New Digital Markets Act
A Practitioner's Guide
Zusammenfassung
Der Digital Markets Act (DMA) dient der Ex-ante-Regulierung großer digitaler Plattformen, die eine Gatekeeper-Funktion haben. Er hat aber auch Auswirkungen auf alle Nutzer:innen der Plattformen. Der Einführungsband Das englischsprachige Handbuch ist der ideale Einstieg in die hochkomplexe Materie. Es macht die Neuregelungen greifbar und beantwortet die wichtigsten Fragen, u.a.: Wie werden die vom DMA adressierten Gatekeeper identifiziert? Welche Verhaltenspflichten werden Gatekeepern im Einzelnen auferlegt? Welche Befugnisse haben EU-Kommission und nationale Behörden? Inwiefern profitieren gewerbliche Nutzer:innen von den neuen Vorschriften? Fragen zum Private Enforcement des DMA werden aus der Perspektive unterschiedlicher EU-Jurisdiktionen beantwortet. Das internationale Team der Autor:innen RA Franck Audran | RA Markus Brösamle | Prof. Dr. Oliver Budzinski | RA Rob Corbet | RA Rick Cornelissen | RAin Emilia Etz, Maître en Droit | RA Pablo Figueroa, LL.M. (Cornell Law School and College of Europe) | RA Dr. Lucas Gasser | RA Dr. Jochen Hegener, LL.M. (Columbia University) | RA Dr. Fabian Hübener, LL.M. (Georgetown) | RAin Johanna Krauskopf, LL.M. (Universiteit van Amsterdam) | RA Gonçalo Machado Borges, LL.M. | RAin Elsa Mandel, LL.M. (NYU School of Law) | RAin Leonor Martins Machado | RA Jorge Masía, LL.M. (Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago) | Jun.- Prof. Dr. Juliane Mendelsohn | RA Robert Pahlen | RAin Dr. Ana Parés | SyndikusRA Dr. Raphael Reims, LL.M. (LSE) | RA Dr. Edoardo Ricci, LL.M. (Université libre de Bruxelles) | RA Dr. Francesco Maria Salerno | RA Dr. Henner Schläfke | RA Dr. Jens Peter Schmidt | RA Immo Schuler, LL.M. (Univ. of North Carolina) | RAin Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow | RAin Lumine van Uden, LL.M. | RAin Sofia Vaz Sampaio | RA Richard Willis
Abstract
The Digital Markets Act (DMA) is an ex ante regulation of large digital platforms that act as gatekeepers. It also has a direct impact on all users of these platforms. The book The Practitioner’s Guide is an easy-to-use introduction to this highly complex subject. It makes the new law accessible and offers answers to the most important questions, including: How are gatekeepers identified? What are the specific duties of conduct imposed on gatekeepers? What powers do the EU Commission and national authorities have over gatekeepers? To what extent do business users benefit from the new rules? Questions on private enforcement of the DMA are answered from the perspective of different EU jurisdictions. Highest level of professional expertise Franck Audran, lawyer | M arkus Brösamle, lawyer | Prof. Dr. Oliver Budzinski | Rob Corbet, lawyer | Rick Cornelissen, lawyer | E milia Etz, Maître en Droit, lawyer | Pablo Figueroa, LL.M. (Cornell Law School and College of Europe), lawyer | Dr. Lucas Gasser, lawyer | Dr. Jochen Hegener, LL.M. (Columbia University), lawyer | Dr. Fabian Hübener, LL.M. (Georgetown), lawyer | Johanna Krauskopf, LL.M. (Universiteit van Amsterdam), lawyer | Gonçalo Machado Borges, LL.M., lawyer | Elsa Mandel, LL.M. (NYU School of Law), lawyer | Leonor Martins Machado, lawyer | Jorge Masía, LL.M. (Northwestern University School of Law, Chicago), lawyer | Jun.- Prof. Dr. Juliane Mendelsohn | Robert Pahlen, lawyer | Dr. Ana Parés, lawyer | Dr. Raphael Reims, LL.M. (LSE), inhouse lawyer | Dr. Edoardo Ricci, LL.M. (Université libre de Bruxelles), lawyer | Dr. Francesco Maria Salerno, lawyer | Dr. Henner Schläfke, lawyer | Dr. Jens Peter Schmidt, lawyer | Immo Schuler, LL.M. (Univ. of North Carolina), lawyer | Miriam Swamy-von Zastrow, lawyer | Lumine van Uden, LL.M., lawyer | Sofia Vaz Sampaio, lawyer | Richard Willis, lawyer
Schlagworte
- I–XLII Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I–XLII
- 1–2 Chapter 1 The DMA at a glance 1–2
- 3–22 Chapter 2 DMA: background, objectives, and its relationship to competition law 3–22
- A. Background
- I. Digital platforms and ecosystems as a new challenge for economic policy
- II. Development of the DMA
- III. The specific approach taken by the DMA
- B. Legal basis, legal nature and objectives
- I. Legal basis
- II. Legal nature as a regulatory instrument
- 1. Asymmetrical regulation
- 2. Sector-specific regulation
- 3. Ex ante regulation
- 4. Self-executing regulation
- III. Objectives
- 1. Fairness
- a) Classification
- b) Negative definition and localisation
- 2. Contestability
- a) Background
- b) Definition and localisation
- 3. Interoperability?
- C. Context
- I. DMA as a component of the Digital Single Market
- II. Relationship with European and German competition law
- D. Summary
- 23–28 Chapter 3 Gatekeepers (Art. 2 DMA) 23–28
- A. Overview
- B. Definition
- I. Gatekeeper (Art. 2 point (1) DMA)
- II. Core platform services (Art. 2 point (2) DMA)
- C. Designation (Art. 3 DMA)
- I. Size, gateway and durability criterion (Art. 3(1) DMA)
- II. Turnover and user thresholds (Art. 3(2) DMA)
- D. Application cases in practice
- 29–35 Chapter 4 Designation as a gatekeeper (Art. 3 DMA) 29–35
- A. Definition
- B. Designation procedure
- I. Presumption (Art. 3(2) DMA)
- II. Rebuttal of presumption (Art. 3(5) DMA)
- III. Designation other than via presumption (Art. 3(8) DMA)
- 1. General
- 2. Emerging gatekeepers
- IV. Procedure
- C. Evaluation
- 36–40 Chapter 5 Review by the European Commission (Art. 4 DMA) 36–40
- A. Overview
- B. Types of review
- I. Event-driven review (Art. 4(1) DMA)
- 1. Substantial change in the underlying facts (lit. a)
- 2. Based on incomplete, incorrect or misleading information (lit. b)
- 3. Legal consequence of the event-driven review
- II. Regular review (Art. 4(2) DMA)
- 1. Routine review of gatekeeper status (para. 2 subpara. 1)
- 2. Annual review of new core platform services (para. 2 subpara. 2)
- 3. Legal consequence of the regular review
- C. Publication and updating of the gatekeeper list (Art. 4(3) DMA)
- D. Further review options open to the European Commission and gatekeepers
- I. Review options for gatekeepers
- II. Review options for, and obligations of, the European Commission
- 41–58 Chapter 6 Conduct obligations for gatekeepers (Art. 5–7 DMA) 41–58
- A. Overview
- B. Conduct obligations pursuant to Art. 5 DMA
- I. Overview
- II. Prohibition of the combination of personal data (Art. 5(2) DMA)
- III. Prohibition of the use of most-favoured nation clauses (Art. 5(3) DMA)
- IV. Obligation to allow communication with end users (Art. 5(4) DMA)
- V. Obligation to grant end users access to services of business users (Art. 5(5) DMA)
- VI. Prohibition on restricting users’ legal remedies (Art. 5(6) DMA)
- VII. Prohibition on tying (Art. 5(7) DMA)
- VIII. Prohibition on requiring registration with other core platform services (Art. 5(8) DMA)
- IX. Obligation to provide advertisers and publishers with information on advertising prices (Art. 5(9) and (10) DMA)
- C. Conduct obligations pursuant to Art. 6 DMA
- I. Overview
- II. Prohibition of data use in competition with business users (Art. 6(2) DMA)
- III. Obligation to allow un-installation of pre-installed software and changes to default settings (Art. 6(3) DMA)
- IV. Obligation to allow the installation of third-party software (Art. 6(4) DMA)
- V. Prohibition of self-preferencing in ranking, indexing and crawling (Art. 6(5) DMA)
- VI. Prohibition of the restriction of the ability to switch between services (Art. 6(6) DMA)
- VII. Obligation to ensure interoperability (Art. 6(7) DMA)
- VIII. Obligation to provide advertisers and publishers with access to performance measuring tools (Art. 6(8) DMA)
- IX. Obligation to grant end users access to data (Art. 6(9) DMA)
- X. Obligation to grant business users access to data (Art. 6(10) DMA)
- XI. Obligation of search engine operators to provide search data based on FRAND conditions (Art. 6(11) DMA)
- XII. Obligation to grant access to app stores, online search engines and online social network services based on FRAND conditions (Art. 6(12) DMA)
- XIII. Prohibition of disproportionate conditions for termination (Art. 6(13) DMA)
- D. Conduct obligations pursuant to Art. 7 DMA
- 59–62 Chapter 7 Compliance and reporting obligations of gatekeepers 59–62
- A. Internal compliance function (Art. 28 DMA)
- I. Resources for the compliance function
- II. Tasks of the head of the compliance function
- III. Remit of the compliance officers
- IV. Remit of the management body (Management Board) of the gatekeeper
- B. Review and annual reporting obligation (Art. 8 and 11 DMA)
- 63–73 Chapter 8 Market investigations (Art. 16–19 DMA) 63–73
- A. Overview
- I. Areas of application of the market investigation
- 1. Market investigation for designating gatekeepers (Art. 17 DMA)
- a) Designation other than via presumption
- b) Designation in cases involving the rebuttal of presumption
- 2. Market investigation into systematic non-compliance (Art. 18 DMA)
- 3. Market investigation on the inclusion of new core platform services and on new practices (Art. 19 DMA)
- II. Procedure
- 1. Opening of a market investigation
- 2. Conducting the market investigation
- B. Evaluation
- 74–79 Chapter 9 Merger control (Art. 14 DMA) 74–79
- A. Importance of merger control in the digital economy
- B. No DMA merger control, but obligation to inform about intended concentrations (Art. 14 DMA) No DMA merger control, but obligation to inform about intended concentrations
- I. Obligation to inform for gatekeepers
- II. Type of information to be provided
- III. Consequence of the obligation to inform
- 1. Modified approach of the European Commission regarding referrals: Referral Notice
- 2. Criteria for referral
- 3. Procedure
- IV. Total prohibition on entering into concentrations (Art. 18 DMA)
- 80–95 Chapter 10 EU penalties, investigative powers and legal protection 80–95
- A. Penalties (Art. 30 et seq. DMA)
- I. Fines (Art. 30 DMA)
- 1. Substantive DMA infringements
- 2. Formal DMA infringements
- 3. Standard of fault
- 4. Limitation
- 5. Calculating the amount of a fine
- 6. Significance of the ban on double jeopardy – ne bis in idem
- II. Periodic penalty payments (Art. 31 DMA)
- III. Additional remedies (Art. 18 DMA)
- IV. Interim measures (Art. 24 DMA)
- B. Investigative powers (Art. 21 et seqq. DMA)
- C. Legal protection
- I. Parties subject to penalties
- 1. Action for annulment
- a) Admissibility of the action
- b) Merits of the action
- 2. Interim relief
- a) Admissibility of the application
- b) Merits of the application
- 3. Appeals
- II. Third parties
- 1. Reporting infringements
- 2. Access to files
- 96–106 Chapter 11 Role of national authorities and courts 96–106
- A. Overview
- B. Role of national authorities in relation to the European Commission
- I. Centralised enforcement by the European Commission
- II. No independent role for national authorities
- III. Application of national ‘digital competition law’ by national authorities
- 1. Precedence of the DMA over national rules with the aim of contestable and fair markets (Art. 1(5) sent. 1 DMA)
- 2. Parallel application of competition law rules (Art. 1(6) DMA)
- 3. National competition law and DMA – example of classification of § 19a GWB (a German digital competition law rule)
- 4. Implementation measures in Germany (11th GWB Amendment Act)
- C. National courts
- I. Cooperation between the European Commission and national courts (Art. 39 DMA)
- II. National courts and enforcement of third-party claims (private enforcement)
- III. Assistance
- IV. Evaluation
- 107–111 Chapter 12 Third-party rights before the European Commission and national authorities 107–111
- A. Importance of third parties for effective enforcement
- B. Information on practices or behaviour of gatekeepers (Art. 27 DMA)
- I. Third parties
- II. Content of the information
- III. Procedure
- IV. Information provided to a national authority or the European Commission
- V. Consequence of the information
- C. Comments on compliance measures by gatekeepers (Art. 8 DMA)
- D. Comments in the context of a market investigation into systematic non-compliance (Art. 18 DMA) Comments in the context of a market investigation into systematic non-compliance
- E. Consultation in the context of a market investigation into new services and new practices (Art. 19 DMA)
- F. Consultation in the event of a non-compliance decision (Art. 29 DMA)
- 114–176 Chapter 13 The DMA as the subject matter of private enforcement 114–176
- 114–116 A. Private enforcement – a key implementation mechanism of the DMA 114–116
- 116–125 B. Basis for private enforcement of the DMA 116–125
- I. Direct applicability as the basis of private enforcement
- 1. Specificity of the individual provisions
- a) Obligations under Art. 5 DMA
- b) Obligations under Art. 6 DMA
- c) Obligations under Art. 7 DMA
- 2. Rights of business users under the DMA
- a) Rights of access and use
- b) Prohibitions of use and exploitation
- c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships
- 3. Rights of end users under the DMA
- a) Rights of access and use
- b) Prohibitions of use and exploitation
- c) Requirements governing the establishment of legal relationships
- II. No strong arguments against private enforcement of the DMA
- 1. Lack of regulation as an argument against private enforcement
- 2. No risk of fragmentation
- 125–127 C. Civil law claims under the DMA 125–127
- I. Enforceable rights under the DMA
- II. Secondary claims under European Union law
- 127–128 D. International jurisdiction 127–128
- 128–135 E. Private enforcement in France 128–135
- I. National provisions implementing the DMA
- 1. Protection of business users: sanction of so-called ‘restrictive practices’
- a) Significant imbalance
- b) Abrupt termination of an established commercial relationship
- c) Enforcement of PRCs
- 2. Protection of end users: the prohibition of unfair commercial practices
- 3. Conclusion
- II. Basis for claims
- 1. Fault
- 2. Prejudice and causal link
- III. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Evidence
- 2. Statute of limitation
- 3. Competence
- 135–145 F. Private enforcement in Germany 135–145
- I. Basis for claims of business users under national law
- 1. Claims under the GWB as amended by the 11th GWB Amendment Act
- 2. Other bases for claims
- a) Damages according to § 823(2) BGB in connection with norms set out in the DMA
- b) Claims for injunctive relief under § 1004 BGB
- c) Claims under the UWG
- II. Basis for claims of end users under national law
- III. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Concentration of jurisdiction under the 11th GWB Amendment Act
- 2. Collective private enforcement: the role of representative action
- a) Representative actions in favour of business users
- b) Representative action in favour of end users
- 3. Evidence
- IV. Conclusion
- 145–149 G. Private enforcement in Ireland 145–149
- I. National provisions implementing the DMA
- 1. Legislation
- 2. Wider debate and commentary on implementation
- II. Basis for claims
- 1. Types of actions
- 2. Potential conflict of laws
- III. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Forum
- 2. Jurisdiction
- 3. Representative actions
- IV. Conclusion
- 149–153 H. Private enforcement in Italy 149–153
- I. Basis for claims
- 1. Actions in torts (extracontractual liability)
- 2. Actions for contractual liability
- II. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Representative action in favour of end users
- 2. Jurisdiction
- 3. Interim measures
- 153–164 I. Private enforcement in the Netherlands 153–164
- I. National provisions implementing the DMA
- II. Basis for claims
- 1. Claims for damages
- 2. Claims for condemnatory relief
- 3. Claims for a declaratory judgment
- III. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Representation: mandates, assignment of claims and class actions
- a) Assignment of claims
- b) Class actions
- 2. Stay of proceedings
- 3. Obligation to furnish facts and evidence
- a) Obligation to furnish facts
- b) Disclosure
- c) Use of witnesses
- d) Use of experts
- 4. Statute of limitation
- 5. Damage, damage calculation and statutory interest
- 6. Legal costs
- 165–171 J. Private enforcement in Portugal 165–171
- I. Basis for claims by business users under national law
- 1. General considerations
- 2. Claims under the tort liability rules of the Portuguese Civil Code
- a) Actions for compensation of damages
- b) Injunctive relief
- 3. Other bases for claims
- II. Basis for claims by end users under national law
- 1. General considerations
- 2. Collective private enforcement: the role of representative action
- a) Representative actions
- b) Third-party funding
- III. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 171–175 K. Private enforcement in Spain 171–175
- I. Basis for claims
- 1. First approach: non-contractual claims
- 2. Second approach: unfair trade
- 3. Third approach: claims arising from contractual relationships
- II. Noteworthy procedural specifics
- 1. Interim measures under Spanish law
- 2. Collective actions under Spanish law
- III. Conclusion
- 175–176 L. Conclusion and outlook 175–176
- 177–254 Annex: Digital Markets Act 177–254
- CHAPTER I SUBJECT MATTER, SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
- Article 1 Subject matter and scope
- Article 2 Definitions
- CHAPTER II GATEKEEPERS
- Article 3 Designation of gatekeepers
- Article 4 Review of the status of gatekeeper
- CHAPTER III PRACTICES OF GATEKEEPERS THAT LIMIT CONTESTABILITY OR ARE UNFAIR
- Article 5 Obligations for gatekeepers
- Article 6 Obligations for gatekeepers susceptible of being further specified under Article 8
- Article 7 Obligation for gatekeepers on interoperability of number-independent interpersonal communications services Obligation for gatekeepers on interoperability
- Article 8 Compliance with obligations for gatekeepers
- Article 9 Suspension
- Article 10 Exemption for grounds of public health and public security
- Article 11 Reporting
- Article 12 Updating obligations for gatekeepers
- Article 13 Anti-circumvention
- Article 14 Obligation to inform about concentrations
- Article 15 Obligation of an audit
- CHAPTER IV MARKET INVESTIGATION
- Article 16 Opening of a market investigation
- Article 17 Market investigation for designating gatekeepers
- Article 18 Market investigation into systematic non-compliance
- Article 19 Market investigation into new services and new practices
- CHAPTER V INVESTIGATIVE, ENFORCEMENT AND MONITORING POWERS
- Article 20 Opening of proceedings
- Article 21 Requests for information
- Article 22 Power to carry out interviews and take statements
- Article 23 Powers to conduct inspections
- Article 24 Interim measures
- Article 25 Commitments
- Article 26 Monitoring of obligations and measures
- Article 27 Information by third parties
- Article 28 Compliance function
- Article 29 Non-compliance
- Article 30 Fines
- Article 31 Periodic penalty payments
- Article 32 Limitation periods for the imposition of penalties
- Article 33 Limitation periods for the enforcement of penalties
- Article 34 Right to be heard and access to the file
- Article 35 Annual reporting
- Article 36 Professional secrecy
- Article 37 Cooperation with national authorities
- Article 38 Cooperation and coordination with national competent authorities enforcing competition rules
- Article 39 Cooperation with national courts
- Article 40 The high-level group
- Article 41 Request for a market investigation
- Article 42 Representative actions
- Article 43 Reporting of breaches and protection of reporting persons
- CHAPTER VI FINAL PROVISIONS
- Article 44 Publication of decisions
- Article 45 Review by the Court of Justice
- Article 46 Implementing provisions
- Article 47 Guidelines
- Article 48 Standardisation
- Article 49 Exercise of the delegation
- Article 50 Committee procedure
- Article 51 Amendment to Directive (EU) 2019/1937
- Article 52 Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828
- Article 53 Review
- Article 54 Entry into force and application
- ANNEX Annex: Digital Markets Act
- 255–260 Index 255–260
