Neutral Power in the CSCE

Thomas Fischer

doi:10.5771/9783845217703

Neutral Power in the CSCE

The N+N States and the Making of the Helsinki Accords 1975

Series: Wiener Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 12 1. Edition 2009

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doi.org/10.5771/9783845217703
ISBN print: 978-3-8329-4475-9
ISBN online: 978-3-8452-1770-3
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

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Zusammenfassung

Welche Rolle spielten die neutralen und blockfreien Staaten im Vorfeld der KSZE-Konferenz von 1975? Das Buch profitiert als erste Studie von den mittlerweile zugänglichen Archiven in den betroffenen Staaten nach der üblichen Sperrfrist von 30 Jahren. Der Autor hat als erster dieses reichhaltige Quellenmaterial systematisch ausgewertet und kommt zu neuen Ergebnissen.

Abstract

Welche Rolle spielten die neutralen und blockfreien Staaten im Vorfeld der KSZE-Konferenz von 1975? Das Buch profitiert als erste Studie von den mittlerweile zugänglichen Archiven in den betroffenen Staaten nach der üblichen Sperrfrist von 30 Jahren. Der Autor hat als erster dieses reichhaltige Quellenmaterial systematisch ausgewertet und kommt zu neuen Ergebnissen.

Chapter Expand | CollapseAuthorsPage
2–14 Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 2–14
15–16 List of Abbreviations 15–16
17–28 Introduction 17–28
29–82 Chapter 1: Disunity as a Starting Point 29–82
- 29–55 European Neutrality and Non-Alignment in the Cold War 29–55
  - 29–32 Basic Terms 29–32
  - 32–36 Switzerland 32–36
  - 36–40 Austria 36–40
  - 40–45 Sweden 40–45
  - 45–50 Finland 45–50
  - 50–54 Yugoslavia 50–54
  - 54–55 Five Times Neutral and Non-Aligned 54–55
- 55–63 A Changing International Setting 55–63
  - 55–60 Bilateral Superpower Détente 55–60
  - 60–63 Multilateral Détente in Europe 60–63
- 63–76 Neutral and Non-Aligned Responses to Détente 63–76
  - 63–65 Switzerland 63–65
  - 65–69 Austria 65–69
  - 69–71 Sweden 69–71
  - 71–73 Finland 71–73
  - 73–76 Yugoslavia 73–76
- 76–82 Prelude to the N+N: The “Group of Nine” 76–82
83–150 Chapter 2: Parallel Paths to Helsinki (1966-1972) 83–150
- 83–84 Early Soviet Calls for a European Security Conference 83–84
- 84–86 The Bucharest Appeal of 1966 on the Neutral States 84–86
- 86–89 Austria under Soviet Pressure 86–89
- 89–100 The Finnish CSCE Initiative of 5 May 1969 89–100
- 100–111 Neutral and Non-Aligned Reactions to the Finnish CSCE Memorandum 100–111
- 111–120 Ralph Enckell’s Mission (and the Second Finnish Memorandum) 111–120
- 120–141 Initiatives in Preparation for the Conference 120–141
  - 120–128 Austria 120–128
  - 128–135 Switzerland 128–135
  - 135–138 Sweden 135–138
  - 138–141 Yugoslavia 138–141
  - 141–141 Prospects for Common Positions 141–141
- 141–150 The Role of a Neutral/Non-Aligned State and Possible Forms of Cooperation 141–150
151–218 Chapter 3: Finding Common Ground in Dipoli (1972-1973) 151–218
- 151–173 Setting the Stage (22 November – 15 December 1972) 151–173
  - 151–155 Technical Preparations 151–155
  - 155–162 Rules of Procedure 155–162
  - 162–164 Opening Statements 162–164
  - 164–165 Dispute on the Christmas Break 164–165
  - 165–167 Organization of the Work 165–167
  - 167–169 Early Discussions on the Venue of the Conference 167–169
  - 169–173 Performance of the Neutral and Non-Aligned States 169–173
- 173–185 Creating the Conference Agenda (15 January – 9 February 1973) 173–185
  - 173–177 Operation Baskets 173–177
  - 177–181 Neutral and Non-Aligned Agenda Proposals 177–181
  - 181–185 Reactions to the Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals on Security Matters 181–185
- 185–193 Working Groups (26 February – 6 April 1973) 185–193
  - 185–187 Neutral Coordinators for the Informal Minigroups 185–187
  - 187–189 The Catalogue of Principles 187–189
  - 189–191 The Austrian Middle East Proposal – First to Fail 189–191
  - 191–193 Other Military Aspects of Security 191–193
- 193–201 Drafting the “Blue Book” (25 April – 8 June 1973) 193–201
  - 193–198 The Declaration of Principles and Basket III 193–198
  - 198–200 A Special Body for the Swiss Proposal on a System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 198–200
  - 200–201 The Mandate on Military Aspects of Security – Disarmament and CBM 200–201
- 201–216 Helsinki-Geneva-Helsinki: Deciding on the Venue of the Conference 201–216
- 216–218 Neutral and Non-aligned Cooperation at the MPT 216–218
219–316 Chapter 4: The Coming About of the N+N Group in Geneva (1973-1975) 219–316
- 219–219 Stage I – Prelude (July – August 1973) 219–219
- 219–228 The Foreign Ministers’ Meeting 219–228
  - 219–226 Moving from Helsinki to Geneva 219–226
  - 226–228 Finland Joins in the Neutral Consultations 226–228
- 228–297 Stage II – The Start of the Diplomatic Negotiations (Sept. – December 1973) 228–297
  - 228–238 Presentation of Neutral and Non-Aligned Proposals in Basket I 228–238
    - a) The Swiss SRPD Project
    - b) Proposals on the Military Aspects of Security
  - 238–240 No N+N Cooperation in Basket II 238–240
  - 240–243 Assuming Responsibility as Coordinators of Basket III 240–243
  - 243–245 Neutral Caucus with a View to the Continuation of Stage II and the Follow-Up 243–245
  - 245–246 The Birth of the N+N Group (January – December 1974) 245–246
  - 246–250 Drafting a First Common Proposal in the Military Sub-Committee 246–250
  - 250–254 The Soviet Njet to the Swiss SRPD Project 250–254
  - 254–263 The Swiss-Austrian Quarrel over Neutrality 254–263
  - 263–267 Negotiation Deadlock in Basket III 263–267
  - 267–273 N+N Discussions on a Yugoslav Follow-Up Proposal 267–273
  - 273–278 A Swedish Proposal to Break the Negotiation Impasse 273–278
  - 278–293 The N+N Package Deal 278–293
  - 293–297 Continued High-Level Contacts among the Neutrals 293–297
- 297–316 Final Negotiations on the Helsinki Accords (January – July 1975) 297–316
  - 297–307 A Breakthrough on CBM Parameters 297–307
  - 307–316 Final Deals on Basket III and the Follow-Up 307–316
317–356 Chapter 5: Assessing N+N Collaboration 317–356
- 317–324 The N+N at the Helsinki Summit (30 July – 1 August 1975) 317–324
- 324–343 Factors Explaining the N+N Influence in the CSCE 324–343
  - 324–327 The Principle of Equal Participation and the Rule of Consensus 324–327
  - 327–330 East-West Polarization and the N+N Dual Role Strategy 327–330
  - 330–340 The Role of Personalities 330–340
  - 340–343 Making Their Own Instructions 340–343
- 343–356 The N+N Cooperation: A Learning Experience 343–356
  - 343–347 Growing Mutual Respect and Understanding 343–347
  - 347–351 Mitigating Bilateral Differences 347–351
  - 351–354 The Inclusion of the Mediterranean Small States and European Microstates in the N+N Group 351–354
  - 354–356 Other Reference Groups 354–356
357–376 Summary and Conclusions 357–376
377–378 Appendix: List of Key N+N Delegation Members 377–378
379–392 Bibliography 379–392

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