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Constitutional Review in the Middle East and North Africa / Islamic Sharia in the Legal Orders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Constitutional Review in the Middle East and North Africa / Islamic Sharia in the Legal Orders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
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11–32
Introduction
11–32
Mapping Constitutional Review in the Middle East and North Africa: Historic Developments and Comparative Remarks
Anja Schoeller-Schletter
Anja Schoeller-Schletter
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1. Introduction: Mapping constitutional review – the project
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2. Overview of historic developments, legal traditions, and the models for constitutional review
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2.1. Historic ties, legal traditions and the models for constitutional review
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2.2. The trend to concentrated a posteriori constitutional review
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3. The rise of constitutional review as an instrument
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3.1. The limits of abstract, a priori, non-judicial constitutional review: From constitutional councils to constitutional courts
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3.2. Strong courts building tradition
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4. Constitutional review revisited
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4.1. New names, new procedures: Pending implementation
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4.2. More cases, more work: The challenge of filtering and accessibility
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4.3. Jurisdiction for comparative analysis
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5. Summary and outlook
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33–92
Part I: Constitutional Review and Judicial Independence
33–92
33–46
The Appointment of the Members of the Algerian Constitutional Council
Wissam Benyettou
Wissam Benyettou
33–46
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1. Introduction
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2. The procedure for the appointment of members of the Constitutional Council
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3. Eligibility criteria
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4. Profiles of members of the Constitutional Council
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5. Limited term of office
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6. The impact of the composition of the Constitutional Council on its decision-making process
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7. Controversies around members of the Constitutional Council
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8. The Constitutional Council in the middle of the Algerian political crisis
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9. Conclusion
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47–60
The Independence of Constitutional Judges: The Case of Jordan
Sufian Obeidat
Sufian Obeidat
47–60
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1. Introduction
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2. Constitutional context
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2.1. System of government and the executive
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2.2. The legislative
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2.3. The judiciary
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2.4. Recent amendments
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3. Political context
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3.1. An unaccountable monarch
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3.2. Legislative and political parties undermined
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3.3. An undermined judiciary
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4. History of constitutional review
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4.1. The High Tribunal
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4.2. Diffused constitutional review
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4.3. The Judicial Council
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5. The Constitutional Court
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5.1. Mode of nomination and appointment
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5.2. Term and removal
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6. Conclusion
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61–76
Guarantees and Challenges of Judicial Independence: The Constitutional Courts of Kuwait and Bahrain as Case Studies
Salma Waheedi
Salma Waheedi
61–76
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1. Introduction
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2. Kuwait
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2.1. The constitutional and legal framework
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2.2. Legal and institutional challenges
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3. Bahrain
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3.1. The constitutional and legal framework
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3.2. Legal and institutional challenges
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4. Conclusions
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77–92
Constitutional Courts and Supreme Courts: A Difficult Relationship
Rainer Grote
Rainer Grote
77–92
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1. Introduction
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2. The delimitation of the respective functions of constitutional and ordinary courts: the point of departure
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3. The growing overlap of functions between the constitutional court and the ordinary judiciary: contributing factors
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4. Conflict and cooperation in practice: a comparative survey
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4.1. Germany
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4.2. Italy
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4.3. Spain
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4.4. France
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5. Conclusion
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93–208
Part II: Constitutional Review Procedures
93–208
93–118
Constitutional Review in Algeria Following the 2016 Reform: With Particular Reference to the “Exception of Unconstitutionality”
Francesco Biagi
Francesco Biagi
93–118
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1. Introduction
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2. Constitutional review of legislation in Algeria: Origins, developments and weaknesses
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3. The 2016 reform and the strengthening of the Constitutional Council’s position
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4. The “exception of unconstitutionality”
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4.1. The introduction of a “double-filter” system
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4.2. Who is entitled to raise an exception of unconstitutionality?
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4.3. The parameter for constitutional review
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4.4. The conditions that must be met in order to raise an exception of unconstitutionality
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4.5. The effects of the Constitutional Council’s decisions
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5. Concluding remarks
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119–136
Lebanon’s Constitutional Council: Access Blocked to Protect the Consensus System?
Nizar Saghieh
Nizar Saghieh
119–136
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1. Introduction
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2. The Constitutional Council established in the image of the consensus system
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2.1. Constitutional taboos to immunize the comprehensive consensus system
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2.2. The Constitutional Council’s composition and the means of appointing its members
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2.3. The Constitutional Council’s powers
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3. The Constitutional Council’s perceptions of its role under the consensus system
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3.1. The taboos before the Constitutional Council
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3.2. Consensus laws that obviously contravene the Constitution
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4. Conclusion
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137–160
The Kuwaiti Constitutional Court and its Role in Protecting the Fundamental Liberties
Fawaz Almutairi
Fawaz Almutairi
137–160
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1. Introduction
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2. Procedures of filing constitutional motions concerning fundamental liberties
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2.1. The body concerned with hearing the appeal of unconstitutionality
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2.2. Referral by ordinary trial courts
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2.3. Appeal before the Appeals Review Committee
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2.4. Direct complaint before the Constitutional Court
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2.5. Direct appeal by government and National Assembly
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2.6. Binding force of the decision rendered by Constitutional Court
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3. Positive constitutional decisions with respect to the protection of fundamental liberties
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3.1. Decisions of the Constitutional Court relating to the application of Islamic sharia
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3.1.1. The decision of the Constitutional Court regarding hijab of two members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly
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3.1.2. The ruling of the Constitutional Court regarding the right of a woman to travel and extract a passport without the consent of her husband
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3.2. The Court’s position on legislation affecting the right to equality
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3.2.1. The Court’s ruling regarding the equality of women in the housing allowance with men
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3.2.2. Ruling on depriving women of housing allowance because of the husband’s benefit by housing care
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4. Conclusion
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161–188
Constitutional Review after the Arab Spring: Reforms, Challenges and Perspectives
Francesco Biagi
Francesco Biagi
161–188
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1. Introduction
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2. Constitutional review bodies before the Arab Spring: Weak defenders of constitutionalism
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3. Constitutional review in post-2011 Arab constitutions: Reforms, models and external influences
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3.1. A limited strengthening of the independence of constitutional review bodies
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3.2. The shift towards a “judicialization” of constitutional review bodies
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3.3. The broadening of access
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3.4. The expansion of jurisdiction
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4. Challenges and perspectives
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189–208
Integrating or Polarising? How to Promote Integrative Decision-Making in Constitutional Courts
Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff
Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff
189–208
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1. Integrative courts and polarising courts
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2. Cultures of deliberation and the institutional frameworks that shape them
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2.1. Common-law and civil-law rules of decision-making
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2.1.1. Two historical models: seriatim and per curiam decision-making
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2.1.2. Mutual approximation of seriatim and per curiam proceedings
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2.1.3. The overlooked remaining difference: Majority requirements
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2.1.4. Hybrid regimes
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2.1.5. Consequences of a majority requirement for reasons
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2.2. Other relevant factors
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209–270
Part III: Control of Elections and Electoral Laws
209–270
209–228
Judicial Review of Elections: The Egyptian Experience
Yussef Auf
Yussef Auf
209–228
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1. Introduction
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2. Electoral laws: The Supreme Constitutional Court
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2.1. The SCC post-enactment judicial review for electoral laws
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2.1.1. The constitutionality of laws on parliament
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2.1.2. Judicial administration for elections
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2.1.3. Dual nationality
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2.2. The Supreme Constitutional Court’s pre-enactment judicial review for electoral laws
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3. Electoral disputes
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3.1. The administrative judiciary (State Council)
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3.2. The Court of Cassation
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4. National Elections Commission
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4. Concluding remarks
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229–258
The Extent of the Authority of the Constitutional Court of Kuwait to Annul an Elected Parliament: The Cases of the 2012 Parliaments
Fawaz Almutairi
Fawaz Almutairi
229–258
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1. Introduction
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2. The authority empowered to examine elections
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2.1. The National Assembly’s competence to examine the electoral disputes
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2.2. The basis of Constitutional Court’s competence to examine the electoral appeals
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3. Excluding Parliament from effecting the formation of the Constitutional Court
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3.1. The method of selecting the Constitutional Court members:
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3.2. The government's power to influence the selection of the Constitutional Court’s members by decrees of appointment
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4. The methods of case proceeding in the electoral appeals:
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5. Constitutional Court’s decisions and their impact on the electoral system
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5.1. Constitutional challenges regarding articles of the Election Law, the division of electoral districts, or decrees related to the electoral process
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The first case: The nullification of parliamentary election of February 2012.
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The second case: The Constitutional Court’s decision rejecting the unconstitutionality of Law 42 of 2006
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The third case: The nullification of parliamentary elections of December 2012
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5.2. The consequences of Constitutional Court’s decision declared unconstitutionality of decrees related to the electoral process
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6. Appeals Examination Committee and its authority on constitutional challenges
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6.1. The period before amending the Constitutional Court’s establishment law
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6.2. The period after amending the Constitutional Court’s Establishment Law
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7. Conclusion
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259–270
Challenging the Validity of Membership of the House of Representatives in Jordan
Laith K. Nasrawin
Laith K. Nasrawin
259–270
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1. Introduction
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2. Challenging the legitimacy of membership of the Jordanian Parliament
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3. Challenging the constitutionality of membership of the Jordanian Parliament
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4. Conclusion
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271–376
Part IV: Role of Religious Law in the Constitutional Order
271–376
271–290
Religious References in the Constitutions of the Arab World: Islamization of the Constitution or Constitutionalization of Religion?
Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron
Nathalie Bernard-Maugiron
271–290
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1. Introduction
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2. Islam and the state’s identity
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2.1. References to Islam as the religion of the state
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2.2. Other types of religious references to the organization of the state
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2.2.1. The head of state
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2.2.2. Interference of religious bodies in the political field
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2.2.3. Effects of these provisions on the political organization of the State
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3. References to the normative value of the sharia
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3.1. Constitutional references to the sharia
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3.2. Meanings of normativity of the sharia
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3.3. Sharia in the legal systems of the Arab states
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4. Conclusion
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291–306
The Allocation of Power between Religious and Secular Authorities in Egypt
Adel Omar Sherif
Adel Omar Sherif
291–306
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1. Introduction: Religion v. state - A deep-rooted struggle
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2. Who decides the law in Muslim communities? An ongoing struggle
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3. Modern constitutional structures require participation of many actors in the lawmaking process
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4. The role of the religious authority in Egypt: From supremacy to declination
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5. Constitutional deference to Islamic sharia in Egypt responding to a 20th century’s regional call
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6. Egyptian society signifies high-level of religiosity
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7. Gradual declination of the applicability of the sharia
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8. Islamic states with secular practices
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9. Article 2 of the Constitution and the supremacy of the sharia
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10. Many actors are there, but are they influential?
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11. The final authority in deciding Islamic norms does not belong to the religious actors
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12. The rule of the Muslim Brotherhood: An unsuccessful attempt to raise the power of the clergies
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13. How the law is finally articulated? The supremacy of the constitutional jurisdiction as to defining Islamic law
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14. Three major foundations in deciding Islamic norms
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15. Conclusion: The role of the state, and that of the SCC, supersede the role of the religious actors in defining the law
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307–328
Islamic Sharia in the Legal Orders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Salma Waheedi
Salma Waheedi
307–328
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1. Introduction
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2. Saudi Arabia
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2.1. Sharia in the constitutional and legal framework
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2.2. Islamic sharia and the judiciary
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2.3. Religious freedoms
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3. Kuwait
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3.1. Sharia in the constitutional and legal framework
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3.2. Islamic sharia and the Judiciary
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3.3. Religious freedoms
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329–344
The Changing Constitutional Framework of Church-State Relations in Europe
Rainer Grote
Rainer Grote
329–344
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1. Introduction: The centrality of the state-church relationship to the constitutional systems of European states
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2. Regulation of the state-church relationship in European constitutions
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3. Perseverance of constitutional regulations of the state-church relationship
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4. The shift from an institutional to a rights-based approach: The growing influence of human rights law
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5. The new challenge: Genuine religious equality in religiously heterogeneous societies
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6. Conclusion: The elusive goal of religious equality
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345–376
The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on Sharia Law
Angelika Nußberger, Rike Sinder
Angelika Nußberger, Rike Sinder
345–376
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1. Introduction
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2. The case-law on Muslims and Islamic Law
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2.1. Scepticism and incompatibilities between the convention philosophy and Islam
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2.1.1. Critical assessment of sharia in the political context
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2.1.2. Neutral assessment of sharia in inheritance and family law
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2.1.3. Cautious approach to sharia in freedom-of-religion cases
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2.2. Openness towards a world view based on Islam
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2.2.1. Islam v. Islamism in freedom-of-speech-cases
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2.2.2. The protection of religious groups against hate speech
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2.2.2.1. The Court’s jurisprudence on hate speech against Muslims
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2.2.2.2. The Court’s jurisprudence on hate speech against Christians
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Creative or artistic expression
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Journalistic or scholarly religiously offensive speech
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2.2.3. Criticism and context
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3. Protection of religious pluralism in a difficult environment
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3.1. Plurality of state-religion models in Europe
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3.2. Protection of democracy as priority
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4. Conclusion
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377–405
Annex
377–405
377–402
Constitutional Courts and Councils in the Middle East and North Africa: Basic Facts and Figures
Anja Schoeller-Schletter, Robert Poll
Anja Schoeller-Schletter, Robert Poll
377–402
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1. Algeria: Constitutional Council / المجلس الدستوري
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1.1. Organization
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1.2. Jurisdiction
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1.3. Procedures
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1.4. Decisions
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2. Bahrain: Constitutional Court / المحكمة الدستورية
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2.1. Organization
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2.2. Jurisdiction
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2.3. Procedures
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2.4. Decisions
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3. Egypt: Supreme Constitutional Court / المحكمـــة الدستوريـــة العليــا
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3.1. Organization
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3.2. Jurisdiction
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3.3. Procedures
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3.4. Decisions
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4. Iraq: Federal Supreme Court / المحكمة الاتحادية العليا
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4.1. Organization
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4.2. Jurisdiction
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4.3. Procedures
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4.4. Decisions
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5. Jordan: Constitutional Court / المحكمة الدستورية
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5.1. Organization
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5.2. Jurisdiction
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5.3. Procedures
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5.4. Decisions
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6. Kuwait: Constitutional Court / المحكمة الدستورية
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6.1. Organization
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6.2. Jurisdiction
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6.3. Procedures
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6.4. Decisions
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7. Lebanon: Constitutional Council / المجلس الدستوري
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7.1. Organization
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7.2. Jurisdiction
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7.3. Procedures
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7.4. Decisions
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8. Mauritania: Constitutional Council / المجلس الدستوري
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8.1. Organization
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8.2. Jurisdiction
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8.3. Procedures
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8.4. Decisions
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9. Morocco: Constitutional Court / المحكمة الدستورية
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9.1. Organization
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9.2. Jurisdiction
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9.3. Procedures
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9.4. Decisions
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10. Palestine: Supreme Constitutional Court / المحكمـــة الدستوريـــة العليــا
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10.1. Organization
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10.2. Jurisdiction
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10.3. Procedures
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10.4. Decisions
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11. Tunisia: Constitutional Court / المحكمة الدستورية
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11.1. Organization
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11.2. Jurisdiction
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11.3. Procedures
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11.4. Decisions
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403–405
List of Authors
403–405
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Constitutional Review in the Middle East and North Africa , page 307 - 328
Islamic Sharia in the Legal Orders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Autoren
Salma Waheedi
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748912019-307
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-7151-6
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-1201-9
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