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Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 / Conclusion
Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 / Conclusion
Contents
Chapter
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Page
1–18
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis
1–18
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19–48
Introduction
19–48
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I. Outline of a Burning Issue
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1. Contextualisation of a Remark by Karl Strupp
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2. Blurry Line between Armed Reprisals and War
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3. Pre-1919 Practice
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II. Leading Question
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III. State of Research
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IV. Research Hypotheses
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V. Sources
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VI. Structure
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49–98
Chapter One. From Regulation to Deregulation up to the End of the Eighteenth Century
49–98
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I. Introduction
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II. Elaboration of the Medieval Law of Reprisals
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1. Emergence and Development of Reprisals in the Early and High Middle Ages
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2. Theory: Bartolus de Saxoferrato’s Tractatus Represaliarum
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(a) Significance for the Law of Reprisals
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(b) Justification of Reprisals
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(c) Conditions
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i) Superior’s Consent
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ii) Just Cause
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(d) Execution
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3. Risks of Abuse
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III. Politicisation of Reprisals (XVIth–XVIIIth c.)
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1. Transition from Private to Public Reprisals
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(a) Diplomatic Interposition of the Sovereign
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(b) Progressive Exclusion of Private Individuals from the Execution
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2. Public Character of Reprisals
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(a) General Aspects
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(b) Blurring of the Line between War and Peace
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(c) Vattel’s Pertinent Remark
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IV. Interim Conclusion
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99–152
Chapter Two. Shaping of a Prerogative, 1831–1863
99–152
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I. Introduction
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II. Asymmetric Power Relation
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1. Portrait of Target Countries
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(a) Preliminary Observation: ‘Reprisal Clause’ in Bilateral Treaties
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(b) Characteristics of Inferiority
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2. Informal Imperialism through Reprisals
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(a) Issues of Commercial Nature
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(b) Assertion of National Dignity: ‘Civis Romanus Sum’, 1850
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III. Unrestricted Resort to Reprisals
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1. A Question of Political Opportunism: Palmerston’s Policy, 1847
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2. Eluding Legal Requirements
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(a) Denial of Justice debated in the British Parliament, 1850
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(b) Preventive Recourse to Amicable Means of Settlement
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i) The Principle laid down in the 23rd Paris Protocol of 1856
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ii) The Cagliari affair, 1857–1858
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iii) The Prince of Wales case: British Reprisals against Brazil, 1862–1863
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IV. On the Questionable Edge of Peace
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1. Disproportionate Use of Force
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(a) Standard of Proportionality versus Efficacy
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(b) Widening of the Category of Reprisals
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2. Confusion between War and Peace
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3. A Right in Vertical Power Relations
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V. Interim Conclusion
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153–226
Chapter Three. Legal Doctrine confronting State Practice, 1848–1912
153–226
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I. Introduction
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II. Precursors of the Doctrinal Debate on Armed Reprisals: Wurm and Hautefeuille
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III. Building the Legal Theory of Pacific Blockade
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1. Rising Interest and Controversy, 1849–1887
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2. Examination by the Institute of International Law
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(a) First Contact at The Hague, 1875
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(b) The Heidelberg Declaration of 1887
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i) Triggering Event: The French Blockade of Formosa, 1884
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ii) The Work of the Institute
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(c) Reception of the Institute’s Declaration
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3. Departing State Practice: The Blockades of Siam (1893) and Crete (1897–1898)
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4. A Custom of International Law?
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(a) “Mais si la doctrine proteste, la politique agit”
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(b) Dialogue of the Deaf
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(c) Opinio Juris
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IV. The Larger Issue of Armed Reprisals
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1. Twilight Zone
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(a) Variety of Armed Reprisals
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(b) The Uncertain Dividing Line between Peace and War
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(c) State of Reprisals
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2. The Blockade of Venezuela (1902–1903) as Breaking Point
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(a) Background
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(b) The Venezuelan Preferential Claims
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(c) The Drago-Porter Convention of 1907
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i) Previous Efforts of Prevention of Armed Reprisals in International Law
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ii) The Drago Doctrine as Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine
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iii) From Political Policy to Norm of International Law
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iv) Second Hague Peace Conference, 1907
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v) Mixed Impact of the Second Hague Conference on Armed Reprisals
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V. Interim Conclusion
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227–288
Chapter Four. Culmination of Antagonism: Peace-Building and Armed Reprisals in the Interwar Period
227–288
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I. Introduction
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II. State of Mind: The Peace Treaty of Versailles and Reprisals
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1. Enforcement of War Reparations: The Ruhr Occupation, 1923–1925
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2. Question of the Legality of the Ruhr Occupation
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(a) Right of Acting Unilaterally
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(b) Allowed Measures
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3. Outlook: The Unlikely Limitation of Armed Reprisals
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III. Loophole in the Ius ad Bellum Mechanism of the League of Nations
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1. System of the Covenant
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(a) Organisation of the League of Nations
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(b) Dispute Settlement Procedure
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(c) Deficiency Regarding Armed Reprisals
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2. Baptism of Fire for the Covenant: The Italian Bombardment and Occupation of Corfu, 1923
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(a) The Facts
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(b) Discussion in the Council
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(c) Armed Reprisals Questioned
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i) Interpretation of the Covenant by the Special Commission of Jurists
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ii) Renewal of the Doctrinal Debate
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iii) Opinion of the Small Member States
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3. The Spectre of Armed Reprisals Looming over the League
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(a) The Greek-Bulgarian Incident, 1925
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(b) Japan’s Invasion of Chinese Manchuria
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IV. Involvement of the Institute of International Law
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1. Session of Paris, 1934
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2. Criticisms
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V. Epilogue
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1. An Insoluble Issue?
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2. Prohibition of the Use of Force under the UN-Charter
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VI. Interim Conclusion
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289–292
Conclusion
289–292
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293–336
Bibliography
293–336
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Armed Reprisals from Medieval Times to 1945 , page 289 - 292
Conclusion
Autoren
Christophe Wampach
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110-289
ISBN print: 978-3-8487-7718-1
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-2111-0
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748921110-289
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