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Influence and Escalation

Rebecca Hersman, Eric Brewer, Lindsey Sheppard, Maxwell Simon

2022

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Exploring the Connection between Influence Operations, Escalation Risk 4 S. 19-27

doi.org/10.5771/9781538140468

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When Deadly Force Is Involved

Bruce M. Lawlor

2017

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11 De-escalation S. 175-190

„… together. SheDE-ESCALATION 177thought maybe she loved him enough to accept his flaws, but decided thatwas …” „… face darkened. The two men locked eyes but Richard gaveDE-ESCALATION 179no sign of recognition. He …” „… time he getshere Richard will be gone.”“Maybe.”“I’d better go see what he’s doing.”DE-ESCALATION 181“I …”

Index S. 273-278

„… ; lawful authority, resistance of,66, 67. See also threats, deadlyde-escalation: abandonment or inability …” „… tocontinue to fight, 21; bad behaviorextinguishes self-defense, 21, 184;burden of de-escalation, 186; desire …” „… force, 22; avoidanceof danger, 18; de-escalation aseliminating danger, 21; focus of self-defense, 17 …”

1 Necessity S. 9-24

„… the shooting. The shooter cannot pro-voke, prolong, or contribute in any way to the escalation of …” „… because the law assumes that in the absence of the shooter’sbad behavior, an escalation of the hostilities …” „… alternative Jason had.The seventh issue relates to de-escalation of the confrontation. Has theinitial …”

Preface S. i-vi

„… 14310 Castle Doctrine 15911 De-escalation 17512 Mistake 19113 Reasonable Force 20714 Threatened 22315 …”

3 Provocation S. 41-58

„… point-counterpoint confron-tation leading up to the killing, contributing somehow to its escalation,moving the …” „… , so long as it contributes, howeverminimally, to the escalation toward violence.3 We will look at this …”

Notes S. 257-264

„… . DE-ESCALATION1. Commonwealth v. Samuel, 527 Pa. 298, 590 A. 2d 1245 (1991).2. Id.3. Commonwealth v. Edwards, 448 …”

8 Duty to Retreat S. 127-142

„… de-escalation. The issue often boils down towhether the defendant had sufficient time to take safely the path …”

14 Threatened S. 223-238

„… escalation of the confrontation that led directly to Harry’s death,behavior akin to David Simon’s …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442275294

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Why Presidents Fail

Richard M. Pious

2008

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3: Compellence: Johnson and the Vietnam Escalation S. 47-76

„… 3 Compellence Johnson and the Vietnam Escalation (( JWAS DETERMINED TO BE A LEADER OF WAR and a …” „… difference. But what if the escalation had not been incremental? What if Johnson and his advisers had known …” „… from the very beginning how costly and dangerous the -47-48 Chapter 3 escalation might be? What might …”

Index S. 303-316

„… distortion of, 32; as rouge elephant, 136-38; U-2 flights and, 13-14; Vietnam escalation evaluation of, 52 …” „… and, 50-51; utility of, 70-71; Vietnam escalation as, 65-67 COMUSMACV. See Commander, U.S. Military …” „… ; responsibility of, 18, 19; risk assessment by, 13-14; Time on, 24; U-2 flights and, 11-26; on Vietnam escalation …”

For Further Reading S. 299-302

„… U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). The Vietnam Escalation David M. Barrett …” „… , Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York: Oxford University …” „… That Led to Vietnam (New York: Harper Collins, 1997). Edwin E. Moise, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of …”

10: Presidents Unbound: Crises of Authority and Legitimacy S. 245-278

„… at one point in the Vietnam escalation were considering widening the conflict to include China. In …” „… proposition. In his Vietnam escalation Johnson tried to compel his enemy to negotiate on American terms. The …” „… Vietnam escalation, presidential gamesmanship involved a high degree of systemic complexity, with many …”

Preface S. i-xii

„… Escalation 47 4 Command and Control: Ford and the Mayaguez 77 5 Rhetoric: Carter and the Malaise Speech 91 6 …”

9: Parallel Governance: Bush and Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction S. 217-244

„… second half of 2002, there was a sharp escalation in bombing raids by the United States and United …”

6: Prerogative Power: Reagan and the Iran-Contra Affair S. 115-148

„… about arms races in a region, escalation of conflict, or arms control arrangements.33 There was no …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742563391

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Kennedy and the Berlin Wall

W. R. Smyser

2009

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Chapter 08. “I Am Not Afraid of Escalation” S. 125-146

„… 125C H A P T E R E I G H TP“I Am Not Afraid of Escalation”General Lucius D. Clay arrived in Berlin …” „… opposition in the bureaucracy. He thought Clay’s pres-“I Am Not Afraid of Escalation” P 127ence would boost …” „… refugee “I Am Not Afraid of Escalation” P 129problem, Ulbricht was going to convince the West Berliners …”

Chapter 11. “This May End in a Big War” S. 187-204

„… “boy in short pants,” and recalling Kennedy’s frequently expressed worries about the risk of escalation …” „… Khrushchev, Kennedy had shown that he was not afraid of escalation or of confronta-tion. To Khrushchev, that …” „… and Rusk’s persistent warnings about esca-lation during their efforts to compromise on Berlin. As he …”

Index S. 289-294

„… ; and Checkpoint Charlie, 135–46; difference with Kennedy on Berlin tactics, 159–64; and escalation, 131 …” „… Berlin tactics, 159–64; evolution, 117, 137–45, 162, 201–4; fear of miscalculation and escalation, 31–32 …”

Chapter 03. “Let the Word Go Forth” S. 23-42

„… , that might have helped Nixon.20Miscalculation and EscalationKennedy’s advisers and the president …” „… that.“Let the Word Go Forth” P 31Beyond the risk of miscalculation, Kennedy feared escalation. He …” „… escalation. Like the Russian and German emperors in 1914, Khrushchev and Kennedy might tumble into a suicidal …”

Chapter 09. “The Game Continues” S. 147-166

„… none of the bold steps he initiated had led to the “dreaded escalation which had been predicted by some …” „… escalation and was dreadfully afraid that a confrontation over Berlin would lead to nuclear conflict. He …” „… tactics might risk escalation but whether Clay had con-sidered all the alternatives. Clay usually had, but …”

Preface S. i-xvi

„… Have Done Us a Favor” 101Chapter 8 “I Am Not Afraid of Escalation” 125Chapter 9 “The Game Continues …”

Chapter 04. “Alas, Mr. Ambassador, We Shall Die Together” S. 43-56

„… Germany, with all the risks about miscalculation and escalation. Somehow, he had to settle that problem …”

Chapter 10. “We’ll Talk the Problem to Death” S. 167-186

„… Adzhubei, Khrushchev’s son-in-law, Kennedy reiterated his fear of escalation. He also told Adzhubei that he …”

Chapter 06. “This Is the Answer!” S. 81-100

„… and tie.The words miscalculation and escalation became central to every discus-sion. After the Bay of …”

Chapter 05. “I Never Met a Man Like That” S. 57-80

„… about the risk of escalation.When Macmillan met Kennedy at the London airport, the prime min-ister …”

Chapter 07. “The East Germans Have Done Us a Favor” S. 101-124

„… Western reaction to the border closure would run the risk of escalation. He supported Kohler. In addition …”

doi.org/10.5771/9780742599789

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Beyond the Brink

Matthew P. Goodman

2019

doi.org/10.5771/9781442281370

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Allies at Odds

Eugenie M. Blang

2011

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Ch05. Lyndon B. Johnson and Military Escalation in Vietnam, 1964–1968 S. 83-102

„… and Military Escalation in Vietnam, 1964–1968Book 1.indb 83 2/8/11 6:13 AM84 Chapter 5home. All my …” „… bringing down Senator Joseph Book 1.indb 84 2/8/11 6:13 AM Lyndon B. Johnson and Military Escalation in …” „… return” in Southeast Asia, heading toward escalation. In Vietnam, America again displayed a tendency …”

Ch08. Harold Wilson and the Elusive Search for a Diplomatic Settlement S. 159-182

„… goal was to prevent further escalation in Southeast Asia and protect British security in Europe by …” „… Cong. Moreover, the overriding concern in the Foreign Ministry focused on possible escalation of the …” „… choice and to prevent further escalation of the conflict. A peaceful settlement in the near future was …”

Ch06. De Gaulle’s Response to American Policy in Vietnam, 1961–1966 S. 103-132

„… the neutralization of the entire country. He argued strongly against further U.S. escalation of the …” „… American escalation in Vietnam, Johnson rejected a more forceful approach in counteracting French policy …” „… alternative to further military escalation but required Chinese consent. The basis of any productive Western …”

Ch04. Britain and Indochina S. 65-82

„… Harold Wilson’s response to the American escalation in Vietnam. Most Commonwealth members in Africa and …” „… escalation in Vietnam. Courtesy of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.Book 1.indb 73 2/8/11 6:13 AM …” „… about a possible escalation of the conflict. They also questioned the legality of the American …”

Index S. 267-274

„… , 20–21, 63, 94f, 174, 250n61; and escalation, 89, 94–95, 97; and France, 119–21, 126Bao Dai, 32–33, 41–42 …” „… 38; fall of, 152–57; and foreign policy, 134–38Erlander, Tage, 245n116escalation in Vietnam, 83–101 …” „… escalation, 98; and France, 113–14; and Germany, 152–53, 155; and intelligence, 23–24; and Johnson, 85–86 …”

Ch07. Ludwig Erhard S. 133-158

„… alternative was further escalation and major war.14Obviously, Bonn had doubts about the American role in …” „… dying in South Vietnam, Washington contemplated escalation, unless Hanoi and Beijing realized that …” „… contemplating further escalation of American involvement in Vietnam. Bonn hoped to prevent an escalation of the …”

Introduction S. 1-8

„… unilaterally embarked on a strategy of escalation to secure a non-Communist South Vietnam. Had Washington …” „… economic aid after the Second World War, the U.S. escalation of the conflict in Vietnam led to concern and …” „… American military escalation in Vietnam might lead to defeat. To West German Chancellor Konrad Ad-enauer …”

Notes S. 197-254

„… shared some of Ball’s concerns and was determined to prevent further escalation.58. Gibbons, U.S …” „… . JOHNSON AND MILITARY ESCALATION IN VIETNAM, 1964–19681. For Lyndon B. Johnson’s background, see Doris …” „… , see U.S. Congress, Congressional Record, August 6, 1964, 18413–16. Gruening blamed U.S. escalation of …”

Preface S. i-x

„… Lyndon B. Johnson and Military Escalation in Vietnam, 1964–1968 836 De Gaulle’s Response to American …”

Ch01. The United States and the Vietnam Conundrum S. 9-26

„… , Mansfield tried one more time to warn the president against further escalation in Vietnam. The senator was …” „… Ball’s argument, calling it “crazy.” The pre-dicted escalation was simply not “going to happen.” Perhaps …”

Ch03. West Germany from the 1950s to 1963 S. 47-64

„… have responded to the American military escalation in Vietnam as chancellor. Two years after his …” „… resignation, Adenauer maintained that military escalation in Vietnam was a grave mistake. The war in Vietnam …”

Ch09. Lessening of Tensions, 1968–1969 S. 183-188

„… Wash-ington’s traditional Vietnam policy. The Europeans received the news of American de-escalation in Vietnam …”

Bibliography S. 255-266

„… .Logevall, Fredrik. Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam. Berkeley …”

Ch02. France and Indochina S. 27-46

„… further es-calation. On December 19, 1946, Viet Minh forces attacked French troops throughout Hanoi …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781442209237

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United by Violence, Divided by Cause?

La Toya Waha (ed.)

2020

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Rohan Gunaratna Contention, Escalation and Cycles of Vengeance: Reflections on the Global Threat Landscape S. 99-116

„… Chapter II Region and Radicalisation Contention, Escalation and Cycles of Vengeance: Reflections …” „… al Qaeda and IS. And forth come the impact of a renewed escalation of the United States of America …” „… (USA) and Iran and the further escalation of violence in the region in the course of their contention …”

La Toya Waha United by Violence, Divide by Cause? S. 15-30

„… reports about the escalation with particularly Buddhists, and to a far lower level Hindus, there was no …” „… escalation process between Christians and Muslims, which would suggest the selection of the target. And yet …” „… scholars, for example, have used the concept of escalation (see Zartman 2008) to explain these developments …”

D. Suba Chandran Radicalisation in South Asia: Left, Right and Secular S. 141-152

„… minority-majority relations in the escalation of contention into violence is frequently disputed. Thereby it is …” „… escalation. In India, the demolition of the Babri Masjid took place in 1992; the demolition was led by …”

Index S. 219-223

„… Escalation 21, 24, 34, 74, 80, 101, 104, 108, 110, 111, 117, 149, 155 Europe 8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 22, 26, 27, 30 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Southeast Asia 71 Aurel Croissant Region and RadicalisationChapter II Contention, Escalation and Cycles of …”

Aurel Croissant Radicalisation, Terrorism and Democratisation in Southeast Asia S. 71-98

„… of escalation from nonviolent to increasingly violent repertories of action that develops through a …” „… escalation from nonviolent to increasingly violent repertoires of action that develops through a complex set …”

Kevin McDonald Jihadist and Far-Right Extremism: Subjectivity, Embodiment and Imaginaries of Violence S. 31-50

„… a process of ‘competitive escalation’ (Della Porta 2013), where increasingly violent demonstrations …”

Khuram Iqbal Trends of Contemporary Terrorism in Pakistan S. 153-176

„… Afghanistan, military escalation on the 155 issue of Iran and enhanced Chinese presence positively influences …”

Greg Barton The Historical Context and Regional Social Network Dynamics of Radicalisation and Recruitment of Islamic State Foreign Terrorist Fighters in Indonesia and its Southeast Asian Neighbours S. 117-140

„… radicalisation had been a longstanding problem, the rapid escalation in people from all walks of life setting out …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748905738

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Ethnic Cleansing: Politics, Policy, Violence

Emir Suljagic

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 199 2010

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The Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation S. 237-244

„… . The Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation For Kosovo Albanians the adoption …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation 237 9.3. From Differing to Profiting …”

Crisis Staffs: Mandate and Powers S. 209-215

„… provoke the evident crisis to the point of full-scale escalation. We should now examine the relationship …”

The Starting Point: Political Support S. 229-237

„… . 9.2. The Growing Gap: Cultivating Difference to the Point of Escalation For Kosovo Albanians the …”

Intelligentsia Responds S. 52-64

„… arguments of the Serbian writers – as they tried to outdo each other in escalation – have by then been …”

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On the Horizon

Simone Williams (ed.)

2020

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The Cult of Accelerated War: How U.S. and Chinese Warfighting Doctrines Increase the Risk of Escalation S. 63-73

„… Escalation Craig Neuman1INTRODUCTIONIn 2018, the Department of Defense released a new National Defense …” „… ) platforms.4 As analysts contemplate this military balance, concerns over nuclear escalation have grown …” „… various scenarios that could involve nuclear use, many of today’s scholars focus on inadvertent escalation …”

Assessing the Impacts of the PLA’s Nuclear Modernization Efforts on the Stability of the Taiwan Strait S. 85-96

„… two questions about the hypothetical conflict: Would the escalation dynamic in the Taiwan Strait …” „… second was that the CCP’s leadership—in this case, Mao Zedong—was willing to risk escalation to mobilize …” „… escalation dominance purposes, the focus of the PRC’s nuclear weapons program has been to address its …”

New Futures for Nuclear Arms Control: Examining a Framework and Possibilities with Hypersonic Weapons S. 24-35

„… probability of an escalation to a nuclear exchange between the two superpowers was thought to be avoidable so …” „… exacerbating instabilities in the broader strategic balance, the second concerns escalation and crisis …” „… : USABILITY AND ESCALATION LADDERS Another argument surrounding hypersonic weapons is the potential negative …”

Moving Forward in a Post-INF World S. 2-10

„… of regional hegemonic powers, a threat miscalculation leading to escalation, and a possible renewed …” „… international politics, the INF Treaty’s importance in Europe is rooted in the prevention of an arms escalation …” „… escalation intentions, the West chose nonmilitary intervention to Russia’s annexation of Ukrainian territory …”

Artifical Intelligence, the Final Piece to the Counterforce Puzzle? S. 49-62

„… escalation” strategy to deter invasion and/or compel concessions.45 In recent years, nongovernmental analysts …” „… , inherent to validating AI-supported counterforce in the real world is the risk of nuclear escalation.53 …” „… asymmetric escalation doctrine would draw on short-, medium-, and intermediate-range nuclear assets to stave …”

An Offensive Leap: An Analogy of Hypersonic Weapons to Early ICBMs S. 97-104

„… exploitation, and rapid conflict escalation—that are outside the scope of this research. Even with a complete …” „… conflict escalation or nuclear miscalculation, and lead to an overall degradation in the global security …” „… Russian use of this escalation management strategy, the ways how the development of hypersonic weapons act …”

Preface S. I-VIII

„… Escalation 63Craig NeumanIndia’s Sea-Based Deterrent: Evaluating the Effectiveness of India’s Submarine …”

Will the Adoption of Artifical Intelligence-enabled Decision Support Tools by India Reduce Nuclear Stability with Pakistan S. 36-48

„… significant escalation or as a precursor to a pre-emptive nuclear strike. Alternatively, with future …”

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Global Environmental Change

Achim Maas, Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Roger Roffey

2013

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Steffen W. Allhoff , Sebastian K. Buciak Action, Reaction, Escalation: Radical Environmental Organisations in the Context of Eco-terrorism and Eco-radicalism S. 221-242

„… Action, Reaction, Escalation: Radical Environmental Organisationsin the Context of Eco-terrorism …”

Balázs Bodó, Clementine Burnley, Irina Comardicea, Achim Maas, Roger Roffey Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… Challenge? 203Achim Maas, Irina Comardicea and Balazs Bodo5Action, Reaction, Escalation: Radical …”

Achim Maas , Irina Comardicea , Balázs Bodó Environmental Terrorism – A New Security Challenge? S. 203-220

„… much more focused on an escalation of casualties, indiscriminate direct attacks on civilian populations …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845238586

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The Struggle over Human Rights

Courtney Hercus

2019

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3 International Human Rights Activism between 1963 and 1976: The Escalation of Concurrent Social Forces S. 79-120

doi.org/10.5771/9781498574020

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Vertrauen in das Controlling als Informationsquelle und Framing von Informationen in Situationen eskalierender Commitments

Joachim Sautter

Series: Controlling und Management

Volume 20 2020

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 257-270

„… . 59–74. Bazerman, Max H./Giuliano, Toni/Appelman, Alan (1984), Escalation of commitment in individual and …” „… ), The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress, in: Academy …” „… , Roberto A. (1999), The econometrics and behavioral economics of escalation of commitment: A re-examination …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… 1.4 44 Grundlagen, konzeptioneller Bezugsrahmen, Forschungshypothesen und Methodik 2 47 Escalation of …” „… Commitment2.1 47 Definition und Kennzeichnung des Escalation of Commitment 2.1.1 47 Erklärungsansätze und der …” „… Framing im Escalation of Commitment2.3.2 64 Herleitung des konzeptionellen Bezugsrahmens2.4 69 Ableitung …”

2 Grundlagen, konzeptioneller Bezugsrahmen, Forschungshypothesen und Methodik S. 47-90

„… Unterkapiteln von Kapitel 2 werden zunächst die für die Arbeit notwendigen Grundlagen zum Escalation of …” „… Forschungshypothesen eingegangen wird. Escalation of Commitment Definition und Kennzeichnung des Escalation of …” „… Commitment Wie in der Einführung beschrieben, wird von Escalation of Commitment gesprochen, wenn an einer …”

1 Einführung S. 31-46

„… ausreichenden Informationen zu einem sog. „Escalation of Commitment“ kommen kann, einem Phänomen, das 10 Vgl …” „… , obwohl dieses Festhalten aus ökonomischer Sicht nicht mehr sinnvoll ist.16 Ein Escalation of Commitment …” „… Escalation of Commitment häufig das ökonomisch-irrationale Festhalten an scheiternden Projekten verstanden.18 …”

4 Überprüfung der Forschungshypothesen S. 133-215

3 Operationalisierung der Variablen sowie Faktoren- und Reliabilitätsanalysen der Messmodelle S. 91-132

„… Operationalisierung des Framings der Information kann auf bestehende und bereits erprobte Fallstudien zum Escalation …” „… Sitkin/Weingart (1995),383 welche auch in Experimenten zum Escalation of Commitment bereits mehrfach erfolgreich …” „… existierenden Studien zum Escalation of Commitment und Framing.385 Die Probanden werden demensprechend gebeten …”

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Iran, die Bombe und das Streben nach Sicherheit

Andreas M. Bock (ed.), Ingo Henneberg (ed.)

Series: Innovative Forschung - Theorien, Methoden, Konzepte

Volume 2 2014

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Witold Mucha A spring that would not come: Why the Green Movement did not blossom in Iran, 2009-2010 S. 295-316

„… in contemporary peace and conflict studies. Keywords: Iran, Green Movement, Escalation …” „… , De-escalation, Peace Dr. rer. pol. Witold Mucha is political scientist with a development policy background in …” „… factors of violence escalation and the neglect of so-called peace causes. In light of these deficits …”

Lukas Kasten, Laleh Gomari-Luksch An Eye for an Eye: Bargaining Theory, Mistrust, and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis S. 225-248

„… costs of escalation to war. For Iran, this also means that bargaining failure potentially involves …” „… progress. Under these circumstances, failed negotiations did not necessarily imply the costly escalation of …” „… , James D. 1994. Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes. The American …”

Mischa Hansel Die Effekte nuklearer Proliferation in Krisenregionen: Was lässt sich aus der Geschichte lernen? S. 157-180

„… Security 36, Nr. 1: 133-166. Chakma, Bhumitra. 2012. Escalation Control, Deterrence Diplomacy and America’s …”

Antje Nötzold Das Non-Proliferationsregime: Stolperstein oder Wegweiser zur Lösung des Nuklearkonflikts mit Iran? S. 111-132

„… involved institutions. After a short overview of the conflict escalation the article examines the …”

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Friedensjournalismus

Wilhelm Kempf

Series: Aktuell. Studien zum Journalismus

Volume 20 2021

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Literatur S. 141-154

„… of escalation- and deescalation-oriented aspects of conflict coverage. Diskussionsbeiträge der …” „… ). Escalation and negotiation: two central themes in the work of Jeffrey Z. Rubin. In: Kolb, D. (ed …” „… ). Imagined ideological differences in conflict escalation and resolution. Int. J. Confl. Manage., 4, 249-62 …”

„Friedensjournalismus“ von Wilhelm Kempf: Eine Einordnung in die Journalismusforschung und ein Ausblick auf neue Forschungsfelder zwischen Digitalisierung und friedensfördernder Kommunikation S. 13-27

„… , 51–54. Kempf, W. (1999). De-escalation-oriented conflict coverage? The Northern Ireland and …”

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S&F Sicherheit und Frieden

Browse Volumes: S&F Sicherheit und Frieden

S+F Volume 37 (2019) Issue 1 ISSN Online: 0175-274x

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BESPRECHUNGEN S. 48-52

„… actor mapping. When escalation of conflict occurs through direct violence, it regularly yields …” „… destructive outcomes; but escalation can also take forms that are more construc tive. Using the four …” „… escalation method. Additionally, it is noted that while the actions of partisan policies and outsiders can …”

Louis Kriesberg Interactions among Populism, Peace, and Security in Contemporary America S. 1-7

„… antagonisms. Trump’s escalation and then dramatic de escalation of the U.S. conflict with North Korea and …”

doi.org/10.5771/0175-274X-2019-1

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