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A Comparative Analysis of the Transformation of State/Social Property

Haxhi Gashi

Reihe: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik der Universität Bremen (ZERP)

Band 66 2013

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Legal Framework: Diffused Legal Bases S. 164-166

„… independence by International Bodies of Justice such as the ICJ. 6.2.3 Legal Framework: Diffused Legal Bases …” „… legal bases are applied that placed Kosovo in confused jurisdiction and led to difficulties in …” „… During the UNMIK administration the legal framework was one of the most controversial issues. Different …”

The Concept of Social Ownership According to the 1974 Kosovo’s Constitution until 1989 S. 149-151

„… . This constitution was approved on 27 February 1974.57 In regard to the legal-ownership relations, the …” „… organization of associated labour, nor the citizens group nor any individual with no legal-ownership basis can …” „… III determined that: “man’s work is the only base for acquisition of products of social work and for …”

Legal Concept S. 154-157

„… private legal persons. This kind of transfer was called lease. 5.5 Legal Concept of Social Ownership under …” „… the Constitution of 1974: Differences and Similarities with State Property 5.5.1 Legal Concept Many …” „… authors even state that “natural and legal status of social property was never clear”.92 The …”

Ownership Transformations and Etablishment of Self-Management System in Enterprises S. 148-149

„… organization base.50 Forest land and pastures were not returned to collectives as they were declared as …” „… approved on 27 February 1974.57 In regard to the legal-ownership relations, the Constitution includes all …” „… organization of associated labour, nor the citizens group nor any individual with no legal-ownership basis can …”

The Negative Effect of the Lack of Legal Framework S. 198

„… into force of the KTA Regulation and later the Law on PAK which are the only legal bases for …” „… is no legal basis to address the restitution of property of the former owners. 7.4.3 The Negative …” „… Effect of the Lack of Legal Framework The lack of a legal basis for regulating the issue of restitution …”

The Lack of Legal Framework for Resolving the Restitution Issue S. 197-198

„… into force of the KTA Regulation and later the Law on PAK which are the only legal bases for …” „… privatization.30 Despite there was not being any legal basis which addresses the restitution issue in Kosovo …” „… applied; some citizens, in the majority Serbs, have had their property returned and changed the legal …”

Kosovo Governmental Structure: Provisional Institutions of Self- Government (PISG) of the Republic of Kosovo S. 163-164

„… ICJ. 6.2.3 Legal Framework: Diffused Legal Bases During the UNMIK administration the legal framework …” „… was one of the most controversial issues. Different legal acts were applicable and different legal …”

Forms of Social Ownership in Immovable Property S. 152-154

„… activities in the forms of associated labour.75 The right to use a legal title over agricultural land in the …” „… had the right to use, and could transfer this right to other social and private legal persons. This …” „… kind of transfer was called lease. 5.5 Legal Concept of Social Ownership under the Constitution of 1974 …”

The Question of Administration of SOEs S. 170-171

„… manage the SOEs; b) the legal status of social property; and c) the privatization of SOEs. Over 590 …” „… beginning of the process: a) to continue with SOEs activities based on past legal and economic concept which …” „… and was faced with a lot of problems (e.g. their legal status, unclear title owner), and confused …”

Background S. 172-173

„… : the legal bases, and the model of privatization. 6.6.2 Legal Challenges Regarding Privatization of …” „… . Furthermore, to deal with privatization of SOEs, the legal framework under which UNMIK exercised its mandate …” „… privatization of SOEs was not provided as a reserved power of UNMIK.69 Under the legal framework only the words …”

The Difficulties of Resolving the Issue of Restitution of Former Owners S. 198-200

Contents S. 11-18

„… Self-Government (PISG) of the Republic of Kosovo 163 6.2.3 Legal Framework: Diffused Legal Bases 164 6.3 The …” „… Legal Basis for Restitution 97 3.2.2.2 The Forms of Restitution 97 3.2.2.3 The Extension of Restitution …” „… Summary 99 14 3.2.3 The Czech Republic 99 3.2.3.1 Legal Basis for Restitution 100 3.2.3.2 Forms of …”

Forms of Ownership According to Constitutional and Legal Regulation after 1974 S. 151-152

„… 151The concept of social ownership built on the bases of the Constitution of 1974 and with …” „… property has to remain under the workers’ management. But this legal establishment did not clearly …” „… have such a right. 5.4.2 Forms of Ownership According to Constitutional and Legal Regulation after 1974 …”

Legal Challenges Regarding Privatization of SOEs S. 173-176

„… to privatization. These challenges can be qualified to at least two major issues: the legal bases …” „… , and the model of privatization. 6.6.2 Legal Challenges Regarding Privatization of SOEs In the …” „… SOEs, the legal framework under which UNMIK exercised its mandate was a confused matter. Section 6 of …”

Establishment of Socialist Ownership and Agrarian Reforms S. 140-144

„… question what method should be used to transform this property into private property. Initially, many legal …” „… owners. In order to clarify this question, it is very important to analyze the legal status of social …” „… property during its development. Giving an answer to the legal concept of this property, helps us in …”

Resolving Property Disputes Regarding the SOEs Transformed during the Milosevic Regime 1989-1999 S. 192-195

„… repeated earlier, the legal bases in Kosovo for dealing with property matters are very confused. The …” „… decisions without real weight, under a complex legal framework in Kosovo and in non-transparent procedures.8 …” „… “the lack of transparency regarding the Chamber procedure and decisions, poor quality of legal …”

Economic Environment: Ruined Economy and Low Living Standards During the Privatization Process S. 168-170

„… legal officer who preferred to remain anonymous, conducted on 26 November 2010, who worked with the KTA …” „… manage the SOEs; b) the legal status of social property; and c) the privatization of SOEs. Over 590 …” „… beginning of the process: a) to continue with SOEs activities based on past legal and economic concept which …”

The Impact of Unresolved Political Status in the Privatization Process: The Lack of Debate on Privatization S. 166-168

„… uncovered. As a result, different legal bases are applied that placed Kosovo in confused jurisdiction and …” „… Kosovo was more complicated than elsewhere as a consequence of an unclear concept and the unclear legal …” „… Assembly, interviewed on 1 November 2010. 36 Interview with an international legal officer who preferred …”

General Conclusions S. 206-224

„… very confused, because of different legal bases from 222 the past and current (of former Yugoslavia …” „… does not take into account and does not have a legal basis to accept or approve the creditors …” „… ownership and legal change in the SOEs after this year is not recognized, because the SOEs that are subject …”

Legal Acts S. 238-243

„… 238 Legal Acts International legal acts UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. A. Res. 217 …” „… on Measurement and Land Kadastre, OG of SFRY, No. 12/80. Law on Basic Legal-Ownership Relations, OG …” „… of SAPK, No. 6/80. Law on Associated Labour, OG of SFRY, No. 53/76. Law on Bases of Social Planning …”

Nationalization of Private Commercial Enterprises S. 144

„… Nationalization of Private Commercial Enterprises of 194827 established the base for expropriation of private …” „… compensations. Legal acts that contributed to establishing the fund of state properties (the people’s properties …”

Sale of Assets to Outsiders – Domestic or Foreign Investors S. 71-73

„… the GDR was transferred to the Treuhand. The Treuhand was considered a legal owner with the status of …” „… - 105 Hans-Joachim Schramm, Professsor at the University of Bremen, former Legal Adviser in Treuhand …” „… , creating a broad base for financing privatization, restructuring, development and closure of enterprises …”

Introduction S. 21-30

„… legal challenge in many former socialist states during their transition to democracy and a market …” „… countries could not be avoided. It was raised in the legal perspective and also in terms of social justice …” „… treated in a legal framework, but it can appear as a dispute during the transformation process. It is the …”

Background S. 66-67

„… the institutions of a centralized economy, thus creating conditions for a free market, adopted legal …” „… Law on Large Scale Privatization of 1991 was the base of this privatization method. Most large …”

Insider Privatization – MEBO: Employee Ownership in the Process of Transformation of Property S. 73-74

„… to DM 30 billion also assisted the purpose for years, creating a broad base for financing …” „… privatization in July 1990 when it established the first legal basis for privatization and established the …”

Nationalization of Forests and Pastures as well as Ownership Limitation in Lands S. 144-145

Economic Reforms, Reorganization of Enterprises and Self- Management System in Enterprises S. 147-148

„… property. Several very important legal acts were promulgated such as: the basic law for governing the …” „… new organization base.50 Forest land and pastures were not returned to collectives as they were …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845249650

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Constitutional Issues of EU External Relations Law

Eleftheria Neframi (Hrsg.), Mauro Gatti (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Band 16 2018

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Mauro Gatti Conflict of Legal Bases and the Internal-External Security Nexus: AFSJ versus CFSP S. 89-110

„… Conflict of Legal Bases and the Internal-External Security Nexus: AFSJ versus CFSP Mauro Gatti …” „… so-called “legal bases” – which empower it to act. 1 To determine the correct basis of a measure, one should …” „… legal basis of a Union act. The choice of legal bases may seem a question of technical detail, but has …”

Marise Cremona The Principle of Conferral and Express and Implied External Competences S. 27-62

„… – external competence is still highly fragmented. Certainly there are many different potential legal bases in …” „… refers to the possibility of using two or more legal bases as “by way of exception” and subject to there …” „… indirect in relation to the other, the measure must be founded on the various corresponding legal bases …”

Laurence Potvin-Solis Objectif de sécurité et protection des données personnelles: projection dans l'ordre international d'un système constitutionnel propre à l'Union européenne / Security Objective and Personal Data Protection: Constitutional Advances of a European Union-Specific System in the International Order S. 343-384

„… result of the relationship between the objectives and the legal bases and the necessity to ensure a …” „… personnelles. Elle encadre la marge d’appréciation du législateur de l’Union et exige que la base légale …” „… Potvin-Solis Abstract Personal data protection continuously presents key topical issues for the Union’s legal …”

Allan Rosas EU Sanctions, Security Concerns and Judicial Control S. 307-318

„… Policy after 1992: The Legal Dimension (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993), 387; E. Paasivirta, A. Rosas …” „… , “Sanctions, Countermeasures and Related Actions in the External Relations of the EU: A Search for Legal …” „… measures may also be taken against “natural or legal persons and groups or non-State entities”.5 The …”

Cristina Contartese, Luca Pantaleo Division of Competences, EU Autonomy and the Determination of the Respondent Party: Proceduralisation as a Possible Way-Out? S. 409-446

„… EU legal order as well as to the requirements for legal certainty of the third parties involved in …” „… infringement of the autonomy of the EU legal order as defined by the case law of the Court of Justice of the …” „… European Union as a Global Model for Trade and Investment, University of Oslo Faculty of Law Legal Studies …”

Miro Prek, Silvère Lefèvre La dimension « subjective » de l’invocabilité des accords internationaux / The Subjective Dimension of the Invocability of International Agreements S. 231-256

„… international law forms an integral part of European Union law, it is not afforded the same legal status as …” „… other sources of European Union Law. An illustration of such differences in legal status lies in the …” „… between EU legislation and an international agreement. Legal or natural persons must demonstrate that the …”

Nicolas Pigeon Droit primaire et compétences externes implicites. Réflexions à partir de l’avis 2/15 de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne / Primary Law and the Theory of Implied External Competences: Some Thoughts after Opinion 2/15 S. 167-198

„… legal arguments to minimise the extension of the EU’s reach. In the middle of this political and legal …” „… : The Member States Reject Their Own Treaty », Legal Issues of Economic Integration, vol. 43, n° 1/2016 …” „… de l’Union en matière de protection des investissements sur la base des dispositions explicites du …”

Sara Poli Effective Judicial Protection and Its Limits in the Case Law Concerning Individual Restrictive Measures in the European Union S. 287-306

„… United Nations (UN) and the European Union level. The practice of subjecting natural and legal persons to …” „… . Natural and legal persons benefiting from links with the political leadership (such as businessmen or …” „… multiplied in the last ten years. It is necessary to examine to what extent natural and legal persons enjoy a …”

Merijn Chamon Constitutional Limits to the Political Choice for Mixity S. 137-166

„… 1/94, Portugal argued that the legal bases related to trade policy and development policy could not be …” „… EU legal order as informed by the principle of conferred powers. From the 1990s onwards and to ensure …” „… , 2014), 78. 2 J. Weiler, “The External Legal Relations of Non-Unitary Actors: Mixity and the Federal …”

Preface S. 5-10

„… Legal Bases and the Internal-External Security Nexus: AFSJ versus CFSP 89 Mauro Gatti L’application du …”

Eleftheria Neframi, Mauro Gatti Introduction S. 11-26

„… Introduction Eleftheria Neframi and Mauro Gatti The legal regime for the external relations of the …” „… legal order find particular expression.1 Moreover, external relations and action have their own place in …” „… to the demand for substantive consistency, which is an expression of the unity of the EU legal order …”

Andrés Delgado Casteleiro Loyalty in External Relations Law: The Fabric of Competence, Autonomy and Institutional Balance S. 385-408

„… most basic principles of the legal order of the European Union (EU), and to a certain extent it is the …” „… loyalty is one of the main unifying principles of the EU legal order.2 Even in the realm of EU external …” „… the EU legal order as a single legal order? To put it another way, can the EU legal order be viewed as …”

Hugo Flavier Réflexions sur la démocratisation des relations extérieures à l’aune du contentieux de l’accès aux documents / Reflections on the Democratisation of External Relations in the Light of the Case Law on Access to Documents S. 257-286

„… field of foreign policy has long been anchored in political and legal practice. The reasons for the …” „… , confirmant la décision du Tribunal, elle a estimé que les particuliers pouvaient avoir accès aux bases …” „… les parlementaires – ne peuvent avoir accès qu’aux bases juridiques envisagées pour la conclusion d’un …”

Eleftheria Neframi The Dynamic of the EU Objectives in the Analysis of the External Competence S. 63-88

„… Interests: Opinion 1/2008, Choice of Legal Base and the Common Commercial Policy under the Treaty of Lisbon …” „… through the choice of legal basis for the conclusion of an international agreement. The legal basis …” „… legal basis, ancillary objectives of the international agreement are absorbed by the dominant ones.3 …”

Francette Fines Droits fondamentaux des Etats tiers versus droits fondamentaux des personnes dans le cadre de la crise russe-ukranienne / Fundamental Rights of Third States versus Fundamental Rights of Individuals in the Framework of the Russia-Ukraine Crisis S. 319-342

„… européens. Toutefois, il n’existe pas de base internationale servant de fondement plus précis à ces …” „… décisions du Conseil servant de base à l’adoption de telles mesures nationales de mise en œuvre? La Cour de …” „… […] repose sur une base factuelle suffisamment solide »85, ce qui, 2. 80 Arrêt de la Cour du 28 mars 2017 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845277134

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The Communitarian Dimension of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy

Shira Becker-Alon

Reihe: Schriften des Europa-Instituts der Universität des Saarlandes - Rechtswissenschaft

Band 83 2011

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Restrictive measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa: combination of different legal bases. S. 71-72

„… . Restrictive measures against the Apartheid regime in South Africa:248combination of different legal bases …” „… solution found granted each category of sanctions a different legal basis. With regard to the ban on the …” „… proposal. However, this was carried out without mentioning Article 133 of the TEC as the legal basis for …”

Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP S. 272-274

„… legal base in Article 37 of the amended TEU. Nonetheless, the general treatymaking competence of the …” „… measure for strengthening the industrial and technological base of the defence sector and for improving …” „… European defence technological and industrial base.1168VI. Financing of the CFSP and the CSDP The …”

Joint Actions’ agenda and Community competences and policies S. 190-193

„… incidental to the other. In such a case, where various legal bases of the EC Treaty are applicable, this kind …” „… of measure will have to be founded, exceptionally, on the various corresponding legal bases. Yet …” „… as the single legal basis of that measure.840 This stands as opposed to a case in which a certain …”

The conclusion of international agreements by the Union within the CFSP framework. S. 274-275

„… of CFSP finds its legal base in Article 37 of the amended TEU. Nonetheless, the general treatymaking …” „… a natural result of the Union having been expressly granted with a legal personality (Article 47 …” „… role of the EP within the CFSP. Article 295 of the TFEU provides for the first time a legal treaty …”

The 1982 sanctions against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): action within the Community after disagreement within the EPC. S. 70-71

„… combination of different legal bases. This case concerned the ban on new investment and on the import of iron …” „… respective legal dimension, may add weight to European political cooperation as well as ensuring the Member …” „… instrument for extending the legal basis of EPC action”. 240 Smith 1998, pp. 319–321. 241 Nuttall 1992, p …”

Scope of EPC S. 54-55

„… first time with a contractual legal base, contained the provisions according to which the “European …” „… text not been brought within the ambit of a legal instrument shared with the Communities, the way …” „… , it had been suggested that there are no legal limitations on the matters which fall within the EPC …”

The Court of Justice of the European Union and the justiciability of the CFSP S. 265-268

„… the proper legal basis for the adoption of restrictive measures by the Union. While the EP is to be …” „… CFSP, in comparison to the legal situation under the relevant TEU provisions.1143 Accordingly, the …” „… ECJ that a CFSP provision should serve as a proper legal basis for a certain Act, instead of a TEC …”

Chemical weapons control: recourse back to national measures. S. 71

Summary and conclusions S. 283-298

„… CFSP-related article (Article 215) of the TFEU to serve as a legal base, thereby influencing the role the EP …” „… having different legal bases and subject to different decisionmaking procedures to achieve the Union’s …” „… legal obligation – stems from the Commission’s aspiration to become more involved in European foreign …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-15

„… South Africa: combination of different legal bases. 716. The assistance to the countries of Central and …” „… 25II. The legal personality of the EC 25III. Scope and exercise of Community external powers 261. The …” „… . EPC under the SEA 541. Scope of EPC 542. Instruments 553. EPC legal nature 56a. International law …”

Scope of ECJ jurisdiction under the TEU S. 96-103

„… having double legal bases – one in the CFSP and the second in the Community framework – is hard to find …” „… still primarily political – hence, not having the legislative quality that the TEC legal instruments …” „… direct effect on the Member States’ national legislation as some of the Community legal instruments have …”

EPC prior to the SEA S. 49-54

„… contractual legal base, contained the provisions according to which the “European Cooperation in the sphere of …” „… comprehensive integration concept, with the attempt to institutionalize the EPC by granting it a legal basis.142 …” „… States serving as the basis for political cooperation will be transformed to constitute a legal …”

Community law aspects of armament and defence cooperation S. 167-174

„… 167 2. Community law aspects of armament and defence cooperation a. The Community legal framework …” „… markets between the Member States, they differ in scope and legal nature. The Directive, which covers the …” „… European armaments cooperation, work to strengthen the defence–industrial and technological base and for …”

Involvement of the EC in the ESDP S. 156-167

„… freedoms in third countries (OJ L 120/8, 8 May 1999). Both Regulations served as the legal base for the …” „… TEU.680 After the EP (and the Netherlands) took legal steps before the ECJ against the SG/HR’s …” „… legal person residing or having its registered office in a Member State the right of access to documents …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231198

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Familie und Recht der unerlaubten Handlungen

Stefan Grundmann (Hrsg.), Christian Baldus (Hrsg.), Rui Pereira Dias (Hrsg.), Claudia Lima Marques (Hrsg.), Laura Schertel Mendes (Hrsg.), Dário Moura Vicente (Hrsg.), Karina Nunes Fritz (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Schriften zum Portugiesischen und Lusophonen Recht

Band 14 2024

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Vivianne Ferreira e Rafael Longhi Responsabilidade civil pelos danos causados por filhos menores (“Direito Privado”) S. 167-190

„… utilizado para induzir tantas alte‐rações marcantes na base da regulação do Direito de Família brasileiro,o …” „… perspectiva mais mo‐derna do que o texto do Projeto de Lei n.° 634/75, tornava patente adistância entre a base …” „… as bases do Direito de Família. Contudo, semperspectiva de que fosse aprovado o Projeto de Lei do …”

Lisiane Feiten Wingert Ody Responsabilidade civil no direito de família brasileiro: uma análise de direito comparado S. 139-166

„… 132-RJ e ADI 4277-DF, em que o STF reconheceu ainconstitucionalidade de distinção de tratamento legal …” „… “inexiste qualquervedação legal ao reconhecimento da fraternidade/irmandade socioafetiva, ainda quepost …” „… reformas de política jurídica,defendendo a parentalidade com base contratual, por exemplo, fundada deforma …”

Rute Teixeira Pedro A transformação da intervenção jurídica na área da família e as suas repercussões no direito (civil) da família: reflexão sobre as relações entre o direito matrimonial e o direito da responsabilidade ... S. 191-220

„… previsão legal nesse sentido,exerceu uma influência profunda e persistente49 no direito matrimonial,em …” „… plano legal, sobre a matéria na reforma de 2008e a leitura que, da solução positivada, vem sendo feita …” „… ter sido requerido,nos termos da alínea b) do artigo 1781.º, com base na alteração das faculdades …”

Tiago Azevedo Ramalho Relacionalidade conjugal e imediatez estadual: pólos do estatuto da pessoa e da família no Direito Português (1960-2020) S. 33-82

„… constituição e defesa da família, como fonte deconservação e desenvolvimento da raça, como base primária da …” „… v.o.).b. A admissão geral do divórcioO primitivo regime legal do Código Civil de 1966 viria a ser …” „… casamentos» da base de dados Pordata (sp., n. 33).Relacionalidade conjugal e imediatez estadual55multisecular …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748944775

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Multinationale Befehlsausgabe

Rainer Oestmann

2012

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C Kampf-/Einsatzunterstützung S. 105-150

„… airfieldsFlugplätze, forward operatingvorgeschobene ~ basesFlugroute zeitlich temporary minimum begrenzt/geringstes …” „… of Owneigener Truppen Troops (FLOT)Vorgeschobene forward operatingFlugplätze basesVorlauf …” „… assetsVorgeschobene, forward logistic baseslogistische Basen Vorlauf, zeitlicher ~ lead timeVorrang priority …”

G Vokabelverzeichnis Deutsch - Englisch S. 231-322

„… ren, Errichten von~ and barriers – Basis – base, air base– Basis, auf breiter – on a large scale …” „… – base-detonating fuze• befahrbarkeit – soil trafficability• Boden-Flugkörper – surface-to-surface missile …” „… – surface-to-air missile• platte – base plate• welle – ground wave• wettermessung – surface weather measurement …”

F Abkürzungen S. 203-230

„… www.WALHALLA.deFAbkürzungen · Abbreviations Abk English Deutsch Abk FLO Force Legal Officer Rechtsberater RB FLOT Forward …” „… AMF) IS International Staff ISB Intermediate Staging Base J JFC Joint Force Commander Befehlshaber …” „… Ablauflinie AL ldr leader Führer Fhr LEGAD Legal Advisor LL Light Line Sperrlinie für Beleuchtung SpL …”

B Einsatz S. 15-104

„… operational areaRechtsgrundlagen legal provisionsReserven, örtliche ~ reserves on standbySanitätsdienstliche …” „… operational areaRechtsgrundlagen legal provisionsReserven, örtliche ~ reserves on standbySanitätsdienstliche …” „… localized superiorityRaumordnung organization of the operational areaRechtsgrundlagen legal …”

H Vokabelverzeichnis Englisch - Deutsch S. 323-411

„… – Fliegeralarm• ambulance – Sanitätsflugzeug• base – Luftstützpunkt• borne – luftverlastbar, durch die Luft …” „… base – Luftwaffenstützpunkt/- basis, Fliegerhorst• Force Department – Fachbereich Führungs- lehre …” „… 15:35Englisch – Deutsch332 www.WALHALLA.deHEnglisch – Deutsch · english – germanB– base ~ – Fundament …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783802926808

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