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Protecting Livelihoods / XXIII. Conclusions – On Risk and Solidarity in Times of Global Crises
Protecting Livelihoods / XXIII. Conclusions – On Risk and Solidarity in Times of Global Crises
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1–10
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1–10
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11–28
I. Social Policy and Social Law in Times of Crisis:An Introduction
Ulrich Becker
Ulrich Becker
11–28
Details
1. Crises in the Social Market Economy
Details
2. Crisis Management and Social Protection Systems
Details
3. Questions and Foci
Details
4. Phases and Countries
Details
a) First Phase
Details
b) Second Phase
Details
5. Comparative Insights from the First Phase
Details
a) Crisis Mode
Details
b) Social Policy Instruments
Details
c) Crisis Reactions and Welfare State Architectures
Details
29–48
II. Idiosyncratic but Effective? – Australia’s COVID-19 Social Protection
Terry Carney
Terry Carney
29–48
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Protection for Existing Employees; the 2020 JobKeeper Wage Subsidy
Details
b) The 2021 Revised Models of Support for Those With and Without Work
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Monetary Policy
Details
b) Fiscal Policy
Details
c) 2021 ‘Second Wave’ Responses
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Protection for Those Not in Work; the 2020 ‘Supplement’ and Eased Conditions Model
Details
b) Housing Security
Details
c) Child Care Security
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
49–74
III. Social Security in Times of COVID-19 in Brazil
Ingo Wolfgang Sarlet, Jeferson Ferreira Barbosa
Ingo Wolfgang Sarlet, Jeferson Ferreira Barbosa
49–74
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Special Labor Rules
Details
b) Reduction or Suspension of Working Hours and Aid for Workers
Details
c) Credit for the Payroll of Small and Medium Enterprises
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Protection of Informal Workers, Self-Employed Workers, Beneficiaries of the Family Allowance Program and of Persons without Social Protection
Details
b) “Brazil Aid”
Details
c) Measures to Make Access to Social Security Easier
Details
5. Conclusions
Details
75–102
IV. Measures to Protect Livelihoods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Yifei Wang
Yifei Wang
75–102
Details
1. Introduction
Details
a) Historical Overview
Details
b) General Introduction of the Measures
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Ban on Terminations and Job Stabilisation Subsidy
Details
b) Unemployment Insurance
Details
3. Measures to Support the Economy
Details
a) Measures to Support Companies
Details
b) Measures to Promote Employment
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Improvements in Different Social Security Schemes
Details
aa) Basic Medical Insurance
Details
bb) Occupational Injury Insurance
Details
cc) Other Social Insurances
Details
dd) Social Assistance
Details
ee) Price Subsidy Mechanism
Details
b) More Effective Procedures
Details
5. Conclusions and Outlook
Details
103–120
V. The Czech Way of Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic as a Social Risk
Martin Štefko
Martin Štefko
103–120
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Antivirus
Details
b) Long-Term Attendance Benefits
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Support for the Self-Employed
Details
b) Loan Guarantees and Payment Deferrals
Details
c) Sector-Specific Measures
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
121–146
VI. “Collective Agreement”– Danish Social and Labour Market Policy in the COVID-19 Crisis
Anika Seemann
Anika Seemann
121–146
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Salary Compensation
Details
b) Work Reduction
Details
c) Additional Measures
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Access to Loans
Details
b) Public Compensation
Details
c) Deferral of Tax and Social Contribution Payments
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
147–180
VII. (Still) Too Little, Too Late? – Crisis Management in England
Nikola Wilman
Nikola Wilman
147–180
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) The Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (SEISS)
Details
b) Liquidity Assistance
Details
c) Relief in Taxes and Social Security Contributions
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Enhanced Sick Pay Entitlement and Support during Self-Isolation
Details
b) Extra Support for Those on Low Incomes or Without Work
Details
c) Support for Local Authorities
Details
5. Conclusion and Outlook
Details
181–200
VIII. Living with COVID-19: Entering the “New Normal” Era in France
Linxin He
Linxin He
181–200
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) “Partial Work” or Short-Time Work (activité partielle)
Details
b) Temporary Change in the Right to Leave and the Regulation of Working Hours
Details
c) Bonuses for Workers in Key Economic Sectors
Details
d) Granting of Sickness Benefit in Cases of “Incapacity to Work”
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Deferral and Abolition of Taxes and Social Security Contributions
Details
b) Financial Support for Small Enterprises and Self-Employed Persons
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Extension of Unemployment Benefits
Details
b) Special Assistance for Low Income Families
Details
c) Recognition of COVID-19 as Occupational Disease
Details
d) Other Measures
Details
5. Outlook
Details
201–228
IX. The Community Steps Up: Changing Responsibilities in Germany
Ulrich Becker
Ulrich Becker
201–228
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Short-Time Work Benefit
Details
b) Other Measures in a Divided Labour Market
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Putting up a “Protective Umbrella”
Details
b) Legal Character
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
5. Outlook
Details
229–242
X. Social and Labour Market Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece
Anastasia Poulou
Anastasia Poulou
229–242
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Suspension of Employment Contracts and the Compensation of Special Cause
Details
b) The “Cooperation” Employment Support Mechanism
Details
c) Teleworking
Details
d) Special Purpose Leave for Working Parents
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Financial Support for Self-Employed Persons
Details
b) Compensation of Special Cause for Artists
Details
c) Deferral of Social Contribution Payments
Details
d) Exemption from the Obligation to Pay Commercial Rents
Details
e) Other Measures
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Extension of Health Care Insurance
Details
b) Social Protection for Unemployed Persons
Details
5. Outlook
Details
243–262
XI. “No Man is an Island Entire of Itself”: Learning from the Past and Fostering Relationships Steers Ireland Through the Initial Rough Waters of the Pandemic
Elaine Dewhurst
Elaine Dewhurst
243–262
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
3. Measures to Support the Economy
Details
a) Capital Provision
Details
b) Reduction in Rates and Charges
Details
c) Economic Stimulus
Details
4. Social Welfare Measures
Details
a) Income Maintenance: Pandemic Unemployment Payment (PUP)
Details
b) Other Measures
Details
5. Conclusions
Details
263–294
XII. Social Policy Measures to Mitigate the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy between Continuity and Change
Eva Maria Hohnerlein
Eva Maria Hohnerlein
263–294
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Adjustments to Wage Guarantee Schemes
Details
b) Adjustment to the Renewal of Fixed-Term Contracts
Details
c) Ban on Dismissals as New Temporary Measure
Details
d) Temporary Leave Provisions for Parents and Family Carers
Details
e) Sickness Benefits in Cases of Infection and Quarantine
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Deferral and Exemptions of Taxes and Social Security Contributions
Details
b) Restoring Liquidity
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Adjustments and Innovations with regard to Unemployment Protection
Details
b) Adjustments to Existing Minimum Income Protection Schemes
Details
c) The Emergency Income Support (REM)
Details
d) Flat-Rate Support for Self-Employed Persons and Other Non-Standard Workers
Details
e) Food Aid
Details
f) Support for Particular Families in Need
Details
5. Conclusions
Details
295–312
XIII. Reoccuring Problems in Securing Employment and Livelihoods in Japan
Katsuaki Matsumoto
Katsuaki Matsumoto
295–312
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Leave at the Request of the Employer
Details
b) Leave for Child Care
Details
c) Sickness Benefit
Details
d) Effects of the Measures
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Lump-Sum Benefit for All Residents.
Details
b) Support for Families with Children
Details
c) Loans
Details
d) Social Assistance
Details
e) Securing Housing
Details
f) Effects of the Measures
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
313–336
XIV. Mexico: Between the So-Called “Fourth Transformation” and Protecting Livelihoods in the COVID-19 Crisis
Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez
Gabriela Mendizábal Bermúdez
313–336
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Measures Contemplated in the 2019-2024 National Development Plan Adapted to the Emergency Situation through the Economic Reactivation Plan (ERP)
Details
b) Measures from the Bank of Mexico, the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit and State Governments
Details
c) State Economic Measures
Details
aa) Aid for Rural Farmers
Details
bb) Aid for Entrepreneurs
Details
cc) Tax Exemptions
Details
dd) Aid for Employers
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Social Insurances
Details
aa) Overview
Details
bb) Temporary Social Insurance Measures
Details
b) Social Programmes
Details
c) State Social Protection for Families
Details
aa) Measures for providing food
Details
bb) Payment extensions and subsidies for essential public services
Details
5. Conclusions
Details
337–360
XV. All Hands on Deck: Dutch Emergency Support Policies in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Maarten Bouwmeester
Maarten Bouwmeester
337–360
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Safeguarding Liquidity by Broadening Credit Possibilities
Details
b) Financial Compensation
Details
c) Tax Relief
Details
d) Sector-Specific Support Measures
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Social Assistance to Self-Employed Workers
Details
b) Financial Support for Flexible Workers
Details
c) Special Assistance for Housing Costs
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
361–376
XVI. Government’s Social and Economic Protection Responses to COVID-19 in the Context of an Elimination Strategy: The New Zealand Example
Michael Fletcher
Michael Fletcher
361–376
Details
1. Introduction
Details
a) Job Retention
Details
b) Supporting the Economy
Details
c) Social Protection
Details
2. Conclusion
Details
377–404
XVII. Anti-Crisis Shields – Special Regulations of Labour Law and Social Law to Mitigate the Negative Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy, Ariel Przybyłowicz
Agnieszka Górnicz-Mulcahy, Ariel Przybyłowicz
377–404
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Remote Work (Article 3 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
b) Financial Support for Employers – Salaries and Contributions (Article 15g, Article 15gg, Article 15gb of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
c) Solutions for Working Foreigners (Art. 15z1, 5, 7), Art. 15zzq of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Financial Shields of the Polish Development Fund
Details
b) Suspension of the Employer’s Obligations in Connection with the Establishment or Operation of the Social Fund, Basic Deductions, and Holiday Pay (Art. 15ge of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
c) Provisions Facilitating the Payment of Social Insurance Contributions
Details
aa) Resignation from the Prolongation Fee (Article 15zb of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
bb) Abandonment of Interest for Late Payment (Article 31zy10 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
d) Exemption from the Obligation to Pay Contributions (Articles 31zo-31zy of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
e) Special Cash Benefits for Entrepreneurs and Contractors
Details
aa) Standstill Benefit (Article 15zq et seq. of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
bb) Compensation for Business Expenses (Article 15zzc of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
cc) Loan for Micro-Entrepreneurs (Article 15zzd of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
dd) Financial Support for Micro- and Small Enterprises (Article 15zze4 of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Increase in Unemployment Benefit (Article 15 of the Solidarity Allowance Act)
Details
b) Sickness Benefit in the Case of Quarantine/Isolation
Details
c) Additional Care Allowances related to the Closure of Educational Institutions (Article 4, 4a, 4d of the Anti-Crisis Law)
Details
d) Solidarity Allowance
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
405–426
XVIII. Russia: The Path Dependence of Old Concepts and Targeted Support Measures in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Olga Chesalina
Olga Chesalina
405–426
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Changes in Unemployment Rates during the Pandemic
Details
b) Limitation of Dismissals
Details
c) Subsidies and Wage Loans
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Extension and Increase of Unemployment Benefits
Details
b) Protection against Unemployment of Self-Employed Persons
Details
c) Family Benefits
Details
d) Social Assistance
Details
e) Protection of Vulnerable Persons
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
427–452
XIX. Social Protection and the Pandemic in Slovenia: Between Income Protection, Social Policy and Politics
Grega Strban, Luka Mišič
Grega Strban, Luka Mišič
427–452
Details
1. Introduction: From “Slovenian Constitutional Hardball” to Record-High Numbers of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Short-Time Work Subsidies
Details
b) Employees on Hold, Force Majeure and Isolation
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Solidarity Benefits, Family Benefits, and Social Assistance
Details
b) Healthcare and Health Insurance
Details
d) Facilitated Access to Unemployment Benefits
Details
5. Conclusion: From Epidemic to Pandemic
Details
453–474
XX. Protecting Livelihoods in the COVID-19 Crisis: The South African Experience
Letlhokwa George Mpedi
Letlhokwa George Mpedi
453–474
Details
1. Introduction
Details
a) COVID-19 as a Global Pandemic
Details
b) COVID-19 Statistics in South Africa
Details
c) Legal Basis for Measures to Restrict COVID-19 in South Africa
Details
d) Economic and Social Measures in Response to COVID-19
Details
2. Jobs and Income Protection
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Measures of Income Support
Details
b) Credit Guarantee Scheme
Details
c) Main or Direct Budget Funding
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Social Assistance
Details
b) Public Health
Details
c) COVID-19 Vaccine Injury No-Fault Compensation Scheme
Details
5. Outlook
Details
a) Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan
Details
b) Empowering the Vulnerable Groups
Details
c) Equitable Access to Healthcare
Details
d) Basic Income Grant Debate
Details
475–496
XI. Temporary Changes and Long-Term Problems – Regulating the Swedish Labour Market and Social Security System during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sara Stendahl, Thomas Erhag
Sara Stendahl, Thomas Erhag
475–496
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Loans and Direct Financial Support
Details
b) Compensations for Fixed Costs
Details
c) Deferment of Tax Payments
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Protective Measures related to Unemployment
Details
b) Protective Measures related to Students and Higher Education
Details
c) Protective Measures related to Sickness
Details
d) Protective Measures Targeting Pregnant Women and Families with Children
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
497–520
XXII. Consolidating Solidarity in Taiwan during the COVID-19 Crisis
Nai-Yi Sun
Nai-Yi Sun
497–520
Details
1. Introduction
Details
2. Job Retention
Details
a) Short-Time Work Benefits?
Details
b) Supplementary Measures for Employment Stability
Details
c) Extended Measures for Securing the Livelihood of Employees and the Self-Employed
Details
3. Supporting the Economy
Details
a) Subsidies for the Operation of Enterprises and Liquidity Assistance
Details
b) Deferral and Exemption of Tax Payment and Social Security Contributions
Details
c) Stimulus Vouchers
Details
4. Social Protection
Details
a) Epidemic-related Compensatio
Details
b) Emergency Aid for Vulnerable Groups
Details
5. Conclusion
Details
521–538
XXIII. Conclusions – On Risk and Solidarity in Times of Global Crises
Anika Seemann
Anika Seemann
521–538
Details
1. ‘Protect Livelihoods’ – The Second Project Phase
Details
2. The Types of Measures Employed – A Global Survey
Details
3. Modalities of Risk-Sharing and the Legal Nature of the Crisis Response
Details
4. The Normative Bases of the Crisis Response
Details
5. Challenges Faced in Providing an Adequate Response
Details
6. Phasing Out the Crisis Measures
Details
7. Assessing the Impact and Success of the Measures
Details
8. The Post-Pandemic Welfare State
Details
539–540
List of Contributors
539–540
Details
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Protecting Livelihoods , page 521 - 538
XXIII. Conclusions – On Risk and Solidarity in Times of Global Crises
Autoren
Anika Seemann
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748932819-521
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-7490-6
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-3281-9
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