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Elections in Europe

Dieter Nohlen (ed.), Philip Stöver (ed.)

2010

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Ólafur Th. Hardarson, Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson Iceland S. 947-986

„… presidential elections. All Icelandic citizens at least 18 years of age and with permanent domicile in Iceland …” „… On the Danish-Icelandic Union Act which granted sovereignty to Iceland. This referendum was not held …” „… ICELAND by Ólafur Th. Hardarson and Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson 1. Introduction 1.1 Historical …”

Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver Elections in Europe S. 69-124

„… Unicameral – 300 4 37,013 Hungary Unicameral – 386 4 26,132 Iceland Unicameral – 63 4 4,698 Ireland …” „… are Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova …” „… distributed in various ways. Austria, Iceland, and Ireland are governed by cabinets based on parliamentary …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXI

„… ) ......................................................................807 Hungary (Florian Grotz and László Hubai) ..........................................873 Iceland …” „… Iceland, Reykjavík. He obtained his B.A. degree from the University of Iceland, and his M.Sc. and Ph.D …” „… of Political Science at the University of Iceland. His main areas of research include constitutional …”

Post Scriptum: Elections in 2009 S. 2047-2060

„… 5,546 votes (0.1%) for additional smaller parties. Post Scriptum2050 Iceland 2009 Total number % Seats …”

Jørgen Elklit Denmark S. 501-564

„… war. Five members were appointed by royal decree to represent Iceland, one the Faeroe Islands. The …” „… Islands, and five from Iceland. b The number of registered voters can only be approximated because of …”

Dieter Nohlen Elections and Electoral Systems S. 1-68

„… and blocked lists (as for instance in Iceland, Portugal and Spain), voters cast one vote for a party …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845223414

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Aufstand der Außenseiter

Frank Decker (ed.), Bernd Henningsen (ed.), Marcel Lewandowsky (ed.), Philipp Adorf (ed.)

Series: International Studies on Populism

Volume 6 2022

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Eiríkur Bergmann Iceland’s deep-rooted nationalism and recent quasi-populism S. 299-312

„… intertwined in contemporary Icelandic politics. National identity Iceland’s national identity was carved out …” „… Association of Icelandic Nationalists (Félag íslenskra Iceland’s deep-rooted nationalism and recent …” „… multiculturalism and for the protection of Iceland’s Nordic heritage. Icelandic versions of international …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Inhalt 6 Iceland’s deep-rooted nationalism and recent quasi-populism 299 Eiríkur Bergmann Südeuropa Vom …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845297996

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Verfassunggebung in konsolidierten Demokratien

Ellen Bos (ed.), Kálmán Pócza (ed.)

Series: Andrássy Studien zur Europaforschung

Volume 13 2014

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Baldvin Thor Bergsson, Paul Blokker The Constitutional Experiment in Iceland S. 154-175

„… referendum, the Icelandic Constitution stems from 17 June 1944, when Iceland declared its independence from …” „… Iceland 155 With these changes, it is probably fair to describe the Icelandic Constitution as a relatively …” „… /iceland-crowdsourcing-constitution-facebook (last visited 15.07.2013). Thorarensen, Björg (2011): Constitutional Reform Process In Iceland …”

Astrid Lorenz Verfassunggebung zwischen rationalem Kalkül und Konsensorientierung. Die neuen Bundesländer im Vergleich S. 138-154

„… Constitutional Experiment in Iceland Baldvin Thor Bergsson / Paul Blokker Since the deep economic crisis of 2008 …” „… , Iceland has seen the emergence of a remarkable experimental attempt at constitution-making from below …” „… from 17 June 1944, when Iceland declared its independence from Denmark (CRI 1944). The 1944 document …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Lorenz The Constitutional Experiment in Iceland 154 Baldvin Thor Bergsson / Paul Blokker Die …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845251363

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Historical Dictionary of Iceland

Sverrir Jakobsson, Gudmundur Halfdanarson

2016

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Bibliography S. 259-306

„… Modern IcelandicLiterature in Translation, Including Works Written by Icelanders in OtherLanguages …” „… of IcelandPress, 2000.———. The Medieval Icelandic Saga and Oral Tradition: A Discourse onMethod …” „… Iceland has always been published in Iceland-ic, a bibliography emphasizing the literature on Icelandic …”

Preface S. i-xxxiv

„… Dictionary of IcelandThird EditionSverrir Jakobsson and Guðmundur HálfdanarsonROWMAN & LITTLEFIELDLanham …” „… paper) | ISBN9781442262911 (e-book)Subjects: LCSH: Iceland—History—Dictionaries.Classification: LCC DL …” „… this Historical Dictionary of Iceland is to inform outsid-ers—and even Icelanders—about this rather …”

THE DICTIONARY S. 11-258

„… IcelandicStudies were the Icelandic Dictionary of the University of Iceland, theSigurður Nordal Institute, the …” „… Place-Name Institute of Iceland, the IcelandicLanguage Institute, and the Icelandic Language Council. The …” „… Icelandicstudies is an independent university institution affiliated with the Universityof Iceland.See also …”

Introduction S. 1-10

„… impossible in Iceland.Icelandic farming took the form of sedentary pastoralism, meaning that ex-tensive …” „… . sphere of influence.The Republic of IcelandOn 17 June 1944, the Icelandic republic was formally founded …” „… Icelandic society.ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESThe history of Iceland reflects its harsh ecological …”

About the Authors S. 307

„… view, ecclesiastical andpolitical history, and the social history of medieval Iceland.Guðmundur …” „… 307About the AuthorsSverrir Jakobsson (BA, University of Iceland; MA, University of Leeds;PhD …” „… , University of Iceland) is professor of medieval history in the Depart-ment of History at the University of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442262911

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Agreement on the European Economic Area

Finn Arnesen (ed.), Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen (ed.), Hans Petter Graver (ed.), Ola Mestad (ed.), Christoph Vedder (ed.)

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Ragnhildur Helgadóttir, Margrét Einarsdóttir Iceland and the EEA S. 13-35

„… serious concerns with theperformance of Iceland in the implementation of EU acts into Icelandic law.55The …” „… obligationto interpret national law in conformity with EEA rules, for example, Supreme Court of IcelandCase No …” „… implemented do not take precedenceover Icelandic law.7270 Supreme Court of Iceland, Case No. 477/2002, 15.5.03 …”

Introduction S. 1-13

„… Norway, Ice-land and Lichtenstein into the internal market of the European Union. It is a spe-cial type …” „… joined EFTA in 1961,3 Iceland in 1970 and Liechtenstein in 1991.4However, most of the EFTA States soon …” „… , the EEA Agreement integrated the, at that time, five participatingEFTA States, Austria, Iceland …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 51 [Accession to the SCA] S. 1076-1077

„… 1995, they ceased to be parties to the SCA. By anagreement of 29 December 1994 between Iceland and …” „… Liechtenstein on 1 May that year. Thetransitional arrangements then agreed by Iceland and Norway suggest that …” „… between Iceland and Norway of 29 December 1994 adjusting certain agreementsbetween the EFTA States …”

Finn Arnesen Article 19 [Liberalization of trade in agricultural products] S. 337-338

„… procedures against Iceland, see Case E-2/17 ESA v Iceland,pending.3 The judgment has been criticised by …” „… foreseen to enter into force in 2019.3Agreements under Art. 19 between Iceland and EU have proved easier to …” „… con-clude. The latest agreement provides that almost 90 % of EU agricultural prod-ucts will enter Iceland …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Ida Sørebø Article 7 [Binding effect and implementation of EU legal acts] S. 248-270

„… precedenceover Icelandic law.73 Thus, Iceland may therefore be in breach of the EEAAgreement by not ensuring a …” „… directives into national law.5 The secondoption (“or be made, part”) applies to Iceland and Norway, which …” „… dualistic States Iceland and Norway, however, a regu-lation will not be made part of their respective …”

Martin Hennig Article 47 [Scope of application] S. 500-517

„… , ESA v Iceland,which concerned the higher taxation on intra-EEA flights than on domestic Icelandic …” „… -18/15, 16.12.2015, ESA v Iceland, on the failure to implement Directive 2010/65/EU on re-porting …” „… formalities for ships; Case E-2/14, 10.11.2014, ESA v Iceland, on the failure to imple-ment Directive 2005/35 …”

Finn Arnesen Article 129 [Languages, ratification, entry into force] S. 968-973

„… applicable to Iceland only, and affecting workers with Icelandic em-ployers only, the EFTA Court found it to …” „… Authority and aCourt of JusticeContracting PartiesTHE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND,THE PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN …” „… versions is undertakenby Iceland and Norway, respectively.1This plethora of equally authentic language …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 50 [Withdrawal from the SCA] S. 1075-1076

„… January 1995, they ceased to be parties to the SCA. By anagreement of 29 December 1994 between Iceland and …” „… Liechtenstein on 1 May that year. Thetransitional arrangements then agreed by Iceland and Norway suggest that …” „… between Iceland and Norway of 29 December 1994 adjusting certain agreementsbetween the EFTA States …”

Finn Arnesen Article 20 [Fish and marine products] S. 338-341

„… EuropeanParliament.2 That Agreement is foreseen to enter into force in 2019.3Agreements under Art. 19 between Iceland …” „… agricultural prod-ucts will enter Iceland duty-free. For products where Iceland has defensive inter-ests, i.e …” „… . products that are produced also on Iceland, such as meat, dairy fruit andvegetables, the parties has agreed …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen The Contracting Parties S. 145-150

„… Iceland and Norway is clearly based on the premise that it includesimports from the UK.25 The Iceland-EU …” „… sevenEFTA Member States Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Swedenand Switzerland.7Switzerland …” „… an exchange of letters between the EC,Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.13In 2007, Bulgaria and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXVI

„… Norway (in the context of EEA Law); Iceland,Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland (outside the scope of …” „… States in the EEA – Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway – contin-ued to take an interest in the EEA …” „… written in the na-tional languages and addressed to a domestic audience. Both in Iceland and Nor-way …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 53 [Authentic languages, ratification, deposit and entry into force] S. 1077-1079

„… standing committee of theEFTA statesPreambleTHE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND,THE PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN,THE …” „… Statesonly. Thus, the Contracting Parties to the Agreement are now only Iceland,Liechtenstein and Norway.1 As …” „… May 1992 by Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechten-stein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It was ratified …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 38 [Transport services] S. 470-473

„… Case E-1/03, 12.12.2003, ESA v Iceland, para. 28. For an examination of this case and similarcases from …” „… the EFTA Court. By way of example, the EFTA Court stated in ESA vIceland that Under Art. 7 EEA, the …” „… Court thenstated that the lack of direct legal effect in Iceland of acts referred to in deci-sions from …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 14 [Authentic languages, ratification, deposit and entry into force] S. 1101-1103

„… State.2 See the Agreement between Iceland and Norway of 29 December 1994 adjusting certain agree-ments …” „… Iceland and Norway whereas a third judge of the EFTA Courtwas to be elected by the two regular judges on a …” „… European Free TradeAssociation(Consolidated version, last amended on 1 July 2013)The Republic of Iceland …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 74 [Protective measures] S. 721-737

„… EnvironmentAgency, 2015 p. 21.6 See the Final Report of the Norwegian EEA Review NOU 2012:2, p. 572. For Iceland …” „… interest.36 In the case of hydroelectric-ity production, which is highly relevant to both Iceland and …” „… environment.32 See EFTA Surveillance Authority Case 67596: Failure by Iceland to correctly implement Dir …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 8 [Free movement of goods, scope of application] S. 270-281

„… Iceland to be reviewed bythe EFTA Court as to its compatibility with Art. 16 EEA.All of the abovementioned …” „… into Iceland by the company FerskarKjötvörur (‘Fresh meat’). The company was not willing to accept the …” „… thatIceland had only, through the incorporating Dir. 89/662/EEC on veterinarychecks into Annex I to the EEA …”

Henrik Bull Article 21 [Border controls and cooperation in customs‑related matters] S. 341-349

„… I asamended does not apply in full to Iceland and Liechtenstein.15 Art. 5 of Pro-tocol 10 provides …” „… Iceland and Liechtenstein.18 Under Art. 9 b, theContracting Parties are to introduce and apply the customs …” „… ) and Iceland (I. Veterinary Issues, Introductory Part) and the judgment of the EFTACourt in Case E …”

Henrik Bull Article 24 [Energy] S. 356-361

„… formally not apply to Iceland. Norway and Icelandwill receive various adaptations due to their small gas …” „… in that Treaty, and to the territories of Ice-land, the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Kingdom …” „… their systems, Liechtenstein and Ice-land have remained free not to unbundle.16In the electricity sector …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 69 [Equal pay for equal work] S. 677-683

„… and Einarsdóttir’s report on Iceland in Part I of this book, mn. 48 ff and Fin-stad’s report on …” „… Iceland in Part I of this book, mn. 15 ff.PART II: The Agreement on the European Economic Area678 Søvig234 …” „… paid em-ployees).26 Iceland and Norway are both around the average level (figures are24 Cf. Case E …”

Fredrik Bøckman Finstad Norway and the EEA S. 59-80

„… , Portugal, Austria and Norway, with Iceland,Liechtenstein and Switzerland joining later), formed the …” „… states. The former Ice-landic Prime Minister Jóhannsson has thus stated that Iceland has to consider …” „… over the rel-atively much smaller states and economies of Iceland and Liechtenstein. In Nor-way, the …”

Christoph Vedder The EEA in the Union’s Legal Order S. 101-124

„… between the three EFTA countries Liechtenstein, Ice-land and Norway, on the one hand, and the EU, on the …” „… Agreement was concluded.4 Iceland joined the EFTA in 1970.1.2 See, from the perspective of the EFTA …” „… , Portugal, Iceland, Norway and Finland2.3.5 Norberg/Johansson (fn. 2), p. 11.6 Case 22/70, 31.3.1971, ERTA …”

Henrik Bull Article 43 [Protective measures] S. 490-495

„… November 2016closing the applicants’ complaint against Iceland concerning certain Icelandic safeguard …” „… Sigmarsson,2 this special procedure led the defendant and theGovernment of Iceland to argue that the EFTA …” „… Guðmundsdóttir, ‘Case E-3/11 Sigmarsson v. the Central Bank ofIceland’ 49 Common Market Law Review (2012), pp …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 31 [Freedom of establishment] S. 400-420

„… derogations are laid down in Annex VIII and Annex XII.67The Icelandic derogation is broad and permits Iceland …” „… national law in dualistic Iceland and Norway (Liechtenstein isa monist system), beneficiaries should be …” „… for an example Case E-9/11, 16.7.2012, ESA v Norway, para. 81; Case E-14/13,2.12.2013, ESA v Iceland …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 56 [Distribution of competences between the ESA and the Commission] S. 558-563

„… Norway and Iceland,as well as trade between Norway and Denmark or Iceland and Denmark, thecompetence …” „… bythe Commission. This implies that if an agreement only affects trade betweenNorway, Iceland and …” „… the case, even if the turnover of the concerned undertakings inNorway and Iceland amounts to at least …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 120 [The EEA Agreement and pre-existing agreements] S. 919-924

„… Iceland and the 1973 agreement betweenthe EEC and the Norway.1By providing that provisions of the EEA …” „… Community and the Republic of Iceland (OJ L301, 31.12.1972 p. 2), and Agreement between the European …” „… and Iceland, respectively, an agreement inthe form of exchange of letters between the EU and Norway on …”

Ingvald Falch Article 4 [Non-discrimination on grounds of nationality] S. 196-209

„… paras. 15 and 24.6 See Case E-16/11, 28.1.2013, ESA v Iceland (“Icesave”), at para. 204.7 See Case C …” „… See Case E-1/00, 14.7.2000, Íslandsbanki-FBA, at para. 35 and Case E-16/11, 28.1.2013, ESAv Iceland …” „… E-5/10, 17.12.2010, Kottke.15 See Case E-16/11, 28.1.2013, ESA v Iceland (“Icesave”).PART II: The …”

Christian Frommelt Liechtenstein and the EEA S. 35-59

„… Liechtenstein – as in most EU states but in contrast to Norway16 andIceland – the administration of EEA matters …” „… , Iceland and Switzerland – is the associationwith the Schengen area and Dublin convention.24 It requires …” „… , similar to Iceland and Norway, the EEA Agreement was not suffi-cient to ensure Liechtenstein’s place in …”

Berte-Elen R. Konow Article 72 [Provisions on consumer protection] S. 691-713

„… 254/2014 into this protocol, Iceland and Norway are participating in theEU’s multiannual consumer programme …” „… . Similar legislation in Sweden dates back to 1914 and in Denmark from 1917. Ice-land and Finland do not …” „… national contract law.In the 1980 s and 1990 s, all of the Nordic countries but for Iceland becameparties …”

Christian Franklin Article 3 [Principle of loyalty] S. 180-196

„… , 30.10.2007, ESA v Norway.47 Case E-25/15, 29.7.2016, ESA v Iceland,.Article 3 Principle of loyaltyFranklin …” „… ; Case E-12/13, 11.2.2014, ESA v Iceland,para. 73; Case E-28/13, 17.10.2014, Merrill Lynch, para. 42.56 …” „… , particularly in the two dualist EFTA Statesof Norway and Iceland, and therefore amounts to an obligation of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 12 [Withdrawal from the Agreement on a Standing Committee] S. 1100-1101

„… by Iceland and Norway suggest that anEFTA-pillar of only two may be feasible from a legal perspective …” „… functions as the Deposi-tary State.2 See the Agreement between Iceland and Norway of 29 December 1994 …” „… commonaccord by the governments of Iceland and Norway whereas a third judge of the EFTA Courtwas to be elected …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen EEA law in and beyond the text of the Main Part of the EEA Agreement S. 124-145

„… and most complex internationaltreaty that the participating EFTA States Iceland, Liechtenstein and …” „… to Iceland and Norwayare the derogations found in the Annexes on the right of establishment and …” „… thefree movement of capital, which state that, notwithstanding Arts. 31 to 35 and40 EEA, Iceland and …”

Karl Harald Søvig Article 70 [Equal treatment of men and women] S. 683-690

„… gender gap.27 Iceland´s government in-troduced on 8 March 2017 a draft for amending the Act on Equal …” „… , but Liechtenstein and Iceland opposed the in-herent extension of the scope of the EEA Agreement as a …” „… Consultative Comittee.2 From Iceland: SA and SI and from Norway: NHO.3 From Norway: KS.4 From Iceland: BSRB and …”

Finn Arnesen Article 119 [Annexes and Protocols as integral part of the Agreement] S. 912-919

„… to which Iceland may retain quantitative restrictions on the import ofbrooms and brushes, may serve …” „… Republic ofIceland of 22 July 1972. The court held that ‘the wording and scheme of Article7 of Protocol 9 …” „… free movement of capitalprovide that notwithstanding Arts. 31 to 35 and 40 EEA, Iceland and Norwaymay …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 11 [Quantitative restrictions on imports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on imports S. 289-299

„… in an employment contract requiring the use of materials produced inIceland. The Court held that:“In …” „… contract between the Government of Iceland, the City of Reykjavík and the Municipality of Mos-fellsbær. Its …” „… , the owners of the school building are the Government of Ice-land, the City of Reykjavík and the …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 9 [Origin of goods] S. 281-286

„… November 2016, the District Court of Reykjavik (the referring court) acknowledgedthat Iceland was liable …” „… to the EFTACourt were a part of criminal proceedings in Iceland, where the defendants hadbeen charged …” „… exported to five (then) EC countries originatedin Iceland. The fish had been caught off the coasts of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Preamble S. 1079-1081

„… PART IV Agreement on a standing committee of theEFTA statesPreambleTHE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND,THE …” „… are now only Iceland,Liechtenstein and Norway.1 As with the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA)and the …” „… the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom ofNorway and, under the conditions laid down by Article 1(2 …”

Martin Hennig Article 14 [Internal taxation: No fiscal discrimination of imported goods] S. 311-322

„… transported to Iceland by sea, whereas similar domesticproducts were all transported by road from Icelandic …” „… Iceland, VAT on books in Icelandic was lower than on books in for-eign languages. In its request for an …” „… Icelandic language, which forms an essential part of Ice-land’s cultural heritage and contributes materially …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 33 [Exemptions] S. 423-434

„… under free movement law.4 The Court cited Case E-12/10, 28.6.2011, ESA v Iceland and Case C-319/06 …” „… , 26.6.2007, ESA v Norway, paras. 71-73.23 Inspired by the judgment, Iceland also prohibited the transfer of …” „… EFTA Court’s judgment in both Iceland and Norway,which have essentially enacted a ban on privatisation …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 1 [Object and purpose] S. 171-176

„… is extended to the EFTAStates.’4The EFTA Court followed this up in Case E-1/03 ESA v Iceland:‘the aim …” „… -1/03, 12.12.2003, ESA v Iceland, para. 27.6 See now the second and third recitals of the Preamble to …” „… , para. 49; Case E-6/01, 9.10.2002, CIBA,para. 33; Case E-1/03, 12.12.2003, ESA v Iceland, para. 27.19 As …”

Jonas W. Myhre Article 16 [State monopolies of a commercial character] S. 323-335

„… the time of the EEA negotiations, the discussions in the Nordic EFTAStates Finland, Iceland, Norway …” „… -4/05, 17.1.2006, HOB-vín, para. 24.8 Declaration by the governments of Finland, Iceland, Norway and …” „… . This is a possibility that Finland, Iceland, Norway and Swe-den all have taken advantage of. As a …”

Per Christiansen Article 117 [Provisions governing the EEA financial mechanism] S. 894-904

„… Inserted in the EEA Agreement by the Agreement between the European Union, Iceland,Liechtenstein and Norway …” „… European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway on an EEA Financial Mecha-nism for the period 2009-2014 …” „… contributions. In par-ticular, Iceland questioned the basis for the contributions and wanted to discon-tinue the …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 125 [The EEA Agreement and national systems of property ownership] S. 942-945

„… Iceland.The EFTA Court did not agree, and held:“59 The principle of homogeneity enshrined in the EEA Agreement …” „… Norway and Iceland cannot constitute suchcircumstances.60 The Defendant argues that when assessing …” „… Treaty, and to the territories of Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein andthe Kingdom of Norway.2 …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 2 [Consultations] S. 1082-1085

„… difficult fortwo of the EFTA States (Norway and Iceland) to accept the incorporation ofthese acts into the …” „… of acts and became impatient with prolonged negotia-tions between Iceland and the EU.10 In another …” „… case, Iceland and Liechtensteinresisted the incorporation of the Citizenship Directive11 into the EEA …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 62 [Review of State aid through the ESA and the Commission] S. 598-605

„… Case E-25/15, 29.7.2016, ESA v Iceland,both concerning failure to recover aid.PART II: The Agreement on …” „… Agreement (1 January 1994in Iceland and Norway, 1 May 1995 in Liechtenstein), and which are still …” „… difficulties; see e.g. the case law cited in section VIIbelow, mn. 41, for examples from Iceland. See further …”

Index S. 1125-1141

„… . 2/1993– adopted the EEA Treaty I ISL 7– legal force in Iceland I ISL 49Action for annulment III 36 1 …” „… Iceland– joining the EEA I ISL 3– proposed amendments I ISL 13– transfer of state powers I ISL 4 …” „… position II 54 3Droit d’évocation II 5 1, 89 2, 92 6Dualism II 7 12, 21, 36, 37– Iceland I ISL 19 …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 52 [Implementation of the SCA] S. 1077

„… May 1992 by Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechten-stein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. It was ratified …” „… by Austria (28 October1992), Finland (21 December 1992), Iceland (2 February 1993), Norway(20 …” „… this Agreement, it shall also be drawn up and authenti-cated in Finnish, French, German, Icelandic …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 13 [Accession to the Agreement on a Standing Committee] S. 1101

„… State.2 See the Agreement between Iceland and Norway of 29 December 1994 adjusting certain agree-ments …” „… Iceland and Norway whereas a third judge of the EFTA Courtwas to be elected by the two regular judges on a …” „… , it shall also be drawn up and authenti-cated in Finnish, French, German, Icelandic, Italian …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 111 [Dispute resolution in the EEA Joint Committee] S. 865-883

„… April 2012 in Case E-16/11 ESA v Iceland,the president of the EFTA Court rightly refused to let this …” „… example is the Icesave dispute between Iceland, on theone hand, and the Netherlands and the UK, on the …” „… proposedsolutions), the parties in dispute decided to let the EFTA Court rule on whetherIceland had infringed its …”

Per Christiansen Article 31 [Infringement action] S. 1025-1029

„… , 28.1.2013, ESA v Iceland (“Icesave”), whereJudge Christiansen was recused.15 The first list of persons to …” „… the Functioning of the European Union.11 See Cases E-2/05, 24.11.2005, ESA v Iceland, and E-25/15 …” „… , 29.7.2016, ESA v Iceland.12 The other direct action cases are infringement cases against an EFTA State …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 12 [The President of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] S. 996-997

„… alreadylong time serving Icelander, Mr. Hannes Hafstein, was appointed President. Heserved until he passed …” „… been disagreements between the Governments,in particular Iceland and Norway, about appointments.1 The …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 112 [Safeguard measures] S. 883-888

„… EEA. Similar provisions arealso found in Art. 27 of the 1973 FTA between the EEC and Iceland and inArt …” „… of Iceland, the one-sided nature of itseconomy and the fact that its territory is sparsely populated …” „… Decision No 127/2007.12 Annexed to the Final Act to the EEA.13 Declaration by the Government of Iceland on …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 1 [Definitions] S. 977-978

„… ' means the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norwayand, under the conditions laid down by Article …” „… EFTA States means Iceland, Liechtenstein and Nor-way, thus excluding the fourth remaining Member State …”

Karin Fløistad Article 28 [Free movement of workers] S. 369-385

„… Icelandicpension funds. Mr. Gunnarsson paid taxes in Iceland. Under the Icelandic taxlegislation applicable at the …” „… recipients of Icelandic pensions. Mr. Gunnarsson andhis wife were neither residents in Iceland nor both …” „… (Hells Angels) and the denial of entry into Iceland based on a risk assessment.While acknowledging the …”

Henrik Bull Article 25 [Safeguard measures] S. 361-362

„… achieved. This poses par-ticular problems for Iceland and Norway, with their already very high shareof …” „… , the more difficult and costly it is to increase iteven further. Iceland and Norway therefore …”

Henrik Bull Article 45 [Role of the Joint Committee in case of protective measures] S. 496-497

„… later than the date they enterinto force. This is what Iceland did in November 2008.1Chapter 5: Economic …” „… Bank of Iceland’ 49 CommonMarket Law Review (2012), pp. 2022-2023, in particular footnote 20.Article 46 …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 71 [Social dialogue] S. 690-691

„… on Art. 96 mn. 4-6 on the EEA Consultative Comittee.2 From Iceland: SA and SI and from Norway: NHO.3 …” „… From Norway: KS.4 From Iceland: BSRB and ASI, from Liechtenstein: LANV and from Norway: LO, YS andUNIO …”

Per Christiansen Article 27 [The establishment of the EFTA Court] S. 1019-1020

„… anticipation of these events, Iceland and Norway adopted, on 29 De-cember 1994, an agreement adjusting inter …” „… , mn. 2 and 17-18.1 Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.2 Art. 7 …”

Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 80 [Forms of cooperation] S. 757-763

„… broad-ranging programmes in the current framework. For example, only Iceland andNorway participate in the EU’s …” „… , Iceland partici-pates fully, Norway partially and Liechtenstein not at all. In the programme forRights …” „… , Equality and Citizenship again Iceland participates fully, Liechtensteinpartially and Norway not at all …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 103 [Requirements for binding Joint Committee decisions] S. 819-824

„… Iceland and Liecht-enstein are similar to that in Norway. However, there are more substantial differ-ences …” „… approach-ing.There have been instances where Iceland has notified delays in the fulfilmentof constitutional …” „… intoforce until 1 May 2010 due to fulfilment of constitutional requirements in Iceland. Directive2001/97/EC …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 110 [Enforceability of decisions of the ESA and the Commission and of judgments of the EFTA Court and the EU Courts] Einarsson/FredriksenEnforceability of decisions and judgements S. 860-865

„… vestingthose powers in ESA, they have been given to the national authorities of theEFTA States.3 Iceland and …” „… of new secondary legislation.In Iceland the enforceability of fines for breaches of the competition …” „… en-force it would in any event be a blatant violation of Art. 110 EEA.6Unlike the situation in Iceland …”

Per Christiansen Article 28 [Composition] S. 1020-1021

Finn Arnesen Article 18 [Technical barriers to trade in agricultural products] S. 336-337

„… -2/17 ESA v Iceland,pending.3 The judgment has been criticised by Stefán Már Stefánsson, ‘Bemærkninger …” „… follow up on this advisory opinion,ESA has initiated infringement procedures against Iceland, see Case E …” „… into the Icelandic and Norwegian languages within the time limitprescribed by the decision in the EEA …”

Henrik Bull Article 23 [Technical regulations and barriers to trade in wine, product liability] S. 350-356

„… regard to Norway and Iceland. Art. 1(2) of Protocol 3 provides that “[t]he provisions ofthis Protocol …” „… dualist approach to in-ternational obligations (Norway and Iceland but not Liechtenstein) would haveto …” „… is implemented through Act No. 101/2004 on Noti-fication of technical regulations– In Iceland, the …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 123 [National security and trade in arms] S. 929-939

„… EconomicCommunity and the Republic of Iceland (OJ L 301, 31.12.1972 p. 2, English special edition31.12.1972, L301 P …” „… Iceland: Similar ESA Decision 346/04/COL, 15.12.2004, closing a caseconcerning procurement of search and …” „… production indispensable’ is similar to Arts. 21 and 22 of Norway and Ice-land’s individual Free Trade …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 95 [The EEA Joint Parliamentary Committee] S. 789-791

„… EFTA side, Iceland and Norway have five members each, whereasLichtenstein has two.Art. 3 of the …” „… com-posed of five members from Norway, five from Iceland and two from Liechten-stein. The Committee of …”

Henrik Bull Article 40 [Free movement of capital] S. 473-488

„… an EEA context is whether those EEA ContractingParties (Norway and Iceland) that adhere to the …” „… -14/13, 2.12.2013, ESA v Iceland.27 Case C-487/08, 3.6.2010, Commission v Spain.28 See in particular Case …” „… , TestClaimants in the Thin Cap Group Litigation, at para 27. See also Case E-14/13, 2.12.2013,ESA v Iceland, at …”

Convention establishing the European Free Trade Association EFTA Convention S. 1103-1125

„… July 2013)The Republic of Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein, the Kingdom of Norway andthe …” „… subsequent acces-sion on 1 January 1986, and to the accessions by the Republic of Iceland on 1 March1970 and …” „… to Article 7, Switzerland, on the one hand, and Iceland, Liechtensteinand Norway, on the other, grant …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 6 [Right to information from the EFTA States and from undertakings] S. 990-992

„… delivered a Reasoned Opinion to Iceland for failure to provide information. Thepress release dated 5.3.2015 …” „… states: ‘The EFTA Surveillance Authority has issued a reasonedopinion to Iceland for its failure to …”

Benedikt Pirker Switzerland and the EEA S. 80-101

„… perspective, it is obvious that the term “EFTA States” includesnot only the three EFTA-EEA States Iceland …” „… , Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Ice-land, Turkey and Switzerland to create a …” „… associated with EFTA in 1961and a full member in 1986. Iceland joined EFTA in 1970, while Denmark andthe …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Contracting Parties S. 973-975

„… aCourt of JusticeContracting PartiesTHE REPUBLIC OF ICELAND,THE PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN ANDTHE …” „… the EEA Agreement – Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Ac-cordingly, neither the EU Member States nor …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 102 [Amendments of Annexes, incooperation of EEA-relevant EU legislation] S. 803-819

„… well as in certain cases its impacton the internal market.21No formal guidelines exist in Iceland on …” „… technicallycomplex, but finally had a break-through on 14 October 2014, when the finance ministersfrom Iceland …” „… adaptations in the JCDs and to get approvalfrom the national parliaments in Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein …”

Per Christiansen Article 46 [Exchange of views and information] S. 497-500

„… Iceland did in November 2008.1Chapter 5: Economic and monetary policy cooperationArticle 46 [Exchange of …” „… , ‘Case E-3/11 Sigmarsson v. the Central Bank of Iceland’ 49 CommonMarket Law Review (2012), pp. 2022-2023 …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 5 [Responsibilities and means] S. 987-990

„… way currently covers 89 %, Iceland and Liechtenstein 11 %. The method for theallocation is mainly …” „… contributions from Iceland(9%), Liechtenstein (2%) and Norway (89%).Article 5 Responsibilities and meansBjørgan …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 121 [Nordic cooperation, regional union between Switzerland and Liechtenstein] S. 924-927

„… Pro-tocol 9 EEA provides that the agreement between Iceland and the EU is to pre-vail over the provisions of …” „… extent the reference tothe Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Iceland also encompasses therules of …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 4 [Establishment of the EFTA Surveillance Authority] S. 984-987

„… Court986 Bjørgan78910way currently covers 89 %, Iceland and Liechtenstein 11 %. The method for …” „… the Authority are financed by contributions from Iceland(9%), Liechtenstein (2%) and Norway (89 …”

Finn Arnesen Article 126 [Territorial application of the EEA Agreement] S. 945-953

„… Enlargement Agreement “the republic of Iceland”was amended to “Iceland”.Art. 126(1) stipulates the …” „… Treaty, and to the territories of Iceland, the Principality of Liechtenstein andthe Kingdom of Norway.2 …”

Per Christiansen Article 34 [Advisory opinion] S. 1032-1040

„… Norway, a decision on whether to refer a question may not as such beappealed. However, in Iceland, a …” „… havebrought a positive development in the number of references received from theSupreme Courts of Iceland …” „… ” by the nation-al courts when interpreting EEA law.42 In Iceland, the advisory opinions areconsidered …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 67 [Health and safety of workers] S. 660-664

„… Se comments by Franklin on Art. 3 mn. 20.3 The essence of the Supreme Court of Iceland’s reasoning in …” „… regarding safety in the workplace. An Icelandic carpenter had fall-en five meters from joists on a temporary …” „… considerable work experience.3 The car-penter then claimed compensation from the Icelandic state, arguing that …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 3 [Responsibilities] S. 1085-1089

„… ger to adopt the package of acts and became impatient with prolonged negotia-tions between Iceland …” „… and the EU.10 In another case, Iceland and Liechtensteinresisted the incorporation of the Citizenship …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 150-171

„… , e.g., Case E-2/03, 12.12.2003, Ásgeirsson, para. 23; Case E-12/10, 28.6.2011, ESA v Ice-land, para. 60 …” „… -12/13 ESA v Iceland characterised as thefundamental EEA law principle of reciprocity.40 The legal …” „… : Baudenbacher (ed.), Handbook of EEA Law, pp.349-389, on p. 360.40 See Case E-12/13 ESA v Iceland, para. 68. See …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 42 [Protocols and Annexes as integral part of the SCA] S. 1051-1056

„… . 1).16 OJ 1994 L 231, p. 1 and EEA Supplement 1994 No 32, p. 1.17 Case E-9/12, 22.7.2013, Iceland v. ESA …” „… Iceland andLiechtenstein.20 Council Reg. (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the …” „… . There are fourofficial language versions: English, Icelandic, German and Norwegian.1The Rules of …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 105 [Homogeneous interpretation of EU and EEA law] S. 825-835

„… Case E-16/11, 23.4.2012,ESA v Iceland, the president of the EFTA Court rightly refused to let this …” „… Judgment of the Supreme Court of Iceland, 16.12.1999, in Case 236/1999 Sveinbjörnsdóttir;judgment of the …” „… E-15/14, 28.1.2015, EFTA Surveillance Authority v Iceland, para. 32.51 See further the comments by …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 36 [Freedom to provide services] S. 450-470

„… Agreement,which has been made part of national law in dualistic Iceland and Norway(Liechtenstein is a monist …” „… suggestion that Art. 8 EEA providedIceland with a discretion to set rules regarding the import of raw meat …” „… Iceland.42IV. Notable EFTA Court CasesGaming machines and LadbrokesGaming was the topic of two highly …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 61 [Prohibition of state aid, exemptions] S. 585-598

„… services on a given market.61.2.1 Case E-9/12, 22.7.2013, Iceland v ESA, at para. 57 and Case C-526/14 …” „… Iceland and Norway, whichare applicable until the end of 2020.58 These maps only have areas that meet …” „… in Iceland and Norway on the basis of this provi-sion and the accompanying guidelines.Aid to …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 35 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 450

„… Agreement,which has been made part of national law in dualistic Iceland and Norway(Liechtenstein is a monist …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 10 [Termination of office] S. 996

„… alreadylong time serving Icelander, Mr. Hannes Hafstein, was appointed President. Heserved until he passed …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 11 [Compulsory retirement] S. 996

„… alreadylong time serving Icelander, Mr. Hannes Hafstein, was appointed President. Heserved until he passed …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 109 [The two-pillar surveillance system] S. 852-860

„… , Iceland and Norway will not accept thatthe Commission is entrusted with such tasks in the EFTA …” „… See for instance Case E-16/11, 28.1.2013, ESA v Iceland (Icesave).15 Joined cases T-67/00, 68/99 …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 43 [Statute and Rules of procedure of the EFTA Court] S. 1056-1065

„… the EFTA Court of 23 April 2012 in Case E-16/11 ESA v Iceland,para. 33.10 This lack of homogeneity has …” „… Agreement.8 In CaseE-16/11 ESA v. Iceland (Icesave), the Commission was granted leave to inter-vene in …” „… provisions. There are fourofficial language versions: English, Icelandic, German and Norwegian.1The Rules of …”

Christophe Hillion Article 127 [Withdrawal from the EEA Agreement] S. 953-961

„… and Iceland, as EFTA states, and on the other to “the Community [nowUnion] and its Member States, or …” „… of theAgreement foresees that it covers the territories of Iceland, Liechtenstein andNorway, rather …”

Thomas Chr. Poulsen Article 46 [Contractual and non-contractual liability of the ESA] S. 1066-1074

„… Iceland of 16 December 1999 in the Icelandic Governmentv. Sveinbjörnsdóttir; judgment of the Supreme Court …” „… accepted by the ECJ in Rechberger,21 and bythe Supreme Courts of Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein.22The …”

Henrik Bull Article 22 [Reduction of customs duties] S. 349-350

„… product will benefit from the EEA rules on free movement1 22 July 1972 with Austria, Iceland, Portugal …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 9 [Appointment of the members] S. 995-996

„… President. The only exception took place in 2004 when the alreadylong time serving Icelander, Mr. Hannes …”

Finn Arnesen Article 17 [Veterinary and phytosanitary measures] S. 335-336

„… ), and animal products such as ova, em-bryo and semen are not applicable to Iceland.3 In addition, there …” „… frequently. Thus, the challenges caused by translating theregulations into the Icelandic and Norwegian …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 11 [Amendments of the Agreement on a Standing Committee] S. 1099-1100

„… force for Liechtenstein on 1 May that year. Thetransitional arrangements then agreed by Iceland and …” „… Icelandic ap-plication for EU membership in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the officialNorwegian …”

Ole-Andreas Rognstad Article 65(2) [Intellectual property rights] S. 641-659

„… belonged to the ‘EFTA side’ of theAgreement), Norway and Iceland at that time had not yet ratified the EPC …” „… radical changes in domestic law save thatfor Finland and Iceland pharmaceuticals and foodstuff products …” „… The situation is different now, as a result of this provision, Iceland acceding EPC as from 1November …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 7 [Composition] S. 992-993

„… international experience. Iceland and Liechtenstein have consis-tently appointed lawyers, most with Foreign …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 1 [Role of the Standing Committee] S. 1081-1082

„… the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom ofNorway and, under the conditions laid down by Article 1(2 …”

Henrik Bull Article 44 [Implementation of protective measures] S. 495-496

„… accepting the financial supervisory regulations as part of the EEAAgreement, Iceland made a declaration in …” „… Published on the website of the Althingi, the Icelandic Parliament, at http://www.althingi.is/altext/145/s …”

Martin Hennig Article 48 [Non-discriminatory application of national rules] S. 517-518

„… that the Agreement only applies to the“territories” of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Norway has …”

Martin Hennig Article 15 [Repayment of internal taxes] S. 322-323

„… Ice-landic language will ever be written outside of Iceland. In the cases so far decid-ed by the ECJ, foreign …” „… EFTA Court did notaccept the Icelandic attempt to justify the tax scheme in Einarsson.58 However,in …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 93 [Composition of the EEA Joint Committee, decision‑making] S. 784-786

„… acquis. For instance, Iceland and Norwayhave different constitutional challenges when it comes to …”

Marthe Kristine Fjeld Dystland, Fredrik Bøckman Finstad, Ida Sørebø Article 98 [Amendments to Annexes and selected Protocols] S. 795-797

„… binding for Iceland and Norway as soon as they are in force with-in the EU and without the need of going …”

Per Christiansen Article 116 [The EEA financial mechanism] S. 892-894

„… European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway on an EEA Financial Mecha-nism for the period 2009-2014 …” „… . 762 (Ice-land).PART II: The Agreement on the European Economic Area892 Christiansen212important role …”

Håvard Ormberg Article 122 [Secrecy obligations] S. 927-929

„… Republic of Iceland (OJ L 301, 31.12.1972 p. 2, English special edition31.12.1972, L301 P. 4 …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Preamble S. 975-977

„… of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norwayand, under the conditions laid down by Article 1(2) of the …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 8 [Independence of the members] S. 993-995

„… with previous international experience. Iceland and Liechtenstein have consis-tently appointed …”

Pål Wennerås Article 6 [Homogeneity] S. 209-248

„… , ESA v. Iceland,para. 60, Case E-15/10, 18.04.12, Posten Norge AS, para. 85, and Case E-4/11, 26.7.11 …” „… . 161 et seq.and 223.59 Order in Case E-16/11, 28.1.13, ESA v Iceland, para. 32, and Case E-14/11 …” „… reaffirmed in Case E-19/11,30.11.12, Vín Trío v Iceland, para. 59.176 E.g. Case C-437/09, 3.3.11, AG2R …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 12 [Quantitative restrictions on exports and measures having equivalent effect] Quantitative restrictions on exports S. 299-301

„… , 11.12.2012, HOB-vín III. In the case of Iceland, due to the lack of a specific na-tional rule implementing …” „… the case was not appealed to the Icelandic Supreme Court.66 In earlier case lawof the Icelandic …” „… in Case no. 2381/2011.67 Ruling of the Icelandic Supreme Court, Case no. 220/2005.68 Case E-2/12 …”

Christian Franklin Article 2 [Principle of loyalty] S. 978-980

„… the EFTA States means Iceland, Liechtenstein and Nor-way, thus excluding the fourth remaining Member …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 106 [Exchange of information concerning relevant judgements] S. 835-837

„… necessary, the drawing up and publicationof translations and abstracts’. To the Supreme Courts of Iceland …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 108 [The ESA and the EFTA Court: Establishment and competences] S. 840-852

„… the time;Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.26 See contributions …” „… Art. 3(2) SCA.28 Case E-16/11 ESA v Iceland, 28.1.2013.29 See Chalmers, ‘Icesave and the EFTA Court …” „… supremacy of EU law.Indeed, the Icelandic and Norwegian Governments had argued before the Courtthat the …”

Christian Jordal, Gjermund Mathisen Article 64 [Dispute resolution] S. 609-612

„… affected Contracting Party” would be the EU. In theEFTA pillar, it would be Iceland, Liechtenstein or …” „… a Liechtenstein, Icelandic or Norwegian institution; itcannot be instructed by any of the States to …”

Dora Sif Tynes Article 94 [The EEA Joint Committee: presidency, meetings, sub-committees and working groups] Functioning of the EEA Joint Committee S. 786-789

„… be twenty-four. On the EFTA side, Iceland and Norway have five members each, whereasLichtenstein has …” „… Protocols of the EEA Agreement are however draft-ed in English, Icelandic and Norwegian.1II. Subcommittees …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 57 [Merger control] S. 563-566

„… undertakings’ combined aggregate turnover inNorway, Iceland and Liechtenstein has to meet the threshold, while …”

Article 124 [Non-discrimination of investments] Henrik Bull S. 939-942

„… negotiations and in subsequent parliamentaryprocedures in Norway3 and Iceland.The EFTA Court did not agree, and …” „… means that the provision yields to theNorwegian and Icelandic derogations concerning foreign ownership …”

Tron Løkken Sundet Article 68 [Labour law] S. 664-677

„… agreements, such asthe EFTA States Iceland and Norway, the market freedoms and aspects of theright to freedom …” „… of proof”.21 See E-12/10, 28.6.2011, ESA v Iceland: Sick pay not sat at a minimum rate not covered …”

Gunnar Thor Pétursson Article 10 [Customs duties and charges having equivalent effect] S. 286-289

„… products are being imported orhave been transported by sea from another port in Iceland. Thus, as those …” „… of the EEA Main Agreement,this provision has been made part of both Icelandic and Norwegian law,6 …” „… Icelandic EEA Act (No. 2/1993) and the Norwegian EEA Act (No. 109/1992).7 Case E-6/07, 11.12.2012, HOB Vín …”

Martin Hennig Article 49 [State aid in the transport sector] S. 518-521

„… undertakings in Iceland, Liechtensteinand Norway, which are broadly equivalent to the guidelines adopted by the …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 107 [Preliminary rulings from the ECJ] S. 837-840

„… necessary, the drawing up and publicationof translations and abstracts’. To the Supreme Courts of Iceland …”

Finn Arnesen, Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen Article 2 [Definitions] S. 176-180

„… Annexes aswell as the acts referred to therein;(b) the term “EFTA States” means Iceland, the Principality …”

Per Christiansen Article 30 [Members] S. 1021-1025

„… Bau-denbacher was recused, and Case E-16/11, 28.1.2013, ESA v Iceland (“Icesave”), whereJudge Christiansen was …” „… lawfulness ofthe Court’s composition.4 Each of the three Icelandic Judges has been reappointed. Judge …”

Halvard Haukeland Fredriksen, Jóhanna Jónsdóttir Article 5 [Subcommittees and working groups] S. 1090-1095

„… , Iceland, Liecht-enstein and Norway have provided funding to reduce social and economic dis-parities in the …”

Peter-Christian Müller-Graff Article 34 [Right of establishment for companies] S. 434-450

„… Case E-14/13, 2.12.2013, ESA v Iceland para. 32.58 Joined Cases E-3/13 and E-20/13, 9.7.2014, Fred …” „… is in the main part of the Agreement,which has been made part of national law in dualistic Iceland …” „… Main Agreement, has been made partof both Icelandic and Norwegian law.6 Furthermore, it enjoys direct …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 13 [Rules of procedure] S. 997-1002

„… There have from time to time been disagreements between the Governments,in particular Iceland and …”

Per Christiansen Article 36 [Action for annulment] S. 1041-1046

„… Lenaerts, EU Procedu-ral Law, 2014, points 7.145 to 7.184.3 See for example Case E-9/12, 22.7.2013, Iceland …” „… Protocol 3 SCA.10 Art. 4(2) and (3) of Part II of Protocol 3 SCA.11 Cases E-4/15, 31.3.2016, Icelandic …”

Ernst Nordtveit, Sigrid Eskeland Schütz Article 73 [Object and purpose of EEA environmental law] S. 715-721

„… Iceland, Norway and Lichtenstein act asproper legislators in the area of EEA environmental law, alongside …”

Ólafur Jóhannes Einarsson Article 30 [Recognition of diplomas, certificates] S. 391-400

„… -8/10,10.12.2010, ESA v Iceland; Case E-9/10, 10.12.2010, ESA v Liechtenstein; Case E-10/10,10.12.2010, ESA v …”

Simen Hammersvik Article 65(1) [Public procurement] S. 612-641

„… should be pro-duced in Iceland amounted to a clear discrimination in favour of national prod-ucts, thus …” „… ap-plied within the EEA. However, Iceland and Norway have their own similar listsin the GPA. Even though …”

Ronny Gjendemsjø Article 54 [Abuse of a dominant position] S. 546-555

„… referred a question from the Icelandic SupremeCourt about price discrimination.37 Sorpa – a publicly owned …” „… an abuse. The Icelandic Competition Authorities found that the discountconstituted an abuse. The …” „… in the Icelandiccompetition act which is harmonised with Art. 54 EEA. Due to the harmonisa-tion the …”

Tarjei Bekkedal Article 59 [Public undertakings, services of general economic interest] S. 568-584

„… 6 Ice-landic municipalities, each municipality holding 1 share. Allegedly, the ratesthat the public …”

Per Christiansen Article 115 [Object and purpose of the EEA financial mechanism] S. 891-892

„… Utenfor og innenfor. Norges avtaler med EU, p. 761 (Norway) and p. 762 (Ice-land).PART II: The Agreement …”

Christophe Hillion Article 128 [Accession to the EEA Agreement] S. 961-968

„… , Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanishand Swedish languages, each of these texts …” „… European Union and shall for the authentication thereof be drawn upin the Icelandic and Norwegian languages …” „… regards the versions of these acts in the Icelandic and Norwegian language,these become authentic when …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 20 [Language] S. 1005-1006

„… EEAmay address ESA in the Icelandic, Norwegian or any of the 24 official lan-guages in the EU for all …”

Per Andreas Bjørgan Article 21 [Annual report] S. 1006-1007

„… address ESA in the Icelandic, Norwegian or any of the 24 official lan-guages in the EU for all types of …”

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