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Continuity in Times of Change / Chapter I: The Notion of Acquired Rights
Continuity in Times of Change / Chapter I: The Notion of Acquired Rights
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31–82
Chapter I: The Notion of Acquired Rights
31–82
Details
A) The Diffuse State of the Law on the Issue of Acquired Rights
B) The Reasons for This Confusion
C) What We Talk About When We Talk About Acquired Rights
I) The Genesis of the Doctrine of Acquired Rights
II) The Reception by the PCIJ
1) The German Settlers Case (1923)
2) The Mavrommatis Concessions Cases (1924-1925)
3) Cases Concerning Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia (1925-1929)
4) The Lighthouses Case (1934)
5) Interim Conclusions
III) The Academic Reception
1) Daniel Patrick O’Connell
a) Legal Basis
b) Possibility to Abrogate
c) Nature of the Right
d) The Public-Private Divide
e) Holders of Acquired Rights
2) Pierre A. Lalive
a) Legal Basis
b) Possibility to Abrogate
c) Nature of the Right
d) The Public-Private Divide
e) Conclusions
3) Mohammed Bedjaoui
4) Interim Conclusions
IV) A “Classic” Definition of Acquired Rights
1) Pecuniary Rights
2) Domestic Rights
a) The Public-Private Divide
b) Property Rights
c) Real Rights and Contractual Rights
3) Bearers of Acquired Right
4) In Cases of State Succession
D) The Task Ahead
83–114
Chapter II: State Succession
83–114
Details
A) The Need for a Definition
B) Basic Requirements of State Succession
I) State Succession as a Set of Factual Events, not a Legal Effect
II) Replacement of One State by Another State – Continuity and Succession
III) Change of Responsibility for the International Relations
IV) Lawfulness of Succession
C) Categories of State Succession
I) Dismemberment (or Dissolution) and Separation
II) Incorporation and Merger (Uniting)
III) Cessions
IV) Decolonization
V) Pacific Occupation
D) Conclusions
115–246
Chapter III: The Continued Relevance of the Doctrine of Acquired Rights
115–246
Details
A) Preliminary Remarks
B) The Elevated Status of the Individual under International Law and Its Influence on the Doctrine of Acquired Rights
I) Where We Come from – the Status of the Individual from around 1900–1970
1) General Observations
2) The Relevance of Acquired Rights
II) Where We Are – the Status of the Individual Today
1) Individuals as Subjects of International Law
2) The Enforcement of Individual Positions as Community Interests under International Law
C) The Continuing Relevance of the Doctrine of Acquired Rights besides Human Rights and Investment Law
I) Preliminary Remarks
II) Human Rights and Acquired Rights
1) The Controversial Status of the Human Right of Property
a) A Human Right of Property under International Instruments
aa) Universal Instruments
bb) Regional Instruments
cc) Interim Conclusion
b) A Human Right of Property and Investment Law
c) A Human Right of Property and Domestic Instruments
d) Interim Conclusions
2) (Non-)Succession to Human Rights Treaties
a) Reliance on Rules Outside the Specific Treaty
b) The Argument of “Objective Regime”
c) Practice of Human Rights Organs
d) State Practice
e) The (Im-)Possibility of Termination of a Human Rights Treaty
aa) Preliminary Remarks
bb) Termination Pursuant to Art. 54 and 56 VCLT
cc) Termination by Consensus
dd) Third-Party Rights
ee) Interim Conclusions
f) The (Im-) Persistence of Treaty Rights after Withdrawal, Art. 70 para. 1 lit. b) VCLT
aa) General Remarks
bb) Executed and Executory Rights
cc) Judicial Claims as Executed Rights
dd) Interim Conclusions
g) Interim Conclusions
3) The Argument of Self-Determination
4) The Implementation Gap
a) International Treaties
b) Customary Law
c) Political Resistance to Human Rights
d) Interim Conclusions
III) Investor Rights and Acquired Rights
1) The Limited Scope of Protection of Investor Rights Outside Investment Treaties
a) Customary Investment Law as Inter-State Law Protecting Commercial Interests of Foreigners
b) The Vagueness of Protection of Individual Property Rights
aa) State Practice
bb) Investment Treaties
c) Interim Conclusion
2) (Non-)Succession to Investment Treaties
a) State Practice
aa) Yemen
bb) Soviet Union
cc) Yugoslavia
dd) Czechoslovakia
ee) Ethiopia
ff) Hong Kong, Macau, Walvis Bay
gg) South Sudan
hh) The ICSID Convention
b) Interim Conclusions
3) Investor Rights in Case of Consensual Termination of a BIT
a) The (Too) Traditional Doctrinal Approach
aa) The Comparison to Human Rights Law
bb) The Inconsistent Argumentation
b) State Practice
c) Jurisprudence
4) Interim Conclusions
D) Conclusions – A Place for Acquired Rights
247–462
Chapter IV: State Practice on Acquired Rights
247–462
Details
A) Preliminary Remarks
B) Case Studies
I) The Unification of Yemen (1990)
1) General Background
2) Continuity of the Legal Framework
3) Restitution of Nationalized Land Holdings
4) Interim Conclusions
II) The Unification of Germany (1990)
1) General Background
2) International Treaties
3) Domestic Law
a) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
b) Private Rights
aa) Old-Age Pensions of Former GDR Citizens
bb) Property Questions, Especially Land Rights
i. Restitution
ii. The Land Reform (“Bodenreform”) before the BVerfG and the ECtHR
4) Interim Conclusions
III) The Demise of the Soviet Union (1990s)
1) General Background
2) The Baltic States
a) International Treaties
b) Domestic Law
aa) Nationality Legislation and Pertaining Civil Status
bb) Non-recognition of SU Nationalization Measures
3) Russia and the (Other) Successor States of the SU
a) International Treaties
b) Domestic Law
4) Interim Conclusions
IV) The Dismemberment of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (1990s)
1) General Background
2) Domestic Regulations of the SFRY Successor States
a) General Preliminary Remarks
b) Domestic Law of Slovenia
aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
bb) Private Rights
i. The “Erased”
ii. Property
c) Domestic Law of Croatia
aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
bb) Private Rights
d) Domestic Law of Macedonia
e) Domestic Law of Bosnia-Herzegovina
aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
bb) Private Rights
f) Domestic Law of the FRY
3) The 2001 Agreement on Succession Issues
a) Private Property and Acquired Rights
b) Pensions
c) External Debts of the SFRY, Especially Foreign Currency Accounts
d) Interim Conclusions
4) The Independence of Montenegro from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
a) Serbia and Montenegro
b) Montenegro
aa) International Treaties
bb) Domestic Law
c) Serbia
5) The Independence of Kosovo
a) The Legal Landscape Under UNMIK Administration
aa) Continuity of the Legal Order in General
bb) Private Rights
b) The Legal Landscape After Independence
6) Interim Conclusions
V) The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (1992/1993)
1) General Background
2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
3) Private Rights
4) Interim Conclusions
VI) The Independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia (1993)
1) General Background
2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
3) Private Rights
a) Land Reform
b) Other Issues before the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
aa) Citizenship and Property Rights
bb) Pensions of Ethiopian Civil Servants
4) Interim Conclusions
VII) The Transfer of Walvis Bay (1994)
1) General Background
2) Domestic Law in Walvis Bay
a) The Legacy of the South African Legal Order
b) Continuity of Private Rights
3) Interim Conclusions
VIII) The Transfers of Hong Kong (1997) and Macau (1999)
1) Hong Kong
a) General Background
b) The Continuity of the Hong Kong Legal Order in General
c) Individual Rights
2) Macau
a) General Background
b) The Continuity of the Macau Legal Order and Individual Rights
3) Interim Conclusions
IX) The Independence of South Sudan (2011)
1) General Background
2) The Continuity of the Legal Order in General
3) Private Rights
a) Property Rights in General
b) Land Rights
c) Ownership of Natural Resources
d) The Status of Nationals
e) Other Issues
4) Interim Conclusions
X) The British Termination of its EU Membership (2020)
1) General Background
2) Persistence of Individual Rights Derived from EU Law
a) Theoretical Approaches
b) Individual Rights under the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement
aa) The General Conception of the Agreement
bb) The Rights Protected
cc) What is Lost?
dd) The Actual Implementation
3) Interim Conclusions - Theory Tested Against the Facts
C) Conclusions
I) Practice with Regard to the Domestic Legal Order in General
II) Practice with Respect to Acquired Rights of Individuals in Particular
III) What Can Be Taken from Those Findings?
463–544
Chapter V: The Doctrine of Acquired Rights in Cases of State Succession. Status, Content, Value, Limits and Potential
463–544
Details
A) Preliminary Remarks
B) The Positive Legal Status of the Doctrine
I) Acquired Rights as a Norm of Treaty Law
II) Acquired Rights as a Norm of Customary International Law
1) General Prerequisites for the Formation of a Norm of Customary International Law
2) The Binding Character of Pre-Existing Customary International Law for a New State
3) Challenges to the Detection of Norms of Customary Internal Law in the Context of State Succession
a) The Singularization of Succession Cases
b) The Issue of Inferring Custom from Treaty Practice
c) The Issue of Determination of Relevant Acts of State Practice
4) Interim Conclusions
III) Acquired Rights as a General Principle of Law
1) Prerequisites for the Formation of a General Principle
2) Application to the Cases under Analysis
a) Rights Acquired under a Domestic Legal Order and Succession
b) Human Rights Law, the Law on the Protection of Foreign Investment and Succession
c) The Law on the Termination of Treaties
3) Interim Conclusions
C) The Content of the Principle
I) Presumption of Continuity of the Domestic Private Legal Order
II) Obligation to Respect Factual Situations Emanating from the Exercise of Rights
III) Legitimate Expectations as New Point of Reference
IV) The Object of Acquisition
1) Acquired Rights as Rights Acquired under Domestic Law
2) Acquired Rights and Public (“Political”) Rights
3) Acquired Rights and the Local Nature of the Right
4) Acquired Rights and Property Rights
5) Acquired Rights and Pecuniary Rights
V) Bearers of Rights - The Relevance of Nationality
VI) Acquired Rights and Different Modes of Succession
1) Cessions, Mergers, and Absorptions
2) Dissolutions and Separations
VII) The Limits of the Principle
1) No Source of Directly Enforceable Rights
2) No Material Yardstick but Procedural Rule
3) Limited Scope of Protected Situations
VIII) Interim Conclusions - the Principle’s New Clothes
D) The Potential of the Principle of Acquired Rights
I) The Filling of Gaps Left by the Law of State Succession
II) Bridging the Gap Between National and International Law
1) The Inclusion of New, Specific, and Informal Types of Property
2) Rectifying the “Implementation Gap”
III) The Application to Similar Forms of Change of Sovereignty or Contested Sovereignty
1) Example: Transfer of Territory According to a(n) Judicial/Arbitral Decision
2) Example: Expansion of Sovereignty and Rights Without Formal Legal Title
IV) Holistic Approach - the Coherence of the International Legal System
E) Final Conclusions – Continuity in Times of Change
545–614
Bibliography
545–614
Details
1. Case Law
2. State Acts, Laws and Conventions
3. EC/EU Documents
4. League of Nations and UN Documents
5. Literature
615–631
German Summary: Wohlerworbene Rechte in Fällen der Staatennachfolge
615–631
Details
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Continuity in Times of Change , page 31 - 82
Chapter I: The Notion of Acquired Rights
Autoren
Nadja Reimold
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748943396-31
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-1535-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-4339-6
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