generally speaking, do you lean …”

Cognitive mobilization and party identification S. 123-124

„… in the strength of party identification. 5.4.3. Volatility, time of decision, and split-ticket voting …” „… , split-ticket voting, and timing of the voting decision. All four models are specified in the same way, as …”

Party identification S. 96-101

„… voting behavior were much weaker in recent elections than in the 1970s. At that time, the religious …” „… to time, for candidates of other parties and do not always follow the voting recommendations of this …” „… in Switzerland, 1971–2003 Year Percentage of party identifiersPercentage of party identifiers voting …”

Cognitive mobilization S. 38-41

„… dimension. “The result is a weakening of party attachments and increasing volatility in voting behaviour …” „… partisan cues to guide voting behavior, evaluate political issues, and mobilize political involvement is …” „… high level of political sophistication. Their voting behavior should strongly differ from that of …”

Dual-process models of opinion formation S. 58-61

„… information. In the case of voting choices, a salient piece of information on which heuristic decisions can be …” „… candidates may be a sufficient basis on which to ground his voting decision. Such a decision may be seen as …”

Memory as an associative network S. 47-50

„… 47 3. A cognitive approach to the voting decision process In the previous chapter, we presented …” „… framework to the analysis of voting choices, we need to specify two aspects of the processing of information …”

The impact of expertise and predisposition strength on attitude stability S. 154-162

„… . Turning now to the attitudes linked with the model of retrospective voting, we consider the stability of …” „… are smaller than 0.50. Though the two variables are linked with a similar model of voting choice, they …”

Conclusion S. 65-66

„… attitudes and voting intentions should be very stable. This level of stability should be only marginally …”

Partisan decline S. 41-42

„… independent voters with a high level of political sophistication. Their voting behavior should strongly differ …”

Description of data files S. 213-215

„… as their principal investigators and Sidos reference number are listed below. • “Swiss Voting Study …”

The transformation of cleavages in Switzerland S. 94-96

„… differences in their voting behavior were much weaker in recent elections than in the 1970s. At that time, the …”

Defining and measuring social classes S. 69-72

„… voting preferences. In this context, the class schema which is most often referred to is probably the …”

Measuring political expertise S. 215-218

„… political expertise. Timing of the voting decision Most of the surveys we consider include a question on the …”

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Was taugt der Wahl-O-Mat?

Robin Graichen

Series: Parteien und Wahlen

Volume 26 2021

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3 Voting Advice Applications als Informationsträger parteipolitischer Positionierungen S. 75-105

„… Voting Advice Applications als Informationsträger parteipolitischer Positionierungen VAAs – ein …” „… Weise, wie die Parteipositionen zu diesen Thesen bestimmt werden.218 Hinsichtlich des voting advices ist …” „… voting advice berührt dagegen die Eigenschaft von VAAs als Informationsträger parteipolitischer …”

6 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis S. 393-416

„… Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Andreadis, Ioannis (2013). Voting Advice …” „… , Diego und Stefan Marschall (Hrsg.). Matching Voters with Parties and Candidates. Voting Advice …” „… ). Bruinsma, Bastiaan (2018). Evaluating Visualisations in Voting Advice Applications. Conference paper …”

5 Schluss S. 361-392

„… hinsichtlich der Bestimmung des voting advices für den Nutzer und eine mögliche Präzisierung der …” „… Wahl-O-Mat-Positionen hinsichtlich der Koalitionsanalysen – spricht für die Qualität der größten deutschen Voting Advice …” „… .641 Die Betrachtung des Wahl-O-Mat auch gegenüber weiteren Voting Advice Applications für Wahlen in …”

1 Einleitung S. 13-55

„… zu einer großen Herausforderung. Voting Advice Applications sind interaktive Webapplikationen.33 Ihre …” „… nun die Voting Advice Applications hervor: In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten haben sie eine Vielzahl von …” „… Nutzer somit innerhalb des „voting advice“ als ihm politisch am nächsten stehend interpretiert werden.36 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… parteipolitischer Positionierungen und der Aussagekraft der größten deutschen Voting Advice Application ISBN …” „… . Der Wahl-O-Mat hat dabei kein „Monopol“ inne, sondern konkurriert mit anderen Voting Advice …” „… Computerunterstützte Parteiprogrammanalysen2.2.3 69 Voting Advice Applications als Informationsträger parteipolitischer …”

4 Analyse der Wahl-O-Mat-Versionen S. 106-360

„… verzerrt. Der voting advice bildet sich in der ersten Generation einzig durch Übereinstimmungsbalken ab …” „… Nutzerstandpunkten) zueinander dar, was die Aussagekraft des voting advice jedoch unterstützen würde. Die nur zwei …” „… Wahl-O-Mat-Generation wurde damit aufgehoben. Der voting advice bildet sich auch in der zweiten Generation einzig …”

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Noncitizen Voting and American Democracy

Stanley A. Renshon

2009

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Ch03. Evaluating Proposals to AllowNoncitizen Voting S. 47-68

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