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Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2012

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Article 101 Incorrect installation under a consumer sales contract S. 513-516

„… installation under a consumer sales contract 1. Where goods or digital content supplied under a consumer sales …” „… related service (art 2[m] RegCESL [P]). The mixed contracts with the sales-and-installation component will …” „… if the CESL (P) will not apply to the installation, while the parties of the contract of sales have …”

Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales contract S. 642-645

„… 2 Passing of risk in consumer sales contracts Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales …” „… contract 1. In a consumer sales contract, the risk passes at the time when the consumer or a third party …” „… . Context Specific rules concerning the passing of risk in consumer sales contracts are foreseen in art IV.A …”

Article 147 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts Zoll/Watson S. 653-655

„… and remedies of the parties Section 1 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts Article …” „… 147 Application of certain general rules on sales contracts 1. The rules in Chapter 9 apply for the …” „… purposes of this Part. 2. Where a sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content is …”

Article 5 Contracts for which the Common European Sales Law can be used S. 77-86

„… Sales Law can be used The Common European Sales Law may be used for: (a) sales contracts; (b) contracts …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. Sales contracts (letter a …” „… conjunction with some of the definitions in art 2, in particular the definition of ‘sales contract’ in art 2(k …”

Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders S. 566-570

„… . Contracts involving the carriage of the goods If the contract of sales involves the carriage of the goods …” „… is reasonable. Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts …” „… B. Explanation I. Duty of the buyer to examine the goods or digital content In B2B contracts the …”

Article 67 Usages and practices in contracts between traders S. 366-371

„… European Sales Law, an additional contract term may be implied, having regard in particular to: (a) the …” „… juridical acts, a rule necessarily absent from the contracts-only CESL. The DCFR and PECL rules do not …” „… sources of contract terms. The presentation of these sources as subsections gives the impression of a …”

Article 1 Objective and subject matter S. 38-50

„… ) This Regulation establishes a Common European Sales Law. It harmonises the contract laws of the Member …” „… contract law. The Common European Sales Law should apply on a voluntary basis, upon an express agreement of …” „… the parties, to a cross-border contract. (10) The agreement to use the Common European Sales Law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… , the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and academic drafts such as the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 4 34 Contracts for which the Common European Sales Law can be used …” „… Part IV Obligations and remedies of the parties to a sales contract or a contract for the supply of …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… protect consumers, the Common European Sales Law, which is to be considered as a second contract law …” „… law. The Vienna Convention regulates certain aspects in contracts of sales of goods but leaves …” „… market. The Common European Sales Law can be chosen in contracts between traders where at least one of …”

Article 9 Mixed-purpose contracts Schulte-Nölke S. 147-151

„… . Where a contract provides both for the sale of goods or the supply of digital content and for the …” „… provided, the contract falls both under Part IV (Sales) and Part V (Services). Paragraph 1 clarifies for …” „… this case that both parts are applicable to the contract and that the sales element falls under Part IV …”

Article 2 Definitions S. 50-67

„… contracts for sale on execution or otherwise involving the exercise of public authority; (l) ‘consumer sales …” „… contract’ means a sales contract where the seller is a trader and the buyer is a consumer; (m) ‘related …” „… under the sales contract, the contract for the supply of digital content or a separate related service …”

Article 146 Goods sold in transit S. 650-653

„… . This Article applies to a contract of sale which involves goods sold in transit. 2. The risk passes to …” „… in contracts of sale involving goods sold in transit. 5 Von Bar/Clive (eds), DCFR, Full Edition, p …” „… . Explanation Paragraph 1 describes the scope of application of art 146, namely to B2B sales contracts involving …”

Article 97 Goods or digital content not accepted by the buyer S. 494-500

„… obligations arising for the buyer from the contract of sale (art 123[1][b]). The seller’s obligations Article …” „… deliver according to the contract of sale. V. Selling the goods or digital content The second option to be …” „… must conclude the contract of sale on reasonable terms. The seller is acting in his own name, so …”

Article 8 Agreement on the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 94-99

„… agreement The agreement between the parties to use the CESL (P) for their sales contract, contract for the …” „… to the conclusion of the sales contract under the Rome I Regulation, or the RegCESL (P) and CESL (P …” „… sales contract on the basis of the trader’s terms and conditions, which in turn refers to the CESL (P).1 …”

Article 11 Consequences of the use of the Common European Sales Law S. 105-109

„… agreed to use the Common European Sales Law for a contract, only the Common European Sales Law shall …” „… ‘contract’ in this context is, at first sight, ambiguous as it could mean the contract for the sale of goods …” „… or the supply of digital content (hereinafter referred to as the sales contract) or the agreement to …”

Article 91 Main obligations of the seller S. 469-473

„… 157).6 Art 91 spells out the main obligations of the seller. The contract of sale is defined in art 2(k …” „… ) RegCESL (P). This definition combines two ‘worlds’. The classical definition of a contract of sale in …” „… contract as a sales contract (art 2[k] RegCESL [P]). The further obligations serve to reach a position for …”

Article 93 Place of delivery S. 477-482

„… of a consumer sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content which is a distance or …” „… contract of sale involves carriage of the goods by a carrier or series of carriers, the nearest collection …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Contract of sale involving the carriage of goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 …”

Article 96 Seller’s obligations regarding carriage of the goods S. 490-494

„… seller is obliged, according to the contract of sale, to arrange the carriage. The problem with art 96 is …” „… contract containing – besides the contract of sale – the obligation of carriage (or to arrange the carriage …” „… carriage. Primarily, the commented provision covers a contract of sale containing the clause that obliges …”

Article 4 Cross-border contracts S. 71-77

„… European Sales Law may be used for cross-border contracts. 2. For the purposes of this Regulation, a …” „… both have their habitual residence outside the EU/ EEA, eg for a sales contract between a Swiss and a …” „… means that the CESL (P) is not available for a sales contract between a Swiss trader and a Chinese …”

Article 12 Information requirements resulting from the Services Directive S. 109-115

„… contract with this particular business and the sales element is added just for the sake of simplicity and …” „… , the main reason for making the contract with this particular business would be the sale of the …” „… European Sales Law (P) 74 Wendehorst 6 7 8 nent or ancillary sales contract, but not where the contract is …”

Article 6 Exclusion of mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit S. 86-90

„… standards anyway, use of the CESL (P) for the sales contract or the contract for the supply of digital …” „… mixed-purpose contracts and contracts linked to a consumer credit 1. The Common European Sales Law may not be …” „… used for mixed-purpose contracts including any elements other than the sale of goods, the supply of …”

Article 3 Optional nature of the Common European Sales Law S. 67-71

„… that the Common European Sales Law governs their cross-border contracts for the sale of goods, for the …” „… ; Schillig/Harvey, Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law, pp 4 et seq; Perner …” „… of European Contract Law Working Paper Series 1 et seq. Article 3 Common European Sales Law (P) 32 …”

Article 105 Relevant time for establishing conformity S. 524-527

„… to the buyer under Chapter 14. 2. In a consumer sales contract, any lack of conformity which becomes …” „… lack of conformity in B2C contracts In consumer sales contracts, if the lack conformity becomes …” „… consumer sales contracts. This part of the CESL (P) it is a sales part, which only through references may …”

Article 40 Right to withdraw S. 247-260

„… . Article 40 Common European Sales Law (P) 210 Schulze 4 (a) a distance contract; (b) an off-premises …” „… controlled by the trader; (g) a contract for the sale of a newspaper, periodical or magazine with the …” „… contracts and sales of related services (although under the Consumer Rights Directive the scope is extended …”

Article 3 Co-operation S. 128-131

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 II. Usually only applicable after conclusion of the sales contract . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III …” „… Contract Law, p 152. Article 3 Common European Sales Law (P) 92 Schulte-Nölke 1 2 3 4 applicable in case of …” „… article. II. Usually only applicable after conclusion of the sales contract In contrast to the DCFR, under …”

Article 126 Time of payment S. 584-589

„… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Combined sales and service contracts …” „… . It may be less appropriate when separate charges are made in a contract for the sale and for the …” „… demonstrates for B2C contracts, however, installation can be understood as forming part of a sales contract …”

Article 77 Contracts of indeterminate duration S. 404-408

„… contract. The rule will probably remain of minor practical importance because contracts for the sale of …” „… which might fall under art 77. The article will therefore mostly apply to contracts for the sale of …” „… provide a contract term for duration. Another field of application for this rule for sales contracts will …”

Article 92 Performance by a third party S. 473-477

„… seller is required by the contract terms. 2. 3. Article 92 Common European Sales Law (P) 436 Zoll 13 14 …” „… should not be a difference in wording since the contract of sales also encompasses contracts where the …” „… of a contract of sale (at least in the most basic kind of this contract), the buyer has no interest …”

Abbreviations S. 20-28

„… Vienna United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 …” „… Research Group on Existing EC Private Law (Acquis Group), Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law …” „… (Acquis Principles), Contract I: Pre-Contractual Obligations. Conclusion of Contract. Unfair Terms …”

Article 9 Standard Information Notice in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 99-102

„… his consent. This clearly refers to the sales contract (or the contract for the supply of digital …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Cf Schillig/Harvey, Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law, p 12 …” „… conclusion of a contract, there is no contract unless agreement on that matter has been reached. Many …”

Article 42 Withdrawal period S. 265-269

„… case of a sales contract, including a sales contract under which the seller also agrees to provide …” „… contract for the sale of multiple goods ordered by the consumer in one order and delivered separately …” „… with variations in the starting point of this period. For sales contracts, the fourteen-day period …”

Article 99 Conformity with the contract S. 500-508

„… not occur, because in such a situation the contract of sale must be treated as not having been …” „… requirements for the sale in the sense of art 97(2)(b). If the contract has been concluded without prior …” „… otherwise. 3. In a consumer sales contract, any agreement derogating from the requirements of Articles 100 …”

Article 76 Language S. 402-404

„… translate any documents not in this language.6 Especially for cross-border online sales contracts between …” „… Article 76 Language Where the language to be used for communications relating to the contract or …” „… that used for the conclusion of the contract. Contents A. Function …”

Article 46 Ancillary contracts S. 284-288

„… contracts are governed by the Common European Sales Law. 3. For ancillary contracts which are not governed …” „… conjunction with another contract that is ancillary to the former, eg the consumer purchases a computer (sales …” „… purposes of art 46, although it is closely linked to the sales contract for a computer in relation to which …”

ANNEX II STANDARD INFORMATION NOTICE Standard Information Notice S. 786-788

„… Common European Sales Law, which is an alternative system of national contract law available to consumers …” „… your agreement that the contract is governed by the Common European Sales Law. You may also have agreed …” „… the full text of the Common European Sales Law here. Please read your contract carefully. In case of …”

Article 94 Method of delivery S. 482-487

„… deliver: (a) in the case of a consumer sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content …” „… ]). The last category encompasses all remaining categories of the sales contracts covered by the CESL (P …” „… delivery is one of the main obligations arising from a contract of sale (art 91[a]). The parties are not …”

Article 127 Payment by a third party S. 589-595

„… ) (as in the case of a chain sale), this will frequently not be the case. A valid contract between buyer …” „… ) or means of payment (art 124). Supra no 10 for the relationship between the sales contract (seller …” „… services related to the sale of goods, yet no similar provision exists for the sale of goods or digital …”

Article 7 Parties to the contract S. 90-94

„… all the parties to a contract are traders, the Common European Sales Law may be used if at least one …” „… chances that the CESL (P) will become a success. Article 7 Parties to the contract 1. The Common European …” „… Sales Law may be used only if the seller of goods or the supplier of digital content is a trader. Where …”

Bibliography S. 28-34

„… , Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law: Schillig, Michael/Harvey, Caroline …” „… , Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law, ssrn.com/abstract_id=2028885 (30.5.2012 …” „… Bibliography Acquis Group, Acquis Principles, Contract I: Research Group on the Existing EC Private …”

Article 123 Main obligations of the buyer Dannemann S. 570-574

„… Sale of Goods Act,2 the buyer is obliged only to pay and to accept goods as conforming to the contract …” „… of adding contracts for digital content to the scope of sales law in the CESL. However, while a …” „… content as may be required by the contract. 2. Point (a) of paragraph 1 does not apply to contracts for …”

Article 145 Carriage of the goods S. 648-650

„… applies to a contract of sale which involves carriage of goods. 2. If the seller is not bound to hand over …” „… circumstances in contracts of sale involving the carriage of goods (cf art 96 for the seller’s obligations in …” „… provisions of art 145 apply only in B2B contracts of sale involving the carriage of goods; in other words B2B …”

Article 130 Early delivery and delivery of wrong quantity S. 605-611

„… paid for at the contractual rate. 5. In a consumer sales contract paragraph 4 does not apply if the …” „… contract.8 Art 129 clarifies that these are true obligations of the buyer, with corresponding …” „… rights of the seller. Other conduct The contract will frequently require the buyer expressly or impliedly …”

Article 69 Contract terms derived from certain pre-contractual statements S. 374-380

„… meaning the duty of the seller under a sales contract. In the CESL, a trader rendering services is called …” „… give effect to the probable will of the parties. In adding an implied contract term, the question needs …” „… ensures that the implied term is in keeping with the rest of the contract. Art 68(3) is the necessary …”

Article 110 Requiring performance of seller’s obligations S. 540-544

„… between repair and replacement 1. Where, in a consumer sales contract, the trader is required to remedy a …” „… charge of a performance which is not in conformity with the contract. 3. Performance cannot be required …” „… not conform to the contract (art 110[2]).2 Hence the right to demand the cure of the performance on …”

Article 141 Identification of goods or digital content to contract S. 640-642

„… covered by the notion of ‘supply of digital content’. In contracts that are more ‘sales like’ it is …” „… ‘otherwise’. The term ‘initial agreement’ refers to just a contract of sales or of supply of the digital …” „… risk in consumer sales contracts Article 142 Passing of risk in a consumer sales contract 1. In a …”

Article 1 Freedom of contract Schulte-Nölke S. 122-126

„… the conclusion of the sales contract (and, as the case may be, the related service contract), the …” „… Common European Sales Law (P) 86 Schulte-Nölke 2 3 4 ing the contract and yet that other party still …” „… ANNEX I COMMON EUROPEAN SALES LAW Part I Introductory provisions Chapter 1 General principles and …”

Article 155 Remedies of the customer S. 666-668

„… installation under a consumer sales contract as referred to in Article 101 the consumer’s remedies are not …” „… remedies are the same as in the sales contract or the contracts for the supply of digital content.1 …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function Art 156 has a similar function to art 122 in the case of the sales contract. It is …”

Article 160 General measure of damages S. 676-682

„… Common European Sales Law (P) 640 Možina 2 3 4 5 contract, but also by measuring the (reasonable) cost of …” „… CESL (P), which, if chosen by the parties, is to be used for (cross-border) contracts for the sale of …” „… less likely to occur in sales contracts, but not impossible. If, eg a bride buys a wedding dress and …”

Article 44 Obligations of the trader in the event of withdrawal S. 273-278

„… contract for the sale of goods, the trader may withhold the reimbursement until it has received the goods …” „… been tailored specifically to the peculiarities of a doorstep sales contract. B. Context The article is …” „… : the withdrawal concerns a contract for the sale of goods, the trader has not received the goods back …”

Article 129 Taking delivery S. 602-605

„… on sales contracts. II. Relationship to other legal acts of the EU Art 18 Dir No 2011/83/EU contains …” „… delivery. Supplying information In simple sales transactions, the contract will frequently contain all …” „… under the contract and must be paid for at the contractual rate. 5. In a consumer sales contract …”

Article 10 Penalties for breach of specific requirements S. 102-105

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 Cf Schillig/Harvey, Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law, p 12 …” „… 225; Schillig/Harvey, Conclusion of Contract under the Draft Common European Sales Law, p 16. Article …” „… Law Where the parties have validly agreed to use the Common European Sales Law for a contract, only …”

Article 102 Third party rights or claims S. 516-523

„… contract of sale. The language of art 102(5) covers, however, all situations if the good is covered by the …” „… obligation to transfer the property is an essential duty of the seller, defining the contract of the sale …” „… contract due to the knowledge of the buyer. In the case of ownership it would deprive the contract of sale …”

Appendix 1 Model instructions on withdrawal S. 780-784

„… sales contract: ‘on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you …” „… a withdrawal on a durable medium (eg by email) without delay.’ 4 In the case of sales contracts in …” „… ]: – I/We* hereby give notice that I/We* withdraw from my/our* contract of sale of the following goods*/for …”

Article 23 Duty to disclose information about goods and related services S. 195-200

„… contract for the sale of goods, supply of digital content or provision of related services by a trader to …” „… provisions of Section 1 of Chapter 2 in B2C contracts: off-premises and distance contracts as well as …” „… contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts. The mandatory nature is only for variations or …”

Article 87 Non-performance and fundamental non-performance S. 433-445

„… Part IV Obligations and remedies of the parties to a sales contract or a contract for the supply of …” „… the digital content; (c) delivery of goods which are not in conformity with the contract; (d) supply …” „… of digital content which is not in conformity with the contract; (e) non-payment or late payment of …”

Article 111 Consumer’s choice between repair and replacement S. 544-548

„… 111 Consumer’s choice between repair and replacement 1. Where, in a consumer sales contract, the …” „… with the contract. Therefore, for B2C contracts the CESL (P) follows the pattern of the Consumer Sales …” „… (P) differs at this point from the Consumer Sales Directive and its interpretation expressed by the …”

Article 137 Scope of right to terminate S. 630-633

„… terminate in a contract for the sale of goods or the supply of digital content, art 137 the corresponding …” „… termination of a mixed sale and service contract (called ‘mixed purpose contract’ in art 9). Moreover, arts …” „… If the buyer makes no such declaration, the seller may nevertheless terminate the contract under …”

Article 30 Requirements for the conclusion of a contract S. 217-221

„… inspiration for a (sales) contract under the CESL (P). If the trader has complied with the extensive …” „… Finally, this Chapter does not contain all provisions relevant for contract conclusion (cf eg arts …” „… this Chapter. Article 30 Requirements for the conclusion of a contract 1. A contract is concluded if …”

Article 90 Extended application of rules on payment and on goods or digital content not accepted S. 463-469

„… a main obligation of the buyer under the contract of sale. In other cases, it arises only from the …” „… the contract of sale. According to art 44(4), in an off-premises contract where the goods have been …” „… contract. The drafters have identified only two areas in which the rules on performance, drafted primarily …”

Article 41 Exercise of right to withdraw S. 260-265

„… case of a sales contract, including a sales contract under which the seller also agrees to provide …” „… contract for the sale of multiple goods ordered by the consumer in one order and delivered separately …” „… contracts up to a total value of 50 EUR. The Consumer Rights Directive therefore does not stipulate such a …”

Article 73 Determination of price S. 391-395

„… contract or, if no such price is available, a reasonable price. Article 73 Common European Sales Law (P …” „… ’.1 Application of this article will probably be fairly limited as in sales contracts, the price is …” „… limitation of the CESL to sales contracts. This is further stressed by the incorporation of ‘in the absence …”

Appendix 2 Model withdrawal form S. 784-786

„… from my/our* contract of sale of the following goods*/for the supply of the following digital …” „… contract you are about to conclude will be governed by the Common European Sales Law, which is an …” „… governed by the Common European Sales Law. You may also have agreed to a contract on the telephone or in …”

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… information and to both parties of a sales contract regardless of whether they are seller (supplier) or buyer …” „… description of this relevance than the term ‘fundamentally different’ in the proposal.29 A contract that is …” „… material differences for the consent to the contract is also demonstrated by art 19(3) CISG. The binding …”

Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts S. 189-193

„… distance sales scheme. It seeks to guarantee minimum levels of transparency in all consumer sales contracts …” „… conclusion of the contract. This would be problematic. In addition, the trader should, when providing the …” „… accessed. Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and …”

Article 13 Duty to provide information when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 164-171

„… ) as covering contracts for sale of goods, digital content and related service contracts (cf art 5 …” „… contract (cf Intro to arts 40–47 no 3). Part II Chapter 2 Section 2 contains a general duty to disclose …” „… information on the main characteristics of the goods, digital content or related services in all B2B contracts …”

Article 66 Contract terms Kieninger S. 364-366

„… Chapter 7 Contents and effects Article 66 Contract terms The terms of the contract are derived from …” „… : (a) the agreement of the parties, subject to any mandatory rules of the Common European Sales Law; (b …” „… European Sales Law which applies in the absence of an agreement of the parties to the contrary; and (d) any …”

Article 31 Offer S. 221-225

„… can be enforced.5 For a sales contract, this will normally include the goods, contract and price6 and …” „… contracts for the sale of goods. For certain digital content contracts, terms of licensing might, for …” „… VI. Specific matter: requirement for the conclusion of the contract Paragraph 4 states that where a …”

Article 59 Relevant matters S. 344-349

„… taken into account: Where the parties have called their contract a contract of sale there is usually a …” „… Article 59 Relevant matters In interpreting a contract, regard may be had, in particular, to: (a …” „… of the parties, even subsequent to the conclusion of the contract; (c) the interpretation which has …”

Article 78 Contract terms in favour of third parties S. 408-413

„… small, as sales contracts in favour 1 Eg for insurance or carriage of goods contracts, cf von Bar/Clive …” „… ), Towards a European Contract Law, p 97. Intro to arts 79–86 Common European Sales Law (P) 376 …” „… Article 78 Contract terms in favour of third parties 1. The contracting parties may, by the …”

Article 51 Unfair exploitation S. 313-321

„… Article 51 Common European Sales Law (P) 276 Pfeiffer 18 19 IV. Content of the contract …” „… determining the excessive or unfair nature of a contract under art 51. Article 51 Common European Sales Law (P …” „… harm which is wrongful to inflict is, from a contract law perspective, always a wrongful act. This part …”

Article 71 Additional payments in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 385-388

„… Contracts’, in Kötz, Undogmatisches, Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen (2005), p 232. Article 71 Common European Sales …” „… . Substantively, the provision applies to sales contracts as well as contracts on related services. B. Context Art …” „… terms from being a part of the contract is indeed the intended meaning of art 70, a more explicit …”

Article 68 Contract terms which may be implied S. 371-374

„… parties, any usage or practice or any rule of the Common European Sales Law, an additional contract term …” „… established a standing usage between themselves, the usage may still become part of the contract either by way …” „… of interpretation or as an implied term. Article 68 Contract terms which may be implied 1. Where it …”

Article 172 Restitution on avoidance or termination S. 716-728

„… . Where a contract is avoided or terminated by either party, each party is obliged to return what that …” „… includes any natural and legal fruits derived from what was received. 3. On the termination of a contract …” „… price for what has been done remains payable under Article 8(2), unless the nature of the contract is …”

Article 154 Provision of access S. 665-666

„… a ‘related services contract’ may also be part of a sales contract is not acknowledged by the norm …” „… a consumer sales contract as referred to in Article 101 the consumer’s remedies are not subject to a …” „… clear when the customer, in a contract for the repair of goods, has to pay.1 Furthermore, the fact that …”

Article 65 Interpretation against supplier of a contract term S. 360-364

„… Common European Sales Law (P) 324 Wendehorst 1 2 3 cover contracts between private persons and with a …” „… must be assessed on the basis of the contract as a whole, taking into account all possible developments …” „… situation of doubt. Equally, art 64 does not simply make the relevant contract term vanish and have the …”

Introduction to arts 13–29 Howells/Watson S. 162-164

„… so-called ‘offpremises’ contracts (cf art 40 nos 3–4). However, the use of such sales modes should not lead …” „… Part II Making a binding contract Chapter 2 Pre-contractual information Section 1 Pre-contractual …” „… information advantage, but in the typical sales model there is normally good reason why the seller should be …”

Article 164 Substitute transaction S. 688-691

„… the individual case. A contract need not be terminated for a creditor to engage in a cover …” „… transaction (cf art 164 no 3). If the contract is terminated, art 163 may require the creditor to enter into a …” „… party in breach of contract) who claims that reasonable mitigation steps could have reduced the loss …”

Article 186 Agreements concerning prescription S. 777-780

„… contract or a contract for the supply of water, gas or electricity, where they are not put up for sale in a …” „… tangible medium: ‘of the conclusion of the contract.’; b) in the case of a sales contract: ‘on which you …” „… effects. 5. In a contract between a trader and a consumer this Article may not be applied to the detriment …”

Article 58 General rules on interpretation of contracts Wendehorst S. 340-344

„… contract is about the sale of whale meat irrespective of the fact that any Norwegian and many other persons …” „… Sales Law (P) 306 Wendehorst 10 11 12 Article 59 Relevant matters In interpreting a contract, regard may …” „… Part III Assessing what is in the contract Chapter 6 Interpretation Article 58 General rules on …”

Article 173 Payment for monetary value S. 728-741

„… , the performance of a sales contract will involve a transfer of ownership, so that the choice of the …” „… be useful, eg, that it also encompasses the consequences of a contract failed under art 30 because of …” „… and used by businesses and consumers who would not necessarily be specialists in the area of contract …”

Article 100 Criteria for conformity of the goods and digital content S. 508-513

„… . Article 100 Common European Sales Law (P) 472 Zoll 1 In order to comply with the contract, all …” „… product. Article 101 Incorrect installation under a consumer sales contract 1. Where goods or digital …” „… content supplied under a consumer sales contract are incorrectly installed, any lack of conformity …”

Article 12 Unilateral statements or conduct S. 157-162

„… Common European Sales Law (P) 124 Schulte-Nölke 11 12 Part II Making a binding contract Chapter 2 …” „… equivalent of a statement. Article 12 Common European Sales Law (P) 120 Schulte-Nölke 11 12 Contents A …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 V. Application by analogy of other rules on interpretation of contracts . . . 10 VI. Applicability …”

Article 13 Member States’ options S. 115-118

„… Common European Sales Law available for: (a) contracts where the habitual residence of the traders or, in …” „… State as the law governing their contract under Rome I Regulation. Article 13 Common European Sales Law …” „… the case of a contract between a trader and a consumer, the habitual residence of the trader, the …”

Article 29 Remedies for breach of information duties S. 212-216

„… crossborder contracts for the sale of goods’. From this one might imagine relational contracting situations …” „… D. Criticism For B2C contracts there is no express reversal of the burden of proof with regard to …” „… application to just B2C contracts. The definition could be applied analogously, yet the stumbling block is the …”

Article 43 Effects of withdrawal S. 269-273

„… the right of withdrawal (art 17[1]) at the correct time (namely before the contract was concluded or …” „… under the contract: (a) to perform the contract; or (b) to conclude the contract in cases where an offer …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. Effect on performance of the contract …”

Article 139 Loss of right to terminate S. 635-639

„… European Sales Law (P) 600 Dannemann 7 8 9 10 does not conform to the contract, but it is not evident why …” „… contract, or part of the contract (art 138). In a Belgian case governed by the similar art 26 CISG, the …” „… of terminating the contract. Depending on the circumstances, such an early notice may or may not be …”

Article 17 Information about rights of withdrawal when concluding a distance or off-premises contract S. 179-182

„… contract in relation to an off-premises contract. For example, in a distance sales contract for a washing …” „… contract imply that compliance with these codes becomes a term of the contract? It would be surprising if …” „… Information about rights of withdrawal when concluding a distance or off-premises contract 1. Where the …”

Article 109 Cure by the seller S. 532-540

„… Sales Directive that the liability for the lack of conformity in B2C contracts must be mandatory and the …” „… , (2011) ERPL 895. Article 109 Common European Sales Law (P) 496 Zoll 1 2 tainability of the contract, eg …” „… contract of sales, where the goods are adjusted to the particular needs of the consumer. In such cases a …”

Article 133 Right to withhold performance S. 619-623

„… following points: firstly, must the seller terminate the contract before making a substitute …” „… contract, such as an advance payment? (nos 14–17). Finally, there is an unexplained, unjustified and …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Article 133 Common European Sales Law (P) 582 Dannemann A. Function I. Main ideas, underlying …”

Article 80 Exclusions from unfairness test S. 415-417

„… terms remain binding if the contract can be maintained without the unfair contract terms. C …” „… . Explanation Art 79 states the effects of unfair contract terms. However, the general effect of the unfairness …” „… assessing the unfairness in B2B and B2C contracts, paragraph 1 refers to arts 83 and 86, which concern the …”

Article 125 Place of payment S. 580-584

„… can be seen as non-performance of a contract. In web-based sales, payment through debit or credit …” „… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Combined sales and service contracts …” „… not deal with the issue of overpayments, but are limited to situations where ‘a contract is avoided or …”

Article 124 Means of payment S. 574-580

„… far from obvious that the overcharge can be seen as non-performance of a contract. In web-based sales …” „… payment 1. Payment shall be made by the means of payment indicated by the contract terms or, if there is …” „… contract between a trader and a consumer, the consumer is not liable, in respect of the use of a given …”

Article 159 Right to damages S. 672-676

„… , Acquis Principles, Contract II, p 427. 3 Bianca, in Bianca/Grundmann (eds), EU Sales Directive Commentary …” „… reminder, of non-performance, in order to claim damages. However, since the buyer in a sales contract …” „… other provisions referring to damages for breach of contract,1 it constitutes the basis for a claim for …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… Chapter 5 Defects in consent Article 48 Mistake 1. A party may avoid a contract for mistake of fact …” „… or law existing when the contract was concluded if: (a) the party, but for the mistake, would not …” „… have concluded the contract or would have done so only on fundamentally different contract terms and …”

Article 116 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 557-559

„… the sales contract on the related service (cf art 137 no 7). In relation to mixed contracts art …” „… period of time (cf art 135 no 9), a right to terminate the contract for the reason of the delay …” „… reject the performance. If the performance has been accepted, the termination of the contract for the …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… termination of the 2. 3. Article 89 Common European Sales Law (P) 424 Zoll 32 33 34 35 contract brings to an …” „… cannot justify termination of contract since, according to art 88(3), damages are the only remedy …” „… duty to enter into negotiations with a view to adapting or terminating the contract. 2. If the parties …”

Article 114 Termination for non-performance S. 553-555

„… of Article 87(2). 2. In a consumer sales contract and a contract for the supply of digital content …” „… Termination Article 114 Termination for non-performance 1. A buyer may terminate the contract within the …” „… meaning of Article 8 if the seller’s non-performance under the contract is fundamental within the meaning …”

Article 86 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between traders S. 430-433

„… Obligations and remedies of the parties to a sales contract or a contract for the supply of digital content …” „… arise. Section 3 Unfair contract terms in contracts between traders Article 86 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in …” „… contracts between traders 1. In a contract between traders, a contract term is unfair for the purposes of …”

Article 4 Interpretation S. 131-134

„… remedies for non-performance of an obligation of the party to a contract are applicable. This includes the …” „… Common European Sales Law is to be interpreted autonomously and in accordance with its objectives and the …” „… principles underlying it. 2. Issues within the scope of the Common European Sales Law but not expressly …”

Article 121 Examination of the goods in contracts between traders S. 565-566

„… carriage of the goods If the contract of sales involves the carriage of the goods, paragraph 2 determines …” „… . Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders 1. In a …” „… Section 7 Requirements of examination and notification in a contract between traders Article 121 …”

Article 88 Excused non-performance S. 445-452

„… the contract. Even in contracts of sale or supply of digital content, some obligations may have a …” „… III. Insignificant non-performance in consumer contracts In consumer contracts, the requirement of …” „… fundamental non-performance is not required for the termination if the contract should be terminated by the …”

Article 70 Duty to raise awareness of not individually negotiated contract terms S. 380-385

„… Contracts’, in Kötz, Undogmatisches, Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen (2005), p 232. Article 71 Common European Sales …” „… CESL (FS) (‘if one of the parties to a contract is a business’), overcompensating in its condensation …” „… this effect can be inferred, they would be integrated as contract terms, otherwise not. This solution …”

Article 153 Payment of the price S. 664-665

„… also be part of a sales contract is not acknowledged by the norm – the question can be raised of …” „… price that is payable for the related service in accordance with the contract. 2. The price is payable …” „… with the contract. However, one has to also consider the limitation under art 152. Furthermore, the …”

Article 6 No form required S. 140-142

„… Article 6 No form required Unless otherwise stated in the Common European Sales Law, a contract …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I. Contract, statement or any other act …” „… national legal systems the conclusion of a contract may require a formal requirement (at least to evidence …”

Article 8 Termination of a contract Zoll S. 145-147

„… 9 Mixed-purpose contracts 1. Where a contract provides both for the sale of goods or the supply of …” „… that the contract was drafted by a third party has no effect on the protection granted to the consumer …” „… freely into the contract by the consumer. Article 8 Termination of a contract 1. To ‘terminate a contract …”

Article 131 Overview of seller’s remedies Dannemann S. 611-614

„… written specifically for sales contracts, do not contain any provision which fully corresponds to art 131 …” „… performance under Section 3 of this Chapter; (c) terminate the contract under Section 4 of this Chapter; and …” „… 131 Common European Sales Law (P) 574 Dannemann 1 II. Position within CESL (P) Art 131 heads Chapter …”

Article 140 Effect of passing of risk S. 639-640

„… (P), eg Chapter 8, the application of the rules to both B2B and B2C contracts requires …” „… C contracts. Art 140 serves as a general provision and is therefore applicable to all contracts for …” „… the sale of goods or supply of digital content governed by the CESL (P). Art 140 governs the so-called …”

Article 107 Limitation of remedies for digital content not supplied in exchange for a price S. 529-531

„… provisions of the CESL (P) governing the contract of sales apply to all of these contracts. In the case of …” „… contract must be exercised within the reasonable time (art 119[1]). All these measures applicable …” „… in B2B contracts do not apply in B2C contracts. The consumer may terminate the contract without …”

Article 5 Reasonableness S. 134-140

„… Common European Sales Law, a contract, statement or any other act which is governed by it need not be …” „… invalidity of a contract arising from lack of capacity, illegality or immorality, the determination of the …” „… language of the contract, matters of non-discrimination, representation, plurality of debtors and creditors …”

Article 24 Additional duties to provide information in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 200-203

„… the question is posed of whether it relates to the manner in which the contract is concluded, to …” „… the nature of the information that is to be provided, or both. Section 3 Contracts concluded by …” „… electronic means Article 24 Additional duties to provide information in distance contracts concluded by …”

Article 16 Entry into force and application S. 120-122

„… take account of the need to extend the scope in relation to B2B contracts: if there is a need to extend …” „… European Sales Law (P) 84 Wendehorst 1 2 3 4 ANNEX I COMMON EUROPEAN SALES LAW Part I Introductory …” „… contract 1. Parties are free to conclude a contract and to determine its contents, subject to any …”

Article 134 Termination for fundamental non-performance S. 623-625

„… 134 Termination for fundamental non-performance A seller may terminate the contract within the meaning …” „… of Article 8 if the buyer’s non-performance under the contract is fundamental within the meaning of …” „… Chapter 13. Art 134 corresponds to Article 134 Common European Sales Law (P) 586 Dannemann 17 1 2 art 114 …”

Article 36 Time limit for acceptance S. 233-235

„… Schulze/Stuyck (eds), Towards a European Contract Law, p 86. Article 36 Common European Sales Law (P) 196 Terryn …” „… into account. The CESL (P) only applies to sales contracts, contracts for the supply of digital content …” „… case the contract is concluded at an earlier stage, namely when the offeree begins to act. It is then …”

Article 163 Reduction of loss S. 686-688

„… contract of sale for a taxi and the seller notifies the company that the car will be delivered with a delay …” „… on 110V. In breach of the contract, it was set for 110V. However, the creditor overlooked a prominent …” „… breach of contract by the debtor, the creditor is required to take all measures reasonable under …”

Article 38 Modified acceptance S. 237-241

„… counter-offer implies the contract is only concluded when the counter-offer is accepted.10 Article 38 Modified …” „… acceptance 1. A reply by the offeree which states or implies additional or different contract terms which …” „… materially alter the terms of the offer is a rejection and a new offer. 2. Additional or different contract …”

Article 16 Information about the contract terms S. 176-179

„… acting is unclear as to its scope and requires clarification. Article 16 Information about the contract …” „… to perform the related services; (b) where applicable, the duration of the contract, the minimum …” „… duration of the consumer’s obligations or, if the contract is of indeterminate duration or is to be …”

Article 113 Right to withhold performance S. 551-553

„… non-performance under the contract is fundamental within the meaning of Article 87(2). 2. In a consumer sales …” „… used for reciprocal contracts (cf art 133).1 It protects the parties from the necessity of carrying the …” „… of the contract and if termination occurs, the prior withholding of the performance facilitates the …”

Article 135 Termination for delay after notice fixing additional time for performance S. 625-628

„… consumer sales contract, the parties may not, to the detriment of the consumer, exclude the application of …” „… 115 on the right of the buyer to terminate the contract after fixing an additional time for …” „… performance. Article 135 Common European Sales Law (P) 588 Dannemann 8 1 2 III. Scope of application While art …”

Article 143 Time when risk passes S. 645-646

„… Section 3 Passing of risk in contracts between traders Article 143 Time when risk passes 1. In a …” „… contract between traders the risk passes when the buyer takes delivery of the goods or digital content or …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Function The passing of the risk in B2B contracts is governed separately from the question of …”

Article 132 Requiring performance of buyer’s obligations S. 614-619

„… contracts which are governed by CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources Art 132 is rather similar to art III.–3:301 …” „… the circumstances’. II. Relationship to other legal acts of the EU Neither Consumer Sales Directive …” „… PECL. Article 132 Common European Sales Law (P) 578 Dannemann 1 2 3 4 5 6 C. Explanation Art 132 …”

Article 83 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between a trader and a consumer S. 419-423

„… unclear and unintelligible term. Article 83 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between a trader and a …” „… consumer 1. In a contract between a trader and a consumer, a contract term supplied by the trader which has …” „… contract, to the detriment of the consumer, contrary to good faith and fair dealing. 2. When assessing the …”

Article 148 Obligation to achieve result and obligation of care and skill S. 655-657

„… contract. 2. In the absence of any express or implied contractual obligation to achieve a specific result …” „… service. 4. Where in a contract between a trader and a consumer the related service includes installation …” „… of the goods, the installation must be such that the installed goods conform to the contract as …”

Article 19 Distance contracts: additional information and other requirements S. 185-189

„… formation be confirmed by a durable medium at the time of conclusion of the contract.4 It may be …” „… that the actual contract or confirmation thereof might only have to contain certain information, eg …” „… . Article 19 Distance contracts: additional information and other requirements 1. When a trader makes a …”

Article 25 Additional requirements in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 203-207

„… that the article is only applicable to consumer contracts (cf art 2 RegCESL [P] no 31). If the …” „… article is indeed intended to apply to B2B contracts either a change to the definition of ‘distance …” „… contracts’ is necessary so as not to be B2C-specific or ‘distance contracts’ is to be removed from the …”

Article 74 Unilateral determination by a party S. 395-399

„… contract – and no agreement at a later time that might modify the contract – and it comes to a price …” „… contract and no generally accepted method of price determination available, recourse can only be taken to …” „… to the relevant time of contract conclusion) might be an interesting addition. Such a rule – ideally …”

Article 170 Unfair contract terms relating to interest for late payment S. 711-715

„… Article 170 Unfair contract terms relating to interest for late payment 1. A contract term relating …” „… purpose of paragraph 1, a contract term providing for a time or period for payment or a rate of interest …” „… Article 169 is presumed to be unfair. 3. For the purpose of paragraph 1, a contract term excluding …”

Article 14 Information about price and additional charges and costs S. 171-174

„… tional law until it is clear that the contract will be concluded on the basis of the CESL (P …” „… Rights Directive by saying they are only willing to contract on the basis of the CESL (P). This is …” „… possibility for Member States to lower or omit the price threshold in off-premises contracts). There are some …”

Article 152 Obligation to warn of unexpected or uneconomic cost S. 661-664

„… the pre-contractual information, which becomes a term of the contract (cf art 13[2]), is admissible …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Function In contracts for goods or digital content, the total price is typically known prior to …” „… the conclusion of the contract; however, in some contracts for (related) services, the Article 152 …”

Article 39 Conflicting standard contract terms S. 241-246

„… Article 39 Conflicting standard contract terms 1. Where the parties have reached agreement except …” „… that the offer and acceptance refer to conflicting standard contract terms, a contract is nonetheless …” „… concluded. The standard contract terms are part of the contract to the extent that they are common in …”

Article 149 Obligation to prevent damage S. 657-659

„… that a duty to prevent damage also arises from the contract of sales. In particular, the contracts for …” „… . Paragraph 4 applies to B2C contracts in which the related service includes the installation of the goods …” „… . According to paragraph 4, the installed goods must be in conformity with the contract (cf art 101). The …”

Article 50 Threats S. 309-313

„… Article 50 Threats A party may avoid a contract if the other party has induced the conclusion of …” „… the contract by the threat of wrongful, imminent and serious harm, or of a wrongful act. Contents A …” „… in its decision about a contract. Thus, threat is generally recognised as a defect of consent which …”

Article 79 Effects of unfair contract terms S. 414-415

„… Article 79 Effects of unfair contract terms 1. A contract term which is supplied by one party and …” „… contract can be maintained without the unfair contract term, the other contract terms remain binding …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 A. Function Art 79 is the first article in the chapter on unfair contract terms; its positioning …”

Introduction to arts 30–39 S. 216-217

„… Chapter 3 Conclusion of contract Introduction to arts 30–39 Contract conclusion is currently not …” „… harmonised in EU legislation. The E-Commerce Directive touches upon the process of contract conclusion (cf in …” „… dependent on the moment of contract conclusion,1 again without harmonising the conclusion of the contract …”

Article 117 Scope of right to terminate S. 559-560

„… the sales contract on the related service (cf art 137 no 7). In relation to mixed contracts art …” „… Article 117 Scope of right to terminate 1. Where the seller’s obligations under the contract are to …” „… performance of the other parts or the non-performance is such as to justify termination of the contract as a …”

Article 144 Goods placed at buyer’s disposal S. 646-648

„… Article 145 Carriage of the goods 1. This Article applies to a contract of sale which involves carriage of …” „… equivalent rule for B2B contracts ensure internal regulatory consistency. Furthermore, the formulation of …” „… europäisches Kaufrecht?, p 496. Passing of risk Article 144 Zoll/Watson 609 6 7 8 A. Function In B2B contracts …”

Article 22 Mandatory nature S. 194-195

„… information about goods and related services 1. Before the conclusion of a contract for the sale of goods …” „… burden of proof to B2C contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts. This provision on …” „… Section 3 (contracts concluded by electronic means) but no reversal for Sections 2 (information duties in …”

Article 176 Equitable modification S. 751-756

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Article 176 Common European Sales Law (P) 714 Lehmann 16 17 18 19 1. Competent person …” „… to recognise a contractual clause on restitution in a B2C contract even where it is grossly …” „… contract cannot claim restitution,3 but this rule is strongly criticised in the literature.4 Other laws do …”

Article 128 Imputation of payment S. 595-602

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Article 128 Common European Sales Law (P) 558 Dannemann V. Time-barred debts …” „… of contracts governed by the CESL (P). B. Context I. Sources This article is based on the similar …” „… for EU contract law. The Consumer Credit Directive contains information duties on the order in which …”

Article 104 Buyer’s knowledge of lack of conformity in a contract between traders S. 523-524

„… consumer sales contract, any lack of conformity which becomes apparent within six months of the time when …” „… V. Mandatory nature in B2C contracts Similarly to many rules on this field, art 102 provides the …” „… digital content Digital content is not considered as not conforming to the contract for the sole reason …”

Article 98 Effect on passing of risk S. 500

„… not occur, because in such a situation the contract of sale must be treated as not having been …” „… requirements for the sale in the sense of art 97(2)(b). If the contract has been concluded without prior …” „… of delivery as the central concept in determining the transfer of the risk in the contracts between …”

Article 35 Time of conclusion of the contract S. 231-233

„… Schulze/Stuyck (eds), Towards a European Contract Law, p 85. Article 35 Common European Sales Law (P) 194 Terryn …” „… European Contract Law, p 86. Article 36 Common European Sales Law (P) 196 Terryn 6 7 8 9 …” „… a rule that can be omitted in a future optional instrument. The same result (no contract and …”

Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received S. 741-747

„… contract was terminated. Article 174 Payment for use and interest on money received 1. A recipient who has …” „… ) the other party is obliged to pay for use; or (b) the recipient gave cause for the contract to be …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Article 174 Common European Sales Law (P) 704 Lehmann 70 3. Fraud, threats and unfair exploitation …”

Article 138 Notice of termination S. 633-635

„… seller may terminate the contract only for a proportion of the goods which corresponds to the outstanding …” „… paragraph 1, seller can terminate only for the unpaid part of the contract. Under the given circumstances …” „… contract Paragraphs 2 and 3 compete for application in the situation that the non-performance of a separate …”

List of contributors S. 18-20

„… ), Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (Acquis Principles), Contract I: Pre-Contractual Obligations …” „… . Conclusion of Contract. Unfair Terms, Sellier: Munich (2007); Research Group on the existing EC Private Law …” „… (Acquis Group), Principles of the Existing EC Contract Law (after the Lisbon Treaty ‘EU Contract Law …”

Article 106 Overview of buyer’s remedies S. 527-529

„… Section 4 of this Chapter; (c) terminate the contract under Section 5 of this Chapter and claim the return …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Article 106 Common European Sales Law (P) 490 Zoll A. Objectives Art 106 plays mostly an …” „… this system by naming the basic rules relevant for B2C contracts and for B2B contracts. Art 106 …”

Article 151 Obligation to provide invoice S. 659-661

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Article 151 Common European Sales Law (P) 622 Zoll/Watson 8 1 2 A. Function In contracts for goods …” „… conclusion of the contract, the service provider must provide the customer with an invoice which explains, in …” „… or digital content, the total price is typically known prior to the conclusion of the contract …”

Article 47 Mandatory nature S. 288-291

„… , Contract II, pp 237–239. Article 47 Common European Sales Law (P) 252 Schulze 1 2 3 4 5 withdrawal period …” „… b) Contracts governed by national law. If the ancillary contract is governed by national law, ie …” „… the CESL (P) has not be chosen to govern the contract,7 the obligations of the parties in the event of …”

Article 108 Mandatory nature S. 531-532

„… Sales Directive that the liability for the lack of conformity in B2C contracts must be mandatory and the …” „… , whether it wants to pay and how much. In such case, if the customer decides to pay, the contract should be …” „… performance. B. Explanation In the case of lack of conformity for the digital content under the contracts …”

Article 54 Effects of avoidance S. 327-330

„… . Article 54 Common European Sales Law (P) 292 Pfeiffer 9 10 11 12 13 14 essential for the contract as a …” „… contract that already has been validly avoided. Article 54 Effects of avoidance 1. A contract which may be …” „… a ground of avoidance affects only certain contract terms, the effect of avoidance is limited to …”

Article 75 Determination by a third party S. 399-402

„… argue that its chosen price or term does not cross the threshold of abuse, while the contract partner …” „… types of contract terms. In addition, in order to increase user-friendliness, a clarification of who is …” „… form contracts, and the general principle of good faith, seems questionable. Article 75 Determination …”

Article 115 Termination for delay in delivery after notice fixing additional time for performance S. 555-557

„… insignificant’).4 The exception applicable for B2C contracts, which relaxes the requirement of the …” „… of the seller’s obligation, the consumer may terminate the contract according to art 114(1) – the …” „… contract in a case of delay in delivery which is not in itself fundamental if the buyer gives notice fixing …”

Article 45 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal S. 278-284

„… decision to withdraw from the contract to the trader in accordance with Article 41, unless the trader has …” „… the consumer exercised the right of withdrawal, in comparison with the full coverage of the contract …” „… the total price agreed in the contract. Where the total price is excessive, the proportionate amount …”

Article 167 Interest when the debtor is a consumer S. 698-704

„… - Article 167 Common European Sales Law (P) 664 Možina 8 9 10 11 12 13 pends on the fact that a contract …” „… the contract which fixes a rate of interest higher than that provided in Article 166, or accrual …” „… rules on interest for delayed payments with regard to consumers. Article 167 Common European Sales Law …”

Article 178 Rights subject to prescription S. 759-762

„… European Sales Law (P) 722 Møgelvang-Hansen 1 2 From a public policy perspective it is desirable also that …” „… , while CESL (P) deals with transactions for the sale of goods, for the supply of digital content, and for …” „… consumer contracts; – art 55: damages for loss suffered as a result of mistake, fraud etc; – art 97(3 …”

Article 53 Confirmation S. 324-327

„… mistaken party nevertheless has the right to avoid the contract, it is reasonable that the avoidance right …” „… Where the party who has the right to avoid a contract under this Chapter confirms it, expressly or …” „… party may no longer avoid the contract. 6 Lando/Beale (eds), PECL, Parts I and II, p 275; cf also von …”

Article 34 Acceptance S. 229-231

„… Schulze/Stuyck (eds), Towards a European Contract Law, p 85. Article 35 Common European Sales Law (P) 194 Terryn …” „… on offer and acceptance for the conclusion of contracts. Art 30(2) determines that agreement is …” „… Explanatory Memorandum CESL (P), p 8. 1 RegCESL (P), recital 27. Article 34 Common European Sales Law (P) 192 …”

Article 166 Interest on late payments S. 692-698

„… this is the place where the contract should have been performed. Determination of the current price is …” „… is the creditor who must prove that he terminated the contract and that there is a current price of …” „… payment is not excused. Furthermore, if the debtor is a consumer (a B2C contract), interest does not start …”

Article 27 Mandatory nature S. 208-209

„… all pre-contractual information to be given by a trader dealing with a consumer in contracts concluded …” „… other requirements stipulated in the section, ie formalities on copies and confirmation of contract. It …” „… has to consider that the sales method used by the trader may restrict the opportunity for the consumer …”

Article 161 Foreseeability of loss S. 682-684

„… or loss of enjoyment as a consequence of a breach of a (sales) contract, their exclusion in the CESL …” „… for loss which the debtor foresaw or could be expected to have foreseen at the time when the contract …” „… were able to take into account when they were considering entering the contract and could have taken …”

Article 37 Late acceptance S. 235-237

„… , p 320; Lando/Beale (eds), PECL, Parts I and II, p 175. Article 37 Common European Sales Law (P) 198 …” „… the offeree. The time of conclusion of the contract is the moment the late acceptance reaches the …” „… offeror entails the retroactive formation of the contract at the time when the late declaration of …”

Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms Mazeaud/Sauphanor-Brouillaud S. 142-145

„… Group, Acquis Principles, Contract II, p 302. Article 7 Common European Sales Law (P) 106 …” „… are excluded by the CESL (P). Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms 1. A contract term …” „… able to influence its content. 2. Where one party supplies a selection of contract terms to the other …”

Article 10 Notice S. 151-154

„… vice provider under the contract are to be performed in separate parts or whether a part of the …” „… relation to the giving of notice for any purpose under the rules of the Common European Sales Law and the …” „… contract. ‘Notice’ includes the communication of any statement which is intended to have legal effect or to …”

Article 63 Preference for interpretation which gives contract terms effect S. 354-357

„… of the contract but where there is a certain inconsistency between them. Eg, where there is a …” „… standard term excluding the seller’s liability for damages ‘for nonperformance’ in a contract between …” „… negotiated contract term fixing a certain minimum amount of damages for every day of default, this …”

Article 57 Choice of remedy S. 337-340

„… mainder of the contract untouched, unless this is contrary to the parties’ interest. Art 54(2) can …” „… European Sales Law (P) 300 Pfeiffer 10 11 12 1 seller’s remedies under arts 131 et seq, eg if there is …” „… related service contract and respective remedies under arts 155 et seq. The function of art 57 is to give …”

Article 72 Merger clauses S. 388-391

„… incorporated in the contract terms as ‘exchange obligations’ for the additional payments. D. Criticism The …” „… systematically into the chapter on contract terms. But since, in the CESL, readability should prevail over …” „… information duties relating to the price and additional costs in art 14, the rules on unfair contract terms …”

Article 84 Contract terms which are always unfair S. 423-426

„… Article 84 Contract terms which are always unfair A contract term is always unfair for the purposes …” „… generally in legal provisions that apply to contracts between a trader and a consumer; (e) confer exclusive …” „… jurisdiction for all disputes arising under the contract to a court for the place where the trader is domiciled …”

Article 95 Time of delivery S. 487-490

„… the contract. However, the content of delivery needs to be established in all these cases according to …” „… the conclusion of the contract. 2. In contracts between a trader and a consumer, unless agreed …” „… from the conclusion of the contract. Contents A. Objectives …”

Article 18 Off-premises contracts: additional information requirements and confirmation S. 182-185

„… consumer has to bear them. As noted in the distance contracts context, the consumer is to be informed he …” „… legislation itself and not in non-binding model forms. Article 18 Off-premises contracts: additional …” „… contract or the confirmation of the contract, including where applicable, the confirmation of the …”

Article 120 Right to reduce price S. 563-565

„… the contract may reduce the price. The reduction is to be proportionate to the decrease in the value …” „… to. Article 120 Common European Sales Law (P) 526 Zoll 1 2 B. Explanation I. Price reduction as the …” „… terminate the contract. The notice has already produced its effects. II. Modification of the price after …”

Article 15 Information about the identity and address of the trader S. 174-176

„… contact them. This article expands on the basic obligation in art 13(1)(c). In distance contracts the lack …” „… . Off-premises contracts have face-toface contract, but as they are by definition away from business premises the …” „… contact them. B. Context In the context of the sale of goods, the information about the trader’s identity …”

Article 119 Loss of right to terminate S. 561-563

„… the termination are fulfilled. It is particularly important in B2B contracts because the knowledge of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Objectives The situation in which the buyer may terminate the contract, but it is unclear …” „… reasonable time.1 In the case of B2C contracts, a right to protect the consumer’s interest is here more …”

Article 52 Notice of avoidance S. 321-324

„… question of an excessive character of the contract has to be determined in relation to the market value of …” „… contract because it also bears disproportionate costs because of mismanagement. Thus, it would be …” „… the unfair content of the contract. Article 52 Notice of avoidance 1. Avoidance is effected by notice …”

Article 169 Compensation for recovery costs S. 708-711

„… applicable to all other monetary claims from the contract. In order to reduce the incoherent results arising …” „… contract, a broad interpretation of the obligation to pay the price for goods and services may be …” „… , digital content and services, whereas for other claims from the same contract the ‘general’ interest rate …”

Article 64 Interpretation in favour of consumers S. 357-360

„… contract term in a contract between a trader and a consumer, the interpretation most favourable to the …” „… particularly high level of protection. Its practical significance is limited as most contract terms in consumer …” „… contracts will be terms not individually negotiated, and therefore an interpretation against the trader and …”

Article 28 Duty to ensure that information supplied is correct S. 209-212

„… . Article 28 Common European Sales Law (P) 174 Howells/Watson 4 5 6 7 D. Criticism For B2C contracts there …” „… provisions of Section 3 of Chapter 2 in contracts concluded by electronic means between a trader and a …” „… consumer. It is not available in B2B contracts. In B2C contracts a trader is not excluded from providing …”

Article 32 Revocation of offer S. 225-228

„… contract has been concluded. 2. Where a proposal made to the public is an offer, it can be revoked by the …” „… (eds), Commentary on UNIDROIT PICC, art 2.1.3. no 1. Article 32 Common European Sales Law (P) 188 …” „… an effective and irrevocable offer and it also allows a party to withdraw from a contract that was …”

Article 156 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in related service contracts between traders S. 668-669

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function Art 156 has a similar function to art 122 in the case of the sales contract. It is …” „… art 156. Article 156 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in related service contracts …” „… between traders 1. In a related service contract between traders, the customer may rely on a lack of …”

Article 85 Contract terms which are presumed to be unfair S. 426-430

„… the possibility to flourish in B2C contracts. IV. Terms on legal disputes All terms are unfair if they …” „… arbitration system not foreseen generally in legal provisions that apply to contracts between a trader and a …” „… which cannot be neutralised by a contract term. Similarly, such terms are always unfair if they have the …”

Article 55 Damages for loss S. 330-334

„… essential for the contract as a whole, particularly if they affect the price or the relation …” „… contract as a whole or only a certain term; the situation is different in cases of avoidance rights in …” „… relation to more than one contract term. In art 54(2), there is no distinction between the parties. Thus …”

Article 56 Exclusion or restriction of remedies S. 334-337

„… certain facts.4 If the contract was avoided, the party may claim expenses it had for negotiating the …” „… contract and because it felt bound by it until its avoidance. Furthermore, a claim can be made for losses …” „… incurred because the avoiding party did not conclude a substitute contract with a third party or did not do …”

Article 177 Mandatory nature S. 756-759

„… contract as far as it is necessary to protect the consumer. III. Scope of application The provision applies …” „… only to B2C contracts. In B2B relations, the rules on restitution in Chapter 17 can be freely amended …” „… . However, this provision applies only to the rights set out in the Consumer Sales Directive, which does not …”

Article 26 Burden of proof S. 207-208

„… however, it does not appear directly to extend to contracts covered by electronic means. The ACQP on …” „… particular disadvantage,3 though there is also no express reversal in contracts concluded by electronic means …” „… Common European Sales Law (P) 170 Howells/Watson 1 2 C. Explanation The burden of proof extends to the …”

Article 15 Review S. 119-120

„… the level of acceptance of the Common European Sales Law, the extent to which its provisions have …” „… protection between the Common European Sales Law and national law. That information shall include a …” „… Sales Law. 2. By … [5 years after the date of application of this Regulation], the Commission shall …”

Article 168 Rate of interest and accrual S. 704-708

„… different claims from the same contract between the same parties. Article 168 Common European Sales Law (P …” „… delays the payment of a price due under a contract for the delivery of goods, supply of digital content …” „… contract. If there is no such date or period, interest at that rate starts to run: (a) 30 days after the …”

Article 112 Return of replaced item S. 548-551

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 I. The right and obligation of the seller to take back the item of the contract …” „… by the CESL (P). According to art 108, this rule is mandatory in B2C contracts. The article covers …” „… obligation of the seller to take back the item of the contract The seller who performs the replacement has a …”

Article 185 Effects of prescription S. 775-777

„… Common European Sales Law (P) 738 Møgelvang-Hansen 8 1 often found in national law to avoid some of most …” „… preserves the right to withhold its own performance under the contract. Thus, a seller of goods must accept …” „… not exclude the application of this Article or derogate from or vary its effects. 5. In a contract …”

Article 81 Mandatory nature S. 417-418

„… other party to the contract to negotiate the term. Article 81 Mandatory nature The parties may not …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Function According to art 81, provisions of the CESL (P) on unfair contract terms are of …” „… contrast to other provisions in the CESL (P) on mandatory nature (in particular in B2C contracts), art 81 …”

Article 60 Reference to contract as a whole S. 349-350

„… 69 as well as with art 67 ought to be clarified. Article 60 Reference to contract as a whole …” „… Expressions used in a contract are to be interpreted in the light of the contract as a whole. Contents A …” „… in a contract must not be seen isolated but always in their context. B. Context The same rule was to …”

Article 103 Limitation on conformity of digital content S. 523

„… V. Mandatory nature in B2C contracts Similarly to many rules on this field, art 102 provides the …” „… digital content Digital content is not considered as not conforming to the contract for the sole reason …” „… that updated digital content has become available after the conclusion of the contract. Art 103 …”

Introduction to arts 79–86 S. 413-414

„… ), Towards a European Contract Law, p 97. Intro to arts 79–86 Common European Sales Law (P) 376 …” „… Chapter 8 Unfair contract terms Section 1 General provisions Introduction to arts 79–86 There is a …” „… variety of possible reasons for reviewing the fairness of contract terms. The classical view is that the …”

Article 82 Duty of transparency in contract terms not individually negotiated S. 418-419

„… Section 2 Unfair contract terms in contracts between a trader and a consumer Article 82 Duty of …” „… transparency in contract terms not individually negotiated Where a trader supplies contract terms which have …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A. Function A trader, who supplies contract terms that have not been individually negotiated, is …”

Article 179 Periods of prescription S. 762-764

„… required in sales contracts between traders within a reasonable time from the discoverability and no later …” „… notification of lack of conformity required in related service contracts between traders within a reasonable …” „… for loss caused by non-performance of contracts within the scope of CESL (P).5 Thus, the short period …”

Article 21 Burden of proof S. 193-194

„… . Article 21 Common European Sales Law (P) 156 Howells/Watson 1 2 burden of proof to B2C contracts other …” „… reversal of proof vis-à-vis pre-contractual information duties in contracts covered by the CESL (P) stems …” „… pre-contractual information in distance and off-premises contracts lies with the trader;3 however, in contrast to …”

Article 118 Notice of termination S. 560-561

„… parts or it is otherwise divisible and the non-performance concerns only this part, the contract can be …” „… of the contract as whole. The obligation is divisible if it may be performed in parts, without …” „… future, if the conditions of art 116 are completed. II. Termination of the contract as whole despite of …”

Introduction to arts 40–47 S. 246-247

„… Chapter 4 Right to withdraw in distance and off-premises contracts between traders and consumers …” „… distance and off-premises contracts. The application of the provisions is mandatory and deviations are not …” „… be read in conjunction with the definition of distance and off-premises contracts, covered …”

Article 136 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 628-630

„… the buyer, eg by allowing the seller to terminate the contract directly (ie without fixing an …” „… buyer’s right to terminate the contract with the seller for simple non-performance could be restricted or …” „… made more burdensome by contract provisions. D. Criticism The difference between the semi-mandatory …”

Article 62 Preference for individually negotiated contract terms S. 352-354

„… modifications have occurred mainly in this language. Where it is not clear in which language a contract has been …” „… ascertained, prevails even over the clear and unequivocal wording of a contract document (art 58 no 5 …” „… in favour of consumers and the rule in art 63 about interpretation giving contract terms effect …”

Article 165 Current price S. 691-692

„… Article 165 Current price Where the creditor has terminated the contract and has not made a …” „… entitled to damages, recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. The creditor has terminated the contract and has not made a substitute transaction …”

Article 171 Mandatory nature S. 715-716

„… derogate from or vary its effects. Art 171 provides that arts 168–170 on late payments in B2B contracts are …” „… contract terms relating to interest for late payment and compensation for recovery cost which are less …” „… . Article 171 Common European Sales Law (P) 678 Možina 1 Part VII Restitution Chapter 17 Restitution Article …”

Article 61 Language discrepancies S. 350-352

„… , but interrelated contracts.3 D. Criticism Art 60 is no doubt a good and necessary rule. However, it …” „… contract document is in two or more language versions none of which is stated to be authoritative and where …” „… there is a discrepancy between the versions, the version in which the contract was originally drawn up …”

Article 180 Commencement S. 764-767

„… European Sales Law (P) 728 Møgelvang-Hansen 2 3 4 5 6 7 exercise the right, the so-called discoverability …” „… general rule begins to run at the time when the debtor has to perform under the contract or the relevant …” „… ignorance, cf text no 3. 12 Arts 13 and 15 concerning consumer distance and off-premises contracts, and art …”

Article 2 Good faith and fair dealing S. 126-128

„… DCFR was criticised for employing good faith as an overriding concept of freedom of contract,2 in …” „… particular because of art II.–1.102(1) DCFR, according to which ‘[p]arties are free to make a contract …” „… Zimmermann/Whittaker (eds), Good Faith in European Contract Law, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (2000). 2 …”

Article 162 Loss attributable to creditor S. 684-686

„… contract, elements such as equitable contractual allocation of risks and the purpose of the contract are to …” „… , at the time the contract was concluded, foreseen a loss of the same nature as the loss that in fact …” „… parties to the contract. Some losses which are considered generally foreseeable in commercial contracts (B …”

Article 14 Communication of judgments applying this Regulation S. 118-119

„… particular on the level of acceptance of the Common European Sales Law, the extent to which its provisions …” „… protection between the Common European Sales Law and national law. That information shall include a …” „… Sales Law. 2. By … [5 years after the date of application of this Regulation], the Commission shall …”

Article 158 Customer’s right to decline performance S. 670-672

„… performance (cf art 133); to terminate the contract (cf arts 134–139); and to claim interest on the price or …” „… service contracts. C. Explanation Paragraph 1 stipulates the time frame and the manner of the notice …” „… that this provision is mandatory in B2C contracts. Where B2B contracts are concerned, Chapter 8 on …”

Article 157 Remedies of the service provider S. 669-670

„… of the article – stating the scope of application of the article: to related service contracts (art 2 …” „… requirements customer’s reliance on a lack of conformity with the contract. It stipulates two requirements …” „… contract; and (d) to claim interest on the price or damages. 2. Chapter 13 applies with the necessary …”

Article 33 Rejection of offer S. 228-229

„… . Rejection is explicit when the offeree communicates its intention not to enter into the proposed contract to …” „… contract Article 33 Terryn 191 8 1 2 3 4 lows from art 10(3), as rejection is a notice in the sense of that …” „… on offer and acceptance for the conclusion of contracts. Art 30(2) determines that agreement is …”

List of Cases S. 34-38

„… Sales Law THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on …” „… difficulty in finding out the provisions of a foreign contract law among the top barriers in …” „… consumers due to limited access to goods. Different national contract laws therefore deter the exercise of …”

Article 11 Computation of time S. 154-157

„… purpose under the Common European Sales Law. 2. Subject to paragraphs 3 to 7: (a) a period expressed in …” „… . Moreover, parties making use of the CESL (P) may stipulate a particular deadline in their contract. For …” „… Common European Sales Law (P) 118 Schulte-Nölke 1 2 3 II. Start and end of period expressed in days …”

Article 175 Compensation for expenditure S. 747-751

„… the ground for avoidance or termination of the contract or was aware of it (cf art 174[1][a] and [b …” „… digital content from being lost or Article 175 Common European Sales Law (P) 710 Lehmann 26 27 28 29 30 …” „… .–3:512(3)(b) DCFR. Article 175 Common European Sales Law (P) 712 Lehmann 4 5 6 7 8 9 II. Good or bad faith …”

Article 150 Performance by a third party S. 659

„… conclusion of the contract, the service provider must provide the customer with an invoice which explains, in …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Article 151 Common European Sales Law (P) 622 Zoll/Watson 8 1 2 …”

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EU Digital Law

Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.)

2025

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Dirk Looschelders Article 16 Termination of the sales contract S. 531-545

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UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)

Stefan Kroll (Hrsg.), Loukas Mistelis (Hrsg.), Pilar Perales Viscasillas (Hrsg.)

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Loukas Mistelis, Anjanette Raymond Kein Titel S. 53-61

„… International Law (2003) 263; Schroeter, Vienna Sales Convention: Applicability to “Mixed Contracts” and …” „… .................................................................................... 5 1. Contracts for the sale of goods to be manufactured or produced ......... 5 a) Substantial test …” „… presumably apply in the case of the CISG.2 Article 3(2) excludes mixed contracts with a sales element which …”

Milena Djordjević Kein Titel S. 62-88

„… ThisConventiongovernsonly the formationof the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer …” „… ) Formation of sales contract .................................................................... 7 b) Rights …” „… involved are of the type covered by the CISG, whether the sales elements of the contract prevail over other …”

Petra Butler, Arjun Harindranath Articles 54–59 S. 803-848

„… Steps to Pay the Price:Article 54of theUnitedNationsConventiononContracts for the International Sale …” „… Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Journal of Law and Commerce (2005-06 …” „… the Price: Article 54 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …”

Garry F. Bell Articles 61–65 S. 854-877

„… legal systems adopt a concept of fault or negligence, even though in the case of the contract of sale …” „… UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1986) p. 75. See Arts 61–64, 66–68 and 70 ULIS …” „… such a period of grace and applies to the contract of sale, even though the more specific Art. 1654 …”

Bibliography S. 1223-1234

„… Territorial Scope of the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Article 1), 46 …” „… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International …” „… Convention, Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1999–2000) 245 …”

Andrea K. Bjorklund Articles 25–29 S. 333-390

„… Concept of Fundamental Breach under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale …” „… of Goods, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (1998) 177 …” „… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, p. 91; Reiley, International Sales Contracts …”

Loukas Mistelis Kein Titel S. 21-38

„… contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: (a) when the …” „… on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Article 1), 46 Netherlands International Law Review …” „… Vienna Sales Convention (1995); Ferrari, What Sources of Law for Contracts for the International Sale of …”

Stefan Kroll, Loukas Mistelis, Pilar Perales Viscasillas Introduction to the CISG S. 1-18

„… international sales contract. Its more than 70 Contracting States3 comprise countries from all regions of the …” „… institutions of the contract of sale while achieving a uniform regime that provides a common understanding to …” „… , fair and culturally-neutral international regime for sales contracts. The increasing importance of …”

Pilar Perales Viscasillas Articles 11–13 S. 184-206

„… Viscasillas Article 11 A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject …” „… Gerichtshof (Austria) 29 June 1999, CISG-Online 483 (Pace): The avoidance of a sales contract under the CISG 1 …” „… United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) as Uniform Sales Law …”

Anjanette Raymond Articles 68–69 S. 900-908

„… carriage. Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought …” „… Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (1986 …” „… sale of fishmeal, where the contract was concluded some 12 days after the goods were loaded on board …”

Burghard Piltz Kein Titel S. 391-407

„… of a contract of sale of goods. It serves as an introduction to Chapter II “Obligations of the seller …” „… Arts 45 et seq. Typical and characteristic of a contract of sale of goods governed by the CISG is the …” „… – the seller is also obliged to deliver the goods subject to the contract of sale. The obligation to …”

Pilar Perales Viscasillas Kein Titel S. 154-173

„… on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1998); Pamboukis, The Concept and Function of …” „… international sale of goods contracts. At the same time Art. 9(2) considers the binding force of the practices …” „… : International Sales: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1984), pp …”

Hiroo Sono Articles 85–88 S. 1152-1188

„… , Damages Under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2005) p. 124; Saidov, The …” „… “imposes on the seller obligation foreign to the contract of sale” and that the right to reimbursement of …” „… expenses incurred “do not have their origin in the contract of sale but rather in law.”35 Moreover, when …”

Pilar Perales Viscasillas Kein Titel S. 111-141

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Issues not expressly settled by the Convention …” „… the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …” „… Interpretation of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) as …”

Frank Spohnheimer Kein Titel S. 39-52

„… the nature of the contract12. Although the nature of the sales contract is not of relevance for the …” „… Convention’s sphere of application de facto to commercial sales contracts.13 a) Goods bought for personal use …” „… of the contract.17 Therefore, the Convention will apply to all sales that are intended for …”

Loukas Mistelis Kein Titel S. 99-110

„… autonomy in respect of the content of sales contracts. In other words, it “affirms and preserves the …” „… 6 provides that parties to a sales contract may expressly or impliedly derogate from some or all2 of …” „… Sales Contracts, in: Galston/ Smit (eds), International Sales: The United Nations Convention on …”

Johnny Herre . Final Provisions Articles 89–101 S. 1189-1222

„… depository of the ULIS (Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) and …” „… international sale contracts. The 1955 Convention has been ratified by nine states. Eight of these states also …” „… specialis derogat legi generali and apply the CISG as it deals only with sales contracts while the Rome …”

Burghard Piltz Articles 31–34 S. 408-483

„… at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists: (a) if the contract of sale …” „… of no relevance for Art. 31. In particular, if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods …” „… to perform other duties resulting from the contract of sale, in particular the duty to transfer the …”

Franco Ferrari Articles 14–24 S. 216-332

„… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code: Pitfalls for the Unwary, 6 …” „… ; Schultz, Rolling Contract Formation under the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 35 Cornell International Law Journal …”

John Gotanda Articles 74–78 S. 990-1041

„… the Vienna Sales Convention, in: Saidov/Cunningham (eds), Contract Damages: Domestic and International …” „… Nations Convention of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 25 Journal of Law and Commerce …” „… , Damages under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2005), p. 2005. See also …”

Frank Spohnheimer Index S. 1235-1256

„… et seq. see also consumer sales contracts – contracting states 1 50 – international contracts 1 2 …” „… . – sales of vessels 2 37 et seq. – service contracts 3 15 et seq. see also service contracts – software 3 …” „… documents 34 2 et seq. – instalment contract 73 1 et seq. – price reduction 50 6 bulk sales – duty to …”

Loukas Mistelis, John Ribeiro Kein Titel S. 89-98

„… _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… ; Winship, Changing Contract Practices in the Light of the United Nations Sales Convention: A Guide for …” „… and Beyond (2003), p. 102. 5 Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the …”

Michal Bridge Articles 81–84 S. 1108-1149

„… . TheWorking Group on the International Sale of Goods1 considered a proposal that, where the contract has been …” „… end to other related obligations in the contract of sale that are predicated upon the buyer retaining …” „… (Pace). 10 Similarly, avoidance of the contract of sale has been held to prevent a seller from drawing …”

Djakhongir Saidov Articles 71–73 S. 916-989

„… position of uncertainty about its ability to meet the delivery deadline in its sub-sale contract.36 The …” „… the contract be avoided for the future. 67 See, e.g., Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law: The …” „… UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1986), p. 95 (“the different formulations do not …”

John Erauw Articles 66–67 S. 878-899

„… : Flechtner/Brand/Walter, Drafting Contracts (2007), p. 383; Flambouras, Transfer of Risk in the Contract of Sale involving …” „… accordance with the contract of sale, the risk passes at the time and place determined by the Convention. 1 …” „… thesis (1997) (Pace) and Flambouras, Transfer of Risk in the Contract of Sale involving Carriage of Goods …”

Stefan Kroll Articles 35–44 S. 487-680

„… the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) as Uniform Sales …” „… the 1980 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: a uniform concept? (2004 …” „… Cassation Applying the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 16 Journal of Law …”

John Gotanda Kein Titel S. 1042-1053

„… Under the 1980 Vienna Sales Convention, Cornell Review on the Convention on Contracts for the …” „… the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, 2 Vindobona Journal of …” „… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: An Approach Based on General Principles, 6 Minnesota Journal …”

Yesim M. Atamer Kein Titel S. 1054-1097

„… Sale of Goods and the Principles of European Contract Law: A Comparative Analysis, 13 Pace …” „… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1984), Ch. 5 (Pace); Pichonnaz, Impossibilité et …” „… Majeure and Hardship in International Sales Contracts, 39 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review …”

Djakhongir Saidov Introduction to Articles 71–73 S. 912-915

„… Articles 64, 72 and 73 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …” „… Obligations Section I Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts Introduction to Articles 71–73 Arts 71–73 …” „… instalment contracts. A link uniting these three articles lies in their focus on the situation where before …”

Stefan Kroll Introduction Remarks to Articles 35–44 S. 484-486

„… ConventiononContracts for the International Sale ofGoods (1984), p. 6-1; see also thePEL-Sales and the DCFR(IV.A.–4:301 …” „… address one of the central questions for any regime of sales law: what are the requirements the seller has …” „… breach of contract and gives rise to the normal remedies in Art. 45. The second group of Articles, Arts …”

Loukas Mistelis Preamble S. 19-20

„… the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into …” „… : The Preamble introduces the 101 articles of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… . _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Schlechtriem, Uniform Sales Law – The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …”

Alberto I. Zuppi Kein Titel S. 142-153

„… standards in the contract of the sale of coke provided a reduction of price if the delivered coke does not …” „… applicable legal rules for contracts of sale.” 11 Art. 5. 3 ULF: “An indication that the offer is firm or …” „… A.L.R. 387. 18 Art. 4: “This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the …”

Ivo Bach Articles 50–52 S. 748-796

„… the Convention in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) (2003–2004) 53 (67 et seq.) 29 …” „… Art. 82(2)(c) CISG, Review of the Convention in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG …” „… ascertained from, the terms of the sales contract. The second concerns itself with connectability: whether the …”

Peter Huber Articles 45–49 S. 681-747

„… respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by the CISG. For more detail cf. supra comments to Art …” „… relatively rare in practice; if they do occur, it will usually involve a contract for the sale of specific …” „… new sales contract and terminate the original contract. The seller should, however, not be obliged to …”

Stavros Brekoulakis Kein Titel S. 174-183

„… Records 1980 United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Analysis of …” „… Interpretation of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) as …” „… place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having …”

Hiroo Sono Introduction Remarks to Articles 85–88 S. 1150-1151

„… instrument applicable not only to international sales but also to international commercial contracts in …” „… avoid the contract or to require delivery of substitute goods because of non-conformity, the buyer is …” „… provides the possibility of selling off the goods and returning the proceeds of sale to the other party …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-LXIV

„… Kröll/Mistelis/Perales Viscasillas (eds) UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… Goods (CISG) Erstversand UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) edited …” „… the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (“Vienna Convention …”

Petra Butler, Arjun Harindranath Kein Titel S. 797-802

„… . 53 affirms the duty to pay the purchase price, generally stipulated in the sales of goods contract.8 …” „… pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and this Convention …” „… buyer. The interplay between Art. 53 and the parallel provision of Art. 30 stipulate the contract’s …”

John Erauw Kein Titel S. 909-911

„… seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69donot impair the remedies …” „… available to thebuyeronaccountof thebreach. Bibliography: Bridge, The Transfer of Risk under the UN Sales …” „… fundamental breach of contract. In general, this means the buyer is entitled to pursue the following remedies …”

Petra Butler/Arjun Harindranath Kein Titel S. 849-853

„… , therefore, will often be the buyer). § 433(2) of the German BGB stipulates for a contract for the sale of …” „… of the contract. The delineation of the duty to take delivery, especially the duty to participate …” „… determinative in cases of a contract involving the carriage of goods (Art. 31(a)) and travelling goods.4 The …”

Yesim M. Atamer Kein Titel S. 1098-1107

„… UnitedNations Convention onContracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) as Uniform Sales Law (2007), p …” „… para. 2; Zeller, Damages under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (2009 …” „… international sale contract to suspend the performance of his obligations’); Arbitral Award, Handelskammer …”

Garry F. Bell Introduction to Articles 61–65 S. 854

„… Introduction to Articles 61–65 This section on the remedies available to the seller for breach of contract by …” „… – “Obligations of the Seller”. Art. 61 Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer Article 61 (1 …” „… ) If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the …”

Franco Ferrari Introduction Remarks to Articles 14–24 S. 207-215

„… the various sets of rules relating to “Formation of the Contract” and “Sale of Goods” still shines …” „… Part II. Formation of the Contract pre Arts 14–24 Franco Ferrari 207 PART II FORMATIONOF THE …” „… CONTRACT Part II. Formation of the Contract Part II. Formation of the Contract pre Arts 14–24 Franco …”

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Harmonising Regional Trade Law in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Tapiwa Shumba

Reihe: Recht und Verfassung in Afrika - Law and Constitution in Africa

Band 27 2015

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The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) S. 138-193

„… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) Introduction The United Nations Commission on …” „… international trade laws of which the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …” „… of European Contract Law, the Common European Sales Law, the OHADA Uniform Acts and many more. It has …”

The Common European Sales Law (CESL) S. 248-295

„… nor consumers are obliged to conclude a contract on the basis of the Common European Sales Law.76 …” „… contracts will also fall within the scope of the new rules. This means that the Common European Sales Law …” „… the Common European Sales Law is used.”82 The Common European Sales Law covers issues of contract law …”

Bibliography S. 330-359

„… Truth: Seeing the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods as an Obstacle to a …” „… the Adoption of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG …” „… “Drafting Considerations under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …”

Harmonisation of laws S. 48-89

„… the same year, efforts to create a law applicable to the formation of international sales contracts …” „… two drafts; the Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (ULFIS …” „… Lee Global Sales and Contract Law (2012) 35. 17 See CM Bianca & MJ Bonell Commentary on the …”

A Common SADC sales law S. 296-329

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Organisation on the Harmonisation of …” „… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (4th edition 2012) 1, 4 and I Schwenzer (ed …” „… to the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (4th edition …”

Legal harmonisation within the current legal, institutional and operational framework of SADC S. 90-137

„… pertaining to their sales contract.112 Where traders transact in circumstances of legal uncertainty, the …” „… more. If the law dealing with the key aspects of a sales contract is uncertain and unpredictable, there …” „… Member States. 118 See also I Schwenzer, P Hachem & C Lee Global Sales and Contract Law (2012) 23-25. 3.6 …”

International trade in a new globalised economic order S. 20-47

„… system, particularly with reference to contract law, and sales law in particular, could assist in …” „… co-contractor.” See I Schwenzer, P Hachem & C Lee Global Sales and Contract Law (2012) 33. 63 Article 5 (2)(4 …” „… , agenda item 88, docs.A/ 6396, Add. 1 and 2. Lando describes the existing diversity of contract laws in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-19

„… THE LAW OF SALE IN SADC 139 The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… social Welfare CISG UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) DRC Democratic …” „… the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ULIS Uniform Law on the International …”

The Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Laws in Africa (OHADA) S. 194-247

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Role of UNCITRAL” (2008) 13 Uniform Law …” „… obligations of the parties, the consequences for breach of contract and the general effects of the sale …” „… agreement itself. It therefore deals with contracts of sale of goods between merchants and, hence, excludes …”

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Approaches to Procedural Law

Loïc Cadiet (Hrsg.), Burkhard Hess (Hrsg.), Marta Requejo Isidro (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Studies of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law

Band 9 2017

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Beata Fröhlich I. The Theory and Practice of Precedent in Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods S. 451-476

„… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Arbitral precedent is a source of law in the transnational …” „… in Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 457 referring to each others …” „… must become familiar with the terms of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods …”

Index S. 547-552

„… . – footmarks 441 ff. – influence on the academic Communi‐ ty 441 f. (The) Convention on Contracts for the …” „… Inter‐ national Sale of Goods 453 ff., 454. Criminal proceedings 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, 35, 191 …” „… . – procedural contracts 149 ff., 161, 164 ff., 170 ff. – prozessuale Verfügungsverträge 154. – prozessuale …”

Ana Isabel Blanco García III. Financial Consumer Redress by ADR and ODR. New European Approaches S. 415-440

„… obligations stemming from sales contracts or service contracts between a trader established in the European …” „… consider‐ ing that banking contracts are drawn up as standard-terms contracts.1 Most current disputes are a …” „… features and the rights and obligations arising from the contract, as well as the inclusion of unfair terms …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… Arbitration and ADR/ODR 451 The Theory and Practice of Precedent in Convention on Contracts for the …” „… International Sale of Goods I. 453 Beata Fröhlich When Forward-Looking Aspect of Precedent Justifies Immediate …”

Edilson Vitorelli I. Collective Due Process of Law: Reconciling Representation and Participation S. 343-390

„… organization in society, such as voting and contracts, be‐ cause “the distinguishing characteristic of …” „… members there 77 On this issue, please see VITORELLI, Edilson. Estatuto do Índio. 2nd Edition Sal‐ vador …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845285122

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International Sales Law

Larry A. DiMatteo (Hrsg.), André Janssen (Hrsg.), Ulrich Magnus (Hrsg.), Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2016

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-LVI

„… UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial ContractsII. 23Common European Sales Law …” „… / Magnus / SchulzeContract, Principles & PracticeInternationalSales LawInternational Sales LawLeinen mit …” „… International Sales Law Contract, Principles & Practiceedited byProf. Dr. Larry A. DiMatteo Prof. Dr. André …”

Sieg Eiselen Chapter 5: Scope of CISG S. 91-118

„… ofagreement such as sales contracts, service contracts, construction contracts,credit agreements, intellectual …” „… Sales Law maybe used for:(a) sales contracts;(b) contracts for the supply of digital content whether or …” „… contracts.The object of an international sale may be any movable thing, but also rights andobligations.102 …”

Larry A. DiMatteo Chapter 29: Post-Contract: Continuing Obligations & Rights S. 979-1024

„… contracts.It is important to note here the ubiquitousness of mixed sales transactions.Such transactions often …” „… blur the line between the sale and licensing of goods.The fact is that many sales of goods contracts …” „… now contain post-sale restrictionssimilar to those found in licensing agreements. Licensing contracts …”

Christian Fleischmann, Martin Schmidt-Kessel Chapter 13: Delivery of Documents S. 341-378

„… Fulfill the Seller’s Obligationsunder a Contract for the Sale of Goods …” „… Con-tract for the Sale of Goods …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72X. Chinese Contract Law and Chinese Supreme Court InterpretationsRelating to Sales Law …”

Sieg Eiselen Chapter 7: Contractual Formalities S. 181-202

„… LawI. Formation and Validity of Sales ContractsWhere there is no written contract between the parties …” „… interna-tional sales contracts under the various legal systems. The formalities consideredwill be writing and …” „… dealt with inthe chapter dealing with the formation and content of the sales contract.D. International …”

Larry A. DiMatteo, André Janssen, Ulrich Magnus, Reiner Schulze Chapter 1: Introduction S. 1-20

„… Contracts:Drafting the International Sales Contract (World Trade Press 2009); Stark, Drafting Con-tracts, How and Why …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28H. The Sales Contract …” „… in its hard law versions—national contract and sales law, including thosecountries that have adopted …”

Wentong Zheng Chapter 15: Sales and Intellectual Property Rights S. 405-428

„… sale, sellers and buyers need to take into account such rights indrafting the sales contracts.III …” „… ) there is in a contract for sale a warranty by the seller that(a) the title conveyed shall be good, and …” „… U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale ofGoods’ (2000) 16 Mich J Int’l L 441, 457.3 …”

Ulrich Magnus Chapter 17: Performance and Breach of Contract S. 467-498

„… by specific remedies. Therefore, the skeleton of each contract law and inparticular of each sales law …” „… have to be performed, how-ever only with those which the respective law provides for sales contracts …” „… Laws and CommentaryI. CISGThis Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the …”

Sörren Kiene Chapter 12: Delivery of Goods S. 313-340

„… goodsB. Introductory NoteWhenever a sales contract is concluded, the goods sold need to be deliveredto …” „… , these aspects can become relevant also in purelydomestic sales contracts. However, they are …” „… significantly less important in pure-ly domestic sales contracts. Whether or not e.g. a seller from an Asian …”

Michel Cannarsa Chapter 24: Products Liability S. 783-812

„… .4C. Statement of IssuesDirect international sales contracts between a producer and a consumer …” „… . Sampling of LawsI. CISG(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose …” „… merchantable is impliedin a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant with respect to the goods of …”

Michael Bridge Chapter 21: Risk of Loss S. 635-664

„… contractingparties. It is important that international sales contracts provide provisions deal-ing with the numerous …” „… the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the sellerand the buyer arising from such a …” „… of the seller.(1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound …”

Bruno Zeller Chapter 14: Conformity of Goods S. 379-404

„… the goods shall be merchantable is impliedin a contract for their sale if the seller is a merchant …” „… purpose.IX. United Kingdom Sale of Goods Act 1979Sale by description(1) Where there is a contract for the …” „… contract of sale.(2) Where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied …”

Giuditta Cordero-Moss, Larry A. DiMatteo Chapter 28: Long-Term Contracts: Installment and Supply Contracts S. 949-978

„… clause in long-term contracts.I. Common Sales Clauses and Long-Term ContractsHardshipIn a long-term …” „… chapter have application in sales and non-sales contracts.C. Statement of IssuesAs the overview made above …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30I. Common Sales Clauses and Long-Term Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 …”

Rafael Illescas Ortiz Chapter 3: Pre-contractual Liability in the Civil Law S. 39-56

„… are raised by the use of PCIs in international contracts,especially sale contracts: (i) the …” „… for the Trial of Cases of Disputes overSales Contracts in Chinese Contract Law …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60I. Pre-contractual Instruments Equivalent to the Final Sale Contract. . . . . . 60II …”

Harry M. Flechtner Chapter 20: Avoidance of Contract S. 587-634

„… limited to sales contracts, but also encompasses, e.g., service contracts,where restitution of past …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111A. Topics CoveredThis chapter addresses avoidance of an international sales contract. ‘Avoid-ance …” „… situations where a seriousbreach of a sales contract has occurred, although there are significant …”

Petra Butler Chapter 30: Choice of Law S. 1025-1086

„… law of the contractB. Introductory NoteWhenever parties enter into an international sales contract …” „… Perales Viscasillas (eds), UN Convention on Contracts for theInternational Sale of Goods (2011) pp …” „… of the parties to the sales contract is in doubt—as may be the case, for example, where one of the …”

Willibald Posch Chapter 26: Defenses S. 855-896

„… a party to an international sales contract to which the CISG applies wants toreject a claim for …” „… Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the sellerand …” „… Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods(1) A claim arising from a breach of contract shall …”

André Janssen Chapter 16: Examination and Notice of Non-Conformity S. 429-466

„… Netherlands, however, goes considerablyfurther by providing that the same duty also applies to sales contracts …” „… notify inrespect of each sales contract with a foreign party and think the matter throughin order to …” „… in B2B relationships as opposed to a general duty applicable toall types of sales contracts. In a B2C …”

Ulrich Magnus Chapter 9: Incorporation of Standard Terms S. 243-266

„… international sales contracts? (2) How does a party effectively incorpo-rate standard terms into a contract? (3 …” „… Viscasillas (eds), UN Convention on Contracts for the Interna-tional Sale of Goods (CISG) (2011) Article 14 …” „… between them.IV. Common European Sales LawNotion of Standard Contract TermsThe Draft Common European …”

Larry A. DiMatteo Chapter 22: Excuse: Impossibility and Hardship S. 665-712

„… international sales contract.As noted above, there are two strains of ‘excuse’—those focused on party …” „… . Along with the subject matter of the contract (sale of goods;mixed sales), the length of a contract …” „… , careful contract drafting is the best means toprotecting a client in an international sales transaction …”

Qiao Liu Chapter 18: Anticipatory Breach S. 499-528

„… Kee, Global Sales and Contract Law (OUP 2012) [47.139].46 Whittaker, ‘How Does French Law Deal with …” „… contract.IV. Common European Sales LawNon-performance and fundamental non-performance2. Non-performance of an …” „… ). The argument in favor2.1.77 DiMatteo (ed), Global Sales and Contract Law, [47.145].78 UNCITRAL Digest …”

Severine Saintier Chapter 27: Agency and Distribution Agreements S. 897-948

„… client, in whichcase, there is no agency but a simple contract of sale. A confirming house mayalso act as …” „… Commercial ContractsScope of the section(1) This section governs the authority of a person (the agent) to …” „… perform the obligations under the mandate contracts(b) give a direction regarding the performance of the …”

Ulrich Magnus, Burghard Piltz Chapter 10: Trade Terms and INCOTERMS S. 267-284

„… of an interna-tional contract. With relevance for international sales transactions the bestknown and …” „… both international and domestic sales contracts alike.On the one hand, the drafters took account of the …” „… The Incoterms 2010 therefore direct-ly apply to contracts of sale on computer software.A further …”

N. Orkun Akseli Chapter 25: Assignment, Delegation and Third-Party Rights S. 813-854

„… significant clauses in inter-national sales contracts. Their significance arises out of the fact that they …” „… contract (substitution of new debtor) un-der chapter 12.IV. Common European Sales LawThe CESL does not …” „… international sales law that fillsthe gaps in the CISG in the light of general contract law may be necessary …”

Lisa Spagnolo Chapter 23: Contract Interpretation S. 713-782

„… Acceptance’ (1994)82 California L Rev 1127, 1131–33.2 Schwenzer, Hachem & Kee, Global Sales and Contract Law …” „… Lisa Spagnolo456D. International Sales TransactionInterpretation of contract is obviously a critical …” „… particular tradeconcerned.A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not …”

Reiner Schulze Chapter 8: Formation of Contract S. 203-242

„… for the conclusion of an international sales contract. This set of rules hasalso influenced the …” „… the contract, or(b) the addressee objects to them without delay.IV. Common European Sales Law1. A …” „… ismanifested.VIII. American Uniform Commercial CodeFormation in general(1) A contract for sale of goods may be made …”

Michael Bridge Chapter 19: Remedies and Damages S. 529-586

„… Remedies(1) Where, under a contract of sale, the property in the goods has passed to the buyer and he …” „… maintain an actionagainst him for the price of the goods.(2) Where under a contract of sale, the price is …” „… (eds), International Sales: The United Nations Convention onContracts for the International Sale of …”

Edoardo Ferrante Chapter 11: Validity of Contract Terms S. 285-312

„… LawsI. CISGThis Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and …” „… Convention governs only the forma-tion of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller …” „… validity of contracts for the international sale of goods governed by theCISG – an overview of case law …”

Sieg Eiselen Chapter 6: Jurisdiction S. 119-180

„… although arbitration is less common indomestic sales contracts than in international sales contracts. Where …” „… contracts. In thecontext of international commercial relations and sales contracts no such limita-tion …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14D. International Sales Transaction …”

Larry A. DiMatteo Chapter 4: Pre-contractual Liability in the Common Law S. 57-90

„… negotiations of a sales contract, a ‘change of circumstances’may lead to one party breaking off negotiations …” „… negotiate in good faith independent of whether the parties success-fully enter into a final sales contract …” „… breach. Neither rescission nor a claim for rescission of the contract for sale nor rejection or returnof …”

Claire M. Germain Chapter 2: Language and Translation Issues S. 21-38

„… .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7II. UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 8III. Common European Sales Law …” „… interpretation according to a version in whichthe contract was originally drawn up.III. Common European Sales …” „… be usedby analogy in drafting an international sales contract.47 The contract may bedrawn up in only …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265155

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International Sales Terms

Patrick Ostendorf

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2014

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… the perspective of at least one of the parties to aninternational sales contract – still play a …” „… interna-tional sales contracts should insert appropriate terms into standard form contracts thatmay limit …” „… ............................................................................................................................... 1I. Role and impact of the law governing a sales contract …”

The Main Contract Document S. 74-92

„… 9.1.431; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mmB. The Main Contract DocumentSALES CONTRACTbetween1 …” „… not effectively incorporated into the individual sales contract. Incommercial reality, an …” „… individually tailored for each sales transaction, such as the contract price,delivery and payment terms.1 …”

General Part S. 18-74

„… contract1The law governing sales contracts becomes especially important on two countseven after a contract …” „… longlasting) contractual negotiations.8 As a consequence, sales contracts are on a regularbasis not tailored …” „… S 2012) promoted by Orgalime10 or the ICC Model International SalesContract (2013).11 There can be …”

General Provisions S. 92-94

„… a countersigned contract document.383 A separate “rejection clause” in general sales terms is for …” „… Terms. According to § 1 (2), the International Sales Terms apply notonly to the present contract but …” „… also to any future sales contracts entered into withthe purchaser without the need to expressly …”

Appendix S. 164-196

„… ”) and shall together with the written Sales Contract signed by both parties andthe agreed Technical …” „… explicitlyobjected to such terms.(2) The International Sales Terms shall apply to the present Contract with the …” „… Purchaser shall have the remedies provided by the UNConvention on Contracts for the International Sales of …”

Force Majeure S. 138-141

„… the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (KluwerInternational 1999–2000) 197 …” „… provisions on “hardship” see I Schwenzer, “Force Majeure andHardship in International Sales Contracts …” „… -555 See for a similar arrangement inter alia § 13 of the ICC Model International Sales Contract(n 11 …”

Limitation of Actions S. 126-133

„… . General background282 The evaluation of the seller’s scope of liability arising from a sales contract …” „… sales contract, the period may in eachcase be interpreted (either by the parties or by a court or an …” „… International Sales Contracts in International Commercial Arbitration” [2007] Arb Int2007, 293, 296 f. The …”

Product Defects S. 105-115

„… remedies provided by the UN Convention onContracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG) subject to …” „… will be in breach of the contract. A limitation of applicable remedies onC. The International Sales …” „… Nomos, Baden-Baden 1999)115 ff. Pursuant to German sales law, a right to rescind the contract based on a …”

Exclusion/Limitation of Damages Claims S. 115-126

„… potentiallythe most important and often the most disputed provision in a sales contract. Areasonable limitation …” „… plant itself.470259 By the same token, the purchaser’s risk exposure arising from a sales contract …” „… a limitation of liability clause in a sales contract is specifically tailored for thebenefit of the …”

Index S. 196-201

„… international sale contract 2, 4, 220, 317impossibility– ~ of performance 30, 76, 105, 314– ~ to make …” „… , 334–336– ~ pursuant to Swiss law 12, 76, 101, 102avoidance of the contract– applicable limitation periods …” „… avoidance of the contractsee conformity of the goodssee consumer contractssee damagessee delaysee delivery …”

Entire Agreement, Written Form, Severability and Anti-Assignment Clause S. 141-147

„… conduct and trade usage) to determine thecontent of a sales contract565 whereas a written contract …” „… See with regard to sales contracts governed by the CISG also CISG-AC Opinion No 3 (n 565)para 4.6 …” „… form requirement contained in a sales contract is notprejudiced by a subsequent oral agreement and the …”

Delivery Terms S. 97-103

„… reflect the industrial standard in interna-tional sales contracts to a certain extent.415 The cap includes …” „… Model International Sales Contract (n 11) that provides forthe payment of liquidated damages in lieu of …” „… case of delay. Though standard terms in sales contracts (particularlythose drafted by lawyers with a …”

Arbitration and Litigation S. 151-164

„… law of the contract.633 But in general, a standard sales transaction will notfall within the ambit of …” „… Litigation1. The suggested clause§ 14 ARBITRATION(1) All disputes arising from or related to the Contract …” „… , regardless of their legalbasis (contract, tort or otherwise), shall be submitted to the International Courtof …”

The governing law of the contract S. 147-151

„… the UnitedNations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG).(2) The material …” „… CISG offers, contrary to at least some of these instru-ments, specific provisions for sales contracts …” „… ) theacquisition of the assigned claim by any third party.586XIII. The governing law of the contract1. The …”

Payment Terms S. 94-97

„… Duties and taxes can have a major impact on the overall cost calculation. The termsof a sales contract …” „… acknowledged by jurisdictions outside the EU as well.211 Deliveries of goods under a commercial sales contract …” „… stipulated contract price is exclusive of value added tax. The Purcha-ser shall at Seller’s request provide …”

Avoidance by the Seller S. 135-136

„… THE CONTRACT BY THE SELLERWithout prejudice to any such right or other remedies provided by …” „… theapplicable governing law of this Contract, the Seller is entitled to declare theContract avoided without any …” „… further preconditions ifa) the Purchaser fails to make payment of the Contract Price to the Seller …”

Export Control Regulations S. 133-135

„… 240.00mm2. AnnotationsSubparagraph 1301International sales contracts usually require the seller to obtain …” „… (regardless whether these restrictions were atthe time of contract conclusion foreseeable or not) exist. In …” „… entitled to declare the avoidance of theContract.(2) The Purchaser undertakes to comply with all export …”

Retention of Title S. 103-105

„… additional generaldamages up to another 5 % of the contract value.IV. Retention of Title1. The suggested …” „… hasunconditionally received the full amount of the contract price due under thisContract. The transfer of risk shall …” „… the contract.425 Though the seller canclaim restitution of the goods in this case also if title to the …”

Confidentiality Obligations S. 136-138

„… “Information”) received from the respective other Partyunder this Contract confidential with respect to any …” „… third parties and shall usethe Information solely for the purpose of this Contract.(2) The …” „… obligations. They shall alsosurvive an avoidance of this Contract.2. Annotations309Confidentiality clauses …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845259000

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Researches in European Private Law and Beyond

André Janssen (Hrsg.), Hans Schulte-Nölke (Hrsg.)

2020

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Larry A. DiMatteo The Quest for Uniform Laws S. 219-240

„… transform private law. This chapter will focus on the harmonization of contract and sales law in general …” „… characterized as unexpected consequences. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale …” „… regulations have been enacted, but broader endeavors, such as a trans-EU sales or contract law have been …”

Edoardo Ferrante The Amended Proposal COM (2017) 637: a ‘New’ European Sales Law? S. 43-64

„… content. This, obviously, bearing in mind that all such sales belong to consumer contracts and thus are …” „… Parliament and the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the online and other distance sales of …” „… , Canavan, Contracts of sale, in: Twigg- Flesner (ed.), Research Handbook on EU Consumer and Contract Law …”

Pietro Sirena The Contracting Parties’ Choice of European Soft Law: Its Validity and Limits S. 163-178

„… Sales Law (CESL) for Business-to-Business Contracts, in: Moccia (ed.), The Making of European Contract …” „… acknowledged in the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), which constitute a great work of ‘scientific …” „… von Reinhard Schulze, 2012. 2 Lando, Principles of European Contract Law: An Alternative to or a …”

Dirk Staudenmayer Towards a European Private Law of the Digital Economy? - Trends S. 65-90

„… contracts on digital content and digital services19 (DCD) and on the sales of goods.20 These Directives21 …” „… rules on B2B unfair contract terms,100 mainly for sales contracts, was not adopted. The Directive on …” „… negotiating the Consumer Sales Directive.2 The directive was adopted shortly afterwards. At the colloquium I …”

Matthias Lehmann Towards New Horizons: Commenting and Codifying European Business Law S. 25-42

„… Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods …” „… contracts, will probably be left out. In the area of sales contracts, this will only result in minor …” „… the regulation of electronic contracts and platforms. Probably the same ambition also drove him …”

Stefano Delle Monache Unfair Contracts in European Contract Law S. 125-140

„… contract law, Baden-Baden, 2016, p. 72: ‘The ability to choose the optional European sales law is a …” „… Unfair Contracts in European Contract Law Stefano Delle Monache Contractual freedom as a main …” „… principle of contract law There is no denying that ‘freedom of contract’ is a main principle of contract law …”

Ulrich Magnus CISG und Europäisches Privatrecht S. 241-262

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, prepared by the Secretariat (of UNCITRAL), UN …” „… . nur einige seiner jüngsten Veröffentlichungen: Schulze/Zoll, European Contract Law (2018 …” „… . 1990 II 1699). 5 S. zuletzt in DiMatteo/Janssen/Magnus/Schulze (Hrsg.), International Sales Law …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Amended Proposal COM (2017) 637: a ‘New’ European Sales Law? 43 Edoardo Ferrante Towards a European …” „… Patti Unfair Contracts in European Contract Law 125 Stefano Delle Monache The Dialogue Between Courts …”

André Janssen Die Bedeutung der Rechtsvergleichung für die deutsche Zivilrechtslandschaft im 21. Jahrhundert S. 299-324

„… Commercial Contracts (PICC),31 der (allerdings gescheiterte) Entwurf eines Common European Sales Law (CESL)32 …” „… sehr lesenswert sind auch die Werke von Thomas Kadner Graziano „Comparative Contract Law – Cases …” „… der Rechtsvergleichung“ von Großfeld. 22 Kadner-Graziano, Comparative Contract Law - Cases, Materials …”

H.L.E. Verhagen Towards an Optimal Conflict Rule for Assignment S. 263-282

„… only flourishes in its natural habitat – contract – it has migrated (albeit often in constrained form …” „… Article 12(1) of the Rome Convention (being the law governing the contract between assignor and assignee …” „… . indirect agency), but also within the law of contract itself (e.g. contractual networks) the adage is …”

Jürgen Basedow Court of Justice ‘light’ – The Procedural Choices of the Court and Their Impact on the Quality of Private Law Decisions – S. 179-192

„… Spanish market where neither company had an establishment. Under the contract, the Portuguese company had …” „… related to jurisdiction. The Belgian company had in fact inserted, in its standard conditions of contract …” „… terms were mentioned in the invoices issued in connection with the various specific sales operations …”

Esther Arroyo Amayuelas The Dialogue Between Courts Concerning Directive 93/13 with Special Regard to the Default Interest Terms S. 141-162

„… mostly focused on contract law and this subject was therefore the natural choice with which to honour …” „… view and a critical assessment on the role of this dialogue, see Józon, “Unfair contract terms in …” „… Europe in times of crisis: Substantive justice lost in the paradise of proceduralisation of contract …”

Cristina Amato, Elise Poillot Towards a European Culture of Legal Clinics: Transplanting the American Clinical Model S. 383-412

„… , Turin 2009, p. 2. See the English version: Schulze, The Academic Draft of CFR and the EC Contract Law …” „… , in: Schulze (ed.), Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law, Munich 2008. 2 Schulze …” „… of European legislation on domestic private law, more specifically contract law, was increasing to a …”

Barbara Pasa Legal Translation Within the EU and the Shift of National Legal Paradigms S. 193-218

„… Sales Law (CESL), in: Pasa/Morra (eds.), Translating the DCFR and Drafting the CESL: A Pragmatic …” „… [term] in contract law [clausola/clause/término/Bestimmung]. In this case it was about translating the …” „… Contract Law, 2008, 281-303, at 287. 35 So far except in most of the UK, Ireland, Cyprus and Malta. 36 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845298467

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Sozialer Verbraucherschutz

Eva Kocher (Hrsg.), Doris Neuberger (Hrsg.), Geraint Howells (Hrsg.), Luca Nogler (Hrsg.)

2023

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Nuno Manuel Pinto Oliveira Verbraucherschutz und Neo-Liberalismus S. 183-190

„… economies are based upon exchange and, without spot contracts, such as sales, there would be no exchange …” „… solidarity. 2.The draft directive and the draft common frame of reference focused on sales.“European contract …” „… on consumer rights was no more than a draft directive of consumer rights in sales contracts, and the …”

Luisa Antoniolli Social Contracts in the light of the Common Frame of Reference S. 197-208

„… topics of the book are unfair contract terms, change of circumstances, plurality of debtors, sales, lease …” „… element into the application of civil law” (p. 343).The sales contract as the model contract in the …” „… emphasis on sales as the paradigmatic contract, which defines the basic structure of contract law in the …”

Rafael Encinas de Muñagorri Social Contract Law through Labour Law? S. 163-170

„… focused in their comments on the distinction between sales contracts and rent contracts, but they have …” „… to support social rights in labour law, Klaus Tonner is of the opinion that sales and rent contracts …” „… same coin. The distinction between sales and rent contracts is of basic interest for social theory …”

Christoph U. Schmid Principles of Social Contract Law and Residential Tenancy Law S. 141-152

„… juxtaposition to the sales contract model, which some of you addressed using the terminology of “spot contracts …” „… Principles of Social Contract Law and Residential Tenancy LawChristoph U. SchmidComment on: Luca …” „… Nogler, Udo Reifner, Principles of Social Contract Law and Residential Tenancy Law - A Plea for …”

Publications of Udo Reifner (books in italic) S. 391-413

„… Contracts – Rediscovering the Social Dimension of the Sales Contract Model, Jubilee Thomas Wilhelmsson …” „… Druck) (Life Time Contracts)(2022) Kündigungsschutz in sozialen Dauerschuldverhältnissen – Der …” „… Verbraucherdarlehensvertrag im Lichte der Life Time Contracts, zus. mit Claire Feldhusen, in: Marina Tamm (Hrsg’in …”

Joseph Spooner Responsible Bankruptcy S. 243-252

„… framing of debt contracts under a “sales ideology”, that “has led to the total exclusion of all legal …” „… Nogler and Udo Reifner (eds), Life Time Contracts: Social Longterm Contracts in Labour, Tenancy and …” „… . Professor Reifner argues compellingly for a rethinking of the debt contract as a “productive cooperation …”

Hans W. Micklitz Udo Reifner – standing firm S. 29-34

„… the buyer in the sales contract and the demand side in retail business that defined the organizational …” „… “social purpose” consumers have when they acquire the use of a good or a service forever (sales contract …” „… agreements in labour were like standard contract terms, which Karl Llewellyn and Ludwig Raiser had long …”

Helena Klinger Lebenszeitverträge im Licht der aktuellen Entwicklungen des Europäischen Vertragsrechts S. 191-196

„… KlingerComment on: Luca Nogler, Udo Reifner (eds), Life time contracts, 2014.Aktuelle EntwicklungenDie …” „… European Contract Law” (PECL), über die “Principles of European Law“ (PEL), den “Draft Common Frame of …” „… Reference” (DCFR) bis hin zum “Common European Sales Law“ (CESL) verengte sich zunehmend der …”

Andrea Nicolussi Etica del contratto e lo spot contract del gioco S. 209-224

„… L’espressione è di L. Nogler – U. Reifner, Lifetime Contracts, Rediscovering the Social Dimension of the Sales …” „… Etica del contratto e lo spot contract del giocoAndrea NicolussiComment on: Luca Nogler, Udo …” „… Reifner, (eds.), Life Time Contracts. Social Longterm Contracts in labour, tenancy and consumer credit …”

Nick Huls Udo Reifner, marxist or missionary? S. 35-42

„… mass consumer action in the field of instalment sales. Lower class people were legally bound by …” „… usurious contract terms. They were not used to bring their grievances to court, although they were …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748914648

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European Contract Law

Reiner Schulze, Fryderyk Zoll

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2015

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XVIII

„… Common European Sales Law indeed re-flected a new stage in the development of a European contract law …” „… I)CESL-Reg-D Common European Sales Law (Draft Regulation)CISG United Nations Convention on Contracts for the …” „… Commercial ContractsQB Queenʹs Bench DivisionRabelsZ Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales …”

Chapter 2 Core Elements S. 33-110

„… contracts.Contract as consensus ad idem?15The proposed Common European Sales Law defines ‘contract’ as:Article 2 …” „… nearly all contracts other than sales contracts.This problem becomes clear when interpreting ‘contracts …” „… theCommon European Sales Law and the contract. ‘Notice’ includes the communication of anystatement which is …”

Chapter 6 Consequences of Non-performance S. 225-274

„… contracts and B–B related service contracts.The standard of non-conformity in consumer sales contracts is …” „… can derive general principles of current EU contract law from theprovisions of the Consumer Sales …” „… within the meaning of Article 87 (2).(2) In a consumer sales contract and a contract for the supply of …”

Chapter 1 Foundations S. 1-32

„… sales contracts (inthe 1999 Consumer Sales Directive), though limited to consumer contracts.These …” „… sets of rules thestudy only outlined the application of the planned contract law to sales contractsand …” „… rules regulatingcross-border contracts and thus an instrument that could be decisive in easingthe sale …”

Chapter 5 Performance Obligations S. 213-224

„… contractsArt 2(1) Consumer Sales Directive plays a highly significant role concerningthe regulation of …” „… this provision the seller isobliged to deliver goods which are in conformity with the sales contract …” „… delivered goods are to be ‘in conformity with the contract of sale’.This obligation is therefore not just …”

Chapter 3 Conclusion and Content of Contracts S. 111-186

„… Common European Sales Law. The CESL's chapteron conclusion of contract forms the heart of the main part …” „… part of rules on con-clusion of contract should a planned European sales law enter into force withthese …” „… contract has to be con-cluded under an organized distance sales or service-provision scheme.66bb) The …”

Chapter 4 Unfair Contract Terms S. 187-212

„… Sales Law (art 86 CESL-D).Article 7 Late Payment DirectiveUnfair contract terms and practices(1) Member …” „… requirements much stricter than for B–C contracts.Article 86 CESL-DMeaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between …” „… contract on which the contract depends.The lists of prohibited terms do not apply to B–B contracts.As an …”

Chapter 8 Outlook S. 285-296

„… . ‘streaming’) canbe included in the traditional distinction between sales and service contracts, orwhich new …” „… – non-discrimination 2 148– right to cure 6 29– rules on interpretation 2 156 ff– sales contract 2 37– scope 1 50 …” „… 9Sale– CESL 2 52 ff, 98– contract 2 57 ff, 8 7– copyright 2 65 f– definition 2 35 ff, 54, 57 …”

Chapter 7 Preclusion and Prescription S. 275-284

„… , ‘Prescriptionin the Proposal for a Common European Sales Law’ [2013] ERCL 38; Wendehorst/Zöchling-Jud (eds), Am …” „… 14 days to withdraw from a distance or off-premises contract, without giving any reason, andwithout …” „… Directive).1The Consumer Sales Directive contains similar fragmented regulation of timeperiods restricting …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265100

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Der andere Vertrag

Udo Reifner

2023

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

English Summary S. 29-38

„… derivedfrom the sales contract as the central economic form of communication. 26As a spot contract, it ignores …” „… rather than a basic structure of humanrelations in the sales contracts has led to a loss of competence of …” „… deficiency with the thesis that, inaddition to the sales contract model of spot contracts, a more …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 423-446

„… , S. 58–74.—, Lifetime Contracts – Rediscovering the Social Dimension of the Sales Contract …” „… Contracts, 1981, http://www.lexinter.net/LOTWVers4/restatement_%28second%29_of_contracts.htm (geprüft am …” „… 02.08.2015).Antoniolli, Luisa, The Evolution of European Contract Law: A Brand New Code, aHandy Toolbox or a …”

I. Modelle S. 39-66

„… Internationale Handelsverträge (1994/2006)78,der UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… und spricht in den Art. 146 ff vom „Vertrag schließen“(contracter). Im schuldrechtlichen dritten Buch …” „… Contracts, 1981 (http://www.lex‐inter.net/LOTWVers4/restatement_%28second%29_of_contracts.htm) (geprüft am …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748937913

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Chinese Civil Law

Yuanshi Bu (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2013

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-21

„… ..................................................................................................... 132 II. Purchase and Sales Contracts …” „… ................................................................................................ 145 7. Rescission of a Sales Contract in Whole or in Part .................................... 146 8 …” „… . Special Types of Purchase and Sales Contracts ....................................... 147 a. Payment by …”

. Particular Types of Contracts S. 136-172

„… of Service contracts and Sales Contracts (承揽合同与买卖合同的性质辨析), Journal of Liaoning Normal University …” „… Purchase and Sales Contracts Systems in China and Germany (中德买卖合同制度的比较), Journal of Comparative Law (比较法研究 …” „… , 29-33. YANG Yongqing (杨永清), The Risk of Loss in Purchase and Sales Contracts (买卖合同中的风险负担规则), People’s …”

. Acquisition of Ownership S. 282-306

„… legal act. Typically, this will be a sales and purchase contract, which, pursuant to art. 130 CL, is a …” „… the German model, a sales and purchase contract only creates an obligation to a title transfer and …” „… of the validity of the underlying sale and purchase contract (principle of abstraction 物权无因性).7 If …”

. Liability for Breach of Contract S. 111-126

„… Liming (王利明 ), A Comparative Study on Chinese and German Sales and Purchase Contracts (中德买卖合同制度的比较 …” „… rule for sales contracts just like the law also sets an inspection period with respect to a cargo …” „… party. The SPC has acknowledged this rule in the judicial interpretation on sales contracts.104 In the …”

. Real Estate Purchase Agreement S. 321-323

„… general provisions on sales and purchase contracts (arts. 130-175 CL) and by the Urban Real Estate …” „… and sale contract” can be found in the Interpretation of the SPC on the Relevant Issues concerning the …” „… Application of Law for Trying Cases on Disputes over Contract for the Sale of Commodity Premises (hereinafter …”

. Performance, Termination and Cancellation S. 87-110

„… sales permit indicated in the contract. The appellee insisted that the appellant should pay the second …” „… sign the formal apartment sales contract with the defendant before 25th April, the defendant will be …” „… Wuhan Gas Company and the Chongqing Instrument and Meter Factory over a sales contract concerning gas …”

. Formation and Validity of Contracts S. 70-86

„… Sale of Goods (CISG) and art. 2.22 Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Although a …” „… of Issues concerning the Application of Law in Trials of Disputes over Purchase and Sales Contracts …” „… Trials of Purchase and Sales Contracts). 17 Art. 44 CL. 15 16 17 71 Funing Huang harming the …”

Relevant Laws & Regulations S. 173-175

„… Revision Effective from United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of …” „… Trials of Disputes over the Purchase and Sales Contracts of Commodity Premeses …” „… Law in Trials of Disputes over Purchase and Sales Contracts (最高人民法院关于审理买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释) 5/10/2012 …”

. Standard Form Contracts S. 127-135

„… the contract. For example, in a sales transaction, after a seller and a buyer negotiate the price …” „… the purchase and sales contract contain only the negotiated terms, or are the standard terms also a …” „… 122 Tietie Zhang Chapter 8. Standard Form Contracts Literature: CHEN Xiaojun (陈小君) (ed.), Contract …”

. Property Rights, Obligations and Intellectual Property Rights S. 378-406

„… Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). It should be noted that, although the …” „… number of major types, such as sales contracts, lease contracts, transportation contracts. Contract law …” „… the closest connection with an international sales contract is the law of the state where the seller …”

Relevant Laws & Regulations S. 324-325

„… Dispute over Contract for the Sale of Commodity Premises (最高人民法院关于审理商品房买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释) 4/28/2003 …” „… about Disputes over Purchase and Sale Contracts (最高人民法院关于审理买卖合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释) 5/10/2012 7/1/2012 --- …” „… --- Urban Real Estate Administration Law (城市房地产管理法) 7/5/1994 1/1/1995 8/30/2007 Contract Law (合同法) 3/15/1999 …”

. Condominium Property S. 307-313

„… exclusive part of a building based on a contract with the construction entity for the sale of commodity …” „… Relevant Issues concerning the Application of Law for Trying Cases on Disputes over Contract for the Sale …” „… part of a specific premise, and has been listed by the construction entity in the purchase contract of …”

. Special Types of Torts S. 218-260

„… stipulated in the employment contract. Art. 42 of the “Opinions on the Civil Procedure Law” states that only …” „… service contract is not codified in the LTL, but only in the art. 10 of the “Interpretations on Personal …” „… government, Chinese media had to find ways to appeal to readers in order to promote sales and advertisement …”

. Statute of Limitations S. 47-60

„… Invalid Contracts (无效合同诉讼时效问题的论争及处理探讨), Journal of Law Application (法律适用) 2010, No. 10, 50-53. LI Yongfeng …” „… the right to rescind a contract.21 Under art. 55 Contract Law, in …” „… Periods of Limitation. 7 8 Hui Zheng 46 respect of a voidable contract, a party’s right to rescind will …”

. Overview S. 264-281

„… Contract Law (CL) of 1999, along with a recent (2012) judicial interpretation on purchase contracts issued …” „… respective common owner’s share in the debt depends on the provisions of the law and/or contract governing …” „… the relationship between the parties to the respective contract; there is no “object” to a contractual …”

. Overview S. 326-342

„… 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and many other …” „… in the Contract Law (CL)14; (3) rules dealing with international and foreign-related civil procedural …” „… proper connecting factors. For instance, two Chinese companies may conclude a foreign-related contract …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845266350

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Principles of Contract Law und nationales Vertragsrecht

Olaf Meyer

Reihe: Europäisches Privatrecht

Band 35 2007

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 335-373

„… , Gyula: Problems of Unifying Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, in …” „… to International Commercial Contracts) Couwenberg, Ilse: Contractsonderhandelingen in de …” „… (Hrsg.), The UNIDROIT Principles: A Common Law of Contracts for the Americas?, Rom 1998, S. 211-220 (zit …”

Versuch einer Definition S. 294-301

„… decide in accordance with the terms of the contract and shall take into account the usages of the trade …” „… : UNIDROIT, The UNIDROIT Principles: A Common Law of Contracts for the Americas?, 211 (216 …” „… ); Bianca/Bonell-Bonell, Commentary on the International Sales Law, Art. 9 Anm. 3.3; Böckstiegel, ICC – ICA Bull. 2002 …”

Ansatz bei der Rechtsquellenlehre S. 113-130

„… Contract Law“ wird auch im gleichnamigen Werk von Bonell über die UNIDROIT Principles ausgegangen.490 487 …” „… United States, 87. 492 Bonell in: ders., A New Approach to International Commercial Contracts, 2 (3 …” „… Principles for International Commercial Contracts: A New Lex Mercatoria?, 273 (279 f.). 497 Gray, RabelsZ 50 …”

Die ergänzende Vertragsauslegung S. 268-271

„… European Contract Law and Italian Law – A Commentary, 258; Trabucchi, Istituzioni di diritto civile, § 287 …” „… Busch/Hondius/van Kooten/Schelhaas/Schrama-Wissink, The Principles of European Contract Law and Dutch Law – A …” „… ); Kötz in: Beale/Hartkamp/Kötz/Tallon, Contract Law, 571; Lüderitz, Auslegung von Rechtsgeschäften, 386 …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 19-24

„… United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (11.04.1980) 20 CISG-AC …” „… European Contract Law QC Queen’s Counsel RabelsZ Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und …” „… ULIS Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods (01.07.1964) ULR …”

Ansatz bei der anwendbaren nationalen Norm S. 130-139

„… 2000, 129 (132 f.); Boele-Woelki in: Šar?evi?/Volken, The International Sale of Goods Revisited, 202 …” „… International Commercial Contracts, 301 (304). 573 Herrmann, (2001) B.L.I. Issue 3, 249 (251). 574 Bonell, ULR …” „… Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts von 1994.584 Praktisch bedeutender …”

ICC Nr. 10021 (2000) S. 312-313

„… , unless these are contrary to the contents of the contract or to the law. There are no special usages in …” „… the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts) [...].“ Der Schiedsrichter stellte …” „… reference includes, but is not limited to, the UNIDROIT Principles and Principles of European Contract Law …”

Parallelprobleme im Einheitsrecht und in der lex mercatoria S. 313-315

„… of European Contract Law.“ In der Entscheidung zur Hauptsache findet sich allerdings kein weiterer …” „… Bianca/Bonell-Bonell, Commentary on the International Sales Law, Art. 9 Anm. 1.3.1. 314 die Principles genommen. So …” „… , The International Sale of Goods Revisited, 115 (137); Janssen, IHR 2004, 194 (199); Kröll/Hennecke …”

Füllung der Vertragslücken durch die Principles S. 287-292

„… 287 Als Belege führte er § 1-203 UCC, Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205, Art. 1.7 UNIDROIT …” „… Gegenstand des nächsten Kapitels, sh. Kapitel 7, A. II. 2. b). 1319 Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 204 …” „… auf dem Vorbild des Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 204.1320 In erster Linie sollen, wie sich aus …”

Bedeutung des Handelsbrauchs im Wirtschaftsverkehr S. 293-294

„… UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz: „In all cases, the arbitral tribunal shall decide in accordance with the terms of the contract …” „… Law of Contracts for the Americas?, 211 (216); Bianca/Bonell-Bonell, Commentary on the International …” „… Sales Law, Art. 9 Anm. 3.3; Böckstiegel, ICC – ICA Bull. 2002 (Suppl.), 51 (53 …”

Die Principles in Rechtsprechung und Wissenschaft S. 211-263

„… with regard to the formation of international sales contracts, and Article 2.11 of the Unidroit …” „… implementation in 1995 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Liberal …” „… provisions for the interpretation of international sales contracts are included in this Convention. Article 8 …”

Außergesetzliche Geltungskraft der Principles S. 108-113

„… contract law in a coherent code-like form, they are intended to be a modern ius commune [...]“; Bonell …” „… established a new jus commune of contract rules“. 480 Bonell, ICLQ 27 (1978), 413 (441). 481 Basedow, AcP …” „… Vergleich mit den amerikanischen Restatements; Boele-Woelki in: Šar?evi?/Volken, The International Sale of …”

ICC Nr. 10022, Wilna (Teilschiedsspruch, Oktober 2000) S. 313

Das Verhältnis zum staatlichen Recht S. 302-303

„… . Bianca/Bonell-Bonell, Commentary on the International Sales Law, Art. 9 Anm. 1.3.1 …” „… Schiedsrecht Raeschke-Kessler in: ICC, The UNIDROIT Principles for International Commercial Contracts: A New …”

Die UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts S. 75-93

„… 75 II. Die UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 1. Entstehungsgeschichte a …” „… http://www.unidroit.org/english/principles/contracts/principles 1994/translations.htm. 305 Ein Verzeichnis der ersten größeren Kongresse findet sich bei Bonell …” „… Principles of European Contract Law and Dutch Law, 13 (15); Kessedjian, Rev. crit. dr. internat. privé 1995 …”

Alternativen zur legislatorischen Rechtsvereinheitlichung S. 47-64

„… ihrer praktischen Bedeutung zu nennen sind hier die Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil …” „… Arrangements“ von 1998 und der „UNCITRAL Legal Guide on Drawing Up International Contracts for the Construction …” „… Contracts, 301 (305 f.). 146 Goode, ICLQ 46 (1997), 1 (7 ff.); Kropholler, Internationales Einheitsrecht …”

Legislatorische Vereinheitlichung des Privatrechts S. 39-47

„… , The UNIDROIT Principles for International Commercial Contracts: A New Lex Mercatoria?, 253 (258). 63 …” „… http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980 CISG_status.html. 83 Allgemein hierzu David, The International Unification of Private Law …”

Die Principles und die deutsche Schuldrechtsmodernisierung S. 155-192

„… allem mit den Principles of European Contract Law zu vergleichen. Eine solche Überprüfung hat bisher …” „… geregelt werden, heißt es „Vertragsverletzung“ oder breach of contract, vgl. Art. 25 CISG) aus, sondern …” „… contract) 763 Canaris in: Schulze/Schulte-Nölke, Die Schuldrechtsreform vor dem Hintergrund des …”

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Das Zivilgesetzbuch von Louisiana

Markus G. Puder

2017

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Louisiana Civil Code – Das Zivilgesetzbuch von Louisiana S. 35-50

„… the nature and form of the contract of saleChapter 1. 482 Of persons capable of buying and …” „… sellingChapter 2. 483 Of things which may be soldChapter 3. 484 How the contract of sale is to be …” „… perfectedChapter 4. 485 Of the price of the contract of saleChapter 5. 487 At whose risk the thing is, after the …”

Book III. Of the different modes of acquiring the ownership of things / Drittes Buch. Von den verschiedenen Arten, das Eigentum an Sachen zu erwerben S. 224-738

„… , Nr. 30, § 2, in Kraft getreten am 1. Januar 1961 Section 6. Of the sale of the effects and of the …” „… , in Kraft getreten am 1. Januar 1961 Art. 1171. Persons authorized to make sale Representatives of …” „… successions shall have the right to cause sales of the property administered by them to be made either by the …”

Index S. 753-770

„… 2044 Abhängiger Vertrag Accessory contract 1913 Abkömmlinge Descendants 90; 199; 237; 880, 882, 884 …” „… contract 737; 1909, 1925; 2021, 2035, 2038; 2675; 2928; 2992 Belästigung Inconvenience 668, 669 Beleihung …” „… Nominate contracts 1914, 1916 Bergwerke Mines 561 Besitz mit dem Besitzwillen alleine Civil possession 3431 …”

Book II. Things and the different modifications of ownership / Zweites Buch. Sachen und die verschiedenen Abwandlungen des Eigentums S. 123-223

„… residence under a bond for deed contract is the owner of the thing for purposes of the homestead exemption …” „… . The buyer under a bond for deed contract shall apply for the homestead exemption each year. Art. 477 …” „… provisions of law or contract, the consequences of accession as between movables are determined according to …”

Book I. Of persons / Erstes Buch. Von den Personen S. 55-122

„… ; definition Marriage is a legal relationship between a man and a woman that is created by civil contract. The …” „… relationship and the contract are subject to special rules prescribed by law. Art. 86. Ehe; Begriff Die Ehe ist …” „… Titel. Chapter 1. Erstes Kapitel. Title IV. – Vierter Titel. 63 Art. 87. Contract of marriage …”

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Europäisches Privat- und Unternehmensrecht

Martin Gebauer (Hrsg.), Christoph Teichmann (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Enzyklopädie Europarecht

Band 2022

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

§ 23 Entstehungsgeschichte und Funktion des Entwurfes für einen Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen (DCFR) S. 1355-1370

„… Contracts, Tübingen2010, S. 167–180; Twigg-Flesner, Christian, Fit for the Purpose, The Proposal on Sales …” „… Contract Law, München 2007, S. 85–105; ders. The Remedies in the Proposals of theOnline Sales Directive and …” „… ; Borghetti, Jean-Sébastien, Service Contracts:The French Experience, in: Zimmermann (Hrsg.), Service …”

§ 6 Grundlagen des Europäischen Handelsrechts S. 453-510

„… ) Handelsrecht als (univer-sales?) Sonderrecht . . . . . . . . . . . 60cc) Nationalisierung …” „… .; dagegen zBEbers in Aquis Group Contract I Art. 1:201 ACQP Rn. 5 ff.; Staudinger/Magnus Art. 6 Rom I-VORn …”

§ 2 Allgemeines Gemeinschaftsprivatrecht („Unionsprivatrecht“) S. 73-172

„… Existing EC Contract Law, 2nd ed., München 2009; ders. (ed.), Common Euro-pean Sales Law (CESL …” „… Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.Münchener Übereinkommen zur Erteilung europäischer Patente vom …” „… .), The Future of European Con-tract Law, Liber Amicorum Ewoud Hondius, Alphen aan den Rijn 2007; Bormann …”

§ 25 Aufbau und wesentlicher Inhalt des DCFR S. 1387-1446

„… DCFR.Sie entsprechen insofern den Principles of European Contract Law, unbeachtet der Tatsa-che, dass sie …” „… Definitionen werden mit der Bestimmung des Verbraucherkaufvertrages (consumercontract of sale) abgeschlossen …” „… Schulte-Nölke/Zoll/Jansen/Schulze, S. 251.44 Hondius/Heutger/Jeloschek/Sivesand/Wiewiorowska, Principles of European Law: Sales (PEL …”

Allgemeines Literaturverzeichnis S. 1447-1488

„… Compilation and Redaction Team23 12 f., 24 30 f.Compliance, intermediäre 13 62 ff.Consumer contract of sale …” „… 2 125Principles of European Insurance ContractLaw 23 3, 5 f., 24 11, 22 f., 32 ff.,25 14Principles …” „… of European Insurance ContractLaw (PEICL) 24 33Prinzip– der begrenzten Einzelfallermächtigung16 17 …”

§ 7 Einzelbereiche des Europäischen Handelsrechts S. 511-588

§ 12 Grundlagen S. 757-858

§ 5 Materielle Standards des Europäischen Verbraucherschutzrechts S. 329-452

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