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Election Campaigns and Voter Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System

Harald Schoen, Hans Rattinger, Maria Preißinger, Konstantin Gavras, Markus Steinbrecher

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 33 2016

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Appendix A: Question wording and construction of variables S. 235-244

„… between panel waves because waves one to six took place before election day and wave seven started shortly …” „… after election day. The concepts are listed in alphabetical order and divided into three blocks …” „… . Questions: Waves one to six: “You have two votes in the federal election. The first vote is for a candidate …”

1. Introduction S. 15-41

„… Introduction Perspectives on voting behavior in the 2009 and 2013 elections In the 2009 and 2013 …” „… elections Germany witnessed the highest levels of inter-election volatility after unification. It somewhat …” „… ; Saalfeld and Schoen 2015). In the 2009 election the SPD’s sharp electoral decline and the FDP’s success at …”

7. Conclusion S. 208-220

„… less involved citizens to search for election-specific information in order to make a good decision …” „… 7. Conclusion In the 2009 and 2013 elections inter-election volatility reached higher levels than …” „… in any German federal election after unification. This observation squares well with the dealignment …”

References S. 221-234

„… , 28: 248-260. Aldrich, John H./Simon, Dennis M. 1986. Turnout in American National Elections. In: Long …” „… Interest Furthers Partisanship in England, Scotland, and Wales. In: Journal of Elections, Public Opinion …” „… . Banducci, Susan A./Karp, Jeffrey. 2003. How Elections Change the Way Citizens View the Political System …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Nomos Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung 33 Election Campaigns and Voter …” „… Decision-Making in a Multi-Party System The 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections Schoen | Rattinger …” „… .indd 2 23.01.17 13:07 2.Auflage The 2009 and 2013 German Federal Elections Election Campaigns and …”

4. The campaign dynamics of turnout and party choice S. 120-146

„… The campaign dynamics of turnout and party choice Introduction Elections are about voting behavior …” „… either analyzed the wrong attitudes or the approaching election day leads to crystallization of unchanged …” „… that of turnout. Turnout Election campaigns aim at mobilizing voters. It is thus a straightforward …”

5. Campaign effects on turnout at the individual level S. 147-170

„… clarifies that exposure to campaign-specific channels of communication with election-specific messages …” „… examine the factors driving individual turnout changes during the 2009 and 2013 federal election campaigns …” „… this hypothesis: In a post-election survey people had to recall their turnout in the recent election …”

6. Campaign effects on party choice at the individual level S. 171-207

„… preceding the 2009 and 2013 elections mattered much for many voters’ electoral decision-making. In both …” „… years half of the respondents did not stick to their initial vote choice until election day. The results …” „… re-election. Given a multi-party system, however, it is not as straightforward to expect substantial effects …”

2. How voters perceived the campaigns S. 42-84

„… source of election-related messages because parties intend it to influence voters. Proceeding from this …” „… (Rattinger et al. 2014a) reveal considerably lower proportions of respondents using any election-specific …” „… candidates for chancellor in the run-up to the election, alongside with townhall-like meetings provided …”

3. The campaign dynamics of participatory and partisan attitudes S. 85-119

„… various elections (e.g., Karp and Banducci 2008). Satisfaction with democracy refers to citizens’ general …” „… option fits best with their preferences. 28 In both elections average interest in the outcome of the …” „… election was by .15 to .20 higher than average campaign interest. Leaving aside differences in overall …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845273228

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Atlas of the 2020 Elections

Robert H. Watrel (ed.), Kimberly Johnson Maier (ed.), Ryan Weichelt (ed.), Fiona M. Davidson (ed.), John Heppen (ed.), Erin H. Fouberg (ed.), J. Clark Archer (ed.), Richard Morrill (ed.), Fred M. Shelley (ed.), Kenneth C. Martis (ed.)

2022

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8: State Elections, Local Elections, S. 240-274

„… the 2020 presi-dential election.Yet figure 8.5 perhaps also reflects the slowly shifting attitudes of …” „… ELECTIONKATIE WEICHELTThe 2020 North Carolina gubernatorial and presidential election results proved that voters …” „… ELECTIONRYAN WEICHELTThe 2016 election solidified Wisconsin as a true “purple” state. Having not voted for a …”

2: Primary Elections S. 4-23

„… ▼▼▼▼n 4 nP R I M A R Y E L E C T I O N S2Going into the 2020 election, Republican President Donald …” „… winning his party’s nomination. Thus, this chapter focuses on the Democratic primary elections that led to …” „… two factions of the party continued after Trump defeated Clinton narrowly in the 2016 general election …”

7: Congressional Elections and S. 202-239

„… election.REFERENCESCooney, S. 2018. 2018 Midterm Elections Leads to Historic Wins for Women. Time. https://time .com …” „… legislators to rally around the Democratic can-didate for president in the 2020 election.Using political …” „… Court only days before the November 3 election.After polls closed on November 3, 2020, Democrats inched …”

10: The 2020 Election and Beyond S. 288-291

„… ▼▼▼▼n 288 n10 T H E 2 0 2 0 E L E C T I O N A N D B E Y O N DTHE 2020 ELECTION: LOOKING BEYOND …” „… election as an LNO (like none other) phenomenon. This is not only because of the “topsy- turvyness” of the …” „… year itself, but what transpired in 2021 and what may lie ahead. As the election year evolved it became …”

Preface S. i-x

„… (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Presidents—United States—Election—2020—Maps. | Elections—United States—Maps …” „… . | Elections—United States—Statistics—Maps. | Voting—United States—Maps. | Political campaigns—United …” „… , editor, cartographer.Title: Atlas of the 2020 elections / edited by Robert H. Watrel, J. Clark Archer …”

11: Technical Issues, Data, and Mapping S. 292-298

„… elections.Published editorial endorsements by newspa-pers are sought eagerly by presidential candidates to increase …” „… &election_full=true (last accessed June 24, 2021).Federal Election Commission. 2020. Presidential Candidate Data …” „… KIMBERLY JOHNSON MAIERCreation of the Atlas of the 2020 Elections involved the assembly and refinement of …”

4: Outcomes S. 57-120

„… considered the most iconic in a swing state in a swing election.Examination of maps of state- and county …” „… 2020 ELECTION WITH PAST ELECTIONSHow did the geographic distribution of popular votes in the 2020 …” „… ELECTIONSHistorically, the county- level patterns of votes in presidential elections in the late nineteenth and early …”

index S. 299-306

„… eigenvalues, 295Eisenhower, Dwight D., 92election-day voting, 26, 118, 133, 237, 276, 290Electoral College, 1 …” „… , 289; donor contributions to campaign, 27–29; election-rigging claims, 26, 224, 282, 290; family …” „… , 244117th Congress, 208, 222, 2241872 election season, 78, 79; 2020 correlation, 81; presidential popular …”

1: Introduction S. 1-3

„… THE 2020 ELECTIONAt the time of the November 2020 election, Presi-dent Trump had been impeached, COVID …” „… impact COVID-19 had on state primary elections.i N T R O d u C T i O N n 3Chapter 3 focuses on the …” „… interpretations about the 2020 election.Chapter 7 focuses on the congressional elec-tions, party affiliation, and …”

5: Regions S. 121-145

„… 5.1. West Virginia Presidential Vote, 1988–2020ElectionPercent Democrat VoteRank in States in Democrat …” „… of US presidential electoral votes, and in the 2020 election Joe Biden won nearly every one of them …” „… elected president. A second prominent 2020 election outcome in the Northeast is that Biden won all …”

9: Postelection Events S. 275-287

„… general election.Voter turnout, for a runoff, was astonishingly robust. Only about 10 percent fewer raw …” „… can still count on a critical mass of college whites in elections.LOOKING FORWARDBecause of their …” „… Electoral College certification of Joe Biden as winner of the 2020 presidential election.The events leading …”

3: The Campaign S. 24-56

„… 3CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES IN THE 2020 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONCHRIS MAIERWith each election, presidential …” „… .gov/data/candidate/P80001571/?cycle=2020&election_full=true (last accessed June 24, 2021).Gabbatt, Adam. 2020. Trump’s …” „… difference between a national election and a federal election.The top map in figure 3.3 shows the numbers of …”

6: Demographics and Identity S. 146-201

„… religion in voting pat-terns in the 2020 presidential election.POPULATION SIZECounties in the United States …” „… election cycle other than the 2008 and 2012 Obama elections.BLACK VOTING BY COUNTYTied to the twin …” „… presidential election.Overall, the 2020 election saw a continua-tion of several long- standing voting patterns …”

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Election Fraud

R. Michael Alvarez (ed.), Thad E. Hall (ed.), Susan D. Hyde (ed.)

2009

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Part Three: Detecting Election Fraud: Techniques and Consequences S. 147-234

Part Two: Measuring Election Fraud: Learning from Observational Data S. 69-146

Part One: Defining Election Fraud: The United States in Comparative Perspective S. 19-68

doi.org/10.5771/9780815701606

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Pennsylvania Elections

John J. Kennedy

2014

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CHAPTER THREE Pennsylvania Gubernatorial Elections S. 87-126

CHAPTER FOUR Pennsylvania Row Office Elections S. 127-182

CHAPTER FIVE Presidential Elections in Pennsylvania S. 183-212

CHAPTER TWO United States Senate Elections in Pennsylvania S. 31-86

doi.org/10.5771/9780761864431

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Wahlkorruption in der Frühen Neuzeit. Electoral Corruption in the Early Modern Period. Corruption électorale au début de l'époque moderne

Maud Harivel (ed.), Florian Schmitz (ed.), Simona Slanicka (ed.)

Series: Zeitsprünge

Volume 23 2019

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M. Harivel Comment désintéresser les élections? S. 18-30

„… Maud Harivel Comment désintéresser les élections? Les mesures anti-fraudes dans la République de …” „… Venise Les élections étaient un mécanisme incontournable au bon fonctionnement de l’aristocratie …” „… électorale afin que les élections soient débarrassées de toute ambition privée pouvant mettre à mal le bien …”

B. Marceau Élection et corruption au monastère S. 115-126

„… Bertrand Marceau Élection et corruption au monastère Le triple scrutin de Cîteaux (1625 …” „… leurs chapitres. Or depuis les intuitions fondatrices de Léo Moulin3, l’importance des élections …” „… pape Clément IV en 12657, l’élection de l’abbé de Cîteaux était assez bien réglée, du moins en théorie …”

C. Rosillo-López The Ancient Roman Way to Win Elections S. 10-17

„… A. Yakobson, Elections and Electioneering in Rome. A Study in the Political System of the Late …” „… Cristina Rosillo-López The Ancient Roman Way to Win Elections Practices and Discourse of Electoral …” „… order to win elections; afterwards, they expected to get benefits from posts in the provinces, where …”

M. Crook, T. Crook Contesting "Corruption" S. 136-148

„… of »free and fair elections« around the world, among them the United Nations and the European Union …” „… reassertion of more traditional, coercive and predemocratic ways of conducting elections. Conversely, the …” „… Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation became an International Norm, Ithaca NY 2011. 2 See most …”

R. Barat Comment "obvier aux brigues"? S. 127-135

„… général tous les trois ans.2 Si les brigues – les pratiques qui sont interdites lors des élections – sont …” „… approche macrohistorique des brigues, qui consisterait à évaluer leur impact sur le résultat des élections …” „… retiennent quatre syndics parmi les huit prétendants qui leur sont proposés. 2 Ces élections sont la …”

D. Raines Les réseaux de mariage du patriciat et la "corruption" du système électoral à Venise S. 31-62

„… , issu du rameau de S. Benetto (1585 – 1675), fut vainqueur après le huitième scrutin pour l’élection …” „… , avaient plus de chances que lui de remporter ces élections.1 Le doge lui-même, nous racontent les …” „… influencer les résultats électoraux. Pour conjurer toute tentative d’interférence avec les élections, l’idée …”

O. Christin Prédiction et corruption S. 63-77

„… Olivier Christin Prédiction et corruption Parier sur l’élection des papes Pour peu que l’on …” „… discussions et des pronostics n’est autre que l’élection pontificale à venir et plus exactement l’évaluation …” „… fait de l’élection du saint Père une occasion triviale de parier, de spéculer, de jouer avec le hasard …”

K. Pražáková Habsburg Empire and French Kingdom in their Struggle for the Polish Crown S. 87-96

„… a free election to find the new ruler. Every noble male could take part in the electoral assembly.1 …” „… hardly persuasion for a Queen. Instead the senators held a free King’s election to choose the best …” „… so the Turks were trying to influence the election´s results. Kemal Beydilli, Die polnischen …”

J.-C. Waquet Conclusion S. 149-156

„… protagoniste. Enfin les élections de l’époque moderne ici examinées sont caractérisées, grosso modo, par trois …” „… prendre en compte, encore, les relations entre mafia et élections dans l’Italie post-unitaire. Toutefois …” „… heureux résultat: l’élection du meilleur, ou supposé tel, par la majorité, ou réputée telle, au service …”

D. Pedemonte Sept ballotes pour un consul S. 78-86

„… Danilo Pedemonte Sept ballotes pour un consul L’élection de Benedetto Luxoro à l’office de consul …” „… , observateur neutre des élections d’août 1760, qui identifia la distribution généreuse d’argent comme étant …” „… la simple élection d’un consul; il s’agit sûrement d’une situation marginale au sein de grandes …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-IV

„… Einleitung 1 Cristina Rosillo-López The Ancient Roman Way to Win Elections. Practices and Discourse of …” „… désintéresser les élections? Les mesures anti-fraudes dans la République de Venise 18 Dorit Raines Les réseaux …” „… doge Domenico Contarini en 1659 31 Olivier Christin Prédiction et corruption. Parier sur l’élection des …”

K. Dufková Between the King and the Estates S. 97-105

„… Kateřina Dufková Between the King and the Estates Elections of the Officials of the Land in Early …” „… significantly from the former practice. Also the institution of elections and all accompanying practices such …” „… political nation represented by the Estates, above all the nobility. An institution of elections was well …”

Notes on Contributors S. 165-168

„… ). He recently published „Les élections que fait le peuple“ (République de Genève, vers 1680 – 1707 …” „… good deal on the Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, notably Elections in the French Revolution, 1789 …” „… Ph.D. thesis he focuses on elections and electoral corruption in early modern Berne. Recent …”

S. Slanička Wahlkorruption, eine politische Herausforderung von der Frühen Neuzeit bis in die Moderne S. 1-9

„… et corruption. Les élections politiques dans la République de Venise (1500 – 1797), Ms. Bern 2016. 3 …” „… Schlögl u. a. (Hg.), Urban Elections and Decision Making in Early Modern Europe, 1500 – 1800, Newcastle …” „… politischen 23 Corinne Péneau (Hg.), Elections et pouvoirs politiques du XIIe au XVIIe siècles, Pompignac …”

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Revolutionary Tunisia

Stefano Pontiggia

2021

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Elections S. 97-124

doi.org/10.5771/9781793646859

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Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen

Isabel Emde

Series: Beiträge zum ausländischen und vergleichenden öffentlichen Recht

Volume 33 2013

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Federal Election Campaign Act S. 54-56

„… Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign ActIm Jahre 1971 wurden auf Bundesebene140 frühere …” „… Reformbestrebungenkonsolidiert und durch den Federal Election Campaign Act (im Folgenden FECA) ersetzt. Eine Reihe von …” „… enthalten.141 Kerr, 15 Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974 …”

Dominanz der privaten Finanzierungsquellen S. 29-49

„… „2008 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …” „… Vgl. die Übersicht „2012 Presidential Campaign Finance“ der Federal ElectionCommission, abrufbar unter …” „… Inkrafttreten desamerikanischen Wahlkampffinanzierungsgesetzes, des Federal ElectionCampaign Act, in den 1970er …”

Stichwortverzeichnis S. 239-241

„… Elections-Gesetzgebung 51Common Law 59, 83Corporation– Closely held corporation 151 f.– Publicly traded corporation121 ff …” „… ElectionCommission 68 f.239Meinungsfreiheit (First Amendment)– Empfängerperspektive 112 ff.,152 ff.– High value …” „… , 171Business Judgment Rule 141Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission 70 ff.Clean …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 231-238

„… seduction of the law, Touchstone, New York 1991Briffault, Richard: Privacy, democracy, and elections: Two …” „… , einsehbar auf derWebsite der US-amerikanischen Botschaft unter: http://usa.usembassy.de/elections04 …” „… Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act: Silencing nonprofit groups and stealth PACs in federal elections, 2006 U. Ill …”

Untergeordnete Rolle der staatlichen Finanzierungsquellen S. 49-51

„… akzeptieren (sogenannte Clean Elections-Gesetze).127 Indes ist der Trend auch infolge der aktuellen …” „… Rechtsprechung desSupreme Courts rückläufig. Das Gericht hat in den letzten Jahren einigeClean Elections-Gesetze …” „… Vermonts Clean Elections-Gesetzgebung aufgehoben hat.129 Frasco, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 733, 786.B. Überblick …”

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) S. 56-59

„… tion with any election to any political office, or in connection with any primary election or …” „… McCain-Feingold Act.153 Das Gesetz wurde im Jahre 2002 vom Kongress verabschiedetIII.149 Federal Election Campaign …” „… and the Federal Campaign Finance Law“ der Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …”

Zwischenergebnis S. 51-52

Kandidatenbezogene Wahlkämpfe S. 27-29

„… Jahre 2012 laut Berechnungen der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde, der Federal Election Commission …” „… US-amerikanischen Botschaft unter: http://usa.usembassy.de/elections04/cantor_d.htm.30 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der …” „… Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election …”

Erweiterung der Stimmrechte der Gesellschafter S. 182-184

„… . So sieht derPolitical Parties, Elections and Referendums Act aus dem Jahre 2000 vor,dass …” „… , Elections and Referendums Act –im Untersuchungszeitraum zwischen 2001 und 2009 – keines der fraglichen …” „… Parties, Elections and Referendums Act ist veröffentlicht auf derWebsite des National Archives, des …”

Verbesserung der gesellschaftsrechtlichen Publizitätspflichten S. 179-182

„… Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …” „… überWahlkampfausgaben zu erweitern.651 Vor diesem Hintergrund bleibt zu648 Vgl. den Political Parties, Elections and …” „… , Elections and Referendums Act aus dem Jahre 2000 vor,dass Wahlkampfausgaben oder andere Ausgaben für …”

Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley Act S. 53-54

„… wurden vergleichbare Regelungen in der Mehrzahl der Bundesstaaten eingeführt.139Federal Election Campaign …” „… Election Campaign Act (im Folgenden FECA) ersetzt. Eine Reihe von Ergänzungen folgten im Jahre 1974.141Die …” „… Comm. L. & Pol'y 311, 317 (2010).142 Federal Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443 …”

Finanzierung von Wahlkampfspenden und Wahlwerbung aus Mitteln eines Political Action Committees S. 177-179

„… Election CampaignAct für die Spendenvergabe seitens PACs statuiert.640 Ferner ist es Unternehmen gestattet …” „… Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …”

Problemaufriss S. 19-22

„… einebahnbrechende Entscheidung: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission3 erklärte gesetzliche Beschränkungen …” „… 2010.2 Im Folgenden: „Supreme Court“.3 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC …” „… – 1974 to present“ der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 15-18

„… Columbiaders. Derselbedies. Dieselbeebd. ebendaf. folgendeFEC Federal Election CommissionFECA Federal Election …”

Erweiterung der staatlichen Wahlkampffinanzierung S. 187-189

„… prominentesten ist die Gesetzesinitiative Fair Elections Now Act,die im April 2011 in den Senat von Senator Dick …” „… : Reformvorschlag188Hauptwahlen (general elections) steht eine fixe Summe zur Verfügung,die für jedes Jahr und jeden …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… verfassungsrechtlicheDiskussion rund um das im selben Jahr ergangene Supreme Court-UrteilCitizens United v. Federal Election …” „… . Kapitel:53Gesetzliche RegelungenA. 53Tillman Act und Taft-Hartley ActI. 53Federal Election Campaign ActII …”

Generelle Anwendbarkeit von Grundrechten auf Unternehmen S. 96-99

„… on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Redevom 6. Mai 2010 an der University of Rochester …” „… the corporation the person? Reflections on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Rede vom 6 …”

Verzerrung des Prozesses der freien politischen Willensbildung durch Ausnutzung einer wirtschaftlichen Machtstellung S. 159-164

„… : http://www.businessinsider.com/infographic-obama-romney-final-ad-spend-2012-11.592 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes …” „… Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press …”

Gefahr von Korruption S. 169-174

„… /obama-rewards-big-bundlers-jobs-commissions-stimulus-money-government-contracts-and.626 Der Spiegel, 25/2011, S. 83, „Erkaufte Posten“.627 Vgl. die Pressenotiz der Federal Election …” „… Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the 2011-2012 Election Cycle …”

Bedeutung und Regelung der Wahlkampffinanzierung durch Unternehmen S. 195-202

„… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbar unter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24 …”

Ergebnis S. 189-190

„… Hauptwahlen (general elections) steht eine fixe Summe zur Verfügung,die für jedes Jahr und jeden …”

Regelungsbedarf im Hinblick auf politische Wahlwerbung S. 226-228

„… Wahlkämpfe in Deutschland einstweilen – so-II.787 Der britische Political Parties, Elections and Referendums …”

Einführung in die verfassungsrechtliche Problematik S. 22-24

„… – 1974 to present“ der amerikanischen Wahlaufsichtsbehörde Federal Election Commission, abrufbar unter …”

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti S. 63-65

„… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Die finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als „Meinungsäußerung” im Sinne des First AmendmentDie finanzielle Unterstützung von Wahlkämpfen als "Meinungsäußerung" S. 94-96

„… on Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, Redevom 6. Mai 2010 an der University of Rochester …”

Regelungsbedarf im Hinblick auf direkte Unternehmensspenden S. 223-226

„… Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act aus dem Jahre2000 sieht vor, dass die Unternehmensleitung …”

Perspektive des Individuums S. 116-152

„… , dass Wahlkampfausgabengegenüber der Federal Election Commission (im Folgenden: FEC) anzuzeigen sind …” „… Pressenotiz der Federal Election Commission vom 19. April 2013 „FECSummarizes Campaign Activity of the …” „… 2011-2012 Election Cycle“, abrufbarunter: http://www.fec.gov/press/press2013/20130419_2012-24m-Summary.shtml …”

Buckley v. Valeo S. 59-63

„… Election Campaign Act Amendments of 1974, Pub. L. 93-443, 88 Stat.1263 (codified as amended at 2 U.S.C …”

Citizens United v. FEC S. 70-81

„… einstweiligenVerfügung gegenüber der Federal Election Commission – derjenigen Bundesbehörde, die zuständig ist für die …” „… damit keine electioneering communications darstellten.224 Eine Feststellung der Verfassungswidrigkeitder …”

Austin v. Michigan State Chamber of Commerce S. 67-68

„… kodifizierte Wahlwerbeverbot des FECA auf electioneering communications ausweitete und damit – über das in …” „… politischen Einflussnahme erstreckte.209 Das Gericht vertratdie Auffassung, dass electioneering communications …”

McConnell v. FEC S. 68-69

„… auf electioneering communications ausweitete und damit – über das in Buckley v. Valeoaufrechterhaltene …” „… .209 Das Gericht vertratdie Auffassung, dass electioneering communications, also Wahlwerbung,die keinen …”

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The Eagle and the Trident

Steven Pifer

2017

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Election and Revolution S. 263-276

„… advocacy for support for the Ukrainians demonstrating for their right to a fair election.As the …” „… constitu-tion, and adopted changes to the law governing presidential elections.The Rada votes effectively ended …” „… 263CHAPTER 6Election and RevolutionWith the Istanbul NATO summit (and its accompanying NATO …”

Coping with Downturn S. 209-262

„… importance for Ukraine and U.S.- Ukraine relations of a free and fair election.Subsequent indications …” „… presidential election.We also discussed the fact that the Ukrainians had yet again not responded to a U.S …” „… level playing field for the upcoming election.Zlenko, who had become a presidential adviser after …”

History Didn't End with the Orange Revolution S. 277-314

„… election campaign, he withdrew Ukrainian forces from Iraq by the end of 2005. That act did not, however …” „… , but it had little time to achieve anything before preparations for the March 2006 Rada elections came …” „… am280 The Eagle and the Tridentand long run-up to the Rada elections created a difficult atmosphere …”

The Relationship Matures . . . but Problems Appear S. 127-208

„… . assistance; and monitoring the spring Rada (parliament) election.The proliferation issues commanded the most …” „… Eagle and the TridentMarch Rada ElectionsThe secretary’s visit, work on nonproliferation questions, and …” „… , and inflation could spike— all in the run-up to the fall presidential election.That U.S. team feared …”

Notes S. 343-354

„… of State, Office of the Spokesman (en route to Beijing), April 29, 1998. 9. OSCE Election Observation …” „… blokakh partiy)” [Election results by party (or electoral blocs of parties)], Tsentral’na Vyborcha …” „… Statement on 1999 Presidential Election in Ukraine,” November 1, 1999. 19. Organ ization for Security and …”

Lessons and Policy Recommendations S. 315-336

„… relationship were prob lems internal to Ukraine: the slow pace of reform, bad election pro cesses, a …” „… be sure, particularly in the time after the Maydan Revolution in 2014. The post- Maydan elections …” „… civil society has developed, strong enough to overturn a stolen election in 2004 and bring down an …”

Dealing with Nuclear Weapons S. 37-76

„… to focus on the Rada elections held in March and April. The election law in 1994 required that a …” „… eli-gible voters vote, or there would be a runoff election. Any runoff again required 50 percent …” „… 65A Presidential Election, and a Plan FormsIn the summer of 1994, U.S. officials began to consider …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… looks at the second half of 2004, the run-up to the presi-dential election, and the Orange Revolution …” „… . It describes the U.S. effort to encourage a demo cratic election pro cess and, when that failed, to …”

Preface S. i-vi

„… . . . but Prob lems Appear 127 5 Coping with Downturn 209 6 Election and Revolution 263 7 History Didn’t …”

Establishing Relations S. 9-36

„… independence Rukh Party, won an impressive 25 percent of the vote in the March 1990 election for the Verkhovna …” „… presidential election. The U.S. government, however, still held back from formal recognition. As Napper …”

The Relationship Blossoms S. 77-126

„… NATO back until after the summer 1996 presidential election in Rus sia). The initial focus would be …” „… , particularly to Crimea in 1994. The election of Yuriy Meshkov as Crimean “president” that Jan-uary, followed by …” „… Following his election to the presidency in July 1994, Kuchma had embarked on a series of significant …”

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Elections in Europe

Dieter Nohlen (ed.), Philip Stöver (ed.)

2010

Results in this title

Dieter Nohlen, Philip Stöver Elections in Europe S. 69-124

„… . Table 9: Basic Features of Direct Presidential Elections in Europe Country Pluralist electionsa …” „… (2005) Elections in Europe 107 Country (continued) Pluralist electionsa Concurrent?b Term (years …” „… ELECTIONS IN EUROPE by Dieter Nohlen and Philip Stöver The main purpose of this introductory …”

Dieter Nohlen Elections and Electoral Systems S. 1-68

„… competitive elections—the openness of the outcome, which is linked with the acceptance of the result by all …” „… ELECTIONS AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS by Dieter Nohlen This introduction considers the long-lasting …” „… research interest of the Heidelberg research groups in electoral studies: elections and electoral systems …”

Post Scriptum: Elections in 2009 S. 2047-2060

„… POST SCRIPTUM: ELECTIONS IN 2009 By Marian Gallenkamp* 1. Parliamentary Elections Albania 2009 …” „… : 4,632 (0.1%); MPT: 3,265 (0.1%). Post Scriptum2054 2. Presidential elections Lithuania 2009 Total …” „… requirement. b Referendum on abolishing the connection of electoral lists for elections to the Chamber of …”

Astrid Sahm Belarus S. 233-268

„… Mikhail Chigir—one of the candidates of the alternative presidential elections—was arrested for alleged …” „… Coups d’Etat Year Presidential elections Parliamentary electionsa Elections for Constitutional …” „… elections to the Supreme Soviet in 1990, thus gaining only limited influence on policy development. For …”

Klaus Neukirch Moldava S. 1313-1348

„… government parties lost their parliamentary representation after the 2001 elections—the notable exception …” „… as being capable of exercising civic functions with respect to elections—are accredited by the CEC or …” „… . electionresults/> (as 25 August 2005). — (2005). Elections 2005. elections2005.md …”

Philip Stöver, Marian Gallenkamp Montenegro S. 1365-1378

„… elections—independence— played a minor role in the 2002 campaign, the foundation for the Montenegro 1366 Montenegrin …” „… d’Etat Year Presidential Parliamentary Elections for Referendums Coups d’état electionsa electionsa …” „… , i.e. the federation, accepting the Serbian role. In the presidential elections of 1997, however, the …”

Mirjana Kasapović Croatia S. 399-426

„… Croatian parliament (Hrvatski sabor) on 25 June 1991. Although competitive elections have been held since …” „… political pluralization and the organization of the first free elections: The 11th (and last) Congress of …” „… the Communist League of Croatia was held in December 1989 when the decision to hold free elections …”

Ólafur Th. Hardarson, Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson Iceland S. 947-986

„… election it contested in 1942. The United Socialist Party entered an electoral alliance (People’s Alliance …” „… on their voters. Between 1942 and 1967 electoral volatility (net gains in elections) was usually 2-6 …” „… points net gains—and in recent elections around one third of the voters have switched parties between …”

Stephen White Russia S. 1623-1668

„… after a national election—and in the spring of 1991 voters in Russia agreed that they too should have …” „… identify which parties or independents contested seats at the previous election—we have results for each …” „… liberties and the rule of law, and the first multiparty elections took place to an entirely new legislature …”

Charlotte Larsen Cadoret Norway S. 1421-1470

„… Storting. Governments cannot call for new elections as the constitution prohibits premature dissolution …” „… control of the Lutheran State Church. The introduction of direct elections and a runoff electoral system …” „… a three-party system emerged. In the 1915 election, the Labor Party was at eye level with the …”

Sarah Birch Ukraine S. 1967-2000

„… become an independent state. The referendum was accompanied by the first popular election for the …” „… Kravchuk. Kravchuk served as president until pre-term elections were called in 1994 for both president …” „… parliamentary elections since independence has a single party won an absolute majority of either votes or …”

Marek Rybář Slovakia S. 1733-1760

„… elections took place in 1990 and 1992. These were held to elect the two chambers of the Federal Assembly …” „… the 1990 parliamentary elections, the first free and fair elections for more than 40 years. The new …” „… between the two constituent parts of the state convincingly won the parliamentary elections in Slovakia …”

Michael Gallagher, Liam Weeks Ireland S. 987-1026

„… elections Elections Referen- Coups electionsa Lower Chamber Upper Chamberb for Constit. Assembly dums …” „… elections Elections Referen- Coups (cont.) electionsa Lower Chamber Upper Chamberb for Constit. Assembly …” „… was founded in 1926 and has been the largest party at every election since 1932, spending 52 of the …”

Marc Thiltgen Luxembourg S. 1227-1270

„… of the Assembly of Estates took place partially—every three years—and indirectly in two election …” „… provisions of the electoral law of 23 July 1848 established direct and secret parliamentary elections and …” „… the population was still excluded from the right to vote (nearly 95%). At the first direct elections …”

Mirjana Kasapović Macedonia S. 1271-1294

„… respective provisions have not changed since. The first and second competitive elections—in 1990 and 1994 …” „… Albanians that started in the 1980s in neighboring Kosovo. In short, Macedonia’s first free elections …” „… elections was the creation of three political blocs in parliament: the post-communist bloc (SKM-SDP, SRS …”

Anders Widfeldt Sweden S. 1841-1878

„… disappointingly in the 1956 election—but also because of the emergence of the divisive issue of the pensions …” „… of election campaigns and, later, the creation of political parties. These developments were speeded …” „… election to the second chamber. The 1911 election was a milestone, but it did not achieve full democracy …”

Richard Rose, Neil Munro United Kingdom S. 2001-2034

„… . Since members of the House of Lords have never been popularly elected, British parliamentary elections …” „… , Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The 646 members returned at the general election of 2005 represented …” „… referred to as general elections rather than ‘national’. The United Kingdom is a unitary state in which …”

Anna Materska-Sosnowska Poland S. 1471-1524

„… parliament. Changes included the form of presidential election—the president was to be elected by a special …” „… , the new system was based on the supremacy of the Sejm. Since 1922, the winners of elections held on …” „… first president of the republic, Gabriel Narutowicz, was assassinated a week after his election in …”

Jørgen Elklit Denmark S. 501-564

„… Constitution did not last long, and only one election—in early 1856— for the Rigsraad was conducted. The use of …” „… constitutional order led to a decision to have popular elections for 114 of the kingdom’s 152 seats in a …” „… Realm, Rigsraadet) had provisions for election by popular vote for 30 of its 80 members, while the king …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXXI

„… Dieter Nohlen | Philip Stöver [Eds.] Elections in Europe A Data Handbook Nomos Dieter Nohlen …” „… | Philip Stöver (Eds.) Elections in Europe A Data Handbook Nomos 1. Edition 2010 © Nomos …” „… This data handbook on Elections in Europe is the result of the research project “Wahldatenhandbuch …”

Terry D. Clark, Dovilé Jakniūnaité Lithuania S. 1187-1226

„… elections was quite high. In the 1920, 1922, 1923, and 1926 constitutional assembly and parliamentary …” „… elections, the number of parties contesting was 31, 36, 41, and 55 respectively. As a consequence …” „… , elections returned relatively weak and divided governments, which generated growing discontent among both …”

Tomáš Lebeda Czech Republic S. 453-500

„… nominated by political parties based on the proportion of powers arising from the 1911 elections to the …” „… premature elections were held, usually for both chambers together. The two chambers officially held equal …” „… )— were crucial for the formation of cabinets and implementation of policies. Until the 1925 elections …”

Mirjana Kasapović Serbia S. 1699-1732

„… , new political associations and parties, and, finally, the first free elections. The victory of the …” „… non-communist opposition in the first free competitive elections in Slovenia and Croatia marked the demise of …” „… elected in non-competitive socialist elections in 1986. Their mandate formally ended in 1990 and was …”

Antony Todorov Bulgaria S. 351-398

„… a pluralist system, competitive elections, and the institutional division of powers. The first …” „… , and to lead secret diplomacy without control by the representatives. Third, elections did not have an …” „… king had appointed the government, the latter organized elections in order to win a majority in …”

Artis Pabriks, Visvaldis Valtenbergs Latvia S. 1101-1154

„… legislative body. The elections for the Constitutional Assembly were held on April 17 and 18, 1920. The …” „… election turnout was 84.9%.. Twenty-four electoral lists competed. Communist groups boycotted the …” „… elections. The elections were conducted on the basis of the 1897 census in Russia, according to which the …”

Florian Grotz, László Hubai Hungary S. 873-946

„… d’Etat Year Presidential electionsa Parliamentary electionsb Elections for Constitutional …” „… .) Presidential electionsa Parliamentary electionsb Elections for Constitutional Referendums Coups d’état …” „… that—except for one election—won parliamentary majorities until 1918. At the end of the 19th century …”

Dorothée de Nève Romania S. 1579-1622

„… a common occurrence during the communist period, the post-socialist elections have been considered …” „… parties in the founding elections did not impact greatly on the results. On 23 December 1861, after …” „… bicameral system, a chamber of deputies and a senate. The electoral system introduced for the election of …”

Klaus Poier Austria S. 169-232

„… principle of proportional representation. The election-related discussions in the convention commissioned …” „… Representation of the Realm as well as Länder constitutions and election laws. The inner council convened for …” „… changes in Austria’s election system. All decisive political forces advocated the introduction of a …”

Marian Gallenkamp, Steffen Kassner Slovenia S. 1761-1802

„… elections. In the spring of 2004, the country acceded to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and …” „… the first free and fair elections in 1990 and—following a brief war—the country’s independence in …” „… free and fair elections was eventually established. In the negotiations concerning the electoral …”

Pedro Tavares de Almeida Portugal S. 1525-1578

„… Presidential electionsa Parliamentary elections Elections for Constit. Referendums Coups d’étatb Lower …” „… Parliamentary elections Elections Referen- Coups (cont.) electionsa Lower Chamber Upper Chamberc for Constit …” „… major trait of political development in contemporary Portugal. While free and fair competitive elections …”

Allan Sikk Estonia S. 565-592

„… , the change was decided upon even before the first presidential elections—the 1992 elections were …” „… developed into a democratic country, holding regular free and fair elections. Estonia is a parliamentary …” „… unicameral and elected in general, uniform and direct elections, using a two-tier PR system, in which …”

Antonis Pantelis, Stephanos Koutsoubinas, George Gerapetritis Greece S. 807-872

„… must—within eight days after their election—state their choice between their mandate and the above stated …” „… elections have been held regularly, most of which have been competitive. The final establishment of …” „… elections took place during this period. The military and popular revolution of 3 September 1843, which …”

Dorothée de Nève Albania S. 125-148

„… . Although indirect elections were held before World War II, these neither met modern democratic standards …” „… forced to recognize Albanian independence and the new government. The first indirect elections were …” „… passed a new monarchist constitution. Although elections took place in the following years and …”

Mirjana Kasapović Bosnia S. 319-350

„… post-socialist, democratic development. However, the outcome of the national elections held since then shows …” „… the first free elections in 1990, the major parties of the three main ethnic communities won an …” „… 10% of the votes and was the greatest loser of the elections. Immediately upon instituting a …”

Dieter Nohlen France S. 639-722

„… system with direct election of the president, reestablishing the absolute majority system for …” „… parliamentary elections. * The author would like to thank Marian Gallenkamp for his valuable research …” „… election. The first referendum was held in 1793 on the adoption of the Constitution of 1793, followed by …”

Dag Anckar, Carsten Anckar Finland S. 593-638

„… election adds to the confusing features of the present Finnish presidency. The people now directly elect a …” „… faced drastic consequences in terms of elections. Voting turnout has declined in Finland since the …” „… beginning of the 1980s, and in a West European comparison of parliamentary elections in the 1990s, Finland …”

Johannes Schwehm Malta S. 1295-1312

„… sentences, and those who are convicted of an election-related offence are not entitled to vote. Voter …” „… of powers, and regular elections based on central electoral principles. Since the end of the 1980s …” „… , elections are regarded as free, fair, and competitive. Malta1296 The separation of powers and the …”

Arthur Mickoleit Andorra S. 149-168

„… resigned in 1984 making way for the conservative leader Josep Pintat Solans. In the 1985 election …” „… the agenda again by Oscar Ribas Reig, who, following reformers’ success in the 1989 elections, became …” „… elections in December 1993, the progressive AND led by Ribas won a plurality of eight seats and entered a …”

Andreas Wüst Vatican S. 2035-2046

„… elections. 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums and Coups d’Etat Year Papal electionsa …” „… rights of cardinals aged 80 and over on the day a conclave for the election of a new pope starts. The …” „… ineligible cardinals were not only excluded from the election, but also from the conclave. In 1975, Paul VI …”

Ralf Lindner, Rainer-Olaf Schultze Germany S. 723-806

„… principles of democratic elections—particularly open and unrestrained party competi- Germany 749 tion—were …” „… assistance of David Runschke and Claudia Glöckner, who assembled the election data for this article. Germany …” „… pre-parliament (Vorparlament) had organized the election based on highly restricted suffrage rules which varied …”

Henrik Schober Cyprus S. 427-452

„… London and Zurich. Regarding a possible lack of legitimacy––there had been neither an election to a …” „… , when a large majority of registered voters took part in the first parliamentary elections in 1960 …” „… presidential elections, he did not assume office until 16 August 1960, the day the constitution came into …”

Mario Caciagli Italy S. 1027-1100

„… . The only form of parliamentary representation and free elections existed in the Kingdom of Sardinia …” „… . The elections for Italy’s first Chamber of Deputies took place on 27 January and 3 February 1861 …” „… Tribunal of the Pope declared that Catholics may not take part in parliamentary elections. With the famous …”

Philip Stöver Monaco S. 1349-1364

„… Elections for Referendums Coups d’état Elections electionsa Constitutional Assembly 1963 03/03 1968 …” „… periodic elections to a representative assembly—the prince still holds a key position in the political …” „… direct elections to a representative assembly were introduced. Starting in 1907, Prince Albert I had …”

Rudy B. Andeweg, Josje Den Ridder, and Galen A. Irwin Netherlands S. 1379-1420

„… , and Coups d’Etat Year Presidential electionsa Parliamentary elections Elections for Constitutional …” „… constitutional framework has remained intact. First, in 1848, with the introduction of direct elections for the …” „… Europeanisation of domestic policies. In connection with this process, a new election, the vote for …”

Josep M. Vallès, Dieter Nohlen Spain S. 1803-1840

„… each election—the UCD at first and later PSOE or PP—have benefited from this effect, with the IU …” „… and competitive elections were only held for very short periods due to the institutional and social …” „… weaknesses of the Spanish liberal state. The longest, uninterrupted series of free elections ever to be held …”

Christian Baukhage San Marino S. 1669-1698

„… elections. In 1907, the republic decided to discontinue the bestowal of titles of nobility and privileges …” „… question of including the PCS, and early elections in 1978 resulted in a tripartite leftist coalition of …” „… coalition of PSS and PDCS. In 2001, the PSS quit the coalition government and early elections resulted in a …”

Matthias Trefs Belgium S. 269-318

„… election—except in 1995, when it fell from twelve to eleven despite an increase in votes. In the 2003 elections …” „… Parliamentary electionsb Elections Referen- Coups elections Lower Chamber Upper Chamber for Constit …” „… majority over the Catholics in the 1847 elections. Because of two rival tendencies—a dogmatic and a …”

Wilfried Marxer Liechtenstein S. 1155-1186

„… course beyond the habitual four-year rhythm of parliamentary elections. Facing the upcoming threat of …” „… 1997 to 2001, followed by an FBP government from 2001 to 2005. In the 2005 election the FBP gained 12 …” „… plus two substitutes. On Election Day the registered voters assembled in the polling station and each …”

Wolf Linder, Georg Lutz, Christian Bolliger, and Sophia Hänny Switzerland S. 1879-1966

„… : Elections to the National Council were held in a majoritarian system until proportional representation was …” „… introduced in 1919. Proportional representation has become a leading practice beyond parliamentary elections …” „… . Surveys show that citizens find voting in direct decisions more important than elections to the …”

Glossary S. 2061-2070

„… Glossary The following glossary of key concepts of elections and electoral systems refers to those …” „… election day may still cast his/ her vote. Voting takes place before election day by mail or before or on …” „… election day at a different and sometimes special polling station than the one originally assigned. In the …”

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Canada 2022–2023

P. T. Babie, Charles J. Russo, James Kent Donlevy

2022

Results in this title

PARTIES AND ELECTIONS S. 134-154

„… selects the candidates for parliamentary elections.Unlike in the United States, it is not necessary in …” „… , statement: “It may be smart election-year politics to thump your chest and constantly criticize your friend …” „… in a by-election. Since Mulroney had lived in the area as an undergraduate at St. Francis Xavier …”

POLITICAL SYSTEM S. 76-133

„… would approve of a new election.This important role in the formation of government became the topic of …” „… elections.Canadians are somewhat ambivalent about the post of governor general; in a 2010 poll, a quarter of them …” „… election laws were no obstacle. The October 2015 voting was the first fixed-term election.The fifth source …”

Preface S. i-viii

„… British Columbia 124Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut 128Parties and Elections 1342004 Federal …” „… Elections 1482006 Federal Elections 1492008 Federal Elections 1502011 Federal Elections 1512015 Federal …” „… Elections 152Foreign Policy 155Defense 172Economy 183Future 209Web Sites and Bibliography 211viMap of …”

FUTURE S. 209-210

„… ever before. In the 2011 and 2015 fed-eral elections, the separatist Bloc Québécois was wiped out in …” „… seeking a separate Quebec. When the issue became dominant for it in the April 2014 provincial election …” „… unlikely in the foreseeable future.In the October 19, 2015, federal elections, Justin Trudeau of the …”

HISTORY S. 39-75

„… rule and favored the popular election of executive officers, as had long been practiced in the U.S..In …” „… cumbersome, result-ing in frequent elections and changes of government. By the 1850s it was clear to many …” „… led the Lib-eral Party to victory in the federal elec-tions and launched practically a century of …”

FOREIGN POLICY S. 155-171

„… his inaugu-ration in January 2001. After his re-election Bush finally made his first bilateral visit …” „… term is not used often any more, especially after former Prime Minister Chrétien’s election in 1993 …” „… of this sovereignty issue. Hours before calling a new election in 2008, Prime Minister Harper took …”

Canada Today S. 1-2

„… with what Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said after the 2015 national election: “There is no core …” „… he said not long after his 1984 election victory that “if I were the President of the United States …”

DEFENSE S. 172-182

„… purchases. By the May 2011 election, he raised defense spend-ing by 27%, falling back to 1.5% annually after …” „… the election. His countrymen have supported this unprecedented increase, which was intended to “revive …” „… Diefenbaker’s defeat in the April 1963 election. The vote was, in part, an expression of Canadians’ desire to …”

ECONOMY S. 183-208

Web Sites and Bibliography of Key English-Language Books S. 211-221

„… (French-language news)www.elections.ca (election results. Phone: 1-800-463-6868)www.pm.gc.ca (Web site for Canadian …”

PEOPLE S. 26-38

„… . are born outside of Canada. They can vote in overseas elections, as well as in Canadian. Unlike …” „… age 29 he led his father ’s Liberal Party to victory in the 2003 PEI provincial elections and was …”

GEOGRAPHY S. 17-25

„… , displays a higher degree of egalitarianism and shows less deference to authority. With the election of …”

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Canada 2023–2024

P. T. Babie, Charles J. Russo

2023

Results in this title

Parties and Elections S. 134-153

„… the candidates for parliamentary elections.Unlike in the United States, it is not necessary in Canada …” „… , statement: “It may be smart election-year politics to thump your chest and constantly criticize your friend …” „… in a by-election. Since Mulroney had lived in the area as an undergraduate at St. Francis Xavier …”

Political System S. 76-133

„… would approve of a new election.This important role in the formation of government became the topic of …” „… on hand during the experiment with minority government after the June 2004 elections.Canadians are …” „… . The October 2015 voting was the first fixed-term election.The fifth source of power is the fact that …”

Preface S. i-viii

„… 121British Columbia 124Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut 128Parties and Elections 1342004 …” „… Federal Elections 1482006 Federal Elections 1492008 Federal Elections 1502011 Federal Elections …” „… 1512015 Federal Elections 1522019 and 2021 Federal Elections 154Foreign Policy 154Defense 171Economy …”

Foreign Policy S. 154-170

„… . THE 2019 AND 2021 FEDERAL PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONSGoing into the 2019 federal election, the Liberal …” „… 10 to 22 seats, while the Green Party retained the 2 seats with which it en-tered the election. The …” „… time Trudeau called the snap-election in 2021, only two years into a five-year term. And the electorate …”

Future S. 209-210

History S. 39-75

„… aristocratic rule and favored the popular election of executive officers, as had long been practiced in the …” „… cumbersome, result-ing in frequent elections and changes of government. By the 1850s it was clear to many …” „… Liberal Party to victory in the federal elec-tions and launched practically a century of almost continuous …”

Canada Today S. 1-2

Defense S. 171-182

„… included US$13 bil-lion in equipment purchases. By the May 2011 election, he raised defense spend-ing by 27 …” „… %, falling back to 1.5% annually after the election. His countrymen have supported this unprecedented …” „… 1963 election. The vote was, in part, an expression of Canadians’ desire to honor their defense …”

Economy S. 183-208

Web Sites and Bibliography S. 211-221

„… (French-language news)www.elections.ca (election results. Phone: 1-800-463-6868)www.pm.gc.ca (Web site for Canadian …”

People S. 26-38

„… half the Canadians who move to the U.S. are born outside of Canada. They can vote in overseas elections …” „… age 29 he led his father ’s Liberal Party to victory in the 2003 PEI provincial elections and was …”

Geography S. 17-25

„… degree of egalitarianism and shows less deference to authority. With the election of Albertan Stephen …”

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Making Auditors Effective

Mark Schelker

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 4 2008

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Election S. 112-114

„… into the auditing institution.48 Thus, the basic incentive mechanisms come from the election and the …” „… selection of the auditors. 6.1. Election The direct election of public officials enhances their …” „… accountability to the voters (Persson, Roland and Tabellini 1997, 2000). Elections are not only control, but also …”

Selection S. 114-115

„… election to the audit office should be held in parallel to the elections of ordinary policymakers …” „… . Simultaneous election ensures that the potential candidates for the different public offices decide ex ante to …” „… the election for which office they would like to run. Thus, candidates must carefully evaluate for …”

Refined hypotheses S. 29-31

„… audits. In a general econometric framework we estimate the following equation: y = ? + * election …” „… + * performance + ? * A + ? * X + 0, (1) where y is a variable capturing government performance, election is a …” „… mechanisms: Election vs. legislative appointment vs. executive appointment The ‘traditional’ hypotheses on …”

Policy implications: A proposal to design audit institutions S. 115-117

„… the actual elections could then be held some weeks apart. 6.3. Policy implications: A proposal to …” „… spread by special interest groups. 6.3.2 Election of auditors Auditors with an extended mandate touching …” „… to a broader, more general constituency. Elections could be held almost simultaneously with general …”

Factors determining auditor effectiveness: Independence and scope of audits S. 24-28

„… . 252.2.1 Auditor independence: Election vs. appointment of auditors Auditor independence is crucial in …” „… direct election of auditors by the citizens in order to enhance legitimacy and to hold auditors directly …” „… more rigorously pursue consumers’ interests.6 In our framework we argue that the direct election of the …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 117-118

„… , but to a broader, more general constituency. Elections could be held almost simultaneously with …” „… general elections, with the difference that auditors announce their candidacy at the same time as regular …” „… policymakers, but are effectively elected slightly after general elections, when the election results are known …”

Alternative empirical approaches S. 53-61

„… significantly improves credit ratings. Including the interaction term between auditor election and performance …” „… in this setting. Thus, the influence of auditor election is not robust to changes in the …” „… . However, as soon as we include the interaction term between auditor election and perform- 56 ance audits …”

The basic hypotheses S. 28-29

„… = ? + * election + * performance + ? * A + ? * X + 0, (1) where y is a variable capturing government performance …” „… , election is a variable capturing whether the auditor is elected or appointed, and performance measures an …” „… mechanisms: Election vs. legislative appointment vs. executive appointment The ‘traditional’ hypotheses on …”

Standard approach: fiscal variables S. 40-53

„… election mechanism, since all States requiring the direct election of the auditor feature constitutional …” „… direct auditor election. Moreover, it is difficult to construct a direct effect of the constitutional …” „… variable on auditor election – for which the constitutional basis variable is a strong instrument – and …”

Summary S. 137-140

„… analyze the influence of direct auditor election by the citizens and auditor appointment by either the …” „… auditors on outcomes. From this perspective the direct election of auditors by the citizens seems to keep …” „… legislature might be preferred to direct election, if the audits do not directly target legislative activity …”

Empirical evidence on auditor tenure and mandatory auditor rotation S. 129-133

„… influence of an interaction term between auditor election and term length, because auditor behavior over …” „… between auditor election and auditor term length – with the previous results in this table, we find once …” „… smooth potential electoral cycles, because the auditor cannot only exert effort just before elections …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… ......................................................................................................24 2.2.1 Auditor independence: Election vs. appointment of auditors................25 2.2.2 …” „… ....................................................................................29 3.2.1 Selection mechanisms: Election vs. legislative appointment vs. executive appointment …” „… Election and selection of local auditors in Switzerland.........................82 3.2. ‘Quantifying …”

Basic strategy and causality S. 39-40

Summary and Conclusion S. 61-64

„… principal, i.e. the citizens. However, direct election might have some negative effects if auditors tend to …” „… by the audits and, hence, the direct election of auditors should be the most effective institutional …” „… find that auditor election generally increases government scale as reflected by total expenditures and …”

Institutional design of local auditors in Switzerland S. 80-84

„… the subsequent sections. 82 3.1.2 Election and selection of local auditors in Switzerland Obviously …” „… various incentive mechanisms in Section 6 and argue that essentially two basic mechanisms (election and …” „… election in a jurisdiction-wide electoral district, and (2) different tasks and competences than regular …”

Mandatory auditor rotation: The main pros and cons S. 123-124

„… been made: Auditor election directly by shareholders: One straightforward approach would be to let …” „… shareholders directly choose the auditor in regular competitive elections at the general assembly (e.g …” „… by no means equivalent to the direct election of the auditor by investors, because directors still …”

Agency problems, auditors, and transparency S. 22-24

„… audited before and municipalities that were audited after elections. If audits that happened before …” „… elections revealed corrupt mayors, reelection chances were dramatically reduced, whereas corrupt mayors that …” „… were only audited after elections did not suffer the same electoral problems. This clearly indicates …”

US state auditors S. 127-129

„… performance (Mayhew and Pike 2004). In our specific case this would correspond to the direct election of the …” „… members of the board of directors are generally not elected in competitive elections. From this …” „… electoral body depending on how close elections are. Of course it is also important whether the auditor can …”

Strategic information transmission by ad-hoc experts and auditors S. 69-72

„… of the interest group during election years, or as reduction in campaign contributions etc. Taking …” „… related to election models in which candidates emerge endogenously, such as the ‘citizen-candidate models …” „… ’ (Osborne and 25 Due to the direct election of the experts …”

Auditor independence S. 120-123

„… independence several proposals have been made: Auditor election directly by shareholders: One straightforward …” „… approach would be to let shareholders directly choose the auditor in regular competitive elections at the …” „… directors. However, this is by no means equivalent to the direct election of the auditor by investors …”

No title S. 166-167

„… . auditor controls: Auditor election, performance audits. Institutional controls: Balanced budget …” „… Observations 397 397 397 397 397 Notes: z-values in parentheses. Add. auditor controls: Auditor election …”

Further Research S. 140-142

„… auditor tenure and information on election years we could evaluate whether public auditors cause electoral …” „… e.g. analyze the influence of more or less competitive auditor elections, of variation in remuneration …”

A model of endogenous policy proposals S. 72-77

„… related to election models in which candidates emerge endogenously, such as the ‘citizen-candidate models …” „… ’ (Osborne and 25 Due to the direct election of the experts …” „… a similar approach in an election model where running costs for a certain part of the electorate is …”

The two datasets S. 87-91

„… preferences as measured by party support in federal elections, and a dummy for language affiliation (German 1 …” „… national elections per municipality for the main national parties. For more details concerning this …”

Empirical results S. 94-112

„… auditing institution.48 Thus, the basic incentive mechanisms come from the election and the selection of …” „… the auditors. 6.1. Election The direct election of public officials enhances their accountability to …” „… the voters (Persson, Roland and Tabellini 1997, 2000). Elections are not only control, but also …”

Discussion and implications S. 133-134

„… . auditor controls: Auditor election, performance audits. Institutional controls: Balanced budget …”

No title S. 160-163

„… national elections Swiss Federal Statistical Office Language 0 / 1 0.76 (0.43) Language: German (1); else …”

A crucial asymmetry S. 67-69

„… policymaker to the members of the interest group during election years, or as reduction in campaign …”

Swiss federal structures and institutions S. 85-87

„… , because with the election of representatives citizens do not have to fully adopt a certain policy program …”

Conceptual problems when analyzing official fiscal data S. 31-34

„… , if e.g. elected auditors tend to pander to the electorate (Maskin and Tirole 2004), or elections …”

References S. 143-152

„… Uncertainty and the Rate of Litigation: The Election versus Appointment of State Judges. Journal of Legal …”