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Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany

Sascha G. Wolf

Reihe: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Band 6 2009

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Model Specification II: Error Correction Model S. 60-64

„… expenditure development are ambiguous.3.5.5. Model Speci? cation II: Error Correction Model (ECM)Taking ? rst …” „… relationship (?t-1) represent the error correction term in the ECM. The coef? cient is expected to have a …” „… negative sign. The error correction term balances deviations from the long-run equilibrium. In contrast …”

Results S. 59-60

„… development are ambiguous.3.5.5. Model Speci? cation II: Error Correction Model (ECM)Taking ? rst differences …” „… an error term: (3.2). 3.5.4. ResultsThe results of the estimated regressions are presented in table …”

Contents S. 11-12

„… – First Differences 583.5.4. Results 593.5.5. Model Speci? cation II: Error Correction Model 603.6 …”

List of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… Economic Research (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)ECM Error Correction ModelExpenditure Pro …”

Conclusion S. 90-92

„… and an error correction model, four kinds of political interests have been tested. It was shown that …”

Introduction S. 45-46

„… ) regression and an error correction model (ECM). Section 3.6 checks if 46the attained results correspond with …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… models: an ordinary least squares regression in ? rst differences and an error correction model …”

Bibliography S. 99-108

„… - 241.Engle, Robert and Clive Granger (1987), Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220055

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Western Democracies in the UN

Nicolas Scharioth

Reihe: The United Nations and Global Change

Band 3 2010

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Error-correction to deal with non-stationarity S. 107-111

„… independent variables are cointegrated if one accepts that they are I(1). 4.3.3 Error correction to deal with …” „… given by E.27 yt – ?xt – ?*. Hence, equation E.25 represents a so called error correction model …” „… advantages of working with error correction models I will continue to do so. Nonetheless, I will refrain from …”

Testing for specification and autocorrelation S. 112-114

„… through to the 12th order error correction model on equations equivalent to E.29 and E.31 has mixed …” „… the case for the 2nd order and all error correction models beyond the 4th order. For the 1st order …” „… error correction model the null hypothesis has to be rejected at the 5% level of significance but not at …”

Consistent and efficient estimation S. 111-112

„… – ?1Mzt 1 + ??zt 1 + ?? + ?t. Equivalently, for 3rd order error correction models one would have to …” „… : 383 387). The testing of such different lag structures is an important next step. ..Error correction …” „… all error correction models. Even a 1st order error correction model includes a lag of one after all …”

Finding the right specification S. 114-117

„… 114 for the 4th order error correction model. The need to correct for autocorrelation thus appears …” „… systematic errors must be rejected. Only for the 4th and the 8th order error correction models the null …” „… for these models. The Ramsey RESET test reveals that for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order error correction …”

Regression results S. 125-128

„… of the involved variables this involved testing various error correction models. In particular, a 4th …” „… order error correction model was tested with the appropriate lags for the three independent variables …” „… . Importantly, all other differenced terms of the independent variables from the error correction model were …”

Summary of the Chapter S. 122-124

„… the factor variables and the dependent variable the use of an error correction model was put forward …” „… for mid term effects were shown to be stationary in nature. Different lag orders of error correction …” „… Hausman test revealed that for the 4th order error correction model at least, the use of the efficient …”

Outlier analysis S. 117-120

„… error correction model is once again tested. A regression on the remaining terms reveals that now the …” „… for MINSTITUTIONALt 3, which reflects the short term effect in the error correction model, is no …” „… variable to get a new model, but it is prudent to start over with the overall 4th order error correction …”

Summary S. 11-14

„… trending nature of much of the data I propose an error correction model as the relevant solution to ensure …” „… lag orders of error correction models are tested for specification while correcting for apparent …” „… autocorrelation in the residuals. A Hausman test reveals that for the 4th order error correction model at least …”

Sensitivity Analysis without Outlier Cases S. 128-133

„… . Importantly, all other differenced terms of the independent variables from the error correction model were …” „… removed due to insignificance in Chapter 4. This has ramifications because in error correction models …” „… accordingly to be removed from the more general 4th order error correction model. This result in itself is of …”

Testing for cointegration S. 107

„… independent variables are cointegrated if one accepts that they are I(1). 4.3.3 Error correction to deal with …” „… disequilibrium error term needs to be stationary, i.e. I(0). This can be checked with a unit root test on the …” „… how many lagged differenced terms of the residuals are needed to produce non autocorrelated errors in …”

Degree of Linearity of the Independent Variables S. 93-97

„… – often termed “error correction models” – have a different mathematical structure of which the …” „… : 385). The utility of this will become apparent in the sec tion below on error correction models where …”

Further diagnostic tests S. 120-122

„… eliminated. In effect, the same terms have been eliminated from the 4th order error correction model as …” „… Fitted Values and Residuals 122 4.5.3.3 Normality Assumption The further assumption of normal errors can …”

Summary and Conclusion S. 137-142

„… trending nature of much of the data I have therefore used a so called error correction model which can …” „… dependent variable. That is, such an error correction model is open to the inclusion of variants of the …”

Testing for stationarity S. 104-107

„… accepts that they are I(1). 4.3.3 Error correction to deal with non stationarity Once the cointegration …” „… the dependent variable and the independent variables that all are I(1), the disequilibrium error term …” „… differenced terms of the residuals are needed to produce non autocorrelated errors in the above equation. The …”

Table of Contents S. 7-9

„… 104 4.3.2 Testing for cointegration 107 4.3.3 Error correction to deal with non stationarity 107 4.4 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845222844

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Jahrbuch des Instituts für Angewandte Forschung 2023

Jörg Dürrschmidt (Hrsg.), Christian F. Majer (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Ludwigsburger Schriften Öffentliche Verwaltung und Finanzen

Band 2023

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Martin Sauerland, Anna Steidle Error Management – errors, error types, error causes, and error prevention in modern office work S. 75-90

„… possibility of immediate error correction also requires close-meshed feedback mechanisms. These can also be …” „… 75Error Management – errors, error types, error causes, and error prevention in modern office …” „… workMartin Sauerland und Anna Steidle1I. Error: Prevalence and definitionLeaving the original in the copier …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783415075191

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Staatsausgaben und Sozialtransfers

Udo Schneider

2009

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Literatur S. 205-214

„… Error-Correction Modelling Techniques, Applied Economics 34, 1157-1169. Chang, T., Liu, W. und S. B. Caudill (2004 …” „… ), A Re-Examination of Wagner's Law for ten Countries Based on Cointegration and Error-Correction …” „… Warwick. Engle, R. F. und C. W. Granger (1987), Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation …”

Analyse der Staatstätigkeit unter Berücksichtigung der Sozialausgaben S. 180-192

„… : Ergebnisse des Fehlerkorrekturmodells Error Correction: ?(Nettostaatsquote) ?(BIP) ?(Sozialausgaben …” „… Error AIC: Akaike Information Criterion SC: Schwarz Information Criterion HQ: Hannan-Quinn …” „… herangezogen. Neben dem Akaike-Maß (AIC) und dem Schwarz-Kriterium (SC) sind dies der Final Prediction Error …”

Spurious Regression und Kointegration S. 155-160

„… Fehlerkorrekturmodell (Error Correction Model) zu spezifizieren. Ausgangspunkt ist das langfristige Gleichgewicht …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220512

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Eine rekonstruktive Studie zum Umgang mit Fehlern im Fremdsprachenunterricht in Deutschland und im Senegal

Mamadou Mbaye

2018

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

3 Fehler und Korrektur in Theorie, Empirie und Praxis S. 62-96

„… „Error Correction in Foreign Language Teaching: Recent 81 Theory, Research, and Practice“ fünf …” „… : „Negotiation of Form, Recasts, and Explicit Correction in Relation to Error Types and Learner Repair in …” „… Kategorien unterteilt hat: slips, error und attemps. Von slips (Ausrutscher oder Flüchtigkeitsfehler) ist …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 317-341

„… erweiterte Auflage. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. 326 Hendrickson, James M. (1978): Error Correction in Foreign …” „… ): Negotiation of Form, Recasts, and Explicit Correction in Relation to Error Types and Learner Repair in …” „… . Allwright, R. (1975): Problems in the Study of the Language Teacher’s Treatment of Learner Error. In: Burt …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783828869455

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