Merger Regulation in Eastern and Southern Africa

Vincent Angwenyi

doi:10.5771/9783748927013

Merger Regulation in Eastern and Southern Africa

The Need for Effective Implementation

Series: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Volume 40 1. Edition 2021

CC-BY Access

doi.org/10.5771/9783748927013
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-8311-3
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2701-3
Nomos, Baden-Baden Nomos, Baden-Baden

Download PDF

Read

Zusammenfassung

Die sozioökonomischen und politischen Merkmale der Länder des östlichen und südlichen Afrikas (ESA) erfordern einen anderen Ansatz in der Wettbewerbspolitik. Die Wettbewerbspolitik im ESA-Kontext lenkt den Blick auf drei große Themen: Entwicklung, kleine Marktwirtschaften und regionale Integration. Dies geschieht vor dem Hintergrund anderer sozioökonomischer und politischer Faktoren, die zur Einführung der Wettbewerbspolitik in den ESA-Staaten geführt haben. Durch eine vergleichende Bewertung der Fusionskontrolle in der Europäischen Union, den Vereinigten Staaten, Südafrika, dem Vereinigten Königreich und den ESA soll in diesem Buch aufgezeigt werden, ob der Ansatz der Fusionskontrolle in den ESA optimal ist oder nicht und inwieweit er optimiert werden kann.

Abstract

The socio-economic and political characteristics of the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) jurisdictions call for a different approach to competition policy. Competition Policy in the ESA context draws one’s mind to three major themes: development, small market economies and regional integration. This is against a backdrop of other socio-economic and political factors that led to the adoption of competition policies in ESA. Through a comparative assessment of merger review in the European Union, the United States, South Africa, the United Kingdom and ESA, this book seeks to reveal whether or not the merger regulation approach in ESA is optimal and to what extent the approach can be optimised.

Schlagworte

Anmeldeverfahren COMESA East African Community ESA-Region Fusionskontrolle Handelsliberalisierung Kartellrechtsordnung Marktintegration multinationale Unternehmen Tripartite Umsatzschwelle Unternehmenserwerb Wettbewerbsordnung Wettbewerbspolitik Zusammenschlusskontrolle Southern African Development Community merger regulation regional integration African politics International economics

Download PDF Read

ABA Study on the Role of the Federal Trade Commission (1989) 58 Antitrust L.J. 53.
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon and Robinson, James A., ‘Botswana: An African Success Story’ In Dani Rodrik (Ed.), In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narrative on Economic Growth (Princeton University Press 2003).
Ackah, Charles and Morrissey, Oliver, ‘Trade Policy and Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s’ (Centre for Research in Economic Development and International Trade, University of Nottingham 2005) <https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/credit/documents/papers/05-13.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
Adelman, Morris A., ‘Economic Aspects of the Bethlehem Opinion’ (1959) 45 Va. L. Rev. 684, 688.
Almunia Joaquin, ‘Policy Objectives of Merger Control’ speech made on September 8, 2011 <http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-11-561_en.htm?locale=en> accessed 26 August 2019.
American Bar Association, International Antitrust Cooperation Handbook (ABA Book Publishing 2004).
Antitrust Modernization Commission: Report and Recommendations (2007) <http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/amc/report_recommendation/amc_final_report.pdf> accessed 10 September 2019.
Anyanzwa, James, ‘East Africa competition watchdog begins operations, market studies ongoing’ (The East African, 28 March 2018) <https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/East-Africa-competition-watchdog-operations-market-studies/2560-4361580-1rqaquz/index.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
AfDB, ‘African Development Report 2014: Regional Integration for Inclusive Growth’ (2014) <http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/ADR14_ENGLISH_web.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
AfDB et al, ‘Africa Economic Outlook 2015: Regional Development and Spatial Inclusion’ (2015) <http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/2015/PDF_Chapters/Overview_AEO2015_EN-web.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
AFDB, ‘Tracking Africa’s Progress in Figures’ (2014) <http://www.afdb.org/en/knowledge/publications/tracking-africa%E2%80%99s-progress-in-figures/> accessed 16 July 2019.
AFDB, ‘African Economic Outlook: Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation’ (2016) <https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AEO_2016_Report_Full_English.pdf> accessed 15 September 2019.
COMESA News, ‘New Deadline set for Ratification of Tripartite Free Trade Area’ (2021) <https://www.comesa.int/new-deadline-set-for-ratification-of-tripartite-free-trade-area/> accessed 4 May 2021.
Africa Union, ‘The African Union Assembly launches the Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) negotiations’ (17 June 2015) <https://au.int/sw/node/29332> accessed 16 July 2019.
Anderson, Robert D. and Holmes, Peter, 'Competition Policy and the Future of the Multilateral Trading System' (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 2.
Anderson, Robert D. and Müller, Anna Caroline, ‘Competition Law/Policy and the Multilateral Trading System: A Possible Agenda for the Future’ (2015) E15 initiative on Strengthening the Global Trade and Investment System for Sustainable Development <http://e15initiative.org/publications/competition-lawpolicy-and-the-multilateral-trading-system-apossible-agenda-for-the-future/> accessed 17 July 2019.
Arezzo, Emanuela, ‘Is there a Role for Market Definition and Dominance in an effects-based Approach?’ In: Mackenrodt MO., Gallego B.C., Enchelmaier S. (eds) Abuse of Dominant Position: New Interpretation, New Enforcement Mechanisms? MPI Studies on Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, vol 5. (Springer 2008)
Bakhoum, Mor, ‘The informal economy and its interface with competition law and policy’ in Michal Gal et. al (eds), The Economic Characteristics of Developing Jurisdictions: Their Implications for Competition Law (Edward Elgar 2015).
Barry, Frank, Honohan, Patrick and McIndoe-Calder, Tara, ‘Postcolonial Ireland and Zimbabwe: Stagnation before Convergence’ (2009) IIIS Discussion Paper No. 291, Institute for International Integration Studies <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1610301> accessed 15 July 2019.
Bayliss, Kate and McKinley, Terry, ‘Privatising Basic Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: The MDG Impact’ (UNDP 2007) <http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief3.pdf> accessed 15 September 2019.
Bellis, Jean-François and Elliott, Porter (eds), Merger Control: Jurisdictional Comparisons (2nd edn, Thomson Reuters 2014).
Berthelemy, Jean-Claude, Kauffmann, Celine, Valfort, Marie-Anne and Wegner, Lucia, ‘Privatisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where do we stand?’ (OECD 2004) <http://www.oecd.org/dev/emea/privatisationinsub-saharanafricawheredowestand.htm> accessed 23 August 2019.
Bhagavan, M R, ‘Zambia: Impact of Industrial Strategy on Regional Imbalance and Social Inequality’ (1978) Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 14 <https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/97149/44.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Bhattacharjea, Aditya, ‘Who Needs Antitrust? Or, Is Developing-Country Antitrust Different? A Historical-Comparative Analysis’, in Daniel Sokol, Thomas K. Cheng & Ioannis Lianos (eds), Competition Law and Development (OUP 2013).
Bishop, Simon and Walker, Mike, The Economic of EC Competition Law: Concepts, Application and Measurement (Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd edn, 2010).
Blas, Javier and England, Andrew, ‘M&A activity hots up in Africa as investors bet on growth’ Financial Times (Johannesburg, 2 December 2014) <http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/47dee88a-795c-11e4-a57d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3OhsEWIfR.> accessed 15 July 2019.
Bode, Mariana and Budzinski, Oliver, ‘Competing Ways Towards International Antitrust: The WTO versus the ICN’ (2005) New Developments in Antitrust (Nova No 3).
Bok, Derek, ‘Section 7 of the Clayton Act and the Merging of Law and Economics’ (1960) 74 Harv. L. Rev 228.
Boehm, Frédéric, ‘Regulatory Capture Revisited: Lessons from Economics of Corruption’ (July 2007) <https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0568/264e283cf0c69f97680152c270666649671f.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
Booth, David et. al., ‘Drivers of Change and Development in Malawi’ (2006) Overseas Development Institute Working Paper 261 <https://www.odi.org/publications/1318-drivers-change-and-development-malawi> accessed 15 July 2019.
Botta, Marco, ‘Does the EU Competition Law Model Satisfy the Needs of the Emerging Economies? Lessons from the Countries Without a “Carrot”’ in Karolina Podstawa and Laura Puccio (eds), ‘Framework for Economic Development in EU External Relations’ (2012) European University Institute Working Paper.
Botswana Ministry of Trade and Industry, National Competition Policy of Botswana (2005) <https://www.competitionauthority.co.bw/sites/default/files/National%20Competition%20Policy%20Botswana%202005.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Bowman Gilfillan, ‘Merger Control 2016: South Africa Law & Practice’ (contribution to Chambers and Partners Global Practice Guides) <http://www.chambersandpartners.com/guide/practice-guides/location/272/8560/2429-200> accessed 23 August 2019.
Bradford, Anu, ‘International Antitrust Negotiations and the False Hope of the WTO’ (2007) 48 Harvard International Law Journal 2.
Bridges Africa, ‘Launch of African Tripartite FTA now set for June’ (2015) <http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/launch-of-african-tripartite-fta-now-set-for-june> accessed 16 July 2019.
Broder, David, US Antitrust Law and Enforcement (2nd edn, OUP 2012).
Bundeskartellamt, ‘Prohibition Criteria in Merger Control: Dominant Position versus Substantial Lessening of Competition?’ <http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Fachartikel/Prohibition%20Criteria%20in%20Merger%20Control%20-%20Dominant%20Position%20versus%20Substantial%20Lessening%20of%20Competition.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3> accessed 6 September 2019.
Busuulwa, Bernard, ‘Intra-African trade rises as market access between blocs improves’ (The East African, 29 August 2015) <http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Intra-African-trade-up-as-market-access-between-blocs-improves-/-/2560/2850908/-/14qd2iy/-/index.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
Büthe, Tim and Swank, Gabriel T., ‘The Politics of Antitrust and Merger Review in the European Union: Institutional Change and Decisions from Messina to 2004’ (2006) Harv. Ctr. for Eur. Stud.,Working Paper No. 142.
Choe, Chongwoo and Shekhar, Chander, Compulsory or Voluntary Pre-Merger Notification? A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis (June 26, 2006) <https://ssrn.com/abstract=912925> accessed 6 September 2019.
Choe, Chongwoo and Shekhar, Chander, ‘Compulsory or Voluntary Pre-Merger Notification? Theory and Some Evidence’ (2010) 28(1) International Journal of Industrial Organization <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1541703> accessed 6 September 2019.
Clarke, Julie, ‘The International Regulation of Transnational Mergers’ (PhD Thesis, Queensland University of Technology 2010).
Cohn, Carolyn and Fenton, Susan, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa M&A deals, debt issuance surge in 2013’ Reuters (London, 16 January 2014) <http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/01/16/africa-deals-idINL5N0KQ1FF20140116.> accessed 15 July 2019.
Coleman, James S., ‘Foundations of Social Theory’ (Belknap Press, 1990).
COMESA, ‘COMESA Region Key Economic Infrastructure Projects’ (2013) <https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/16076/download?token=46F3PgO7> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA, ‘E-COMESA Newsletter’ (12 November 2014) <http://www.comesa.int/attachments/article/1379/e-comesa_newsletter_435.pdf> accessed 12 October 2018.
COMESA, ‘Report of the 8th Annual General Meeting of Regulators of Information and Communication for Eastern and Southern Africa (ARICEA)’ (2012) < https://ariceaweb.org/attachments/article/18/8th%20ARICEA%20AGM%20final%20report%20with%20annexes%20(2).pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA, EAC and SADC, ‘First COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit Report’ (2008), para 9 <http://repository.eac.int/handle/11671/1633> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA, EAC and SADC, ‘Communiqué of the Second COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit’ (2011) <http://repository.eac.int:8080/handle/11671/550> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA, EAC and SADC, ‘Communiqué of the Third COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Summit’ (2015) <http://www.sadc.int/files/5914/3401/0196/Communiqu_of_the_3rd_COMESA_EAC_SADC_Tripartite_Summit.pdf> accessed 23 April 2018.
COMESA, EAC and SADC, ‘Report of 3rd TTC-MBP, Tripartite Agreement on Movement of Business Persons’ (2014) <https://tis.sadc.int/files/8614/1640/5306/Draft_Tripartite_Agreement_on_Business_Persons.pdf> accessed 18 November 2018.
COMESA Merger Statistics <http://www.comesacompetition.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/No-of-Mergers-Handled-by-CCC-2013-June-2016.pdf> accessed 5 September 2019.
COMESA, ‘Final Communique´ of The Eighteenth Summit of the COMESA Authority Of Heads of State and Government’ (COMESA 18th Summit 2015) <http://dhanaanmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/150331_Final-communique_March-2015_new.pdf.pdf> accessed 5 March 2017.
Competition and Fair Trading Commission of Malawi Annual Reports <http://www.cftc.mw/index.php/2013-12-16-13-35-12/reports/annual-reports/30-20122013-annual-report.html> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition and Tariff Commission of Zimbabwe Annual Reports <http://www.competition.co.zw/publications/annual-reports> accessed 5 September 2019.
Competition Authority of Botswana Annual Reports <http://www.competitionauthority.co.bw/annual-reports> accessed 22 February 2017.
Competition Authority of Kenya Annual Reports < http://www.cak.go.ke/images/docs/> accessed 22 February 2017.
Competition Commission and Competition Tribunal of South Africa, ‘Ten years of enforcement by the South African Competition Authorities: Unleashing Rivalry’ (2009) <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/10year.pdf> accessed 16 September 2019.
Competition Commission of Namibia Newsletters <http://www.nacc.com.na/publications/newsletters.php> accessed 5 September 2019.
Competition Commission of South Africa Annual Report 2006/2007, <http://www.compcom.co.za/annual-reports/> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Commission South Africa, Background note to the public interest guideline (Background Note) <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Final-Background-Note-to-Public-Interest-Guideline-210115.pdf> accessed 5 September 2019.
Crettez, Bertrand, Deffains, Bruno and Musy Olivier, ‘On Legal Cooperation and the Dynamics of Legal Convergence’ (2010) (Economix Working Paper 17), <http://ideas.repec.org/p/drm/wpaper/2010-17.html> accessed 16 September 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Kenya’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/46-Kenya.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Mauritius’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report, 254-259 <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/48-Mauritius.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Malawi’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/47-Malawi.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Namibia’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/50-Namibia.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Tanzania’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/56-Tanzania.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Zambia’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/59-Zambia.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
CUTS International, ‘Competition Regimes of the World: A Civil Society Report: Zimbabwe’ (2006) CUTS Civil Society Report <https://competitionregimes.com/pdf/Africa/60-Zimbabwe.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Davies, Stephen and Lyons, Bruce, Mergers and Merger Remedies in the EU: Assessing the Consequences for Competition (Edward Elgar 2007).
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, ‘Merger control in the UK (England and Wales): overview’ (Practical Law Global Guide 2015/16) <global.practicallaw.com/0-500-7317> accessed 18 September 2019.
Department of State, ‘Proposal for Expansion of World Trade and Employment’ (1945, Commercial Policy Series 79) <http://www.worldtradelaw.net/misc/ProposalsForExpansionOfWorldTradeAndEmployment.pdf.download#page=4> accessed 21 December 2018.
DOJ, ‘Antitrust Division Policy Guide to Merger Remedies’ (2011), <https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2011/06/17/272350.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
Drexl, Josef, ‘Consumer Welfare and consumer harm: adjusting competition law and policies to the needs of developing jurisdictions’ in Michal Gal et. al (eds), The Economic Characteristics of Developing Jurisdictions: Their Implications for Competition Law (Edward Elgar 2015).
Drexl, Josef, 'International Competition Policy after Cancún: Placing a Singapore Issue on the WTO Development Agenda' (2004) 27 World Competition Law and Economics Review 3.
Drexl, Josef, Bakhoum, Mor, Fox, Eleanor, Gal, Michal & Gerber, David (eds), Competition Policy and Regional Integration in Developing Countries (Edward Elgar 2012).
Drexl J, ‘Economic Integration and Competition Law in Developing Countries’ in Josef Drexl, Mor Bakhoum, Eleanor M. Fox, Michal S. Gal & David J. Gerber (eds), Competition Policy and Regional Integration in Developing Countries (Edward Elgar 2012).
Duisenberg, Willem F., ‘The Past and Future of European Integration: A Central Banker's Perspective’ (1999) Per Jacobsson Lecture <http://www.imf.org/external/am/1999/lecture.htm.> accessed 23 August 2019.
Du Plessis, Louise, Judd, Lurie and van Buuren, Amy, ‘Competition law in the developing world: A fish out of water?’ (Competition Law, Economics and Policy Conference, October 2011) <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/FINAL-PAPER-2011.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
EAC, ‘East African Community Trade Report’ (2013) <http://www.eac.int/sites/default/files/docs/report_eac_trade_2013.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC, ‘East African Community Trade Report’ (2014) <http://www.eac.int/sites/default/files/docs/eac_trade_report_2014.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC Secretariat, ‘Annual Progress Report of the Council to the Summit of EAC Heads of State for the period December 2013 to November 2014’ (2015) <http://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1807:annual-progress-report-of-the-council-to-the-16th-ordinary-heads-of-state-summit-for-the-period-december-2013-november-2014-&catid=146:press-releases&Itemid=194> accessed 14 September 2015.
EAC Secretariat, ‘East African Community Trade Report’ (2013) <https://www.eac.int/documents/category/trade-investment-reports> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC Secretariat, ‘Report of the Committee on Fast Tracking East African Federation’ (2004) <http://repository.eac.int/handle/11671/1966> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC Secretariat, ‘Status of Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers in the East African Community’ (2014) <http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/11671/416/NTBs%20Vol%207%20-%20compressed.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> accessed 16 July 2019.
EALA, ‘Report of On-Spot Assessment on the EAC Single Customs Territory’ (2014) <http://www.eala.org/documents/view/on-spot-assessment-of-the-eac-single-customs-territory-sct> accessed 16 July 2019.
Edwards, C.D., ‘Size of Markets, Scale of Firms and the Character of Competition’ in Robinson E.A.G. (ed) Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations (Palgrave Macmillan 1960).
Egge, Michel D and Cruise, Jason D, ‘Practical guide to the U.S. merger review process’ (2014) Concurrences N° 1 <https://www.lw.com/thoughtLeadership/practical-guide-us-merger-review-process-012014> accessed 23 August 2019.
Emmert, Frank, Kronthaler, Franz, Stephan, Johannes, ‘Analysis of statements made in favour of and against the adoption of competition law in developing and transition economies’ (2005) Institut Für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle Report, 9 < https://www.iwh-halle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/iwh_sonderhefte/SH_05-1.pdf> accessed 17 July 2019.
Erasmus, Gerhard, ‘The Agreement preceding the Agreement: how the negotiating principles decided the Tripartite FTA game plan’ in Hartzenberg T et al (eds) Cape to Cairo: Exploring the Tripartite FTA agenda (tralac 2013) <http://www.tralac.org/publications/article/5548-cape-to-cairo-exploring-the-tripartite-fta-agenda.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
Erasmus, Gerhard, ‘The Tripartite Free Trade Agreement: Results of Phase One of the Negotiations’ (2015) <http://www.tralac.org/publications/article/7803-the-tripartite-free-trade-agreement-results-of-phase-one-of-the-negotiations.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
Ernst and Young, ‘The East African Community amends customs duties and common external tariffs’ (2018) <https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/The_East_African_Community_amends_customs_duties_and_common_external_tariffs/$FILE/2018G_010349-18Gbl_Indirect_East%20African%20Community%20amends%20customs%20duties%20and%20external%20tariffs.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Ernst and Young, ‘East Africa Budget 2015/2016; Economic and Tax Focus’ (2015) <http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-east-africa-budget-2015-2016-economic-and-tax-focus/$FILE/EY-east-africa-budget-2015-2016-economic-and-tax-focus.pdf> accessed 5 March 2017.
Ernst and Young, ‘Navigating Africa´s Current Uncertainties’ (2016) <https://www.tralac.org/images/docs/9673/ey-attractiveness-program-africa-2016.pdf> accessed 18 July 2019.
English, Philip, ‘Mauritius: Reigniting the Engines of Growth A Teaching Case Study’ (2002) Teaching Notes <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/936011468757482849/Teaching-notes> accessed 15 July 2019.
European Commission, Competition Merger Brief, issue 1/2014 <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cmb/2014/CMB2014-01.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
European Commission, Competition: Merger Control Procedures (2013) <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/factsheets/merger_control_procedures_en.pdf> accessed 18 September 2019.
European Commission, Roundtable on Cartel Jurisdiction Issues, including the Effects Doctrine DAF/COMP/WP3/WD(2008)93.
Evenett, Simon J., ‘Would Enforcing Competition Law Compromise Industrial Policy Objectives?’ in Douglas H. Brooks & Simon J. Evenett (eds), Competition Policy and Development in Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
Evenett, Simon J., ‘Study on Issues Relating to a Possible Multilateral Framework on Competition Policy’ (2003) Report prepared for the Secretariat of the World Trade Organization.
Fair Competition Commission of Tanzania Newsletter (April-June 2011) <http://www.competition.or.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48:lorem-ipsum-is-simply-dummy-text-of-the-printing&catid=22:news-and-events&Itemid=144> accessed 26 August 2019.
Fels, Allan and Ng, Wendy, ‘Rethinking Competition Advocacy in Developing Countries’ Daniel Sokol, Thomas K. Cheng & Ioannis Lianos (eds), Competition Law and Development (OUP 2013).
Fiebig, Andre, ‘A Role for the WTO in International Merger Control’ (1999-2000) 20 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 233.
Fine, Ben and Rustomjee, Zavareh, The Political Economy of South Africa – From Minerals-Energy Complex to Industrialisation (Hurst and Company 1996).
Fox, Eleanor, ‘The Kaleidoscope of Antitrust and its significance in the World Economy: Respecting Differences’ in Barry E. Hawk (ed.), Annual Proceeding of the Fordham Corporate Law Institute Conference on International Antitrust Law & Policy (Juris 2001), 597-603.
Fox, Eleanor and Healey, Deborah, ‘When the State Harms Competition: The Role for Competition Law’ (2014) 79 Antitrust. L. J. 769.
Fox, Eleanor and Trebilcock, Michael (eds), The Design Of Competition Law Institutions (1st edn, OUP 2013).
Fox, Eleanor, ‘US and EU Competition Law: A Comparison’ in J. David Richardson and Edward M. Graham (eds), Global Competition Policy (Peterson Institute for International Economics 1997).
Fox, Eleanor and Pitofsky, Robert, ‘Goals of US Competition Policy’ in J. David Richardson and Edward M. Graham (eds), Global Competition Policy (Peterson Institute for International Economics 1997).
Fox, Eleanor, ‘Competition Law and the Agenda for the WTO: Forging the links of Competition and Trade’ (1995) 4(1) Pac. Rim Law & Pol.y. 1.
Fox, Eleanor, ‘Antitrust and Regulatory Federalism: Race up, Down and Sideways’ (2000) 75 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1781.
Fox, Eleanor, ‘Toward World Antitrust and Market Access’ (1997) 91 Am. J. Int'l L. 1.
FTC, ‘A Study of the Commission’s Divestiture Process’ (1999) <https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/merger-review/divestiture.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
FTC and DOJ, ‘Hart-Scott-Rodino Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2014’ <https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-bureau-competition-department-justice-antitrust-division-hart-scott-rodino.s.c.18a-hart-scott-rodino-antitrust-improvements-act-1976/150813hsr_report.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
FTC, ‘Negotiating Merger Remedies: Statement of the Bureau of Competition of the Federal Trade Commission’ (2012) <https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/negotiating-merger-remedies/merger-remediesstmt.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
Gal, Michal S., Competition Policy for Small Market Economies (Harvard University Press, 2003).
Gal, Michal S., ‘When the Going Gets Tight: Institutional Solutions When Antitrust Enforcement Resources Are Scarce’ (2010) 41 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 417, 423–425.
Gal, Michal S. and Fox, Eleanor M., ‘Drafting competition law for developing jurisdictions: learning from experience’ in Michal Gal et. al (eds), The Economic Characteristics of Developing Jurisdictions: Their Implications for Competition Law (Edward Elgar 2015).
Gal, Michal, ‘The Ecology of Antitrust: Preconditions for Competition Law Enforcement in Developing Countries’ in Philippe Brusick, Ana Maria Alvarez and Lucian Cernat (eds), Competition, Competitiveness and Development: Lessons from Developing Countries (UNCTAD 2004).
Gann, Lewis H. and Duignan, Peter, Burden of Empire: An Appraisal of Western Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara (Hoover Institution Press 1967).
Gao, Shangquan, ‘Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention’ ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1 <http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_background_papers/bp2000_1.pdf> accessed 22 August 2019.
Gaomab, Mihe, ‘Competition Policy and Competitiveness in Namibia’ <http://www.nacc.com.na/cms_documents/703_competition_policy_and_competitiveness.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Gardner, Richard N., Sterling-dollar diplomacy in current perspective: the origins and the prospects of our international economic order (Columbia University Press 1980).
Gelhorn, Ernest et al., ‘Has Antitrust Outgrown Dual Enforcement? A proposal for Rationalization’ (1990) 35 Antitrust Bull. 695.
Geroski, Paul, ‘Thinking creatively about markets’ (1998) 16 International Journal of Industrial Organization 6.
Gertz, Geoffrey, ‘Kenya’s Trade Liberalization of the 1980s and 1990s: Policies, Impacts, and Implications’ (2008) Background paper commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment. <http://carnegieendowment.org/files/kenya_background.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Gerber, David J., Global Competition: Law, Markets and Globalization (Oxford University Press 2010).
Gerber, David J., ‘Adapting the Role of Economics in Competition Law: A Developing Country Dilemma’ in Michal S. Gal et al. (eds), The Economic Characteristics of Developing Jurisdictions: Their Implications for Competition Law (Edward Elgar 2015).
Godana, Tekaligne and Odada, John E., ‘Sources of Growth in Africa: A Case Study of Namibia’ (2002) <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.590.3047&rep=rep1&type=pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Government of Kenya, Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965: African Socialism and its application to planning in Kenya (Sessional Paper 1965) <https://www.knls.ac.ke/images/AFRICAN-SOCIALISM-AND-ITS-APPLICATION-TO-PLANNING-IN-KENYA.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Grant, Jeremy and Neven, Damien, ‘The attempted merger between General Electric and Honeywell; A case of transatlantic conflict’ (March 2005) <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/economist/honeywell.pdf> accessed 22 August 2019.
Graz, Jean-Christophe, ‘The Havana Charter: when state and market shake hands’ in Rainer Kattel, Jayati Ghosh & Erik Reinert (Eds), Handbook of Alternative Theories of Economic Development (E. Elgar, 2016).
Green Paper on the Review of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89, COM/2001/0745.
Greif, Avner, Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (Cambridge University Press 2006).
Griffin, Joseph, ‘Foreign Governmental Reactions to U.S. Assertions of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction’ (1998) 6 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 505.
Guzman, Andrew (ed), Cooperation, Comity and Competition Policy (OUP 2011).
Hill, Mathew, ‘Zambia Blocks Local Merger of Toyota-CFAO on Competition Grounds’ (29 January 2013) <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-01-29/zambia-blocks-local-merger-of-toyota-cfao-on-competition-grounds accessed 22 February 2017> accessed 26 August 2019.
Hoeg, Dorte, European Merger Remedies: Law and Policy (Hart Publishing 2014).
IBA, Report of the Task Force on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (International Bar Association 2009) <http://tinyurl.com/taskforce-etj-pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
ICN, International Enforcement Cooperation Project <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc794.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
ICN: Merger Guidelines Workbook (April 2006) <https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/portfolio/merger-guidelines-workbook/> accessed 18 September 2019.
ICN, ‘Merger Remedies Review Project’ (Bonn, 2005) <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc323.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
ICN, Practical Guide to International Enforcement Cooperation in Mergers <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc1031.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
ICN, ‘Project on Merger Guidelines’ <https://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/portfolio/merger-guidelines-report/> accessed 18 September 2019.
ICN, Recommended Practices for Merger Notification Procedures <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc588.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
ICN, Recommended Practices for Merger Analysis <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc316.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
ICN, Setting Notification Thresholds for Merger Review (Kyoto 2008) <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc326.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
Ihucha, Adam, ‘EAC Competition Authority to Start Operations in July’ (The East African Standard 18 June 2016) <https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/EAC-competition-authority-to-start-operations-in-July-/2560-3255818-pwwagnz/index.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
ILC, Report on the work of its fifty-eighth session, Supplement No. 10 (A/61/10) Annex E. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction <http://www.tjsl.edu/slomansonb/5.1_UNExtra.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
Illy, Ousseni, ‘Trade remedies in Africa: experiences, challenges and prospects’ (2015) <http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/bridges-africa/news/trade-remedies-in-africa-experiences-challenges-and-prospects> accessed 16 July 2019.
Imam, Patrick, ‘Effect of IMF Structural Adjustment Programs on Expectations: The Case of Transition Economies’ (2007) IMF Working Paper <https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Effect-of-IMF-Structural-Adjustment-Programs-on-Expectations-The-Case-of-Transition-Economies-21449> accessed 15 July 2019.
IMF, ‘Malawi: Economic Development Document’ (2017) IMF Country Report No. 17/184 <https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2017/07/05/Malawi-Economic-Development-Document-45037> accessed 15 July 2019.
Inter-American Development Bank and OECD, ‘Merger Control Laws and Procedures in Latin America and the Caribbean’ (discussion paper 2005), 7 <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/41/57/38835612.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
IPAN, ‘COMESA Infrastructure kitty hits $22 million’ (2015) <http://www.ipan.co.za/?p=314> accessed 16 July 2019.
Jacobs, P.A.M. and van Norden, Simon, ‘Why Are Initial Estimates of Productivity Growth So Unreliable?’ (2016) 47 J. MACROECONOMICS 200.
Luebking, Johannes, ‘T-Mobile Austria/tele.ring: Remedying the loss of a maverick’ (Competition Policy Newsletter, 2006) <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpn/2006_2_46.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Jones, Clifford A., ‘Toward Global Competition Policy?: The Expanding Dialogue on Multilateralism’ (2000) 23 World Competition, Issue 2, 95–100. Jones C, ‘Toward Global Competition Policy?: The Expanding Dialogue on Multilateralism’ (2000) 23 World Competition, Issue 2, 95–100.
Kaonga, Kondwani and Muteto, Parret, ‘Understanding Competition and Regulation across Borders: A Toyota Tshusho Case Study’ (Competition and Consumer Protection Commission of Zambia, 2015) <https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52246331e4b0a46e5f1b8ce5/t/55349f5ee4b047c173df89f9/1429512030611/Parret+Muteto+et+al_Understanding+Competition+and+Regulation+across+borders.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Kaplow, Louis, ‘On the Choice of Welfare Standards in Competition Law’ in Daniel Zimmer (ed), The Goals of Competition Law (Edward Elgar, 2012).
Kayuni, Happy M., ‘Malawi’s Economic and Development Policy Choices from 1964 to 1980: An Epitome of ‘Pragmatic Unilateral Capitalism’ (2011) 20 Nordic Journal of African Studies 2 <http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol20num2/kayuni.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Kovacic, William E., ‘Getting Started: Creating New Competition Policy Institutions in Transition Economies’ (1997) 23 Brook. J. Int’l L. 403.
Kovacic, William and Lopez-Galdos, Marianela, ‘Lifecycles of Competition Systems: Explaining Variation in the Implementation of New Regimes’ (2016) 79 Law and Contemporary Problems 4.
Krattenmaker T, Lande R and Salop S, ‘Monopoly power and Market Power in Antitrust Law’ (1987) 76(2) Georgetown Law Journal 241.
Lewin, Michael, ‘Botswana's Success: Good Governance, Good Policies, and Good Luck’ (2019), <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265285982> accessed 15 July 2019.
Lewis, David, ‘Embedding a Competition Culture: Holy Grail or Attainable Objective?’ in Developing Countries’ Daniel Sokol, Thomas K. Cheng & Ioannis Lianos (eds), Competition Law and Development (OUP 2013).
Levy, Nicholas, ‘The EU’s SIEC Test Five Years On: Has it Made a Difference?’ (2010) 6(1) European Competition Journal 211.
Ligami, Christabel, ‘Uganda Ratifies the Monetary Union’ (The East African, 7 February 2015) <http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-ratifies-the-monetary-union/-/2558/2616360/-/g05itfz/-/index.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
Lindsay, Alistair and Berridge, Alison, The EU Merger Regulation: Substantive Issues (4th edn, Sweet and Maxwell, 2009).
Makina, Daniel, ‘Historical Perspective on Zimbabwe’s Economic Performance: A Tale of Five Lost Decades. Journal of Developing Societies’ (2010) 26 Journal of Developing Societies 1 <https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X1002600105> accessed 15 July 2019.
Mallya, Aileen, ‘COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite Framework: State of Play’ (2011) <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271524706_COMESA-EAC-SADC_Tripartite_framework_state_of_play> accessed 16 July 2019.
Mandalu, Martin, Thakhathi, DR, and Costa, Hofisi, ‘Investigation on Tanzania’s Economic History since Independence: The Search for a Development Model’ (2018) 4 World Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1 <http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjssh/4/1/4> accessed 15 July 2019.
Mario Mariniello, Neven, Damien and Padilla, Jorge, ‘Antitrust, Regulatory Capture, and Economic Integration’ (2015) E15Initiative. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and World Economic Forum, 1 <www.e15initiative.org/> accessed 10 September 2019.
McDonald, Stephen et al, ‘Why Economic Partnership Agreements undermine Africa’s Regional Integration’ (2013), 4 <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/why-economic-partnership-agreements-undermine-africas-regional-integration> accessed 16 July 2019.
Mehta, Pradeep, Mitra, Siddharta and Dube, Cornelius, ‘Competition Policy and Consumer Policy: Complementarities and Conflicts in the Promotion of Consumer Welfare’ in Hassan Qaqaya and George Limpile (eds), The Effects of Anti-Competitive Business Practices on Developing Countries and their Development Prospects (United Nations Publication 2008).
Mo Ibrahim Foundation, ‘Regional Integration: Uniting to Compete’ (2014) <http://static.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/publications/2014/2014-facts-&-figures-regional-integration-uniting-to-compete.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Monti, Mario, ‘Market definition as a cornerstone of EU Competition Policy’ speech made on 5 October, 2001, <http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-01-439_en.htm?locale=en> accessed 26 August 2019.
Mugisa, Evarist et al, ‘An Evaluation of the Implementation and Impact of the East African Community Customs Union’ (2009) <https://www.academia.edu/27637527/An_Evaluation_of_the_Implementation_and_Impact_of_the_East_African_Community_Customs_Union> accessed 16 July 2019.
Mushakavanhu, Tinashe, ‘Kenya is building Africa’s biggest wind energy farm to generate a fifth of its power, Quartz Africa’ (2015) <http://qz.com/444936/kenya-is-building-africas-biggest-wind-energy-farm-to-generate-a-fifth-of-its-power/> accessed 16 July 2019.
Nelson, Ralph L., Merger Movements in American Industry (Princeton University Press 1959).
Ncube, Mthuli, `Mergers and Acquisitions in Africa´ (AFDB 2012) <http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-africa-10163/.> accessed 15 July 2019.
Ngwenya, Avias and Robb, Genna, ‘Theory and practice in the use of merger remedies: considering South African experience’ <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NgwenyaRobbMerger-Remedies.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
Ngowi, Honest Prosper, ‘Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence: The political leadership factor’ (2009) 3 African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 4 <http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1379789169_Ngowi.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Ngwenya, Sindiso et al, ‘Key Issues in Regional Integration’ (2013) 2, 131 <https://www.comesa.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/key-issues-on-intergration-ii_final_final_cutout_print.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
OECD, ‘South Africa: Peer Review of Competition Law and Policy’ (2003), 9-11 <http://www.oecd.org/southafrica/34823812.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
OECD, Investigations of Consummated and Non-notifiable Mergers: European Union DAF/COMP/WP3/WD(2014)19 <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/international/multilateral/2014_feb_mergers_investigations_en.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
OECD, Investigations of Consummated and Non-notifiable Mergers: United States DAF/COMP/WP3/WD(2014)23 <https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/us-submissions-oecd-other-international-competition-fora/consummated_mergers_us_oecd.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
OECD, Local Nexus and Jurisdictional Thresholds in Merger Control, DAF/COMP/WP3(2016)4.
OECD, Recommendation of the OECD Council concerning International Co-operation on Competition Investigations and Proceedings, C(2014)108 <https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/2014-rec-internat-coop-competition.pdf> accessed 19 September 2019.
OECD, Recommendation of the Council on Merger Review (2005) <https://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/40537528.pdf > accessed 19 September 2019.
OECD, Remedies in Merger Cases (DAF/COMP(2011)13) <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/RemediesinMergerCases2011.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
OECD, Standard for Merger Review (OECD Policy Roundtables 2009) DAF/COMP(2009)21 <https://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/45247537.pdf> accessed 17 July 2019.
OECD, Substantive Criteria used for Merger Assessment, DAFFE/COMP(2003)5 <http://www.oecd.org/competition/mergers/2500227.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
OECD, Competition Law and Policy in South Africa: OECD Peer Review (2003) <http://www.oecd.org/southafrica/34823812.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
OECD, Market Definition, DAF/COMP(2012)19 <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/Marketdefinition2012.pdf> accessed 26 August 2018.
OECD, ‘The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy’ CCNM/GF/COMP(2003)3 <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/2486329.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
OECD, ‘The Role of Efficiency Claims in Antitrust Proceedings’ <http://www.oecd.org/competition/EfficiencyClaims2012.pdf > accessed 19 September 2019.
Owen, Deborah K. and Parisi, John J., ‘International Mergers and Joint Ventures: A Federal Trade Commission Perspective’ (1990) Fordham Corporate Law Institute 1.
Paas-Mohando, Katri, ‘Choice of merger notification system for small economies’ (2013) 34(10) E.C.L.R., 548.
Peerun-Fatehmamode, Reshma, Bundoo, Sunil and Jankee, Kheswam, ‘Competition Scenario in Mauritius’ (2006) CUTS International < http://www.cuts-ccier.org/7up3/pdf/CRR-Mauritius.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Poddar, Dave and Stooke, Gemma, ‘Consideration of Public Interest Factors in Antitrust Merger Control’ (2015) Competition Policy International <https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/consideration-of-public-interest-factors-in-antitrust-merger-control/> accessed 9 September 2019.
Press Release nº 21/99, Judgment of the Court of First Instance in Case T-102/96.
Richman, Barak D., ‘Contracts and Cartels: Reconciling Competition and Development Policy’ in Daniel Sokol, Thomas K. Cheng & Ioannis Lianos (eds), Competition Law and Development (OUP 2013).
Robinson, John Alan, and Parsons, Neil, ‘State Formation and Governance in Botswana’ (2006) 15 Journal of African Economies 1 <https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/state-formation-and-governance-botswana> accessed 15 July 2019.
Rodriguez, Armando E. and Coate, Malcolm B., ‘Competition Policy in Transition Economies: The Role of Competition Advocacy’ (1997) 23 Brook. J. Int’l L. 365.
Rodrik, Dani, ‘Globalization and growth - looking in the wrong places’ (2004) 26(4) Journal of Policy Modelling, 513-517.
Rojid, Sawkut, Afif, Ahmed, and Sacerdoti, Emilio, ‘Seychelles: How Classic Policies Restored Sustainability’ (2013) World Bank <https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Seychelles/sc-how-classic-policies-restored-sustainability.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Rungien, Siven Pillay, ‘Competition in Paradise: A look at the competition law and enforcement activities of Mauritius’ (2011) Queen Mary University Global Antitrust Review 4 <http://www.icc.qmul.ac.uk/media/icc/gar/gar2011/GAR-journal-2011_10_rungien.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
SADC, ‘Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP)’ (2001) <http://www.sadc.int/files/5713/5292/8372/Regional_Indicative_Strategic_Development_Plan.pdf> accessed 14 October 2018.
SADC Secretariat, ‘35th Summit of SADC Heads of State and Government’ (2015) <http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/35th-sadc-summit-brochure/> accessed 22 August 2019.
Sagers C (ed), Handbook on the Scope of Antitrust (American Bar Association 2015).
Seidler, Valentin, ‘Why did Botswana end up with Good Institutions: The Role of Culture and Colonial Rule’ (2010) Vienna University for Economics and Business: Institute for Economic and Social History < https://ssrn.com/abstract=3051011> accessed 15 July 2019.
Shekhar, Chander and Williams, Philip, ‘Should the Pre-Notification of Mergers be Compulsory in Australia?’ (2004) 37 The Australian Economic Review 382.
Sherwood, Marika, ‘Pan-African Conferences, 1900-1953: What did ‘Pan-Africanism’ Mean?’ (2012) 4 The Journal of Pan African Studies 10 <http://www.jpanafrican.com/docs/vol4no10/4.10Pan-African.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Simpson, Howard, Zambia: A Country Study (Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 1985), pp 11-13 <http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:277702/FULLTEXT01.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Singh, Ajit, ‘Competition and competition policy in emerging markets: International and development dimensions’ (2002) G-24 Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 18. United Nations <https://unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2418_en.pdf> accessed 17 July 2019.
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, ‘Merger Control 2016 – USA Law & Practice’ (contribution to Chambers and Partners Global Practice Guides) <http://www.chambersandpartners.com/guide/practice-guides/location/272/8096/2500-200> accessed 23 August 2019.
Soludo, Charles C. et. al. (eds), The Politics of Trade and Industrial Policy in Africa: Forced Consensus? (The International Development Research Centre 2004) <https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/125-6/index.html> accessed 15 July 2019.
Stewart, Taimoon, ‘The Fate of Competition Policy in Cancun: Politics or Substance?’ (2004) 31 Legal Issues of Econ. Integration 7.
Stocking, George and Mueller, Willard, The Cellophane Case and the New Competition (1955) 45 American Economic Review 29.
Suliman, Osman and Ghebreysus, Ghirmay, ‘Determinants of Privatisation in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries: Is Privatisation Politically Induced?’ (2001) 26(2) Journal of Economic Development 45.
Sullivan, Lawrence A., Handbook of the Law of Antitrust (West Publishing Company, 1977).
Sutherland, Philip and Kemp, Katharine, Competition Law of South Africa (Service Issue 18, LexisNexis 2014).
Svetlicinii, Alexandr, ‘EU-US Merger Control Cooperation: A Model for the International Antitrust?’ (2006) 11(3) Journal for Legal Theory and Practice of the Jurists Association of Serbia, 113-126 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1325695> accessed 15 July 2019.
Thorelli, Hans B., The Federal Antitrust Policy (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1955).
The ICPAC Final Report (2000) <http://www.justice.gov/atr/icpac/finalreport.html.> accessed 22 August 2019.
Toye, Richard, ‘Developing Multilateralism: The Havana Charter and the Fight for the International Trade Organization, 1947–1948’ (2003) 25 International History Review.
Trofimov, Ivan D., ‘The Failure of the International Trade Organization (ITO): A Policy Entrepreneurship Perspective’ (2012) 5 Journal of Politics and Law 56.
UNCTAD, ‘Competition Policy, Trade and Development in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa’ (1999) UNCTAD Series on Issues in Competition Law and Policy, Geneva.
UNCTAD, ‘Economic Development in Africa Report 2009: Strengthening Regional Economic Integration for Africa’s Development’ (2009) <http://unctad.org/en/Docs/aldcafrica2009_en.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
UNCTAD, Foundations of an effective competition agency TD/B/C.I/CLP/8 <http://unctad.org/en/docs/ciclpd8_en.pdf> accessed 10 September 2019.
UNCTAD: Model Law on Competition (United Nations 2010).
UNCTAD, Model Law on Competition (2010): Revised chapter IX <http://unctad.org/en/Docs/ciclpL2_en.pdf> accessed 10 September 2019.
UNCTAD, ‘World Investment Report: Investor Nationality: Policy Challenges’ (2016) <http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2016_en.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
UNECA, ‘Towards a Common Currency in the East African Community (EAC) Issues, Challenges and Prospects’ (2012) <https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/towards_a_common_currency_in_the_eac-2012.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
UNECA, ‘Economic Report on Africa 2008: Africa and the Monterrey Consensus: Tracking Performance and Progress’ (2008) <http://www.uneca.org/publications/economic-report-africa-2008> accessed 16 July 2019.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization, ‘Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Determinants and Location Decisions’ (2009) <https://open.unido.org/api/documents/4818201/download/Foreign%20Direct%20Investment%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa%20-%20Determinants%20and%20Location%20Decisions> accessed 23 August 2019.
Vandemoortele, Milo and Bird, Kate, ‘Progress in economic conditions: Sustained success against the odds in Mauritius’ (2011) Overseas Development Institute <https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11579.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Werner, Wolfgang, ‘A Brief History of Land Disposession in Namibia’ (1993) 19 Journal of Southern African Studies 1 <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057079308708351> accessed 15 July 2019.
Weymouth, Stephen, ‘Competition Politics: Interest Groups, Democracy, and Antitrust Reform in Developing Countries’ (2016) 61 Antitrust Bull. 296.
Whish, Richard and Bailey, David, Competition Law (7th edn, OUP 2012).
White, Lawrence J., ‘The Role of Competition Policy in the Promotion of Economic Growth’ (Essay presented at the Competition Policy Research Center of the Fair Trade Commission of Japan’s International Symposium, March 30, 2008) <http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/emplibrary/competition%20policy%20and%20growth.ljw%20draft%203-30-08.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Wilcox, Clair, ‘The London Draft of a Charter for an International Trade Organization’ (1947) 37 Am. Econ. Rev. 529.
Wood, Diane P., ‘Antitrust: A Remedy for Trade Barriers?’ (1995) Asian Law Program, Japan Information Access Project, Washington, D.C. <http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/speeches/0170.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
World Bank, ‘World Bank Annual Report’ (2007) <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTANNREP2K7/Resources/English.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
World Bank Group, ‘Structural Adjustment and Zimbabwe’s Poor’ (2012) <http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/15A937F6B215A053852567F5005D8B06> accessed 15 July 2019.
World Bank Group, ‘Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance’ <http://rulemaking.worldbank.org/~/media/WBG/CER/Documents/Global-Indicators-of-Regulatory-Governance-Project-Summary.pdf?la=en> accessed 19 September 2019.
World Bank and EAC Secretariat, ‘East African Common Market Scorecard 2014: Tracking EAC compliance in the movement of Capital, Services and Goods’ (2014) < http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/799871468194049251/Main-report> accessed 16 July 2019.
YeungLamKo, Louis, ‘The Economic Development of Mauritius Since Independence’ (1998) School of Economics, University of New South Wales <http://wwwdocs.fce.unsw.edu.au/economics/Research/WorkingPapers/1998_6.pdf> accessed 15 July 2019.
Zäch, Roger, ‘Competition law should promote economic and social welfare by ensuring the freedom to compete – a lawyer’s view’ in Joseph Drexl, Laurence Idot and Joel Moneger (eds), Economic Theory and Competition Law (Edward Elgar, 2009).
Zambia and IMF, ‘Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility: Policy Framework Paper, 1999-2001’ (1999) <https://www.imf.org/external/np/pfp/1999/zambia/> accessed 15 July 2019.
Zamfir, Ionel, ‘The Tripartite Free Trade Area project Integration in southern and eastern Africa’ (2015) <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551308/EPRS_BRI(2015)551308_EN.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Zerk Jennifer A., ‘Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: Lessons for the business and human rights sphere from six regulatory areas’ (Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Working Paper No. 59. 2010) <http://www.hks.harvard.edu/mrcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_59_zerk.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
Agreement Establishing a Tripartite Free Trade Area among The Common Market For Eastern And Southern Africa, The East African Community And The Southern African Development Community < https://www.tralac.org/news/article/7646-signed-agreement-establishing-a-tripartite-free-trade-area-among-comesa-the-eac-and-sadc.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA Agreement) <https://au.int/en/treaties/agreement-establishing-african-continental-free-trade-area> accessed 16 July 2019.
Agreement between the European Communities and the Government of the United States of America on the application of positive comity principles in the enforcement of their competition laws, (1998) O.J. L 173/28.
Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, of the other part (OJ L 311 , 04/12/1999 P. 0003 – 0415).
Antitrust Enforcement Guidelines for International Operations (April 1995) <https://www.justice.gov/atr/antitrust-enforcement-guidelines-international-operations> accessed 9 September 2019.
Bekanntmachung der Neufassung des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (26 Juni 2013 BGBl. I S.1750, 3245).
Best Practices on Cooperation between EU National Competition Authorities in Merger Review <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/nca_best_practices_merger_review_en.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
Best Practices on the Conduct of EC Merger Proceedings (20/01/04) <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/legislation/proceedings.pdf > accessed 23 September 2019.
Cancún WTO Ministerial 2003: Draft Cancún Ministerial Text JOB(03)/150/Rev.2.
Charter of the Organization of African Unity (OAU Charter) 479 U.N.T.S. 39 <https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/charter-organization-african-unity-479-unts-39-entered-force-sept-13-1963> accessed 16 July 2019.
Charter of the International Competitiveness Advisory Committee (1997) <https://www.justice.gov/atr/charter-international-competitiveness-advisory-committee> accessed 17 July 2019.
Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 18.
COMESA Competition Regulations, gazette vol 17 no 12.
COMESA Market Definition Guidelines (2019) <https://www.comesacompetition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Final-Guidlines-on-Market-Definition.pdf> accessed 23 September 2019.
COMESA Merger Assessment Guidelines <http://www.comesacompetition.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/141121_COMESA-Merger-Assessment-Guideline-October-31st-2014.pdf> accessed 23 September 2019.
Commission Notice on the concept of full-function joint ventures under Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (98/C 66/01).
Commission Consolidated Jurisdictional Notice under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (2008/C 95/01).
Commission Notice on Case Referral in respect of Concentrations (2005/C 56/02).
Commission Notice on a simplified procedure for treatment of certain concentrations under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (2013/C 366/04).
Commission Notice on remedies acceptable under Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 and under Commission Regulation (EC) No 802/2004 (2008/C 267/01).
Commission Regulation implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 (EC) No 802/2004 OJ L 133) amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1033/2008 OJ L 279.
Competition Commission of South Africa, Practitioner Update: The application of merger provisions of the Competition Act 89 of 1998, as amended, to joint ventures, <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Practitoner-Update-Joint-Ventures-Published-version.doc> accessed 17 July 2019.
Competition Authority of Botswana Market Definition Guidelines (2014) <http://www.competitionauthority.co.bw/sites/default/files/MARKET%20DEFINITION%20GUIDELINES.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Authority of Botswana Merger Assessment Guidelines <http://www.competitionauthority.co.bw/sites/default/files/MERGER_ASSESSMENT_0.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Act of Botswana no 17/2009.
Competition Authority of Kenya Consolidated Guidelines on the Substantive Assessment of Mergers under the Competition Act <http://www.cak.go.ke/images/docs/Merger%20Guidelines.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Authority of Kenya, Guidelines on Relevant Market Definition, para. 3 <http://www.cak.go.ke/images/docs/guidelines_for__market_definition1.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Act of Kenya no 12/2010.
Competition Act of Namibia no 2/2003.
Competition Act of Zimbabwe cap 14/28.
Competition and Fair Trading Act of Malawi no 43/1998.
Competition and Fair Trading Commission: Merger Assessment Guidelines <http://www.cftc.mw/index.php/2013-12-16-13-35-12/guidelines/28-mergers-and-acqusitions-guidelines/file.html> accessed 23 September 2019.
Competition Act of Mauritius no 25/2007.
Competition Commission of Mauritius Guidelines: Mergers <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/Legislations/CCM5%20-%20Guidelines%20-%20Mergers_Nov09.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Commission of Mauritius Guidelines on Remedies and Penalties (2009) <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/Legislations/CCM6%20-%20Guidelines%20-%20Remedies%20and%20Penalties_Nov09.pdf> accessed 9 September 2019.
Competition Commission of Mauritius Market Definition and the Calculation of Market Shares (2009) <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/Legislations/CCM2%20-%20Guidelines%20-%20Market%20definition_Nov09.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Act no. 89 of 1998 <http://www.compcom.co.za/the-competition-act/> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition Commission South Africa, Guidelines on the assessment of public interest provisions in merger regulation under the Competition Act No. 89 of 1998.
Competition Commission of South Africa, M&A Service Standards (2015) <http://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Service-Standards_2015_Final.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
Competition Commission of South Africa, Determination of Merger Thresholds and Method of Calculation, GN 216 (6 March 2009).
Competition Commission of South Africa, Rules for the Conduct of Proceedings in the Competition Commission, Proclamation No. 12, GG 22025, 01/02/2001.
Competition Tribunal of South Africa, Rules for the Conduct of Proceedings in the Competition Tribunal, GN 22025 vol. 428, 01/02/2001.
Competition and Consumer Protection Act of Zambia no 24/2010.
Competition and Consumer Protection Commission: Guidelines for Merger Regulation <http://www.ccpc.org.zm/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/CCPC-Mergers-Guideline.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Competition and Markets Authority, Mergers: Guidance on the CMA’s Jurisdiction and Procedure (2014).
Competition and Markets Authority, Merger Remedies: Competition Commission Guidelines (cc8, 2008).
Cooperation Arrangement Between the Commissioner of Competition (Canada), the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission and the New Zealand Commerce Commission Regarding the Application of their Competition and Consumer Laws <http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/01595.html> accessed 9 September 2019.
Council Regulation on the Control of Concentrations between Undertakings (EC) No 139/2004 OJ L 24/1.
Defense Production Act 1950 (50 USC app 2170).
Draft agreement establishing the COMESA, EAC and SADC Tripartite Free Trade Area (2010) <http://www.tralac.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/12/files/2011/uploads/Draft_Tripartite_FTA_Agreement_Revised_Dec_2010.pdf> accessed 20 July 2018.
Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Ministerial Declaration WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1.
EAC Gazette Notice No. 8 of 2018 <https://www.eac.int/documents/category/gazette> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC Gazette Notice No. 2 of 2007 <https://www.eac.int/documents/category/gazette> accessed 16 July 2019.
Fair Competition Act of Seychelles no 18/2009.
Fair Trading Commission of Seychelles Act no 17/2009 and no 6/2015.
Fair Trading Commission of Seychelles Guidelines on the Definition of Relevant Market.
Fair Trading Commission of Seychelles: Penalties and Remedies.
Fair Competition Commission of Tanzania Merger Guidelines <http://www.competition.or.tz/attachments/article/59/fcc_merger_guidelines_tanzania.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Fair Competition Act of Tanzania no 8/2003.
Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U.S.C. § 45.
Foreign Investment and National Security Act 2007 (50 USC app 2061).
FTC, To File or not to File: When you must file a Premerger Notification Report Form (September 2008) <ftc.gov/bc/hsr> accessed 23 September 2019.
FTC, ‘What is the Premerger Notification Program?: An Overview’ (March 2009) <https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/premerger-introductory-guides/guide1.pdf> accessed 23 September 2019.
Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Act against Restraints of Competition) in the version published on 15 July 2005 (Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) I, page 2114; 2009 I page 3850).
Guidance on Substantive Merger Control (Bundeskartellamt 2012) <http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Leitlinien/Guidance%20-%20Substantive%20Merger%20Control.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6.> accessed 26 August 2019.
Guidelines for Negotiating the Tripartite Free Trade Area among the Member/Partner States of COMESA, EAC and SADC (2011), para 2 <http://www.tralac.org/images/docs/5284/tfta-negotiating-principles-12062011.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal merger under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ C 31, 5 February 2004.
Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ C 265, 18 October 2008.
Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, 15 U.S. Code § 18a.
Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization (U.N. E/Conf. 2/78 (1948) reprinted in UN. Doc. ICITO/1/4 (1948).
Implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, (EC) No 802/2004.
Mauritius Fair Trading Commission Act, No 17 of 2009.
Mauritius Competition Commission Rules of Procedure GN 161/2009 <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/Legislations/Rules-of-Procedure-2009-051112.pdf> accessed 23 August 2019.
Namibian Competition Commission Merger Guidelines <http://www.nacc.com.na/cms_documents/820_merger_guidelinesapril16.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law, OJ (1997) C 372/5.
Organization of African Unity: Declaration on African Cooperation, Development, and Economic Independence, I.L.M 12(4): 996-1013.
Protocol on Trade in the SADC Region (1996), art 2 <http://www.sadc.int/files/4613/5292/8370/Protocol_on_Trade1996.pdf> accessed 22 August 2019.
Republic of South Africa, ‘Board of Trade and Industries Act’, No 28 of 1923 and No 19 of 1944.
Republic of South Africa, ‘Maintenance and Promotion of Competition Amendment Act, No 5 of 1986.
Republic of South Africa, ‘Regulation of Monopolistic Conditions Act’ No 24 of 1955.
Restrictive Business Practices: Arrangements for Consultations, Decision of 18 November 1960, BISD 9S/28, <http://www.worldtradelaw.net/misc/rbp1.pdf.download> accessed 16 July 2019.
Revised Jurisdictional Thresholds for Section 7A of the Clayton Act, Federal Register / April 2019.
Roadmap for Establishing the Tripartite FTA <http://www.trademarksa.org/sites/default/files/publications/Roadmap%20for%20TFTA%20Negotiation%20-%2012.06.2011.pdf> accessed 16 July 2019.
SADC Declaration on Regional Cooperation in Competition and Consumer Policies (2009) <http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/SADC_Declaration_on_Competition_and_Consumer_Policies.pdf.> accessed 16 July 2019.
Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1, 2.
Singapore WTO Ministerial 1996: Ministerial Declaration WT/MIN(96)/DEC.
The Restrictive Trade Practices, Monopolies and Price Control Act, Laws of Kenya Chapter 504. (RTPM Act).
The United Nations Set of Principles and Rules on Competition TD/RBP/CONF/10/Rev.2 (1980).
Treaty establishing the African Economic Community (AEC Treaty), 30 I.L.M. 1241 (1991)
Treaty Establishing the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States (PTA Treaty), 21 ILM 479 (1981).
Treaty Establishing the Common Market for Easter and Southern Africa <http://www.comesacompetition.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/COMESA_Treaty.pdf> accessed 6 September 2019.
Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community <http://eacj.eac.int/?page_id=33> accessed 17 July 2019.
Treaty of the Southern African Development Community <http://www.sadc.int/files/9113/5292/9434/SADC_Treaty.pdf.> accessed 23 August 2019.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2012/C 326/01.
UK Enterprise Act (2002 c. 40).
UK Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act (2013 c.24).
US Non-Horizontal Merger Guidelines <http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2006/05/18/2614.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
WTO, Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004 WT/L/579.
1991 EU/US Competition Cooperation Agreement, (1995) O.J. L 95/47.
Cottesloe Consultants (Cottesloe) & Bokomo Botswana (Bokomo)
G4S (Botswana) Limited, Trojan Security Services (Trojan) & Facilities Management Group (Shield Security, PS Cleaning and Facilities Management Business)(FMG)
Kalend (Pty) Ltd (Kalend) & Bokamoso Private Hospital (BPHT)
Decision of the Committee of Initial Determination on the Application for Authorisation of the Merger between PPC International Holdings Proprietary Limited (“PPC International”) and CIMERWA Limited (“CIMERWA”), Case File No. CCC/MER/8002/2013.
Decision of the Committee of Initial Determination Regarding the Merger between CFR Inversiones SPA and Adcock Ingram Holdings Limited, CASE FILE No. CCC/MER/1223/2013.
Decision of the nineteenth Committee responsible for Initial Determination Meeting Regarding the proposed Merger between China National Tire and rubber Co. Ltd and Pirelli and C.S.p.A, Staff paper No. 2016/03/07/04/JB
PPC International Holdings Proprietary Limited (PPC International) & CIMERWA Limited (CIMERWA)
Buzeki Dairy Limited (Buzeki) & Brookside Dairy Limited
Real Insurance Company Limited (Real) & British–American Investments Company (Kenya) Limited (Britam)
Toyota Tshusho Corporation (Toyota) & CFAO
Dhunseri Petrochem and Tea Pte Limited & Global Tea and Commodities Limited
First Merchant Bank Limited & International Commercial Bank Limited
Toyota Tsusho Corporation & CFAO Malawi Ltd/Cica Motors Ltd
Event Strategy Ltd & LC Events Co. Ltd CCM/DS/002.
Investigation on the proposed merger of the insurance businesses of Swan Group and Rogers Group: Report of the Executive Director <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/News_2012/29.02.12_2.pdf> accessed 26 August 2019.
Investigation on the proposed merger of the insurance businesses of Swan Group and Rogers Group: Commission Decision CCM/DS/0013.
Proposed Merger between Holcim Ltd & Lafarge S.A: Decision of the Competition Commission (CCM/DS/0016).
Review of Completed Merger of Event Strategy Ltd & LC Events Co Ltd: Final Report <http://www.ccm.mu/English/Documents/Investigations/INV008%20-%20Final%20Report%20Public%20Version.pdf> accessed 25 September 2019.
Colas South Africa (Pty) Ltd (Colas South Africa) & The Roads Contractor Company Ltd (RCC) and Guinea Fowl Investments Seventeen (Pty) Ltd (Guinea)
Guinea Fowl Investments Twenty Five (Pty Ltd (Guinea Fowl) & the Private Label Store Card Portfolio of Edgars Stores Namibia (Pty) Ltd (Edgars)
Metcash Trading Namibia (Pty) Ltd (Metcash) & Sefalana Cash & Carry (Namibia) (Pty) Ltd (Sefalana)
AgriGroupe Holdings (Pty) Ltd and AFGRI Ltd, Competition Tribunal case no. 017939 ((15 April 2014).
American Natural Soda Ash Corporation and another v Competition Commission and others Case 12/CAC/DEC01 (30 October 2003).
American Natural Soda Ash Corporation and another v Competition Commission and others South Africa Competition Tribunal 49/CR/Apr00 and 87/CR/Sep00 (30 November 2001).
A P Moller-Maersk and Royal P & O Nedlloyd N.V., Competition Tribunal case no 48/LM/May05 (12 May 2006).
BB Investment Company (Pty) Ltd and Adcock Ingram Holdings (Pty) Ltd, Competition Tribunal case no: 18713 ((19 August 2014).
Distillers Corporation (SA) Limited & Stellenbosch Farmers Winery Group Ltd Competition Tribunal case no 08/LM/Feb02 (19 March 2003).
Distillers Corporation (SA) Ltd / SFW Group Ltd and Bulmer (SA) (Pty) Ltd / Seagram Africa (Pty) Ltd, 08/CAC/May01 (27 November 2001).
Ethos Private Equity Fund IV/Tsebo Outsourcing Group (pty) Ltd 30/LM/Jun03 (3 October 2003).
Iscor Limited and Saldanha Steel (Pty) Ltd, Competition Tribunal case no. 67/LM/Dec01 (4 April 2002.
Harmony Gold Mining Company and Gold Fields, case no. 41/LM/Jul10) (19 May 2005).
Massmart Holdings Ltd and Jumbo Cash and Carry (Pty) Limited Competition Tribunal case no 39/LM/Jul01 (10 October 2001).
Medicross Healthcare Group (Pty) Ltd v Competition Commission 55/CAC/Sep05.
Metropolitan Holdings Limited and Momentum Group Limited, Competition Tribunal case no 41/LM/Jul10 (9 December 2010).
Mondi Ltd & Kohler Cores and Tubes a division of Kohler Packaging Limited Competition Tribunal case no 06/LM/Jan02 (20 June 2002).
Nedbank Limited and Imperial Bank Limited, Competition Tribunal case no. 70/LM/Oct09 (12 January 2010).
Nestle (SA) (Pty) Limited & Pets Products (Pty) Limited Competition Tribunal case no 21/LM/Apr01 (18 June 2001).
Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc and Pannar Seed (Pty) Ltd v Competition Commission case no 81/AM/Dec10 (9 December 2011).
Primedia Ltd v Competition Commission 39/AM/May06 (9 May 2008).
Sasol Limited et al., Competition Tribunal case no 101/LM/Dec04 (23 February 2006).
Telkom SA Limited and Business Connexion Group Limited, Competition Tribunal case no: 51/LM/Jun06 (20 August 2007).
Thaba Chueu Mining (Pty) Ltd v Samquarz (Pty) Ltd, Competition Tribunal case no. 10/AM/Jan12 (15 November 2012).
The Tongaat-Hulett Group Limited and Transvaal Suiker Beperk, Middenen Ontwikkeling (Pty) Ltd, Senteeko (Edms) Bpk, New Komati Sugar Miller’s Partnership, TSB Bestuursdienste, Competition Tribunal case no: 83/LM/Jul00 (27 November 2000).
Unilever Plc et al. and Robertsons Foods (Pty) Ltd, Competition Tribunal case no: 55/LM/Sep01 (6 March 2002).
Walmart and Massmart et al., Competition Appeal Court, case nos. 110/CAC/Jul11 and 111/CAC/Jun11 (9 March 2012).
Walmart Stores Inc and Massmart Holdings Limited, Competition Tribunal case no. 73/LM/Dec10 (2010) (29 June 2011).
Helios Towers Tanzania Infraco Limited (HTT) & Millicom International Cellular (MIC) Tanzania Limited.
Uranium One Inc. and Mantra Australia
Toyota Tshusho Corporation (TTC) & CFAO
Makro Zimbabwe (Makro) & OK Zimbabwe Limited (OK)
Renaissance Merchant Bank Limited (Renaissance) & National Social Security Authority (NSSA)
Zimbabwe Online (Pvt) Limited (ZOL) & Data Control & Systems (1996) Limited (DCS)
Aerospatiale-Alenia/De Havilland Commission decision 91/619/EEC [1991] OJ 334/42.
Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and others v Commission (1988) ECR 5193.
Airtours/First Choice commission decision 2000/276/EC [1999] OJ 93/1.
EDP v Commission Case T-87/05 [2005] E.C.R. II-3745.
Case 85/76 Hoffmann-La Roche [1979] E.C.R. 461.
Case 322/81 Michelin v Commission [1983] E.C.R. 3461.
Case No IV/M.619 Gencor/Lonrho, OJ 1997 L 11.
Gencor v Commission, judgement of the General Court, case T-102/96.
General Electric v Commission Case T-210/01 [2005] E.C.R. II-5575.
ICI v Commission (1972) ECR 619.
T-Mobile Austria/tele.ring case COMP/M.3916.
United Brands Company and United Brands Continental Bv v Commission (Case 27/76), [1978] ECR 207; [1978] 1 Common Market Law Review (CMLR) 429.
Volvo/Scania [2001] OJ L 143/74.
Total Deutschland GmbH and OMV Deutschland GmbH, B8 – 175/08.
American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co 213 U.S. 347 (1909).
Brown Shoe Co., Inc. v. United States 370 U.S. 294 (1962).
FTC v. H.J. Heinz Co. and Milnot Holding Corporation 246 F.3d 708 (2001).
Hartford Fire Insurance Co v California 509 U. S. 764 (1993).
Institut Merieux, S.A., No. 891-0098, 55 Fed. Reg. 1614 (Jan. 17, 1990).
Lafarge S.A.; Blue Circle Industries PLC; Blue Circle North America, Inc.; and Blue Circle, Inc. (2001), 66 Fed. Reg. 34,682.
Laker Airways Ltd. v. Sabena, Belgian World Airlines 731 F.2d 909 (1984 U.S. App. Decision).
Ryanair / Aer Lingus, Case No COMP/M.4439 (2007).
Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America National Trust & Savings Association 549 F. 2 d 597 (9th Cir. 1976).
Tenet Health Care Systems and Slidell Memorial Hospital (2003) <http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2003/04/lahospmerger.htm> accessed 26 August 2019.
United States v Aluminium Co of America 148 F.2d 416 (2d Cir. 1945).
United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377 (1956).
United States v. Franklin Electric Co., United Dominion Industries, Ltd., and United Dominion Industries, Inc., 130 F. Supp. 2d 1025 (W.D. Wis. 2000).
United States v. Interstate Bakeries Corp. and Continental Baking Co., 60 Fed. Reg. 40,195 (Aug. 7, 1995).
About the European Commission <http://ec.europa.eu/about/index_en.htm#president> accessed 10 September 2019.
Africa Competition Forum <http://www.africancompetitionforum.org/> accessed 10 September 2019.
African Union, CFTA: Continental Free Trade Area, <https://au.int/en/ti/cfta/about> accessed 16 July 2019.
ARICEA Constitution. <https://ariceaweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=13> accessed 16 July 2019.
AU in a Nutshell <https://au.int/en/au-nutshell> accessed 16 July 2019.
Bundeskartellamt: Legislation <http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/EN/AboutUs/Bundeskartellamt/legislation/legislation_node.html> accessed 26 August 2019.
COMESA’s Regional Payment and Settlement System (REPSS) Goes Live <https://www.bou.or.ug/bou/media/statements/COMESA_REPSS.html> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA-EAC-SADC Tripartite <https://www.eac.int/tripartite> accessed 16 July 2019.
COMESA Competition Commission MOUs <http://www.comesacompetition.org/?cat=14.> accessed 25 September 2019.
Deal Drivers Africa (2016) <http://dealdriversafrica.mergermarket.com/overview-ma-activity-in-africa> accessed 25 September 2019.
Directorate-General for Competition <http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/index_en.htm> accessed 10 September 2019.
EAC Common Market: Overview <https://www.eac.int/common-market> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC, Customs <https://www.eac.int/security/index.php?option=com_content&id=29:eac-portal> accessed 16 July 2019.
EAC, Five Commissioners of the EAC Competition Authority sworn in at the EAC <https://www.eac.int/press-releases/605-1048-346-five-commissioners-of-the-eac-competition-authority-sworn-in-at-the-eac> accessed 16 July 2019.
Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer: Antitrust and Public Interest <http://www.freshfields.com/en/global/TKT2015/8__Antitrust_and_the_public_interest> accessed 9 September 2019.
FTC, A Brief Overview of the Federal Trade Commission's Investigative and Law Enforcement Authority (July 2008) <https://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/what-we-do/enforcement-authority> accessed 6 September 2019.
History of the EAC <https://www.eac.int/eac-history> accessed 16 July 2019.
ICN: About <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/about.aspx.> accessed 22 August 2019.
ICN: History <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/about/history.aspx.> accessed 22 August 2019.
International Trade Centre (ITC) <http://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx> accessed 16 July 2019.
Japan International Cooperation Agency, The Data Collection Survey for Djibouti Corridor: Final Report <http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12302642_01.pdf> accessed 22 August 2019.
Mauritius: Economic Outline <http://www.mauritiustrade.mu/en/trading-with-mauritius/mauritius-economics-outline> accessed 15 July 2019.
Non-Tariff Barriers: Reporting, Monitoring and Eliminating Mechanism <http://www.tradebarriers.org/about> accessed 16 July 2019.
OECD: Competition <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/.> accessed 22 August 2019.
OECD: Competition Global Relations <http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/competitionglobalrelations.htm.> accessed 22 August 2019.
SADC Integration Milestones <http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/> accessed 22 August 2019.
SA Competition Commission: File a merger <http://www.compcom.co.za/file-a-merger/> accessed 25 September 2019.
SADC Facts and Figures <http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/overview/sadc-facts-figures/> accessed 25 September 2019.
The GATT years: From Havana to Marrakesh <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm#rounds.> accessed 23 August 2019.
The Schuman Declaration – 9th May 1950 <http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/europe-day/schuman-declaration/index_en.htm.> accessed 23 August 2019.
UNCTAD: Intergovernmental Deliberations <http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/CompetitionLaw/Intergovernmental-Deliberations.aspx.> accessed 22 August 2019.
UNCTAD: Mandate and Key Functions <http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/CompetitionLaw/ccpb-Mandate.aspx.> accessed 22 September 2019.
Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia <https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence.html> accessed 15 July 2019.
WTO: Built-in Agenda: Work set out in existing agreements <https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/about_e/04agen_e.htm> accessed 16 July 2019.
WTO, Day 5: Conference ends without Consensus <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min03_e/min03_14sept_e.htm> accessed 17 July 2019.
WTO: How the negotiations are organised <https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/work_organi_e.htm> accessed 16 July 2019.
WTO, Members and Observers <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm.> accessed 25 September 2019.
WTO, Press Brief on Competition Policies <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/comppol.htm.> accessed 23 August 2019.
WTO, The 128 countries that had signed GATT by 1994 <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/gattmem_e.htm.> accessed 23 August 2019.
WTO, The First WTO Ministerial Conference <http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min96_e/min96_e.htm.> accessed 23 August 2019.

Durchsuchen Sie das Werk

Geben Sie ein Keyword in die Suchleiste ein