Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration 2022
Zusammenfassung
The Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration is a collection of articles and essays on current issues and hot topics in commercial and investment arbitration and provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in arbitration.
The present 16th edition contains 19 contributions from altogether 45 leading practitioners and academics. The contributions include reports providing insights into the successful work of UNCITRAL and VIAC and an update on recent Austrian court decisions and publications in the field of arbitration.
The Yearbook includes the keynote speech delivered by Karl Pörnbacher at the VAD 2021 and the “Vienna propositions for Construction Arbitration” which summarize the discussions held at the VAD World Café in 2021.
Other contributions address a variety of topics, predominantly concentrating on procedural issues, including
-
the introduction of new claims and the arbitrator’s power to adapt contracts,
-
emergency arbitration, or
-
the arbitrability of insolvency disputes
and other hot topics such as the termination agreement of intra-EU BITs or cyber security.
Abstract
The Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration is a collection of articles and essays on current issues and hot topics in commercial and investment arbitration and provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in arbitration.
The present 16th edition contains 19 contributions from altogether 45 leading practitioners and academics. The contributions include reports providing insights into the successful work of UNCITRAL and VIAC and an update on recent Austrian court decisions and publications in the field of arbitration.
The Yearbook includes the keynote speech delivered by Karl Pörnbacher at the VAD 2021 and the “Vienna propositions for Construction Arbitration” which summarize the discussions held at the VAD World Café in 2021.
Other contributions address a variety of topics, predominantly concentrating on procedural issues, including
-
the introduction of new claims and the arbitrator’s power to adapt contracts,
-
emergency arbitration, or
-
the arbitrability of insolvency disputes
and other hot topics such as the termination agreement of intra-EU BITs or cyber security.
Schlagworte
Keywords
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- I–LXXII Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis I–LXXII
- 3–24 Chapter I The Arbitration Agreement and Arbitrability 3–24
- The Objective Non-arbitrability of Insolvency Related Disputes
- I. Introduction
- II. The International Public Policy of Insolvency Law
- A. Centralization of Proceedings
- B. Deprivation of Creditor’s Right to
- C. The Power to Avoid Certain Transactions
- D. Limitation on the Right to Dispose and Manage
- III. Competing Policy Goals – the Trump of Insolvency Law Utilitarianism
- IV. Determining the Scope of Non-arbitrability – A Solution in Modified Universalism
- V. Conclusion
- 27–176 Chapter II The Arbitrator and the Arbitration Procedure 27–176
- 27–46 Too Late for This Arbitration? – Introducing New Claims in Pending Proceedings 27–46
- I. Introduction
- II. Selected Arbitration Rules and the Entry of New Claims
- A. The 2020 LCIA Arbitration Rules
- B. The 2013 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules
- C. The 2017 SCC Arbitration Rules
- D. The 2021 VIAC Rules of Arbitration and
- E. The 2021 ICC Arbitration Rules
- 1. The Counterclaim Falls within the Terms of Reference
- 2. Stipulations for Authorization
- III. Conclusion
- 47–78 Cybersecurity in International Arbitration 47–78
- I. The Importance of Cybersecurity
- A. What is Digital Evidence
- B. Methods of Hacking
- II. When Cybersecurity Fails
- A. Various Approaches to Hacked Evidence in
- B. Legal Framework Applicable to
- 1. The Notion of “Illegally Obtained Evidence” through Hacking
- 2. Relevant Provisions on the Taking of Evidence
- 3. Burden of Proof
- 4. Admissibility of Hacked Data
- 5. Enforceability
- III. Implementation of Cybersecurity in International Arbitration
- A. Introduction of the ICCA-NYC Bar-CPR Protocol
- B. Implementation in Practice
- 1. The Standard of Reasonableness
- 2. The Three-Step Approach
- 3. Maximizing the Leverage Effect
- IV. Conclusion
- 79–120 Economic Sanctions in International Commercial Arbitration 79–120
- I. Introduction
- II. Sanctions Regimes: An Overview
- A. Most Important Actors
- 1. United Nations
- a. Legal Basis
- b. Implementation
- c. Enforcement
- 2. European Union
- a. Legal Basis
- b. Implementation
- c. Enforcement
- 3. US Sanctions
- a. Legal Basis
- b. Implementation
- c. Enforcement
- 4. UK Sanctions
- a. Legal Basis
- b. Implementation
- c. Enforcement
- B. Questions of Legality
- 1. Legal Basis for UN Sanctions
- 2. Legality of Autonomous (Unilateral) Sanctions
- 3. Principles of International Jurisdiction
- 4. Conclusion
- C. Sanctions against Sanctions
- 1. The EU Blocking Statute
- 2. UK Measures
- 3. US response
- III. A System of Sanctions
- A. Nature of Sanctions
- B. Source and Scope of Sanctions
- C. Implementation and Enforcement
- a. Primary and Secondary Legislation
- 2. Public and Private Law Effects
- 3. Different Addressees
- 4. Exemptions
- D. Conclusion
- IV. Austrian Public Law
- A. Constitutional Aspects
- B. Implementation of EU Law – an Overview
- C. Austrian Sanctions Act
- 1. Scope and Purpose
- 2. Measures
- 3. Procedures
- V. Austrian Private Law
- A. Conflict of Law Rules
- 1. Contracts
- 2. Other Legal Relationships
- 3. Overriding Mandatory Provisions
- B. Substantive Private Law
- 1. Invalidity of Contracts
- 2. Impossibility
- 3. The Austrian Foreign Trade Act
- 4. Legal Consequences
- C. Procedural Rules
- VI. Typical Problems
- A. Substantive Law
- 1. Validity of Contracts
- 2. Performance
- 3. Consideration
- B. Procedural Issues
- 1. Arbitration Institutions and Arbitrators
- 2. Burden to Plead and Prove
- C. Decisions in Sanctions Matters
- VII. Conclusion
- 121–138 The Arbitrator’s Power to Adapt Contracts – Three Jurisdictions, Three Answers? 121–138
- I. The Austrian Perspective
- A. Introduction
- B. The Status Quo in Austria until recently
- 1. Automatic Contract Adaptation
- 2. Unilateral Contract Adaptation
- 3. True Contract Adaptation
- C. Jurisprudence of the Austrian Supreme Court
- D. Remaining Questions
- II. The Swiss Perspective
- A. Introduction
- B. Legal Basis of the Arbitrator’s Power
- 1. Substantive Law
- 2. Arbitration Agreement
- 3.
- C. Approach to Contract Adaptation
- D. Case Law
- III. The German Perspective
- A. Introduction
- B. The Power to Adapt under German lex arbitri
- C. Contract Adaptation under Substantive
- 1. Primacy of Interpretation
- 2. Contractual Adaptation Clauses
- 3. Statutory Adaptation Mechanisms
- D. Procedural Considerations
- IV. Final Remarks
- 139–160 Selecting the Seat of Arbitration in Sino-European Disputes 139–160
- I. Introduction
- II. The ‘Seat’ of the Arbitration and Its Relevance
- A. The ‘Seat’ of the Arbitration – The Concept
- B. The Concept of ‘Seat of Arbitration’ under the
- III. Envisaged Revisions of the 1994 PRC
- A. Key Amendments Regarding the Concept of
- B. Practical Implications of these Amendments
- 1. No More Conflict Between Seat of Arbitration and the Seat of the Arbitral Institution
- 2. More Clarity Regarding the Nationality of Awards
- IV. Practical Considerations When Selecting an Appropriate Seat
- A. Relevant Criteria for the Selection of an
- 1. Arbitration-friendly Legal Framework and Court Practice
- 2. Accession to the
- 3. Cultural Compatibility and Proximity Between Legal Systems
- 4. Availability and Enforceability of Interim Measures & Emergency Relief
- 5. Simple Challenge Proceedings
- 6. Cost and Availability of Lawyers
- B. Attractiveness of Selected Seats
- C. Negotiation Advice
- V. Conclusion
- 161–176 Emergency Arbitration 161–176
- I. Introduction/From Novelty to Normality
- II. Defining Interim Measures by an Emergency Arbitrator and Their Requirements
- III. Comparison of the Emergency Arbitrator Provisions in Selected Institutional Arbitration Rules
- IV. The Enforcement of Emergency Arbitrator Decisions
- V. Choice between Emergency Arbitration and Relief Sought from State Courts
- A. No Parallel Emergency Decision-making Power
- B. De facto Compliance with Decisions of an
- C. Decision Criteria
- 1. No Formal Service Required in Emergency Arbitration Proceedings
- 2. Availability of Expert Knowledge
- 3. Confidentiality
- 4. International Enforceability
- 5. Availability of
- 6. Predictability of Time When Interim Relief will be Granted
- 7. Third Party Involvement
- 8. International Scope of the Interim Relief Granted by the Emergency Arbitrator
- VI. Concluding Observations
- 179–220 Chapter III The Award and the Courts 179–220
- 179–204 Waiver of the Right to Challenge an Arbitral Award, a Violation of Constitutional Law in Austria? 179–204
- I. Introduction
- A. The Problem
- B. Relevance of the Topic
- II. Purpose and Consequences of the Challenge of Arbitral Awards
- A. Purpose of the Right to Challenge an Arbitral Award
- 1. Integrity of the Arbitral Proceedings
- 2. Compliance with the Public Interest
- B. Consequences of a Successful Challenge
- 1. Article V (1) (e) New York Convention
- 2. The Territorialist Approach
- 3. The Delocalized Approach
- C. Result
- III. Waiver of the Right to Challenge Arbitral Awards according to Article 192 Swiss PILA
- A. Preconditions for the Exclusion Agreement
- 1. Foreign Parties
- 2. Written Agreement
- 3. Avoidance of Double Judicial Review
- B. Effects of Article 192 Swiss PILA
- C. Compliance of Article 192 Swiss PILA with
- 1. Decision by the Swiss Federal Tribunal
- 2. Tabbane v. Switzerland
- 3. Result
- IV. Waiver of the Challenge of Arbitral Awards within the ACCP
- A. Distinction between an Exclusion Beforehand
- B. Waiver of Rights from an Austrian Historical
- C. General Validity of the Waiver of Procedural
- 1. Exclusion of Legal Remedies
- 2. Pactum de non petendo
- V. Constitutional Validity of Article 192 Swiss PILA in the Austrian Legal Order
- A. Safeguard of the Parties’ Fundamental Rights
- 1. Guarantee of Fair Procedure
- 2. Procedural Public Policy
- 3. Grounds for Reinstatement of the Award
- 4. Right to be Judged by a Lawful Judge
- B. Public Interest in the Annulment of
- C. Principle of Equality
- D. Result
- VI. Conclusion
- 205–220 Decisions of the Austrian Supreme Court on Arbitration in 2020 and 2021 205–220
- I. Challenge of Arbitrators1)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- II. Scope of Arbitration Agreement 3)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- III. Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal5)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- IV. Application to Set Aside an Arbitral Award8)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- V. Enforcement of a Set Aside Arbitral Award14)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- VI. Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal18)
- A. Facts of the Case
- B. Decision of the Supreme Court
- C. Additional Remarks
- 223–290 Chapter IV Construction Arbitration 223–290
- 223–236 Construction Arbitration: Innovation and Constants 223–236
- I. Introduction
- II. Constants
- A. Complexity of Construction Disputes
- B. Criticisms: Too Expensive, Too Slow
- 1. Insufficient/Inadequate Use of Dispute Avoidance and Pre-arbitration Mechanisms
- 2. Inadequate Case Management
- III. Innovations
- IV. Recommendations/Suggestions for Innovations
- A. Dispute Avoidance
- B. Arbitration – Need to Increase Efficiency
- 1. Methods to Enhance Efficiency
- 2. How can the Proposed Methods be Implemented?
- V. Conclusion
- 237–248 Extension of Time: Money for Nothing? 237–248
- I. Introduction
- II. Understanding the Available Data
- III. Choosing the Delay Analysis Method
- A. Impacted as Planned Analysis
- B. Time Impact Analysis
- C. Time Slice Analysis
- IV. Frequent Questions during the Delay Analysis
- A. Understanding Float
- B. Understanding Concurrency
- V. Compensation for EOT
- A. Heads of Claims for EOT Compensation
- 1. Direct Costs
- 2. Indirect Costs
- 3. Profit and Risk
- B. Float and EOT Compensation
- C. Concurrency and EOT Compensation
- VI. Conclusion
- 249–290 The Vienna Propositions for Construction Arbitration 249–290
- I. Introduction
- II. The Vienna Propositions for More Effective Construction Arbitration
- A. Multiparty Projects Can Benefit from Multi-Tiered
- B. Appointing a Technical Expert as Arbitrator
- C. Dispute Resolution Clauses –
- D. A More Restrictive Approach for Witness and
- E. Determining Causality for Delays Requires Sufficient
- III. World Café Reports
- A. Model Clauses and Drafting for Construction
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Multitier Dispute Resolution Clauses
- 3. Qualification Requirements for Arbitrators
- 4. Who Should Draft the Dispute Resolution Clause?
- 5. Mechanisms to Avoid Late Payment
- 6. Conclusion
- B. Construction Arbitrations Are Invariably Multi-Party
- 1. Introductory Remarks
- 2. Multi-Party Arbitration and Case Management Considerations
- 3. Outlook
- C. Cross Examination in Construction Arbitrations
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Role of Witnesses and Experts in Construction Arbitrations
- 3. Dos and Don’ts in the Cross-Examination of Witnesses and Experts
- 4. Conclusion
- D. Dispute Adjudication Boards and Mediation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Dispute Adjudication Boards
- 3. Mediation
- 4. Table Discussion
- E. Delay and Quantum. Assessment of EOT and
- 1. The VAD World-Café 2021
- 2. Contemporaneous Understanding and Documentation of Project Delays
- 3. Retrospective Analysis
- 293–384 Chapter V Investment Arbitration 293–384
- 293–300 2021 Vienna Investment Arbitration Rules 293–300
- I. Introduction
- II. Background
- III. Scope of Application
- IV. Waiver of Immunity
- V. Composition and Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal
- VI. Challenge of Arbitrators
- VII. Early Dismissal
- VIII. Expedited Arbitration
- IX. Timing of Arbitral Awards
- X. Third-party Funding
- XI. Joinder and Submissions of Third Parties
- A. Joinder of Third Parties
- B. Amicus Curiae Submissions
- XII. Consolidation
- XIII. Publication of Information and Awards
- XIV. Costs
- XV. Conclusion
- 301–340 The 2020 Termination Agreement of Intra-EU BITs and Its Effect on Investment Arbitration in the EU 301–340
- I. Introduction
- II. The Content of the Termination Agreement
- A. Terminating Intra-EU BITs and
- B. Withdrawal of Consent for Pending Proceedings and
- 1. Concluded, Pending and New Arbitration Proceedings
- 2. Structured Dialogue for Pending Arbitration Claims Initiated before
- 3. Access to National Courts for Pending Arbitration Claims Initiated before
- III. The Termination Agreement through the Lens of Public International Law
- A. Termination of intra-EU BITs: Over-and-out
- B. The Termination of the Sunset Clauses:
- 1. The VCLT Approach to Sunset Clauses
- 2. Considerations beyond the VCLT: Third Party Rights, Legitimate Expectations/Estoppel, Acquired Rights
- 3. Conclusion on Sunset Clauses
- C. Withdrawal of Consent for
- IV. The End and Future of Intra-EU Investment Arbitration
- V. Conclusion
- 341–352 Mind the Gap – Jurisdictional Factors to be Considered in Investment Restructuring 341–352
- I. Introduction
- II. Jurisdictional Hurdles in the Context of Investment Re-structuring Cases
- A. Timing of Restructure (Ratione temporis)
- B. Definition of Investors (Ratione personae)
- C. Definition of Investment (Ratione materiae)
- III. Final remarks and conclusions
- 353–384 Third-Party Funding and ISDS 353–384
- I. Introduction1)
- II. Third-Party Funding – A Synopsis
- A. Definitional Challenges
- B. Provenance
- III. Third-Party Funding and ISDS: A Symbiotic Relationship
- A. The Pros and Cons
- 1. Promoting Access to Justice
- 2. Levelling the Playing Field
- 3. Encouraging Frivolous Claims
- B. Going Forward – Laissez-faire or Proactivity
- IV. Conclusion
- 387–416 Annex Regular Reports 387–416
- 387–398 Comprehensive International Mediation Framework with Three Newly Adopted Texts by UNCITRAL 387–398
- I. Introduction1)
- II. Background
- A. The Inception of UNCITRAL and the
- B. Reasons for Successful Development
- 1. Inclusivity
- 2. Transparency
- 3. Focus on Needs
- III. The UNCITRAL Mediation Framework
- A. Contractual Rules and Model Law
- B. Instrument on Enforcement
- C. Comprehensive Mediation Framework
- 1. UNCITRAL Mediation Rules
- 2. Guide to Enactment and Use of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Mediation and International Settlement Agree
- 3. UNCITRAL Notes on Mediation
- IV. Outlook
- 399–410 VIAC‘s Annual Report – 2020 399–410
- I. News
- A. New VIAC Board Members
- B. New VIAC Members to the Advisory Boards
- C. Covid-19-Related Measures
- 1. Continued Availability of VIAC Services
- 2. Clarification in the Vienna Rules 2018
- 3. The Vienna Protocol for Remote Hearings
- 4. Covid-19 Related Mediation Initiative
- 5. Joint Statement by Arbitration Institutions
- D. Clarifications Regarding VIAC’s License in Russia
- II. Events
- A. In-Person Events
- 1. Vienna Arbitration Days
- 2. Winter School of the Austrian Arbitration Academy
- 3. Lecture Series “Dispute Resolution in Austria”
- 4. Visit of Moot-Court Teams
- 5. Young ITA-YAAP Joint Conference
- 6. Joint Seminars of CAM, DIS, SCC, and VIAC
- B. Webinars and Other Online Events
- 1. Webinars on the Impact of Covid-19 on International Arbitration
- 2. Webinars and Interviews Related to the CIS Area
- 3. Other Webinars
- III. Statistics
- A. Number of Cases
- B. Parties
- C. Nationality of Arbitrators
- D. Nature of Disputes
- E. Gender Ratio
- IV. Closing Remarks and Sneak Preview for 2021
- A. Looking Back at a Challenging but Successful Year
- B. What’s next? – Outlook for the Year 2021
- 1. VIAC’s Rules Revision
- 2. VIAC Portal
- 3. Announced Publications
- 411–416 Recent Publications 411–416
- 417–474 Index 417–474
