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Data Act / I. Executive Summary
Data Act / I. Executive Summary
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I. Executive Summary
Hennemann, Ebner, Karsten, Lienemann, Wienroeder
Hennemann, Ebner, Karsten, Lienemann, Wienroeder
15–18
Details
19–34
II. Introduction
Hennemann
Hennemann
19–34
Details
1. General Setting and Goals
2. From a Reaction to Market Failures to a new Market Design
3. “Contractualisation” of Data (Economy) Law
4. User Activation
5. Monetarisation of Data?
6. Enforcement
7. Trade Agreements / Other Union Legal Acts Governing Rights and Obligations on Data and Use (Art. 44) / Options for Member States
Trade Agreements
Union Law
Member States
Outside the Scope of Union Law
8. Evaluation and Review (Art. 49)
9. Entry into Force and Application (Art. 50)
10. Competence
35–48
III. Regulatory Scope (Art. 1-2, Art. 43)
Hennemann
Hennemann
35–48
Details
1. Scope (Art. 1 paras. 1-3)
Material Scope
Personal and Territorial Scope
Virtual Assistants
2. Interplay with Existing Rules (Art. 1 paras. 5 and 6, Art. 43)
Contract Law
Unfair Terms Law and Consumer Law
Intellectual Property Law
Data Protection Law
In Particular: Legal Basis According to Art. 6(1)(c) and (3) GDPR
In Particular: Art. 20 GDPR
Data Governance Act
Free Flow of Data-Regulation
Competition Law
Criminal Law / Criminal Procedural Law / Digital Services Act
Product Safety / Accessibility Requirements for Products and Services
3. Definitions (Art. 2)
Data
Connected Product
Related Service
Definitional References to Other Legal Acts
49–70
IV. SME-Exemption (Art. 7), Product Design, Service Design, and Informational Duties (Art. 3)
Ebner, Wienroeder
Ebner, Wienroeder
49–70
Details
1. Exemption of Micro and Small Enterprises; Mandatory Nature (Art. 7)
Definition of Enterprise
Exemption of Micro and Small Enterprises
Exemption of medium-sized enterprises
Mandatory Nature
2. Product Design, Service Design (Art. 3(1))
Personal Scope
Material Scope
In particular: Derived Data
Mechanisms of Access
Enforcement
3. Information Duties
Personal Scope
General Requirements for Providing Information
The Different Informational Elements in Detail
The Different Informational Elements of Art. 3(2)
The Different Informational Elements of Art. 3(3)
Waivability
Enforcement
71–102
V. Data Licence Agreement and User’s Right of Access (Art. 4)
Lienemann, Wienroeder
Lienemann, Wienroeder
71–102
Details
Definition of User and Data Holder
Definition of Data Holder
1. Data Licence Agreement; Use by the Data Holder (Art. 4(13) and (14))
Data Licence Agreement
Specific Limits of the Use of the Data Holder
Making data available to third parties
De facto-Control by Agreement?
Unfair Terms Control
2. The Right to Access according to Art. 4(1))
Economic Setting and Assumptions
A Remedy for Lack of Data Accessibility-by-Design under Art. 3(1)
Effect of the Right: In-Situ Access, Data Retrieval and / or Usage?
Mandatory Nature of Art. 4; No Circumvention through ‘Dark Patterns’ (Art. 4(4))
Modalities under which Access is Granted as per Art. 4(1)
Data in Scope of the Access Right
Identification of the Requesting User (Art. 4(5))
3. Limitations of and Defences to the User’s Right of Access
No ‘Right to Hack’ (Art. 4(11))
Security of the Connected Product (Art. 4(2))
Access to Lawfully Processed Personal Data Only (Art. 4(12))
Trade Secrets (Art. 4(6)-(9))
Restrictions on Onward Usage: Non-Compete (Art. 4(10)) and Sharing with Gatekeepers (Art. 5(3)(c))
103–140
VI. Right to Share Data with Third Parties (Art. 5-6) and FRAND Obligations for Data Holders When Providing Access (Art. 8-12)
Karsten, Lienemann
Karsten, Lienemann
103–140
Details
1. The Right to Share Data with Third Parties (Art. 5)
Significant Overlaps Between the Regulatory Architectures of User and Third-Party Access
Eligible Third Parties / Data Recipients (Art. 2(14))
In Particular: Gatekeepers (Art. 5(3))
In Particular: Data Intermediaries
Exemption for the Testing of Products not yet Placed on the Market (Art. 5(2))
Data Protection Law (Art. 5(7)-(8), Art. 5(13))
Trade Secrets (Art. 5(9)-(11))
Implicit (Second) Data License Agreement
2. Obligations of Third Parties (Art. 6)
Non-Exclusivity
Limited Use / Non-Compete / Security
Passing-On of Data
Erasing Data
Impairing Decision-making
3. Conditions between Data Holder and Data Recipient
FRAND-System
Scope of Application
Relationship to Art. 13
FRAND Conditions
Terms to the Detriment of the User
Prohibition of Discrimination
Provision Only at the User’s Request
More Information than Necessary
Respect of Trade Secrets
4. Compensation
General Provisions
Compensation Factors
Micro, Small, And Medium-Sized Enterprises
Guidelines on the Costs
Exclusion of Compensation
Information
Calculation
5. Dispute Settlement
Personal Scope
Material Scope
Fees
Certification
Refusing Disputes / International Jurisdiction
Competences of the Settlement Bodies
Rules of Procedure
Annual Activity Reports
Decision Effects / Enforcement / Interplay with Judicial Clarification
6. Technical Protection
Protection Measures
Conditions and Consequences
Altering or Removing Technical Protection by the User and others
Enforcement
7. Common Standards for Smart Contracts (Art. 36)
The Notion of Smart Contracts
Essential Requirements for Smart Contracts (Art. 36(1))
Declaration of Conformity (Art. 36(2) and (3))
Harmonised Standards (Art. 36(4) and (5))
Common Specifications (Art. 36(6) to (9))
8. Scope of Obligations
141–150
VII. Unfair Terms for Data Access and Use between Enterprises (Art. 13)
Karsten
Karsten
141–150
Details
Personal Scope
Material Scope
Unilaterally Imposed
Mandatory Provisions
Subject Matter of the Contract
Further Aspects
Unfairness
General Unfairness Provision
‘Black’ List
‘Grey’ List
Enforcement
151–176
VIII. Making Data Available to Public-Sector Bodies based on Exceptional Need (Art. 14-22)
Wienroeder
Wienroeder
151–176
Details
1. Obligation to Make Data Available to Public-Sector Bodies (Art. 14)
Union and Public Sector Body
Material Scope of the Obligation to Make Data Available
2. Definition of Exceptional Need (Art. 15)
Response to a Public Emergency
Definition of Public Emergency
Fulfilling a Specific Task in the Public Interest
Assessment of the Definitions
3. Relationship with Other Obligations to Make Data Available (Art. 16)
Existing Obligations to Make Data Available
The Prevention, Investigation and Prosecution of Criminal and Administrative Offences
4. Requirements for the Request to Make Data Available (Art. 17 paras. 1 and 2)
Information To Be Provided
Further requirements
5. Reuse of the Data Made Available (Art. 17 (3) and (4))
6. Compliance with Requests for Data (Art. 18)
Decline or Seek for Modification
Anonymisation and Pseudonymisation of Personal Data
7. Obligations of Public Sector Bodies Receiving Data (Art. 19)
8. Compensation in Cases of Exceptional Need (Art. 20)
9. Contribution of Research Organisations or Statistical Bodies (Art. 21)
10. Mutual Assistance and Cross-Border Cooperation (Art. 22)
11. Interplay with Art. 6 GDPR
Relationship between Art. 15 and Art. 6 GDPR
Relationship between Art. 18(5) and Art. 6 GDPR
Relationship between Art. 21 and Art. 6 GDPR
12. Legal Remedies and Liability
177–228
IX. Switching and Interoperability between Data Processing Services (Art. 23-31, Art. 33-35)
Lienemann
Lienemann
177–228
Details
The Commission’s Rationale for Taking Regulatory Action
1. Surveying the Range of Data Processing Services (Art. 2(8), Art. 31)
The Definition Supplied in Art. 2(8)
In Particular: Cloud Switching Invoked by Consumers
The Role of Data Processing Services in Operationalising Access and Sharing Rights
Exemptions for Custom-Built Services and Beta Versions (Art. 31)
2. The Terminology of Customer Activation: Switching, On-Premises Transfers and Multi-Homing (Art. 25(3), Art. 34(1))
3. Guiding Principles and Legal Status of the Switching-related Rights and Duties
Scope of the Technical Obligations (Art. 24)
Cooperation in Good Faith (Art. 27)
Chapter VI: Basis for a Dedicated ‘Cloud Portability Right’?
4. Removing Obstacles to ‘Switchability’ (Art. 23)
5. Contractual Enablers of Switching (Art. 25)
Form of the Service Agreement (Art. 25(1))
30-day Transition Period and Other Time Frames
Exit Management through Comprehensive Information (Art. 25(2)(a)-(b))
Effects on Termination of the Contract (Art. 25(2)(c))
Exportable Data and Digital Assets (Art. 25(2)(e)-(f))
Erasure of Data Held by the Source Provider after the Retrieval Period (Art. 25(2)(h))
Interplay with the Digital Content Directive
Private Enforcement?
6. Transparency Obligations next to the Contract (Art. 26 and 28)
7. Commercial Enablers of Switching – Reduced Switching Charges (Art. 29)
Key Concepts
The Timeline for Withdrawing Switching Charges (Art. 29(1)-(3))
Monitoring Mechanism (Art. 29(7))
Pre-Contractual Notice Obligations (Art. 29(4)-(6))
8. Functional Equivalence across IaaS Environments (Art. 30(1))
Functional Equivalence – A Feasible Concept?
The Best Effort to Achieving Functional Equivalence (Art. 30(1), Art. 30(6))
9. Interoperability Requirements Aimed at Data Processing Services other than IaaS (Art. 30(2)-(5), Art. 35)
Cloud Interoperability in a Nutshell (Art. 2(40), Art. 35(2))
Open Interfaces (Art. 30(2))
Standardisation En Route to Fully Fledged Interoperability (Art. 30(3), Art. 35)
Art. 30(5) – An Oblique Right to (Exportable) Data Portability
10. Interoperability Requirements within Data Spaces (Art. 33)
Defining Data Spaces
Art. 33 as an Overarching Rule Governing Data Processing Services?
Essential Requirements for Data Spaces (Art. 33(1)-(2))
Harmonised Standards (Art. 33(3)-(4))
Common Specifications (Art. 33(5)-(10))
Guidelines (Art. 33(11))
229–236
X. International Governmental Access and Transfer (Art. 32)
Wienroeder
Wienroeder
229–236
Details
1. Preventing International and Third-Country Governmental Access and Transfer of Non-Personal Data (Art. 32(1))
2. Enforcement of Foreign Judgements and Decisions (Art. 32 paras. 2 and 3)
3. Minimisation and Informational Duty (Art. 32 (4) and (5))
237–246
XI. Implementation and Enforcement (Art. 37-42)
Wienroeder
Wienroeder
237–246
Details
1. Competent Authorities (Art. 37)
Jurisdiction concerning Entities within the Scope of the Data Act
2. Right to Lodge a Complaint with a Competent Authority (Art. 38)
3. Right to an Effective Judicial Remedy (Art. 39)
4. Penalties (Art. 40)
5. Model Contractual Terms (Art. 41)
6. Role of the European Data Innovation Board (Art. 42)
247–248
XII. Final Provisions (Art. 45-48)
Wienroeder
Wienroeder
247–248
Details
1. Exercise of the Delegation (Art. 45)
2. Committee Procedure and Implementing Powers (Art. 46 and Rec. 114)
3. Amendments (Art. 47 and 48)
249–254
Data Act Bibliography
249–254
Details
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Data Act , page 15 - 18
I. Executive Summary
Autoren
Hennemann
Ebner
Karsten
Lienemann
Wienroeder
DOI
doi.org/10.5771/9783748918691-15
ISBN print: 978-3-7560-1342-5
ISBN online: 978-3-7489-1869-1
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doi.org/10.5771/9783748918691-15
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