U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Zoé Nautré

doi:10.5771/9783845227160

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Democracy Promotion in the Middle East during the George W. Bush Administration

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

1. Edition 2010

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doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160
ISBN print: 978-3-8329-6000-1
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-2716-0
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

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Abstract

Vor dem 11. September 2001 hatte die US-Außenpolitik auf die innere Verfassung der Staaten des Nahen/Mittleren Osten keinen besonderen Einfluss nehmen wollen. Doch der Anschlag auf das World Trade Center hat gezeigt, dass einige dieser Staaten Brutstätten für Terroristen sind und dass die USA es sich sicherheitspolitisch nicht mehr leisten können, über die dortigen innenpolitischen Verhältnisse hinwegzusehen. Als längerfristige politische Strategie kündigte die Bush-Administration daher an, dem Terrorismus vor allem durch die Verbreitung politischer Freiheiten und durch die Demokratisierung einen wichtigen Nährboden entziehen zu wollen.

Die Studie untersucht, wie dieser ambitionierte politische Ansatz in der Praxis implementiert wurde. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen die Logik, die Annahmen und die Prämissen hinter den Zielen der USA und wie angemessen und praktikabel diese in der arabischen Welt sind.

„A serious, penetrating study grounded in significant primary-source research in Washington and the Middle East, and a searching, balanced analytic approach. The study provides considerable insight into the realities of the Bush push on Middle East democracy both toward the region as a whole and the illuminating case of Morocco.“Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

„Zoé Nautré has written a compelling analysis of the pitfalls of U.S. efforts to promote democratiza–tion in the Middle East. It is crammed with impressive research on what actually happened when the George W. Bush Administration took its zeal for democracy into the Moroccan bazaar. It’s an excellent and highly recommended read.“

Martin Indyk, Vice president and director of Foreign Policy at Brookings Institution

Zusammenfassung

Vor dem 11. September 2001 hatte die US-Außenpolitik auf die innere Verfassung der Staaten des Nahen/Mittleren Osten keinen besonderen Einfluss nehmen wollen. Doch der Anschlag auf das World Trade Center hat gezeigt, dass einige dieser Staaten Brutstätten für Terroristen sind und dass die USA es sich sicherheitspolitisch nicht mehr leisten können, über die dortigen innenpolitischen Verhältnisse hinwegzusehen. Als längerfristige politische Strategie kündigte die Bush-Administration daher an, dem Terrorismus vor allem durch die Verbreitung politischer Freiheiten und durch die Demokratisierung einen wichtigen Nährboden entziehen zu wollen.

Die Studie untersucht, wie dieser ambitionierte politische Ansatz in der Praxis implementiert wurde. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen die Logik, die Annahmen und die Prämissen hinter den Zielen der USA und wie angemessen und praktikabel diese in der arabischen Welt sind.

„A serious, penetrating study grounded in significant primary-source research in Washington and the Middle East, and a searching, balanced analytic approach. The study provides considerable insight into the realities of the Bush push on Middle East democracy both toward the region as a whole and the illuminating case of Morocco.“Thomas Carothers, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

„Zoé Nautré has written a compelling analysis of the pitfalls of U.S. efforts to promote democratiza–tion in the Middle East. It is crammed with impressive research on what actually happened when the George W. Bush Administration took its zeal for democracy into the Moroccan bazaar. It’s an excellent and highly recommended read.“

Martin Indyk, Vice president and director of Foreign Policy at Brookings Institution

Chapter Expand | CollapseAuthorsPage
2–10 Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 2–10
11–11 Introduction 11–11
11–12 Research Question 11–12
13–16 A fundamental change? 13–16
17–19 Methodology 17–19
20–22 Structure 20–22
23–58 Chapter 1: Conceptual framework 23–58
59–70 Chapter 2: The Bush administration’s foreign policy orientation prior to 9/11 59–70
- 59–65 Foreign policy discourse up to the 2000 U. S. presidential elections 59–65
  - 59–61 Issues of concern 59–61
  - 61–63 Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues 61–63
  - 63–64 The Middle East and democracy promotion 63–64
  - 64–65 Advocating a conventional foreign policy 64–65
- 65–69 Once in office 65–69
  - 65–68 Policies towards Great Powers and traditional security issues 65–68
  - 68–69 Policies towards the Middle East 68–69
- 69–70 Conclusion 69–70
71–88 Chapter 3: The development of the new foreign policy rationale 71–88
- 71–79 Existential war and determination to act 71–79
  - 71–72 Asserting U. S. power 71–72
  - 72–74 A war of values 72–74
  - 74–76 Retaliation 74–76
  - 76–77 The way foreign policy was conducted 76–77
  - 77–79 Providing an intellectual framework 77–79
- 79–88 Reconsideration of prior policies 79–88
  - 79–81 Self-reflection-why do they hate us? 79–81
  - 81–82 Support for authoritarian states reconsidered 81–82
  - 82–84 Democracy as a means to an end 82–84
  - 84–87 Supporting evidence for democracy promotion 84–87
  - 87–88 Re-orientation of foreign policy 87–88
- 88–88 Conclusion 88–88
89–110 Chapter 4: The new foreign policy orientation: U. S. initiatives 89–110
- 89–100 New measures post 9/11: A radical departure in policy? Raising expectations 89–100
  - 89–91 Diplomatic pressure 89–91
  - 91–94 Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID 91–94
  - 94–96 Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) 94–96
  - 96–97 Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) 96–97
  - 97–98 Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) 97–98
  - 98–99 Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) 98–99
  - 99–100 Support for NGOs 99–100
- 100–108 New measures post 9/11: Implementation of policies 100–108
  - 100–101 Diplomatic pressure 100–101
  - 101–103 Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID 101–103
  - 103–104 Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) 103–104
  - 104–105 Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) 104–105
  - 105–106 Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) 105–106
  - 106–106 Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) 106–106
  - 106–108 Support for NGOs 106–108
- 108–110 Conclusion 108–110
111–134 Chapter 5: U. S. initiatives in Morocco 111–134
- 111–112 At the periphery of U. S. interests 111–112
- 112–123 How U. S. initiatives appied to Morocco 112–123
  - 112–113 U. S. Idealism and competing interests 112–113
  - 113–114 Contested development theories 113–114
  - 114–115 Implementation of new rationale 114–115
  - 115–115 Diplomatic pressure 115–115
  - 115–118 Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID 115–118
  - 118–119 Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) 118–119
  - 119–119 Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) 119–119
  - 119–120 Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) 119–120
  - 120–120 Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) 120–120
  - 120–121 Support for NGOs 120–121
  - 121–123 Additional measures & bilateral relations 121–123
- 123–133 Morocco’s poitical structure 123–133
  - 123–125 Legitimacy of the King 123–125
  - 125–127 Monopoly over the reform discourse 125–127
  - 127–128 Conservatism and tolerance 127–128
  - 128–131 Weak political opposition 128–131
  - 131–133 Marginalization 131–133
- 133–134 Conclusion 133–134
135–182 Chapter 6: U. S. Policy in practice: Conceptual framework applied 135–182
- 135–141 Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign poicy: Middle East 135–141
  - 135–137 U. S. exceptionalism 135–137
  - 137–141 When idealism and realism merge 137–141
- 141–143 Idealism and assumptions in U. S. foreign policy: Morocco 141–143
  - 141–142 U. S. exceptionalism 141–142
  - 142–143 When idealism and realism merge 142–143
- 143–150 Competing interests: Middle East 143–150
  - 143–145 Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism 143–145
  - 145–149 Policy implementation and practical obstacles 145–149
  - 149–150 NGOs and structural challenges 149–150
- 150–158 Competing interests: Morocco 150–158
  - 150–152 Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism 150–152
  - 152–154 Policy implementation and practical obstacles 152–154
  - 154–156 Bureaucrats, incentives and structures 154–156
  - 156–158 NGOs and structural challenges 156–158
- 158–172 Contested development theories: Middle East 158–172
  - 158–160 Expectations of the role of outsiders 158–160
  - 160–172 Pre-requisites for democracy? 160–172
- 172–181 Contested development theories: Morocco 172–181
  - 172–173 Expectation of the role of outsiders 172–173
  - 173–181 Pre-requisites for democracy? 173–181
- 181–182 Conclusion 181–182
183–192 Conclusion 183–192
- 183–185 A fundamental change? 183–185
- 185–188 Obstacles to poicy implementation 185–188
- 188–192 Outlook 188–192
193–198 Appendices 193–198
199–216 Bibliography 199–216

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