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The Scope and Limits of Protection for Distinctive Signs against the Community Design

Magdalena Kolasa

Reihe: Munich Intellectual Property Law Center - MIPLC Studies

Band 17 2012

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Signs protected under unfair competition law S. 21-23

„… successfully used as ground for invalidation. 2. Signs protected under unfair competition law a) General …” „… registration, i.a. under unfair competition provisions.48 This safeguard, unlike trade mark law, does not …” „… prescribes the freedom of copying51 outside the limits of IP, the unfair competition law provides for its …”

The scope of protection of distinctive signs under unfair competition law S. 47-54

„… unfair competition law The lack of comprehensive harmonization of law in the EU results in large …” „… protection under unfair competition provisions will be available when the rules of trade mark law do not …” „… law, does not exclude protection under unfair competition.212 Due to the fact that the German trade …”

The scope of protection of trade marks S. 31-47

„… unfair competition law The lack of comprehensive harmonization of law in the EU results in large …” „… protection under unfair competition provisions will be available when the rules of trade mark law do not …” „… “parasitism” and “free-riding” known from national unfair competition laws. The Court defined the unfair …”

Table of Contents S. 7-10

„… conflict with a Community design 20 2. Signs protected under unfair competition law 21 a) General …” „… remarks 21 b) Signs protected under unfair competition that may conflict with a Community design 22 3 …” „… competition law 47 a) Competition between the products 49 b) Copying 49 c) Additional circumstances (§4 …”

Company symbols and work titles, §5 MarkenG S. 23-25

„… individuality. The protection under unfair competition is in some respects broader than that under trade mark …” „… unfair competition can protect the “small coins” of distinctive signs due to the lower requirement of …” „… law.55 Still, the underlying notion of both trade mark distinctiveness and competitive individuality …”

Limits of protection of other distinctive signs and statute of limitations S. 60-62

„… . Under unfair competition protection, there is no explicit limitation of protection in time. As long as …” „… ), the owner of the prior sign may institute an action under unfair competition rules. The right to …” „… allegedly infringing design under the Community or national law, which may include the national provisions …”

Prior distinctive sign and a subsequent design S. 30-31

„… and unfair competition provisions, with the view on the potential conflict with a design right are …” „… unregistered trade marks and company symbols; acquiring of competitive individuality – under unfair …” „… competition protection, Ohly in: Piper/Ohly/Sosnitza, supra note 54, §4 No.9, para. 9/25; with the begin of …”

Trade Mark S. 17-21

„… invalidation. 2. Signs protected under unfair competition law a) General remarks In some countries (e.g …” „… signs which can be protected under unfair competition provisions. While geographical indications and …” „… : Hacker). 20 Hildebrandt supra note 15, §1 para. 1, 1. 21 Uma Suthersanen, Design law: European Union …”

List of Works Cited S. 75-82

„… Wettbewerb [UWG] [Act against Unfair Competition], March 3, 2010, BGBl. I at 254, translated on …” „… Property and Competition Law, Vol. 18, MPI Study on the Overall Functioning of the European Trade Mark …” „… of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to consumer …”

Acronyms and Abbreviations S. 11-14

„… of Intellectual Property and Competition Law Inv. Div. OHIM Invalidity Division IPRs …” „… against Unfair Competition], Mar. 3, 2010, BGBl. I at 254, translated on …” „… Intellectual Property Rights JIPLP Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice Jul. July Mar …”

Abstract S. 5-6

„… the scope of protection provided for the distinctive signs by the unfair competition provisions is …” „… regard to the applicable law is provided, presenting the possible solutions of those controversies. The …” „… designs, which might gain in importance, depending on the future development of the case-law. …”

Use of a distinctive sign in a subsequent design S. 29-30

„… – under unfair competition protection, Ohly in: Piper/Ohly/Sosnitza, supra note 54, §4 No.9, para. 9/25 …” „… and the Community law or the law of the Member States governing that sign confers on the rightholder …” „… distinctive sign is protected under the Community law or national law of a Member State (supra Chapter II …”

Applicable law and procedural challenges S. 63-66

„… harmonised under the TMD, it seems problematic in the not harmonised regimes of unfair competition and of …” „… rule of conflict of laws302 prescribes that upon application of foreign law the court may use the …” „… stand-alone action for invalidation of an unregistered Community design.291 2. Applicable law and procedural …”

The limits of protection of trade marks S. 57-60

„… design might be used.282 Similarly as in the assessment under unfair competition rules, the decision on …” „… limits of protection of trade marks In infringement proceedings under the trade mark law, the defendant …” „… applicant to establish the existence of his right. A defence that has been recognised by the case-law in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243856

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The German and Romanian Abuse of Market Dominance in the Light of Article 102 TFEU

Anca Daniela Chirita

Reihe: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Band 82 2011

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law S. 361-370

„… competition. For practical reasons it is governed by private international law. 5. The Union’s Present Unfair …” „… Competition Case Law Professor Glöckner argued in favour of a new understanding of the EU case law on unfair …” „… business-tobusiness acts or «dishonest» trade practices of unfair competition law. For example, in AstraZeneca, the …”

The Dominant Position and the Concept of Abuse S. 82-104

„… recognised as EU unfair competition law, which raises the same question as under US antitrust statute laws …” „… by unfair competition law). Therefore, even dominant undertakings are not allowed to compete …” „… 107, 110. 295 Case C-62/86, AKZO, 1991 ECR I-3359, para 81. 90 unfair competition law.296 Therefore …”

Concluding Remarks on the Final Balancing of Policy Objectives, their Enforcement and Future Challenges S. 46-49

„… undertakings’ commercial interests. Under German unfair competition law, the policy objective of undistorted …” „… competition, namely, EU unfair competition law. As will be detailed further, Section 20 ARC originates in …” „… , see Ch.II.7. 47 Under German unfair competition law, therefore, the public interest in ensuring …”

Introduction S. 346-349

„… unfairness is a distinctive feature of EU unfair competition law. This interpretation also receives support …” „… relevance in favour of an established Union case law on unfair competition and hybrid enforcement outcomes …” „… also required. The latter aspects are, indeed, particular forms of unfair competition law that require …”

Conclusions and Reasons to Enact an Unfair Competition Control Regulation Union-wide S. 372-375

„… unfair pricing under the EU competition law. The elements of unfair competition under Article 102 (b) are …” „… any express recognition of the existence of an EU unfair competition law based on free trade contrasts …” „… established by Protocol no. 27. Enforcing unfair competition law before the courts is also required by the …”

Overview of Major Policy Objectives S. 27-46

„… happens with the Romanian consumer protection laws90or with its unfair competition law,91 which do not …” „… defined under EU unfair competition law, including consumer protection rules. The comparative …” „… understanding of the German «undistorted competition» of unfair competition law supports this shift of …”

Brief Overview of Short-Term or Other Policy Goals S. 68-74

„… both laws is particularly relevant for the shaping of the enforcement of EU competition law. An unfair …” „… certain exceptional circumstances. a) The Origins of Un(Fair) Competition under EU Competition Law Under …” „… competitors, as under unfair competition law. b) The Un(Fair) Competition under the German Act against …”

The Elements of Unfair Competition under Article 102 S. 359-361

„… 2008 and expires in 2012.1444 H. Ullrich, Anti-Unfair Competition Law and Anti-Trust Law, EUI Working …” „… historical and the current recognition of the Union’s unfair competition law, the Commission could also …” „… competition. For practical reasons it is governed by private international law. 5. The Union’s Present Unfair …”

The Control of Unfair Competition Acts: A Dynamic Interpretation S. 370-372

„… competition law and it does not preclude the Commission from controlling certain unfair anti-competitive …” „… 1490 governs unfair competition actions with an international element, namely, the conflicts of laws …” „… intellectual and industrial property (commonly included in the national unfair competition laws) which demands …”

The Present Relevance of the Historical Interpretation of Article 102 S. 356-359

„… chapter argues that, the general framework of EU unfair competition law also requires an administrative …” „… http://www.wettbewerbszentrale.de/de/home/. 1434 Supra n 5. 358 case law on unfair competition law, particularly AUC, which entered into …” „… , 28th edn, 2010. In 1896, the AUC was enacted as a penal law and had an established unfair competition …”

Final Concluding Remarks S. 342-346

„… with unfair competition law and interfering with economic freedom and undertakings’ commercial …” „… challenges the idea that recognition of unfairness is a distinctive feature of EU unfair competition law …” „… fall under the ambit of unfair competition acts and of EU competition law. It is critical when the …”

The Analysis and Interpretation of the Recent Romanian Amendment S. 150-156

„… disadvantage as under unfair competition law. Another minor correction has been made to Article 6 (f) by …” „… apply to non-dominant undertakings, as to any trader within the meaning of the unfair competition law …” „… business strategies that are applied within the context of the unfair competition law. A simplistic …”

Abuse of Economic Dependency: A Gap under Article 102 S. 322-325

„… secondary legislation related to unfair competition law applied to dominant undertakings. The courts have …” „… firms, as part of their powers to enforce EU unfair competition law, as the US FTC does. As has been …” „… unfair competition law, whilst other gaps also exist in the EU legislation in this respect, since their …”

Consistency v Legal Certainty in light of the Form and Effects-based Approach S. 168-173

„… unfair competition law, the above distinction becomes more clearly articulated, which makes the …” „… Union’s competition system where substantial provisions of unfair competition law are left to the Member …” „… 168 In conclusion, the delineation of free, fair, and unfair competition should be re-considered as …”

The German Economic Thinking in the Light of an Economic Constitution S. 49-55

„… misleading advertisement leading to customers’ lock-in, which are the core subjects of unfair competition law …” „… awareness of the evolution into a hybrid of anti-competitive and unfair practices of EU competition law …” „… competition and the prohibition of unfair commercial practices of unfair competition law with a balanced …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Competition Law 68b) The Un(Fair) Competition under the German Act against Restraints 69c) The Balance of Fair …” „… Unfair Competition under Article 102 3595. The Union’s Present Unfair Competition Case Law 3616. The …” „… Challenges of EU Competition Law: The European Commission’s Reform Efforts 245. National Competition …”

Concluding Remarks S. 220-222

„… the dispute over «criminal» competition law887 and avoid any overlapping with EU unfair competition …” „… of broad public policy considerations of unfair competition law. The practical example is the German …” „… n 297. 221 Commission were to enforce EU unfair competition law, there should be a Union act to …”

The Historical Background of the EU Unfair Competition Rules S. 349-356

„… competition law is that, despite recourse to individual damage claims being a second best solution, an …” „… to an end. Such unfair competition practices may also be enforced ex ante and based on the effects on …” „… unfair competition rules on the basis of which the Commission could control administratively all such …”

The Comparative Understanding of Undistorted Competition within the Union’s Internal Market S. 205-208

„… competition law as antitrust law or should also include EU unfair competition law.811 A dynamic 810 See the …” „… competition spill over in to the unfair commercial practices as an independent EU unfair competition law …” „… regarding consumer protection or unfair commercial practices as part of EU unfair competition law. 819 …”

Technological Tying v Interoperability in the Software Industry S. 294-298

„… » embedded in the secondary legislation of EU unfair competition law, and why should a directive’s …” „… property rights.1202 This may be a serious flaw in the area of EU unfair competition law because it shows …” „… according to the essential facilities doctrine. 1210 On EU industrial policy under unfair competition law …”

The Teleological Interpretation of Article 12 to Article 102 S. 217-220

„… considerations of unfair competition law. The practical example is the German distinction between laws and the …” „… take into account the extent to which EU competition law would overlap with EU unfair competition rules …” „… practices of unfair competition law. The FCO’s balancing policy ensures the achievement of a compromise …”

Economically Viable or Surviving in the Market S. 338-342

„… competition laws is, therefore, necessary as solely under German unfair competition law is institutional …” „… Competition. The underlying conclusion is that, unfortunately, under EU competition law some of the unfair …” „… competition law’s features have been applied within the meaning and in the context of traditional competition …”

Ambiguities: Where is a Clear Policy Standard? S. 162-165

„… paramount consideration of direct harm are the objectives of unfair competition law. Therefore, if the …” „… or final consumer welfare, as under unfair competition or consumer protection law respectively. It …” „… of «competition on the merits», which overlaps with unfair competition law. Its ordo-liberal …”

Selling below Costs S. 252-257

„… national courts may not perceive traders as the addressees of unfair competition laws as being engaged in …” „… may be unfair terms of trade. Thus, the general unfair competition rule applies to the conduct of …” „… general unfair competition clause has, therefore, been included in order to avoid dominant undertakings or …”

Exclusionary Abuses S. 133-142

„… litigation as under civil and commercial law. Therefore, the general unfair competition clause of Article 6 …” „… in acts of unfair competition escaping the infringement of general unfair competition, including …” „… under German competition law, see HRC Düsseldorf, VI-Kart 1/06 (V), E.ON Ruhrgas, 2007, WuW/E DE-V, 1147 …”

Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition S. 156-158

„… 156 7. Brief Overview of Sharp Practices of the German Act against Unfair Competition The German …” „… Act against Unfair Competition contains a general clause that prohibits unfair acts of competition …” „… competition is «seriously impaired» by the allegedly unfair competition practice.599 Following its last …”

The Balancing Test: The Public Interest and Effective Competition S. 333-336

„… unfair competition law with public policy. In light of the above, based on its private free competition …” „… competition law. This marks a landmark case for the development of the EU unfair competition. If the …” „… . 6. Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage Under German competition law, the …”

Export Sales below Cost and Dumping Pricing S. 268-270

„… pricing in the form of selling below cost as unfair competition practice or trading law makes Article 6(2 …” „… ) (e) stand at the borderline of Romanian (foreign) trade and unfair competition law. Furthermore …” „… competition law. Article 6(2) (e) mentioned the practice of exporting at prices below the cost of production …”

Excessive or Unfair Pricing and Unfair Trading Conditions S. 236-242

„… proven to be unfair concern an area of competition law other than normal competition, which is clearly …” „… general, as under unfair competition law. The plaintiff relied especially on the basis of affecting the …” „… CC could have followed the European case law, the CC inferred a stand-alone concept of unfair pricing …”

Margin Squeeze in the Telecommunications Sector S. 260-268

„… of unfairness as applied under unfair competition law to any undertaking, but without the requirement …” „… Commission’s intervention in more cases but it would overlap clearly with unfair competition law and ensure …” „… undertaking would result in actual harm to competitors or consumers, as under unfair competition law. Under …”

Dependence upon a Certain Undertaking S. 314-319

„… of unfair competition law. It is therefore not surprising that the plaintiff had introduced a law …” „… latter situation overlaps slightly with unfair competition law, which affords competitors’ protection …” „… Article 6 (a) as a general unfair competition rule, Article 6 (d) on supplementary obligations in …”

Predatory Pricing S. 245-252

„… . Under German competition law, predation is not deemed an unfair hindrance per se; it is actually an …” „… -3359, para 95. See Jones/Sufrin, EC Competition Law,OUP, 2004, 392-4. AKZO test differs from the …” „… national courts may not perceive traders as the addressees of unfair competition laws as being engaged in …”

Final Remarks for Germany S. 379-381

„… comparable standard of economic expertise. The current competition law and policy emphasizes, however, the …” „… inherent difficulties when applying EU competition rules and reflects how, despite the letter of the law …” „… the two Acts against Restraints and Unfair Competition was useful in order to dispel some …”

Performance v Prevention-Based Competition and Economic Efficiency S. 55-61

„… the prohibition of unfair competition through fraud, deceit, extortion and state aid; and (4 …” „… Fairness to Welfare, in: Marquis/Ehlermann (eds.) European Competition Law Annual, Hart, 2007. 164 E …” „… distinct from the concept of unfair hindrance abuse, which merely derives the notion of «competition on its …”

Discounts and Rebates S. 270-279

„… , the Commission relied heavily on the evidence of intent,1117 as in unfair competition law. If a …” „… practice of stricter unfair competition law, only continuous and strategic measures are recognised as …” „… exclusivity clause,1126 affect mostly unfair contractual terms of unfair competition law. Unfair hindrance of …”

Preface S. 11-12

„… of policy objectives and their enforcement as a distinct unfair competition law. 1 Consolidated …” „… prevention-based competition; a «more economic» or an effects-based approach; and free, fair, and unfair …” „… various competition goals is of crucial importance for an understanding of EU competition law and draws …”

Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 209-211

„… undistorted competition, but also recognised as EU unfair competition law. This shift of perspective may …” „… considerations should be pursued under the Union’s broad competition, namely, unfair competition, or consumer law …” „… unfair competition law.836 Consumer protection addresses consumer rules, including such public interests …”

Reconcilable Tensions of the New Shift S. 165-168

„… overlaps with unfair competition law. Its ordo-liberal understanding was competition in terms of better …” „… other market participants, and to safeguard the static and/or dynamic functions of competition law. Thus …” „… protection of consumer welfare or consumer interests as a primary objective of competition law; see Written …”

Selling below Cost in the Food Trade Sector S. 257-259

„… competition law lies in the protection of small and medium-sized competitors and in keeping market entries …” „… competition law. Section 20(4) addressed the issue of undertakings with superior market power in relation to …” „… and could also fall under unfair competition rules. Another shortcoming of such an argumentation …”

Introduction to the Challenges and the Gaps of the Guidance Paper S. 158-162

„… German competition law and policy, and what kind of transitional regime might be required for the …” „… Guidance Paper Indeed, the extent to which EU competition law on the abuse of dominance has been …” „… examination of the effects as such on competitors or consumers protects undistorted competition of unfair …”

Technical Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage S. 336-338

„… has extended its competence over unfair, undistorted, and effective EU public competition law. This …” „… Bundling and the Unfair Interoperability Advantage Under German competition law, the tying of products was …” „… , the court extended the boundaries of free and fair competition policy to those of unfair competition …”

The Legal Background of the Abuse of a Dominant Position S. 19-22

„… application of national laws must occur in a manner consistent with EU competition law,29 as national …” „… 19 The first Romanian law to represent a transitional period of the country’s competition law …” „… ). It was abrogated in 1996, when the current Romanian Competition Law (RCL) no. 21 came into force.13As …”

The Competition Policy after Lisbon and the Interpretation of Article 102 S. 208-209

„… undistorted competition, but also recognised as EU unfair competition law. This shift of perspective may …” „… considerations should be pursued under the Union’s broad competition, namely, unfair competition, or consumer law …” „… name of EU competition law. Thus, repealing Article 3(1) (g) does not touch upon the liberal principle …”

A Shift to More Effects-based Competition, Consumer Harm, and Public Policy? S. 213-217

„… competition law, the effects on consumers are, inter alia, included only in the particular situation of …” „… consumers in general and the paramount consideration of direct harm fall under EU unfair competition rules …” „… with unfair competition. They may be inconsistent with safeguarding the competitive process if …”

Introduction S. 201-202

„… framework of a Regulation on EU unfair competition or trading law. Following a dynamic interpretation of the …” „… falls under unfair competition law. Therefore, if the Commission were to shift its analysis to the …” „… of German competition and unfair competition laws 795 See B.Ch.II.9. 202 challenges the relevance of …”

The Standard of Proof and the Evidentiary Requirements S. 176-180

„… under unfair competition law. In practice, such inferences are made where the likely harm to consumers …” „… hurdle is present only under German unfair competition law, which requires «direct» and «intentional …” „… justify the concept of super-dominance similarly. Under German competition law, the concept of …”

Stricter National Abuse of Market Dominance Rules S. 22-24

„… with EU competition law,29 as national legislation that protects legitimate interests other than the …” „… EU law.30In particular, the Modernisation Regulation allows both German and Romanian competition …” „… detail, see B.Ch.II.5-6. 36 See O’Donoghue/Padilla, supra n 33, 49-51; R. Whish, Competition Law, OUP …”

Bibliography S. 383-395

„… .) Goals of Competition Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2011. 385 ChiriY<, A.D.: Undistorted, (Un)fair …” „… Mestmäcker (1996). Finger, Manuela and Schmieder, Sandra: The New Law Against Unfair Competition: An …” „… . Glöckner, Jochen: The Law against Unfair Competition and the EC Treaty, in: Hilti, Reto M. and …”

Distinctive Features in the Light of the Eighth German Amendment S. 146-150

„… quality standard as under unfair competition law with a special emphasis on public health.584 Thus, both …” „… , broadly applied to refusal-to-supply cases, whilst under EU competition law, the application of some of …” „… overlaps with unfair competition and therefore, is slightly dissonant with the ARC’s major policy goals of …”

Brief Overview of Remedies, Penalties, and Judicial Review S. 222-229

„… certain sales and marketing strategies as business methods of unfair competition law make the effects on …” „… legislator has therefore adjusted its procedure with regard to EU competition law, since the Commission’s …” „… competition law. When acting as a competition authority, the Commission itself has no duty to establish actual …”

Anti-competitive Foreclosure and Consumer Harm S. 173-176

„… already been explained, affording protection to consumers should be seen as a method of unfair competition …” „… «foreclosing rivals» in an unfair manner is the hindrance or impairment of effective competition,667 which does …” „… demonstrated», and not presumed from a particular form a of conduct, see Competition Law Forum’s Article 82 …”

The Evolution and Role of Consumers’ Interests S. 211-213

„… sensitively excluded from competition law as one of the «overriding» concerns.841 It is, however, appropriate …” „… purposes of competition law by narrowly limiting it to efficiency-enhancing considerations.842 Rejecting …” „… that should therefore not be applicable to competition law, or as consumer law integrated with …”

Brief Overview of Responses and Concluding Remarks S. 196-201

„… of German competition and unfair competition laws 795 See B.Ch.II.9. …” „… German competition law, there is a lack of any further explanations of how the latter concept will be …” „… Competition Law Institute, 36th Annual Conference on International Law and Policy, New York, 24 and 25 …”

Undistorted Competition: High Level Protection v Consumer Welfare S. 203-205

„… competition law as antitrust law or should also include EU unfair competition law.811 A dynamic 810 See the …” „… , 1998, 59; G. Monti, EC Competition Law, CUP, 2007, 102; Wichard, Beitrag der Gemeinschaft zum …” „… under unfair competition. In conclusion, the Treaty may support a compromise between society welfare …”

Discrimination as a Structural Abuse S. 143-145

„… . Discrimination as a Structural Abuse As a form of structural abuse, German competition law has a distinctive …” „… . The Abuse of Economic Dependence As a distinct feature of both German and Romanian competition law …” „… costs incurred by an equally efficient operator exposed to «effective» competition. Thus, the absence of …”

The Market-Structure-Conduct Paradigm, Effective Competition, and the Objective Justification S. 61-65

„… intervention for the antitrust and unfair competition rules, however, were designed to include a special focus …” „… competition, especially of virtual eantitrust law. 5. The Market-Structure-Conduct Paradigm, Effective …” „… defences of competition with 182 Sidak/Teece, Dynamic Competition in Antitrust Law, 5(2009)4 J.Comp.L.&Ec …”

Final Remarks for EU Competition Law S. 381-382

„… been more active in the respective market segment. 3. Final Remarks for EU Competition Law When it …” „… comes to EU competition law, it is difficult to draw specific conclusions, as it is a sum of experiences …” „… also significant challenges of EU competition law in the light of the Commission’s enforcement …”

Concluding Remarks on the Eighth German Amendment and the Case Law S. 325-327

„… emphasizes some distinctive features of the German Law against Unfair Competition.13181. Super-dominance v …” „… short-measure to the food retail sector, as a unfair competition practice, is a special feature of German …” „… competition law, which is more appropriate for protecting «smaller» businesses and for ensuring 326 fair …”

Undistorted Competition and the Old Teleological Interpretation of Article 102 S. 202-203

„… competition, but also for a common framework of a Regulation on EU unfair competition or trading law …” „… concept of harm to consumers in general falls under unfair competition law. Therefore, if the Commission …” „… structure.798 Therefore, EU competition law focuses upon protecting market structures from artificial …”

Hindrance Abuse S. 286-290

„… abuse originates in unfair competition law. Generally, hindrance abuse includes unjustified differential …” „… vertical integration to France Télécom. Under German competition law, Section 19(4) 3rd sentence prohibits …” „… not recognise a meeting-competition defence because Lufthansa had incurred losses on both routes or …”

Final Remarks and Policy Recommendations for Romania S. 376-379

„… the necessary division amongst EU competition and unfair competition law within the internal market. 1 …” „… Abuse of Dominance This final part aims to offer an overall critical evaluation of the competition law …” „… comparative overview of the competition regimes. Thus, its aim is to ensure compliance with EU competition law …”

Monopoly Pricing S. 235-236

„… competition, and has to be appreciable.926For example, Metro was prohibited from forcing suppliers to adjust …” „… harm dependent suppliers and impair competition, as Metro’s less powerful competitors were unable to …” „… obtain equivalent terms. The FCO found that Metro’s conduct constituted unfair hindrance under Section …”

An Empirical Classification of Abusive Practices and Future Challenges S. 230-235

„… gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen, Beck, 2001; Ritter/Braun, European Competition Law,Kluwer, 2004, 384 …” „… German competition law, prevention-competition is distinct from both the EU and Romanian competition law …” „… of the competition authorities are rather exceptional. Furthermore, under German competition law, the …”

The Scope of Application of the Market Dominance Laws S. 79-82

„… legal entities, irrespective of their nationality, instead of undertakings, as under EU competition law …” „… competition law extends the area of application of the abuse of market dominance beyond the common established …” „… . To sum up, under German competition law, Section 19 prohibits abusive practices by dominant …”

Cross-subsidisation S. 259-260

„… partially interfering with unfair competition, the difference between fair and unfair competition being that …” „… .1048Recently, under both EU and German competition law, the concept of price squeeze receives a special …” „… under the latter, the actual effects of competition on the merits need also to be proven. 7 …”

The Assessment of Market Dominance S. 112-127

„… is a form of dominance close to absolute dominance, as under EU competition law’s super-dominance. a …” „… 112 clarified that the relevant geographic market within the meaning of German competition law can …” „… details the legal presumptions of market dominance under German competition law and some selected …”

Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights: A New Exploitative Abuse of Property Rights? S. 307-314

„… intended purpose, and a further investigation was denied. Under EU competition law, there is, however, no …” „… preferences.1281Under German competition law, Section 19(4) 4th sentence is applied if market access is denied …” „… competition law, the recent Rambus case is similar to Orange Book Standard as it involves an industry standard …”

Excessive Prices in the Energy and the Gas Sector S. 242-245

„… competition law does not allow ex ante price control.958 According to Section 32 ARC, the FCO is empowered to …” „… unreasonable trading terms. The unfair trading terms consisted of an exploitative licensing, whereby an …” „… likely to be challenged before courts. Competition authorities, however, may establish a benchmark for …”

National Competition Authorities S. 25-27

„… , Landeskartellbehörde, sanctions the infringement of competition law.48 As a regulatory policy objective, the FCO aims …” „… competition law. The methodological approach, therefore, requires an in-depth understanding of various both …” „… three competition law systems. Therefore, this sub-chapter introduces a comparative understanding of the …”

Super-dominance v Paramount Market Position S. 327-329

„… emphasizes some distinctive features of the German Law against Unfair Competition.13181. Super-dominance v …” „… aims to conduct a comparative and critical analysis of selected features of the above competition law …” „… in Microsoft is not in line with the respective concepts under German competition law. Rather, it …”

Brief Historical Overview of National Competition Laws S. 15-19

„… approach to competition, including its stricter provisions, which originate in unfair competition law …” „… of a dominant market position under EU competition law and the two Member States of Germany and …” „… , remarkable changes have taken place in the competition law and policy of the European Union. On the surface …”

The European Commission’s Standard: Total v Consumer Welfare S. 65-68

„… . a) The Origins of Un(Fair) Competition under EU Competition Law Under EU competition law, some …” „… European Competition Law,Mohr Siebeck, 2007, 37. Roth defined the more economic approach as an attempt to …” „… anti-competitive practices in the light of Section 24(2)’s fair competition law is made when conduct violates …”

The Abuse of Economic Dependence S. 145-146

„… Dependence As a distinct feature of both German and Romanian competition law, the existence of economic …” „… competition law, the application of some of the distinctive features of economic dependence is made in …” „… supply. Accordingly, the prohibition of discrimination as unfair hindrance and unjustified differential …”

Refusal to Deal S. 298-300

„… 298 V. Refusals 1. Refusal to Deal Under EU competition law, the refusal to deal is not a clearly …” „… German competition law, the application of Section 20 entails a stronger intervention in the undertakings …” „… and the elimination of effective competition. The last condition is necessary, but not sufficient, as …”

(Price) Discrimination S. 284-286

„… as a result of Wanadoo’s vertical integration to France Télécom. Under German competition law …” „… context of discrimination of customers is a recent case before the CA Bucharest. A law suit was introduced …” „… founded. Under EU case law, there are various types of price discrimination: «perfect» price …”

Selected Anti-competitive Practices of the Guidance Paper S. 192-196

„… an economic right to receive «adequate» compensation. However, as under German competition law, there …” „… law. When evidence of a predatory strategy is present, the Commission may conclude that the dominant …” „… were to apply the new approach to intentional predation, another element of unfair anti-competitive …”

Business or Demand-induced Dependence S. 321-322

„… German analysis of Section 20, under EU competition law, one should be cautious in advancing a «gap …” „… acceptance of significant disadvantages. The prohibition of unfair hindrance or discrimination protects …” „… Competition Network, and not on the extensive German literature.1313 Therefore, his advancement of the …”

The Methodological Approach to Efficiencies and Case Law S. 180-190

„… another hurdle. Such a hurdle is present only under German unfair competition law, which requires «direct …” „… » and «intentional» harm to consumers. German competition law, therefore, would need to adapt to the new …” „… on competition, especially innovation, research and development. The rule of law, however, requires …”

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Celebrity Impersonators im deutschen und US-amerikanischen Recht

Friederike Maria Fronius

Reihe: Schriften zum geistigen Eigentum und zum Wettbewerbsrecht

Band 75 2015

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

D. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch weitere Ansprüche des Law of Unfair Competition S. 236-264

„… )), zusammen. 907 Zunächst bestand das Law of Unfair Competition allein aus dem Common Law-Tatbestand des …” „… D. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch weitere Ansprüche des Law of Unfair Competition …” „… Unterfall des US-Wettbewerbsrechts (Law of Unfair Competition) angesehen. 900 Doch bereits vor seiner …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-30

„… D. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch weitere Ansprüche des Law of Unfair Competition …” „… 236 I. Grundlagen des Law of Unfair Competition 237 1. Wettbewerbsrechtliche Ansprüche aufgrund der …” „… endorsement-Tatbestandes zum Right of Publicity 242 b) Ansprüche nach dem Common Law of Unfair Competition 244 i …”

E. Fazit zum Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit nach US-Recht S. 264-269

„… of common law unfair competition [...] covers a broader spectrum of behavior than trademark or …” „… of Publicity als auch nach dem Law of Unfair Competition in weitem Umfang zulässig ist. Dies gilt …” „… of Unfair Competition lediglich unfaire Verhaltensweisen im geschäftlichen Verkehr erfordert, welche …”

E. Rechtsvergleichendes Fazit S. 547-555

„… dem Right of Publicity oftmals ergänzend auf das Law of Unfair Competition, insbesondere auf den …” „… das Law of Unfair Competition zudem eine Ersatzfunktion beim Schutz der Persönlichkeit gegen …” „… auch in Nachahmungsfällen das Lauterkeitsrecht (Law of Unfair Competition). Dieses wird auch bei der …”

B. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch das Right of Publicity und das Right of Privacy S. 72-198

„… das Right of Publicity heute oftmals als Teil des Unfair Competition Law angesehen wird (vgl. § 46 …” „… Ansprüche wie unfair competition, passing off oder misappropriation 257 berufen konnten. 258 Die …” „… 1980er Jahren bis heute McCarthy, §§ 1:34ff. 284 Restatement Third, Unfair Competition (1995 …”

C. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch weitere „Intellectual Property Rights“ S. 198-236

„… das sonstige Law of Unfair Competition in Betracht. 839 Zudem wurde auch verschiedentlich ein …” „… Rechtsgebiet des „Unfair Competition Law“ gemeinsam. 853 Zudem wird insbesondere in der Rechtsprechung 854 …” „… des Law of Unfair Competition Das Right of Publicity wird heute nicht nur als Intellectual Property …”

SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG UND AUSBLICK S. 579-585

„… heute zudem oftmals ergänzend auf das Law of Unfair Competition und dabei insbesondere auf den …” „… . Das US-Trademark Law kann dagegen einen gewissen Schutz von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen gegen unbefugte …” „… richterrechtliches Common Law anerkannt ist. 2302 Andererseits zeigt das Beispiel einiger anderer US-Bundesstaaten …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 585-600

„… in the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition: Mixed-Use Trademarks and the Problem with Vanna …” „… .: Apel). Bainbridge, David: Intellectual Property, 8. Aufl., Harlow 2010. Baird, Douglas G.: Common Law …” „… ). dies: The ©ultural Life of Intellectual Properties. Authorship, Appropriation, and the Law …”

B. Konzepte für die Fortentwicklung des deutschen Persönlichkeitsrechts S. 562-579

„… Law of Unfair Competition und dabei insbesondere auf den Tatbestand des false endorsement gem. § 43 (a …” „… Auffassung kein urheberrechtlich schutzfähiges Werk ist. Das US-Trademark Law kann dagegen einen gewissen …”

C. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch das Wettbewerbsrecht (Lauterkeitsrecht) S. 524-542

„… Prüfung von wettbewerbsrechtlichen Ansprüchen nach dem Law of Unfair Competition neben Ansprüchen nach dem …”

B. Nachahmungsschutz für die Persönlichkeit durch „Immaterialgüterrechte“ und „immaterialgüterrechtsähnliche Rechte“ S. 476-524

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International Handbook on Unfair Competition

Frauke Henning-Bodewig (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2013

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Unfair Competition Law – An Introduction to a Complex Topic S. 36-43

„… . Unfair Competition Law as a Separate Field of Law?14 “We do not have any unfair competition law.”This …” „… competition law. In allmodern unfair competition laws (as well as in Article 10bis of the Paris …” „… 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmA. INTRODUCTION§ 1 Unfair Competition Law – An Introduction to a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-35

„… . Relations of Unfair Competition Law to Neighbouring Areas of Lawand Systematic Features …” „… often seen asan annex to antitrust law). Consequently, unfair competition law is seldom a clearcut field …” „… ..................................................................................................... 1§ 1 Unfair Competition Law – An Introduction to a Complex Topic .. 1B. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION …”

Turkey S. 618-634

„… . Introduction1 Turkish unfair competition law is not regulated in one specific comprehensivestatute. It is …” „… influenced by Swiss law; in particular the SwissAct on Unfair Competition (see § 23) was taken as a model for …” „… of interpretation for Turkish unfair competition law.3 Until recently, the Turkish Code of …”

United States of America S. 656-686

„… Law, Business Torts and Unfair Competition Handbook49–50 (2nd ed. 1986); ABA Section of Antitrust Law …” „… , Business Torts and Unfair CompetitionHandbook (2nd ed. 2006); ABA Section of Antitrust Law, Antitrust Law …” „… Article 10bis of the Paris Convention on AmericanUnfair Competition Law, 68 FORDHAM L. REV. 225, 236–37 …”

Switzerland S. 582-617

„… other national unfair competition laws,Swiss law does not require a subjective intention to imitate but …” „… unfair competition law in addition to trademark law.4131Unfair competition law and the laws on …” „… lawand the general clause of unfair competition law. Good faith in the sense of Swissunfair competition …”

Lithuania S. 412-433

„… relationship between intellectual property lawand the law concerning the protection against unfair competition …” „… , p. 649; Henning-Bodewig,F., Unfair Competition Law. European Union and the Member States, Kluwer Law …” „… Intellectual Property Law (ed. Ansgar Ohly), Mohr Siebeck, 2012, pp. 255–271;Mizaras V., Unfair Competition Law …”

Italy S. 348-376

„… I have mentioned, this concept of unfair competition law has been challenged by various laws passed …” „… specificallyprohibited by law as unfair competition; other acts of unfair competition arecovered by other special laws …” „… law no. 287 of 1990 (antitrust law),attempts were made to use unfair competition law to compensate for …”

International Protection Against Unfair Competition S. 44-73

„… Competition Law, Fordham LawB. International protection against unfair competitionInternational14 …” „… 1999, pp. 166–190; Henning-Bodewig, Frauke, International UnfairCompetition Law, in: Hilty …” „… , Reto/Henning-Bodewig, Frauke (ed.), Law Against Unfair Competition.Towards a New Paradigm in Europe?, Springer 2007, p …”

Austria S. 141-170

„… Competition(“UWG”) that includes all relevant rules of Austrian unfair competition law.Additional rules with impact …” „… ”. Whereascartel law aims at preserving a competitive market structure unfair competition lawprovides rules of fair …” „… express statement as to the purposes of unfair competition law.However the courts have elaborated on this …”

China S. 223-241

„… theSecondary Clause of Anti-unfair Competition Law, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Social Sciences …” „… Cooperation Based on the Article Six of Anti-unfair CompetitionLaw, Journal of Shanghai University of Finance …” „… Compensation in Unfair CompetitionLaw, China Legal Science 2009/1, 145–162 (2009b); Liu Wei, The Limit of …”

Brazil S. 171-198

„… expressly repealed all other contravening laws, it was evenargued that unfair competition law as a distinct …” „… industrial property law17 The area of unfair competition law has close ties with industrial property law.This …” „… law which “aims to preserve free competition” and unfair competition law“aims to ensure that …”

Poland S. 458-490

„… , Poland: Unfair Competition Law, in: Hilty/Henning-Bodewig (eds.), Lawagainst unfair competition: towards …” „… , Frauke, Unfair Competition Law. European Union and Member States (InternationalCompetition Law Series …” „… Polish Unfair Competition Law, EuropeanCompetition Law Review (ECLR) 1995/8, 487; Konarski …”

Germany S. 266-295

„… On the other hand, unfair competition lawshall not undermine the main principles of trademark law; in …” „… considered as unfair, the BGH (GRUR 1992, 619) granted “Lego”unfair competition law-protection against offers …” „… of law (sect. 4 no. 11 UWG)95 Sect. 4 no. 11 UWG links unfair competition law to other laws in the …”

Hungary S. 296-319

„… Practices inHungary, in: Hilty/Henning-Bodewig (ed.), Law Against Unfair Competition, Beck 2010., p.199 …” „… Unfair Competition Law . . . . . . . . . 1II. Legal Basis of Unfair Competition Law and Relationship …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84. Relationship between the rules on unfair competition and private law 95. Self-regulation …”

Canada S. 199-222

„… Legal Group (ed.), Pharmaceutical Advertising, 2008, 79; Henning-Bodewig,Unfair Competition Law …” „… . Background and General Approach to Unfair Competition Law . . . . . . . . . 1II. The Legal Basis of Unfair …” „… General Approach to Unfair Competition Law1Canada is a federal state consisting of ten provinces and three …”

United Kingdom S. 635-655

„… . Unfair Competition Law and Neighbouring Areas of Law1. Competition lawa) The legislation7 The most …” „… A.Horton, Does the United Kingdom need an Unfair Competition Law? In EIPR 1995, 568; J. Smithand N …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. The lack of a general law of unfair competition in the UnitedKingdom …”

France S. 242-265

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19II. Relations of Unfair Competition Law to Neighbouring Areas of Lawand Systematic Features …” „… Code.11 The law against unfair competition is considered as a separate branch of the law,distinct from …” „… criteria of unfair competition stemming from general tort law,a common feature is that the conditions are …”

Spain S. 516-545

„… neighbouring areas of lawa) Intellectual property law13In Spain, unfair competition law is not considered a …” „… conmemoracio´n de los XXV an~os de ca´tedra, 2001, p. 83 et seq;Henning-Bodewig, F., Unfair Competition Law, 2006 …” „… Approach to Spanish Unfair Competition Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. Legal Basis of Unfair …”

European Union S. 76-110

„… hugestep towards a real European unfair competition law.b) The scope of application21 The UCPD applies “to …” „… Electronic Commerce, MJ 2004, 287;de Very, Towards a European Unfair Competition Law. A Clash Between Legal …” „… Practices – A Milestonein the European Unfair Competition Law, E.B.L. Rev. 2005, 1117; Hauer, The Regulation …”

Regional Agreements in North America, South America, Africa, Caribbean, Asia S. 111-117

„… prevent private lawactions brought under national law. Although the definition of “unfair competition …” „… national authority to initiate unfair competition law actions if the national law provides for such ex …” „… ; Papadopoulos, The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy2010, p. 285, et seq.South America …”

Netherlands S. 434-457

„… Unfair Competition Law:A Clash Between Legal Families (a comparative study of English, German and Dutch …” „… protectionlaw has been – at least partly – been integrated into unfair competition law,facilitated by the …” „… Approach to Unfair Competition Law . . . . . . . . . 1II. Legal Basis of Unfair Competition Law and …”

India S. 320-347

„… comprehensivelaw of the subject, unfair competition law has to be searched and found within lawon its multitude of …” „… prejudice.4 Unfair competition law supplements intellectual property laws in the sense thatfair play in the …” „… specific laws on intellectualproperty. Thus, it is necessary to enforce unfair competition law to …”

Australia S. 118-140

„… Intellectual Property Law, 2008; Gillies/Selvadurai, Marketing Law, 2008; Henning-Bodewig, Unfair Competition …” „… Competition Law . . . . . . . . . 1II. The Legal Basis of Unfair Competition Law and its Relation …” „… Approach to Unfair Competition Law1 The Commonwealth of Australia1 belongs to the legal tradition of common …”

Sweden S. 546-581

„… Scandinavian Model of Unfair Competition Law, in: Hilty, Reto/Henning-Bodewig,Frauke (eds), Law Against Unfair …” „… Schweden, 1991.I. Background and General Approach to Unfair Competition Law . . . . . . . . . 11 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19II. Legal Basis of Unfair Competition Law and Relations to NeighbouringAreas of Law …”

Overview S. 74-75

„… agreements thathave a significant influence on national unfair competition law. While bilateraltreaties aim …” „… , the repression of unfair competition borders on – oroverlaps with – IP-law, antitrust law and consumer …” „… OverviewBibliography: Dabbah, Nabar M., International and Comparative Competition Law, 2010 …”

Japan S. 377-411

„… enrichment in the law of unfair competition, 55 Harvard Law Review 595 [1942]; T.Doi, Digest of Japanese …” „… ZJapanR 201 (2000); C. Heath, Thesystem of Unfair Competition Prevention in Japan, Kluwer Law …” „… Japanese Unfair CompetitionPrevention Act: The new moral right, 51 St. Louis University Law Journal 93 …”

South Africa S. 491-515

„… .532. Unlawful competition in South African statutory law13 The statutes that combat unfair trade …” „… , has not been advocated even as asecondary aim of our unfair competition law.27 There can be no …” „… public law of competition may havean influence on the lawfulness or otherwise of competition in private …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259123

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Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society

Alexander Bruns (Hrsg.), Yuanshi Bu (Hrsg.), Hanno Merkt (Hrsg.), Sonja Meier (Hrsg.), Michael Pawlik (Hrsg.), Eiji Takahashi (Hrsg.), Silja Vöneky (Hrsg.), Jan von Hein (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Recht in Ostasien

Band 19 2021

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Dongjin Lee Unfair Terms Regulation in Standard Form Contract: Between Contract and Competition Law S. 363-376

„… tendency to disadvantage customers and adopt unfair competition law perspective, however, we can justify a …” „… Section V Contract Law Unfair Terms Regulation in Standard Form Contract: Between Contract and …” „… Competition Law Dongjin Lee Introduction A standard form contract is a contract that is created using a form …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… LawSection V Unfair Terms Regulation in Standard Form Contract: Between Contract and Competition Law 365 …” „… Competition Law 247 Boris P. Paal Digital Data in Insolvency Proceedings 255 Jan Felix Hoffmann How Should We …” „… : Methodology of Statutory Interpretation 77 Joon-Kyu Choi Enterprise LawSection II The Duty of Loyalty 87 Jan …”

Sebastian Krebber Dynamic Work Processes and Competitive Pressure in Labor and Employment Law S. 389-414

„… relationship of redundant employees is lawful in German law if the general requirements of the unfair dismissal …” „… analyze the ma- A. 1 Krebber, Characteristic Patterns of Labour and Employment Law’s Reaction to Conflicts …” „… three instances, fixed-term contracts are now lawful in German law even if not justified by an objective …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748925842

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