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Internet and New Technologies Law / Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities
Internet and New Technologies Law / Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities
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Chapter
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Authors
Page
1–4
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–4
Details
5–12
Introduction
5–12
Details
13–32
The Future is Digital
13–32
13–13
1. The IGF and its role in the global digital diplomacy
13–13
Details
14–20
2. The IGF 2021 priorities as stated by the MAG
14–20
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2.1. Main Focus Areas – overview
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2.1.1. Economic and social inclusion and human rights
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2.1.2. Universal access and meaningful connectivity
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2.2. Emerging and Cross-cutting Issues – overview
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2.2.2. Environmental sustainability and climate change
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2.2.3. Inclusive IG ecosystems and digital cooperation
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2.2.4. Trust, security, stability
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21–25
3. Challenges for the global digital dialogue
21–25
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3.1. What and how to regulate in the world of technology?
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3.2. What and how to finance in the world of technologies?
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3.3. Technologies and sustainable development
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26–26
4. The new skills needed
26–26
Details
27–28
5. Digitalising our way into a post-pandemic recovery
27–28
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29–30
6. How the IGF’s current format aligns with the challenges ahead
29–30
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31–32
7. Looking forward
31–32
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35–116
Section One. Internet, New Technologies and the Society
35–116
35–42
Connecting Law to New Technologies: Perspectives and Challenges
Alexandre Cavalcanti Andrade de Araújo
Alexandre Cavalcanti Andrade de Araújo
35–42
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. New Technologies - The Future of Law
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3. Conclusion
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43–58
The Changing Nature of the Consumer in the Digital Reality
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska
43–58
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1. Introduction
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2. The triggers of the change
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2.1 Departing from sales contract
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2.2 Departing from the off-line world
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3. Changes in the notion of a consumer
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4. Changes in consumer model
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5. Conclusions
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59–74
Risky Business: Legal Implications of Emerging Technologies Affecting Consumers of Financial Services
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring
59–74
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1. Introduction
Details
2. The Technologies: Characteristics and Use in Financial Services
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2.1. Emerging Technologies Used by Financial Services Firms
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2.2. Use of AI and Big Data in Retail Financial Services
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2.3. (Concerning) Characteristics of the Technologies
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3. Challenges to Financial Law and Regulation
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3.1. Overview of Potential Consumer Harms
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3.2. Algorithmic Bias and Discrimination
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3.3. Excessive Data Collection
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3.4. Digital Consumer Manipulation
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3.5. Personalisation of Financial Services
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4. Conclusions
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75–88
New Technologies as Exclusion Instrument in the Social Security System. The Brazilian Covid-19 Pandemic Case
Renato Bernardi, Heloísa Pancotti
Renato Bernardi, Heloísa Pancotti
75–88
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Introduction
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1.1 The social political context.
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1.2 The social security context:
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1.3 The first global risk to the social security system at the XXI century: What came up?
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1.4 The digital inclusion challenge in Brazil
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Conclusions
Details
89–100
The Future of e-Voting. Some Remarks from the Perspective of the Polish Law
Beata Stępień-Załucka
Beata Stępień-Załucka
89–100
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1. Introduction
Details
2. Definition of e-voting
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3. Standards and regulations that e-voting has to face
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4. Threats connected with introduction of e-voting.
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5. Summary
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101–116
Regulation and Control of Algorithmic Codes – a Necessity of our Times (?)
Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski
Ewa Rott-Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczynski
101–116
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1. Introduction
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2. Control over codes at EU level
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3. Artificial Intelligence Act & Council of Europe
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3.1. General remarks
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3.2. A risk-based approach
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3.3. Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Act
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3.4. The Council of Europe's role in regulating algorithmic codes
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4. Conclusions
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119–238
Section Two. Internet, New Technologies and the Justice System
119–238
119–128
The Legal Tech and the Legal Profession – the New Technology Enters the Lawyers’ Offices
Fryderyk Zoll
Fryderyk Zoll
119–128
Details
1. New technology impacts the way in which the legal profession operates
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1.1. The AI-supported decision-making
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1.2. New business model
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2. The ethical challenge
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2.1. Confidentiality
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2.2. Conflict of interests
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2.3. Acting based on the professional skills and knowledge
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3. Changing the legal education of lawyers in the AI-age
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4. Conclusions
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129–144
The Impact of Law Tech on the Future of Lawyers
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer
129–144
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1. Introduction
Details
2. New Means of Production
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3. Hybrid Disruption Through Lawtech
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4. New Challenges Posed by the Use of AI
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5. Innovation as a Must on the Long Run
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145–158
A Quest for Technological Competence: Raising the Bar
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada
145–158
Details
159–172
The Road to Modern Judiciary. Why New Technologies Can Modernise the Administration of Justice?
Mariusz Załucki
Mariusz Załucki
159–172
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1. Introduction
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2. The current state and recent developments in the judiciary
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3. Selected solutions from around the world
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4. Towards the modernisation of the judiciary (instead of a conclusion)
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173–196
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Justice
Wilfried Bernhardt
Wilfried Bernhardt
173–196
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1. Introduction
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2. Definition of AI
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3. Stages of development of IT support for the judiciary
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4. AI support for the judiciary and prosecution authorities
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4.1 Categories
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4.1.1 Information Retrieval, Data Extraction
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4.1.2 Automated analysis and statistical evaluation of sentencing considerations in criminal judgments.
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4.1.3 Use of AI for criminal investigative services to detect child pornography and child abuse.
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4.1.4 Use of AI to categorize offenders
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4.1.5 Automated Translation
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4.1.6 Anonymizing court judgments
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4.1.7 Interaction
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4.1.8 Further possibilities of AI use in the judiciary
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4.2 Use of AI by the European Union
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5. Legal assessment of the use of artificial intelligence in the judiciary
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5.1 GDPR
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5.2 Principles of national constitutions, European Charter of Fundamental Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
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5.2.1 Constitutional principles that suggest the use of artificial intelligence
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5.2.2 Principles that could oppose the use of AI
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(1) Right to human dignity
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(2) Principle of non-discrimination
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(3) Principle of the natural and independent judge
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(4) The right to an effective remedy
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(5) Fair trial
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(6) Right to the legal judge
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(7) Transparency principle
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(8) Principle of the right to be heard
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6. European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
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7. Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence.
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8. Conclusion
Details
197–208
Towards a Right to Digital Justice? The Constitutionalization of Digital Justice in Mexico
Mauro Arturo Rivera León, Rodrigo E. Galán Martínez
Mauro Arturo Rivera León, Rodrigo E. Galán Martínez
197–208
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. A Forced Transition: Online Justice at the Federal Level
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3. The Constitutionalization of Digital Justice: A Future Fundament Right or a Characterization of Justice in Mexico?
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4. More Challenges than Certainties: A Provisional Conclusion
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209–238
Online Dispute Resolution and the Form of an Arbitration Agreement
Przemysław Polański, Jacek Gołaczyński
Przemysław Polański, Jacek Gołaczyński
209–238
Details
Introduction
Details
Part I. Online Dispute Resolution
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1) Complaint form
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2) Collection and retention of personal data contained in the complaint
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3) Pre-dispute information
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4) Handling of the case by the ODR entity
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Part II. Arbitration covenant. The concept
Details
241–334
Section Three. Internet, New Technologies and Sustainable Development
241–334
241–254
Digitally Transforming the Web into an EcoSphere of EcoSystems
Charlie Northrup
Charlie Northrup
241–254
Details
1. Beyond the Web
Details
2. Lack of a universal self-validating/authenticating membership model
Details
3. Disintermediating the Intermediaries
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4. Disintermediating the Web Browser
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5. The Benefits of Membership
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6. We are at the beginning of the beginning
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7. Fiefdoms to Hyperconnectivity
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8. The Need for a New Framework
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9. The Transformation
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10. MultiKey Infrastructure (MKI)
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11. Summary
Details
255–274
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and ist Influence Upon the Internal Context of Brazilian Companies
Felipe Garcia Teló, Ricardo Pinha Alonso
Felipe Garcia Teló, Ricardo Pinha Alonso
255–274
Details
Introduction
Details
2. Compliance
Details
2.1. Definition
Details
2.2. Modalities
Details
3. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
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3.1. Historical Context
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3.2. General Background
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3.3. Main dispositions
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4. The impact of the Sarbanes Oxley Act upon Brazilian companies
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4.1. Case study 1: Enel Distribution Ceara (EDC)
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4.2. Case study 2: Petrobras
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5. Conclusion
Details
275–294
Eco Smart City Method of Promoting Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Development in an Industralised and Digitalized Society
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja
275–294
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. SDG Background and History
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3. Intersections of the SDGs and Eco Smart Cities
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SDG 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere
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SDG 2 – end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
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SDG 3 – ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
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SDG 4 – ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
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SDG 6 – ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
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SDG 7 – ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
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SDG 8 – promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
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SDG 9 – build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
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SDG 11 – make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
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SDG 13 – take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts & SDG 15 – protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertificati...
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SDG 16 – promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutional at all levels
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SDG 17 – strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
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4. Conclusion
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295–318
Criminal Liability in the Context of the Functioning of a Smart City
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak
295–318
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1. Introduction
Details
2. Assumptions of the smart city concept
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2.1. Smart city and the 2030 Agenda
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2.2. Smart areas
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3. Selected technological issues
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4. Basic problems of liability of smart city component users
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4.1. Concepts of attribution of responsibility for a result to a human
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4.1.1. Decision loop
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4.1.2. Trustworthy artificial intelligence
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4.1.3. Human-Centered Automation
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4.2. The question of full autonomy of systems
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4.3. Scope of responsibilities of system users
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5. Selected specific problems of criminal liability of users of smart city components
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5.1. Man-in-the-loop
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5.2. Man-on-the-loop
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6. Conclusion
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319–334
The Use of Governance and Mediation for Disaster Prevention and Environmental Risk Management
Gabriela Soldano Garcez, Renata Soares Bonavides
Gabriela Soldano Garcez, Renata Soares Bonavides
319–334
Details
Introduction
Details
2. Social and Environmental Responsibility of Companies
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3. The Contribution of Environmental Compliance to the Reach of the Sustainable Development Goal 17
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3.1. Mediation as an instrument of compliance and prevention of environmental disasters: Negotiated conflict resolution strategy for environmental risk management, through governance
Details
4. Conclusions
Details
337–432
Section Four. Internet, New Technologies and Privacy
337–432
337–360
Privacy by Design – Searching for the Balance Between Privacy, Personal Data Protection and Development of Artificial Intelligence Systems
Zanda Davida, Dominik Lubasz
Zanda Davida, Dominik Lubasz
337–360
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Concepts of privacy by design and data protection by design
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3. Functional use of data protection by design model in the design of AI systems
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4. Training
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5. Requirements
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6. Design
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7. Coding
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8. Testing
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9. Release
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10. Maintenance
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11. Summary and conclusions
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361–380
Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities
Hongyu Fu, Chong Liu
Hongyu Fu, Chong Liu
361–380
Details
1. Privacy by Design: Principles and Its Application in EU and U.S.
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1.1 Introduction of Privacy by Design and Its Foundational Principles
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1.2 An Overview of the Application of Private by Design in EU and U.S.
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2. Private by Design in China
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2.1 The Chinese Legal Regime of Digital Privacy Protection
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2.1.1 China’s Coordinated Legislative Approach to Digital Privacy Protection
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2.1.2 China’s Recent Endeavor to a Unified Digital Privacy Protection Law
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2.1.3 Supplementing Rules to Digital Privacy Legislation
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2.2 The Application of Private by Design under Current China’s Digital Privacy Protection Laws
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2.2.1 The “Proactive not Reactive” Principle Is Embodied in the Chinese Criminal and Administrative Legislations
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2.2.2 The “Privacy as the Default Setting” Principle Is Embodied in the Relevant Stipulations on Mobile Internet Application Program (APP).
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2.2.3 The Principles of “Privacy Embedded into Design” and “Full Lifecycle Protection” are Applied in The Civil Code and The Cybersecurity Law
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2.2.4 The Full Functionality Principle Is Applied in The Civil Code and The Personal Information Protection Law.
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2.2.5 The Visibility and Transparency Principle Is Embodied in Preliminary Informing and Later-stage Processing.
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2.2.6 The Keep It User-Centric Principle Is Applied in Confirming Users’ Right by Laws and Regulations.
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3. Application of Privacy by Design in China’s Smart Cities, with A Case Study of Face Recognition Technology
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3.1 China’s Smart City Building and the Entailed Privacy Concerns
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3.2 The General Application of Privacy by Design in China’s Smart Cities
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3.3 Case Study: Applying Privacy by Design in Face Recognition Technology
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4. Conclusion
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381–392
Cloud Computing Issues: A Possible Solution
Maddalena Castellani, Roberto Giacobazzi, Cesare Triberti
Maddalena Castellani, Roberto Giacobazzi, Cesare Triberti
381–392
Details
1. Cloud Computing, Outsourcing
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2. Features of the Services
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3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
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4. Legal Aspects: Security and Risk in Cloud Computing
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5. A Possible Solution
Details
393–404
Liability of Hosting ISPs: the Czech Perspective
Matěj Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica
Matěj Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica
393–404
Details
Introduction
Details
1. Transposition of the E-commerce Directive and the System of Safe Harbours
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2. Establishing the Liability of ISPs
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3. Conclusion and Outlook
Details
405–432
Cybersecurity Resilience in Digital Society – the Practical Approach
E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, M. Amanowicz, A. Wronska, P. Kostkiewicz
E. Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, M. Amanowicz, A. Wronska, P. Kostkiewicz
405–432
Details
1. Introduction
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2. Society Resilience
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3. ICT threats and vulnerabilities
Details
4. Cybersecurity protection methods and defence systems
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Malware and security incidents detection techniques
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Early warnings of cyber threats
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DDoS defence systems
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Prevention of fraud in electronic transactions
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5. Global situational awareness
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6. Conformity assessment and certification
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7. Future perspectives and open issues
Details
433–444
Conclusions and Recommendations for the UN Community
433–444
433–433
Krzysztof Szubert:
433–433
Details
Section One
Details
434–434
Monika Jagielska, Monika Namysłowska, Aneta Wiewiórowska-Domagalska:
434–434
Details
434–434
Zofia Bednarz, Kayleen Manwaring:
434–434
Details
435–435
Heloísa Helena Silva Pancotti, Renato Bernardi:
435–435
Details
435–435
Ewa Rott Pietrzyk, Dariusz Szostek, Marek Świerczyński:
435–435
Details
Section Two
Details
436–436
Fryderyk Zoll:
436–436
Details
436–436
Gabriela Bar, Silvia A. Carretta, Shobana Iyer:
436–436
Details
437–437
Doug Surtees, Craig Zawada:
437–437
Details
437–437
Wilfried Bernhardt:
437–437
Details
438–438
Mariusz Załucki:
438–438
Details
Section Three
Details
438–438
Charlie Northrup:
438–438
Details
439–440
Alexandra R. Harrington, Magdalena Stryja:
439–440
Details
441–441
Wojciech Filipkowski, Rafał Rejmaniak:
441–441
Details
Section Four
Details
441–441
Maddalena Castellani, Cesare Triberti, Roberto Giacobazzi:
441–441
Details
442–442
Matej Myška, Pavel Koukal, Zuzana Vlachová, Ondřej Woznica:
442–442
Details
442–444
Niewiadomska-Szynkiewicz, Amanowicz, Wrońska, Kostkiewicz:
442–444
Details
445–458
About the Authors
445–458
Details
459–479
Bibliography
459–479
Details
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Internet and New Technologies Law , page 361 - 380
Privacy by Design in China’s Digital Privacy Laws and its Application in Smart Cities
Autoren
Hongyu Fu
Chong Liu
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748926979-361
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8307-6
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2697-9
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748926979-361
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