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Perspectives on Platform Regulation

Judit Bayer (ed.), Bernd Holznagel (ed.), Päivi Korpisaari (ed.), Lorna Woods (ed.)

Series: Recht und Digitalisierung | Digitization and the Law

Volume 1 2021

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Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore S. 549-564

„… The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin Abstract: IT-savvy …” „… ), https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2020.1870597. The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore 551 Context …” „… , https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/no-weight-given-historian-thum-ping-tji ns-views-he-not-credible-representor-select. The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore …”

Elda Brogi, Konrad Bleyer-Simon Disinformation in the Perspective of Media Pluralism in Europe – the role of platforms S. 531-548

„… Disinformation (the Code), which brought together online platforms, such as Google, Facebook, Twitter and TikTok …” „… policy initiatives to tackle the problems of online disinformation on the European level. It produced a …” „… disinformation. Chapter 2. 3 It was later renamed to High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online …”

Giovanni De Gregorio, Nicole Stremlau Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention S. 433-450

„… intervention; content moderation; disinformation; media; online speech Introduction The spread of online hate …” „… world have tried to tackle the harm produced by the spread of hate and disinformation online.12 …” „… countries. They have accused online platforms of disseminating hate and disinformation online, criminalised …”

Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe Platform (un)accountability. Reviewing Platform Responses to the Global Disinfodemic One Year Onward S. 507-530

„… disinformation as harmful but not illegal. In 2020, the editorial role of online platforms became visible as …” „… -and-us-elections-disinformation-in-review/. Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe 510 Online platforms also rapidly and regularly expanded …” „… Review/disinformation researchspecific The timing of online platform responses to COVID-19 corresponds with the …”

Judit Bayer, Lorna Woods, Bernd Holznagel Introduction S. 9-22

„… Bleyer-Simon Content 11 The Regulation of Online Disinformation in Singapore 549 Peng Hwa Ang, Gerard Goggin …” „… Rights and Duties of Online Platforms 25 Judit Bayer European Legislative Initiative for Very Large …” „… 10 Hate Speech on Platforms Protecting Democratic Expression Online: Canada’s Work in Progress 367 …”

Judit Bayer, Bernd Holznagel, Päivi Korpisaari, Lorna Woods Conclusions: Regulatory Responses to Communication Platforms: Models and Limits S. 565-584

„… does not express the potential of influence and manipulation that is inherent nature of the online …” „… instruments that approach different aspects of online platforms, and set different aims. Such are the …” „… so-called „platform-to-business regu- 1. 565 lation“1 which focused on the commercial angle of online …”

Sarah Hartmann Policy Developments in the USA to Address Platform Information Disorders S. 99-118

„… ., “Addressing the decline of local news, rise of platforms, and spread of misand disinformation online – A …” „… helpful in counteracting information disorders, although the 102 Kate Jones, Online Disinformation and …” „… , https://www.chathamhouse.org/si tes/default/files/2019-11-05-Online-Disinformation-Human-Rights.pdf. 103 Barret, Regulating Social …”

Jan Christopher Kalbhenn European Legislative Initiative for Very Large Communication Platforms S. 47-76

„… that sets out self-regulatory standards to fight disinformation, monitor and improve online policies …” „… content moderation and market behaviours of very large online platforms, especially social networks. In …” „… addition to fixed requirements for all online platforms, due diligence requirements are also introduced for …”

Lorna Woods Introducing the Systems Approach and the Statutory Duty of Care S. 77-98

„… assessment – safety – choice architecture – design – online harms Introduction Early policy-making in the …” „… Concerns about innovation remain – see e.g. D. Geradin, “Online Intermediation Platforms and Free Trade …” „… Regulation of Online Platforms, (Competition Policy International, 2016). 77 to legal liability in respect of …”

Index S. 595-601

„… ., 389–391, 398–404 co-regulation 187, 203, 297 f., 220– 222, 579–581 Code of Practice on Disinformation 16 …” „… , 454, 467 f., 473–475, 480 democratic expression online see democratic expression democracy 47–49, 75 …” „… , 486, 537, 566, 570 f., 577, 579–581 disinfodemic 433, 509–511 disinformation 62 f., 74, 92 f., 102 …”

Kuo-Wei Wu, Shun-Ling Chen, Poren Chiang „Open with Caution“. How Taiwan Approaches Platform Governance in the Global Market and Geopolitics S. 165-186

„… . Disinformation operations pre-exist online platforms. Want Want—a food conglomerate with vested interests in …” „… , disinformation campaigns, free speech, infiltration, geopolitics, Taiwan- China relationship, national security …” „… introduced new legislation against disseminating disinformation during elections; the EU overtakes the US in …”

Bernd Holznagel, Jan Christopher Kalbhenn Media Law Regulation of Social Networks - Country Report: Germany S. 261-290

„… ; disinformation; hate speech; algorithmic transparency; filter systems; recommendation systems; public service …” „… algorithmic-driven online platforms. One in two people used Google, Facebook and the like to obtain information …” „… compliance with these standards. In contrast to the other information services, the online offerings of the …”

The Authors and Editors S. 585-594

„… of digital private normativities. His research interests focus on online speech and artificial …” „… studies hate speech and online shaming from the criminal law perspective. She has also extensive …” „… infrastructure and other project relating to online hate speech. One of her most recent project is on bio-medical …”

Richard Janda Protecting Democratic Expression Online: Canada’s Work in Progress S. 365-414

„… Hate Speech on Platforms Protecting Democratic Expression Online: Canada’s Work in Progress Richard …” „… legislation to combat online hate speech. However, this bill, introduced on the last day Parliament sat before …” „… regulator for online platforms was postponed, although detailed consultation papers were issued in July …”

Maximilian Hemmert-Halswick Lessons learned from the first years with the NetzDG S. 415-432

„… disinformation concerning the results of the 2020 presidential election. 5 Spindler, Gerald, “Der …” „… high-ranking politicians, among others, had been victims of online aggression and the content was not deleted …” „… term hate speech or disinformation, as this is hardly possible.11 The criminal offense of "insult" is …”

Judit Bayer Rights and Duties of Online Platforms S. 23-46

„… Models of Platform Regulation Rights and Duties of Online Platforms Judit Bayer Abstract: One of …” „… the two extreme ends of regulatory approaches to online platforms treats platforms as independent …” „… framework to bring more consistency. Keywords: online platforms, human rights, content governance …”

Lorna Woods The UK’s Approach to Regulation of Digital Platforms S. 329-350

„… platforms in general and social media in particular: data protection; competition; and the online harms …” „… protection – competition – consumer protection – online harms – online safety – targeted advertising – age …” „… to regulate online platforms, a trend which has picked up pace since the Cambridge Analytica scandal …”

Maria L. Vazquez, Maria Carolina Herrera Rubio, Alejandro Aréchiga Morales Thoughts on the Regulation of Content on Social Media in Latin America: Authors’ Rights, Limitations and Content Filtering S. 233-260

„… Latin America - from privacy, freedom of expression, liabilities, disinformation, right to erasure, and …” „… privacy, freedom of expression, liabilities, disinformation, right to erasure, and copyright - is …” „… the online space remains under-regulated.2 The lack of understanding as to how content moderation …”

Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari Online Shaming - a New Challenge for Criminal Justice S. 473-488

„… Online Shaming - a New Challenge for Criminal Justice Kristiina Koivukari, Päivi Korpisaari …” „… Abstract: Online shaming is a harmful phenomenon that violates the psychological and sometimes even …” „… physical wellbeing of the target (or victim) of the action. Shaming and other forms of online hate speech …”

Siwal Ashwini Social Media Platform Regulation in India – A Special Reference to The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 S. 215-232

„… information and disinformation communication has been mixed. It has viscerally seen its potential and …” „… , “I and B ministry starts work on self-regulation law for OTT platforms, online news,” January 16 …” „… =1700749. 32 “India must resist the lure of the Chinese model of online surveillance and censorship …”

Jacob Mchangama, Natalie Alkiviadou Protecting the Freedom of Expression in an Era of “Platformization:” Paving a Road to Censorship? S. 451-472

„… billion people - are online and 4,20 billion are active social media users.2 The transformation of social …” „… has provided a platform to extremism, terrorist content, disinformation at scale, and hate speech. But …” „… intermediary liability to counter online harms, ‘outsourcing’ government mandated content regulation to private …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748929789

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Disinformation in Europe

Olga Batura (ed.), Bernd Holznagel (ed.), Jan Christopher Kalbhenn (ed.)

Series: Schriften zum Medien- und Informationsrecht

Volume 77 2024

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Lorna Woods Approaches beyond the EU – Misinformation, disinformation and the Online Safety Bill in the UK S. 195-222

„… Woods, University of EssexAbstract: The Online Harms White Paper included disinformation with‐in the …” „… Disinformation Unit. Teaser: The Online Safety Act does not expressly tackle misinformation,but there is still …” „… of misinformationand disinformation, especially in the light of the pandemic. In the UK, theOnline …”

Olga Batura Policy recommendations to national governments S. 271-294

„… the first tools to combat disinformation.Journalistic due diligence was extended to the online sector …” „… against disinformation andother harmful online content (see the chapter by Holznagel for the analy‐5 Joint …” „… against disinforma‐tion implemented by online platforms and improves the monitoring sys‐tem. Overall, the …”

Olga Batura Relationship between the DSA and the 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation: Self-Regulation, Co-regulation or Regulation? S. 85-104

„… for dissemination of disinformation,namely online platforms and search engines.This contribution first …” „… was revised to create more ambitious commitments andmeasures against online disinformation. The 2018 …” „… : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_23_5126; EUDisinfo Lab, Tackling disinformation online: The Digital Service Act open the era …”

Bernd Holznagel New ways to combat disinformation in Europe – codes of conduct and how they work S. 65-84

„… disin‐formation campaign on the online platform X, the aim of which was to stir up resent‐ment among the …” „… together fact-checkers, academics,experts in online disinformation and social media platforms, media …” „… slightly different definition can be found in European Com‐mission, Tackling online disinformation: a …”

Colin Willeke Dissemination of Disinformation on Messenger Services: Shutting down Telegram or introducing a chat control? S. 153-176

„… platforms and organisa‐tions involved in online discourse in order to curb the spread of disinfor‐mation …” „… distribute video messagesduring the war.2.2. Disinformation-enabling features of TelegramAs media information …” „… disinformation.Sect. 1 para. 3 NEA used to declare “illegal content” to be the startingpoint for the application of …”

Bernd Holznagel, Florian Flamme The role of the Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) as Digital Services Coordinator in the fight against disinformation S. 177-194

„… disinformation1815. Special rules for very large online platforms and very large online searchenginesThe …” „… abilityto contribute to the implementation of measures against disinformation(section V). The contribution …” „… algorithmic systems (Article 40(3) DSA).6. Review, reporting and remediation in the area of disinformationWith …”

Liudmyla Opryshko The right to receive reliable information in Ukraine S. 223-246

„… spread of disinformation.In the context of combating disinformation disseminated by online re‐sources, it …” „… identify online media that spread disinforma‐tion, and on providing the regulator with appropriate …” „… European democracy action plan, COM(2020) 790,03.12.2020European Commission, Tackling Online Disinformation …”

Olga Batura, Bernd Holznagel, Jan Kalbhenn Introduction S. 9-14

„… on‐line information environment, harmonising effective disinformation con‐trol with safeguarding …” „… , disinformation and theOnline Safety Bill in the UK” by Lorna Woods discusses the UK’s recentlyadopted Online …” „… disinformation is crucial in today’s society. Disinformationposes a threat to democratic systems by swaying …”

Jan Kalbhenn Fact-checkers and the new European media rules: The European Code of Standards for independent fact-checking organisations S. 135-152

„… counterweight to disinformation.The situation is similar to the European Fact-Checking Standards. Bycomplying …” „… MünsterAbstract: In the fight against disinformation, fact-checkers are given in‐creased trust. The 2022 Code of …” „… Practice on Disinformation allows socialnetworks to integrate fact-checkers’ work into their services and …”

Judit Bayer Recalibration of the informational environment: the Regulation on political ads and its interplay with the DSA and the Code of Practice on Disinformation S. 105-134

„… : https://erga-online.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ERGA-2019-06_Report-intermediate-monitoring-Code-of-Practice-on-disinformation.pdf.25 …” „… with the DSA and the Code ofPractice on DisinformationJudit Bayer, Institute for Information …” „… protectionof public health and minors can also serve to constrain disinformation,especially during …”

Dariia Opryshko Regulation of media in the context of armed aggression S. 247-270

„… disinformation through online platforms such as Telegram,Facebook and YouTube.During the last few years, the role …” „… cansupervise such online media, particularly regarding combating disinforma‐tion.Voluntary registration began …” „… quite limited and,unfortunately, cannot fully counteract the dissemination of disinformationon online …”

Gábor Polyák, Krisztina Nagy, Klára Szalay Dilemmas and models of legal tools against disinformation, with particular regard of the political communication S. 45-64

„… Disinformation.European vs. US Approaches to Testing the Limits of Dignity and Freedom of Expres‐sion Online, in: Loreto …” „… Dilemmas and models of legal tools against disinformation,with particular regard of the political …” „… disinformation. Keywords: disinformation, political communication, freedom of expres‐sion, health communication, consumer …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… – Misinformation, disinformation andthe Online Safety Bill in the UK 195Liudmyla OpryshkoThe right to receive …” „… recent years.Today, many people are familiar with the concept of disinformation.Surveys …” „… , wehave to deal with and find effective countermeasures to disinformation.One key arena is our public …”

Information on the authors S. 295-0

„… focus has been the regulatory issuesof the information society and online disinformation. As a …” „… , FreedomHouse, UNESCO), governmental bodies and NGOs. She publishes onmedia law, media pluralism, disinformation …” „… impact of disinformation dissemination.He was an intern at ITM. Lorna Woods is Professor of Internet Law …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748948124

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Entscheidungsträger im Internet

Simon Schrör (ed.), Alexandra Keiner (ed.), Ferdinand Müller (ed.), Pablo Schumacher (ed.)

2022

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Rita Gsenger, Johanne Kübler, Ben Wagner Content governance on social networking sites: Battling disinformation and upholding values S. 181-200

„… independent high level group on fake news and online disinformation, Publications Office, 2018, 1 (5).9 …” „… Kaiser/Wei/Lucherini/Lee, Adapting Security Warnings to Counter Online Disinformation, 30th USENIX Security Symposium …” „… Yankoski/Weninger/Scheirer, An AI early warning system to monitor online disinformation, stop violence, and protect …”

Amelie Röhling, Johannes Weil Die Grenzen privater Normsetzung durch soziale Netzwerke: Zur Drittwirkung der Unionsgrundrechte bei Community Standards am Beispiel von Hate Speech S. 151-180

„… Online-Plattformen vor, die eine präzedenzlose Verpflichtung der Diensteanbieter zur Beachtung der Grundrechte ihrer …” „… , https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/press-room/20220412IPR27111/digital-services-act-agreement-for-a-transparent-and-safe-online-environment; zum …” „… /digital-services-landmark-rules-adopted-for-a-safer-open-online-environment.Amelie Röhling und Johannes Weil152Im Anschluss an diese Entwicklung unternimmt der vorliegende Beitrag …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748934981

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Die Herausforderungen der digitalen Kommunikation für den Staat und seine demokratische Staatsform | The Challenges of Digital Communication for the State and its Democratic State Form | Les défis de la communication numérique pour l’État et sa forme démocratique

Julia Iliopoulos-Strangas (ed.), Egils Levits (ed.), Michael Potacs (ed.), Jacques Ziller (ed.)

Series: Societas Iuris Publici Europaei (SIPE)

Volume 14 2021

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Lorenzo Cotino Hueso The danger of disinformation for democracy and the constitutional risks of its regulation S. 121-136

„… m.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/1680762 77 c. 7 Final Report of the High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation …” „… , https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/final-report-high-level-expert-group-fake -news-and-online-disinformation 8 The Code of Practice on Disinformation has been adopted in …” „… The danger of disinformation for democracy and the constitutional risks of its regulation* Lorenzo …”

Dominik Steiger Wehrhafte Demokratie im digitalen Zeitalter – Völkerrechtliche Grenzen in- und ausländischer Einflussnahme auf Wahlen S. 137-162

„… Disinformation on So‐ cial Media, in: Georgetown Law Journal Online 107 (2018), S. 36 (41). So wurde in der …” „… of Disinformation on Social Media, in: Georgetown Law Journal Online 107 (2018), S. 36 (39 f.). 117 S …” „… Need for an International Legal Frame‐ work to Regulate State Use of Disinformation on Social Media, in …”

Anna Ludin A Legal Framework for Artificial Intelligence? S. 35-44

„… e/digital/dsgvo-jourova-eu-europawahl-datenschutz-privatsphaere-1.4459974. 8 Ludwig Obermeier, EU-Politikerin Reding im FOCUS-Online-Interview: „Die DSGVO wird …” „… and democracy have been ig‐ nored too long (e.g. Cambridge Analytica, mass disinformation). On the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748923787

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Deepfakes

Maria Pawelec, Cora Bieß

Series: Kommunikations- und Medienethik

Volume 16 2021

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 197-225

„… ), Summary report of the public consultation on fake news and online disinformation. abrufbar unter …” „… “Tackling online disinformation: a European approach”. abrufbar unter: https …” „… :// ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/report-implementation-communi cation-tackling-online-disinformation-european-approach (zuletzt geprüft am 17.12.2020). European …”

5 Governancemechanismen für Deepfakes S. 69-167

„… Online-Inhalten. Governancemechanismen werden zudem in Hinblick auf mögliche nicht-intendierte Effekte untersucht …” „… entsprechende Rückfragen (Hao 2020b). Einschätzung Open Source Code-Respositorien und Online Communities wie …” „… Technologie verknüpft (Interview Thies, 5.3 1 In China gilt seit Anfang 2020 ein Verbot für Online …”

6 Fazit S. 168-185

„… Kommerzialisierung der Deepfake-Erstellung statt; Anbieter*innen etwa auf Online-Marktplätzen oder speziellen Foren …” „… Online-Communities eine große Rolle, in denen sich Entwickler*innen austauschen, Code teilen und häufig auf online …” „… Plattformselbstregulierung ist beispielsweise der EU Code of Practice Against Disinformation (2018). Die unterzeichnenden …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748928072

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