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Private Law and the Data Act

Sebastian Lohsse (Hrsg.), Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.)

2024

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Georg Borges Smart contracts for data transactions and the Data Act S. 173-200

„… contractsAutomated contract execution takes place by means of smart contracts.a) The concept of smart contractsThe …” „… smart contractsand data transactions in detail.b) The term “smart contract” in the Data ActThe term …” „… performance in this sense.c) The significance of Article 36 Data Act for smart contractsWith regard to the …”

Moritz Hennemann A Fair Share? – Data Contracts and Unfair Terms Control S. 149-172

„… . Potential Fairness Dimensions in Data ContractsFairness is a multi-faceted factor. What constitutes a fair …” „… A Fair Share? – Data Contracts and Unfair Terms ControlMoritz HennemannI. Introduction: The …” „… ‘Contractualisation’ of EU Data LawData Law is heavily driven by Contract Law instruments.1 The new frame‐work for …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer The Data Act – a Cornerstone for the European Data Economy S. 11-42

„… . Data sharing through contractsThe main reasons why the Data Act is a cornerstone for the Europeandata …” „… through contracts.a) The right to data access and useArt. 4 (1) grants the user of a purchased or rented …” „… data36 and all other contractswith a data access and use element, to an unfair contract terms control …”

Teresa Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell Drafting Model Contractual Terms for Voluntary B2B Data Sharing: A Tool to Deal with Unfairness S. 127-148

„… of data requires considering and repairingpossible market failures. Data sharing contracts, while …” „… on unfair contractual terms in (B2B) data sharing contracts betweenenterprises (Article 13 Data Act …” „… contracts tobe developed and recommended by the Commission (Article 41 Data Act).9The aim of this …”

Christiane Wendehorst Model Contractual Terms for Mandatory Data Sharing: Challenges and Considerations S. 97-124

„… datafall into several broader categories, e.g. contracts for the transfer of data, contractsfor simple …” „… Commission, ‘Expert Group on B2B data sharing and cloud computing contracts(E03840)’ (23 February 2022 …” „… Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Data Act) [2023] OJ L2023/2854.97ing and negotiating contracts with fair …”

Wolfgang Kerber EU Data Act: Where we are and where to go ... S. 247-256

„… data with third parties (Art. 4 and 5 DA),and (2) a new mandatory contract between the data holders and …” „… : Data use contract between data holders and usersThe second new key instrument is the requirement that …” „… data holders needa contract with the users of the IoT device for being allowed to use the non-personal …”

Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider, Marwan El-Rifaai, Victor Mehnert, Leonard Bodemann IoT Data Sharing in B2C: How to Better Serve the Consumer S. 59-96

„… contract under Art. 4(13) DA. Data processing pro‐hibitions on third parties are also regulated in Art. 6 …” „… a contract.The consumer is therefore informed that the product is smart (that itcan collect data …” „… seq.IoT Data Sharing in B2C: How to Better Serve the Consumer77terms in consumer contracts (Unfair Terms …”

Prof. Dr. Herbert Zech Data Access Rights as Property Rights S. 45-58

„… data sharing mechanism but also todesign appropriate contracts and model contracts.As the core aspects …” „… terms on data access and use“) whichmay even include partnership contracts.With model contracts, not …” „… : Lohsse/Schulze/Staudenmayer (eds.), Data as Counter-Performance –Contract Law 2.0 (2020), 225 (244s.: “personal data can be …”

Andreas Sattler Switching of Providers – Mandatory Requirements, important Exception and their Impact on Standard Contractual Clauses for Cloud Computing S. 203-228

„… cloud-comput‐ing contracts“.Andreas Sattler2061. Central requirement: Provider of Data Processing ServicesAccording …” „… central build‐ing block in the foundation of a standardised European contract law for theEuropean data …” „… structure theirbusiness models and contracts, so that data processing services might notalways fall within …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Share? – Data Contracts and Unfair Terms Control 149Georg BorgesSmart contracts for data transactions …” „… and the Data Act 173Cloud-ContractsAndreas SattlerSwitching of Providers – Mandatory Requirements …” „… Private Law and the Data ActLohsse | Schulze | Staudenmayer (Eds.)Münster Colloquia on EU Law and …”

Damian Boeselager, Johannes Jaenicke The Data Act as a design for (non-personal) industrial data markets S. 231-246

„… data. This design is built on contract law.The other changes referred above (distinction between …” „… data and data from related services in aggregated form as partof a contract with the user. Recital 25 …” „… party was prevented from using thedata for any purpose other than fulfilling the contract”. Where data …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748947844

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Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Legal Concepts and Tools

Sebastian Lohsse (Hrsg.), Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.)

2017

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Friedrich Graf von Westphalen Contracts with Big Data: The End of the Traditional Contract Concept? S. 245-270

„… 245 Contracts with Big Data: The End …” „… an integral part of the rapidly developing field of ‘voluntary data trading’.4 Such contracts …” „… -56/65 LTM EU:C:1966:38. 8 Case C-73/4 Papiers Peinte EU:C:1975:160. Contracts with Big Data – The End …”

Ruth Janal Fishing for an Agreement: Data Access and the Notion of Contract S. 271-292

„… Access and the Notion of Contract Ruth Janal I. Introduction The digital age and the data …” „… instances does the authorized access to data correlate to the existence of a contract? And does contract …” „… . The existence of a contract does not necessarily impact this factual exchange of data. While it is …”

Judita Dolžan Trading in Data: A Policy Perspective S. 305-322

„… reliable identification and exchange data, introducing default contract rules, accessing for public …” „… contract terms. In this case the pre-formulated contractual terms con- ____________________ 40 Data …” „… different parties are involved in data contract, that the types of data are very diverse, and that their …”

Heiko Willems Trading in Data: An Industry Perspective S. 323-326

„… ‘ownership’ of the data is regulated in practice by contracts. There is thus no legal uncertainty and, from …” „… access to the data via a contract that grants the right to access the data and outlines the purpose for …” „… rights to data, and these contracts work in practice. We have therefore discussed the development of …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Legal Concepts and Tools S. 11-24

„… particular, the question of ‘ownership’ of data; on the other hand, the further development of contract law …” „… contract terms would be used by data holders with greater bargaining power if they have no economic …” „… felt, seems rather inappropriate as soon as personal data is involved. Contract law tools, by contrast …”

Josef Drexl the Future EU Legal Framework for the Digital Economy: A Competition-based Response to the ‘Ownership and Access’ Debate S. 221-244

„… third persons. Under data licensing contracts, the data holders are able to regulate in what ways the …” „… If factual control over sensor-generated machine data suffices to enter into contracts on the …” „… exploitation of data, the law should first assess the working of contract law prior to discussing whether an …”

Matthias Leistner Big Data and the EU Database Directive 96/9/EC: Current Law and Potential for Reform S. 25-58

„… taken into account properly in respective use contracts in order to streamline the use of data in …” „… to its limits in respect of such co-operative (possibly open) data networks. Contracts can help, as …” „… initiatives include the need for the provision of standard contracts and best practices for data exchange on …”

Wolfgang Kerber Rights on Data: The EU Communication ‘Building a European Data Economy’ from an Economic Perspective S. 109-134

„… trading of data via contracts (guidance about how data control rights are addressed in contracts …” „… serve as benchmarks for contracts related to data).14 However, they intend not only to reduce …” „… , that buyers do not breach their data licensing contracts by leaking the data to third parties. If this …”

Christiane Wendehorst Elephants in the Room and Paper Tigers: How to Reconcile Data Protection and the Data Economy S. 327-356

„… interest or scientific purposes, and solutions in contract law including default rules for data …” „… persons with regard to the processing of personal data relating to such persons‘ (Study Contract ETD/97/B …” „… Directive, but there are hints in the model contracts for data transfers outside the EU/EEA20 as well as …”

Rolf H. Weber Improvement of Data Economy through Compulsory Licences? S. 135-158

„… See for example Zech, ‘Data as a Tradeable Commodity’ in De Franceschi (ed.), European Contract Law …” „… ) 179 et seq. Rolf H. Weber 148 In case of rescission of the contract, not money but data must be …” „… feasible. Data as contents of B2B contracts is already now a practical reality but the legal framework is …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Contracts with Big Data: The End of the Traditional Contract Concept? 245 Friedrich Graf von Westphalen …” „… Fishing for an Agreement: Data Access and the Notion of Contract 271 Ruth Janal Panel Discussion …” „… Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Legal Concepts and Tools Sebastian Lohsse/Reiner Schulze/Dirk …”

P. Bernt Hugenholtz Data Property in the System of Intellectual Property Law: Welcome Guest or Misfit? S. 73-100

„… Exclusivity Rights 75 Data Property in the System of Intellectual Property Law: Welcome …” „… Guest or Misfit?* P. Bernt Hugenholtz I. Introduction With the incessant growth of the ‘data …” „… -driven economy’1 have come calls for the introduction of a novel property right in data. Apparently in response …”

Malte Grützmacher Data Interfaces and Data Formats as Obstacles to the Exchange and Portability of Data: Is there a Need for (Statutory) Compulsory Licences? S. 189-220

„… ’ and that ‘[v]oluntary data sharing might emerge, but negotiating such contracts could entail …” „… 189 Data Interfaces and Data Formats as Obstacles to the Exchange and Portability of Data: Is …” „… data interfaces are protected and whether such protection, if any, should be limited, is of major …”

Daniel Zimmer Property Rights Regarding Data? S. 101-108

„… if the contract between the companies does not contain a provision on this. Thus, data can come to …” „… 101 Property Rights Regarding Data? Daniel Zimmer I. Overview Drivers of Mercedes’ new E-Class …” „… automatically activated.1 All of these actions generate data. Many of these data are sent via an encrypted …”

Francesco Mezzanotte Access to Data: The Role of Consent and the Licensing Scheme S. 159-188

„… , ‘Data as tradeable commodity’ in De Franceschi (ed.), European Contract Law and the Digital Single …” „… 159 Access to Data: The Role of Consent and the Licensing Scheme Francesco Mezzanotte I …” „… European Commission has grounded this objective on three complementary measures: the buildup of a data …”

Tanya Aplin Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Trade Secrets Perspective S. 59-72

„… (database right, contract and competition law), offer a solid basis for protection in the data economy.56 …” „… 59 Trading Data in the Digital Economy: Trade Secrets Perspective Tanya Aplin I. Introduction …” „… Directive1, has a role to play in the ‘big data’ economy. As a consequence, it is argued that trade secrets …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845288185

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Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps

Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.), Sebastian Lohsse (Hrsg.)

2017

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Rolf H Weber Data Protection in the Termination of Contract S. 189-208

„… Data Protection in the Termination of Contract Rolf H Weber* I. Introduction The intersections …” „… between contract law and data protection law, particularly in the context of the delivery of digital …” „… termination of a contract raises many issues related to data protection requirements encompassing in …”

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer, Sebastian Lohsse Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps – An Introduction S. 9-30

„… data has monetary value and is in fact monetised by traders. Again, the inclusion of contracts against …” „… is based on the principle that contracts against data should not be included, ie there should not be …” „… supplier in the context of a contract for the supply of digital content must be lawful under data …”

Fryderyk Zoll Personal Data as Remuneration in the Proposal for a Directive on Supply of Digital Content S. 179-188

„… , but different problems of contract law arise from these two categories.3 Personal data are much more …” „… of personal data or any other data. It means also that the Directive does not consider the contract …” „… , in which the consumer should provide the personal data, as a gratuitous contract. The language of …”

Sebastian AE Martens Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content – Consequential Loss S. 155-168

„… 155 Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content – Consequential Loss Sebastian AE …” „… Martens I. Introduction The European Commission has identified different national contract laws as one …” „… aspects concerning contracts for the online and other distance sales of goods;2 and on (ii) certain …”

Martine Behar-Touchais Remedies in the Proposed Digital Content Directive: An Overview S. 127-140

„… platform. The restitution after termination of the contract focuses instead on restoring the data provided …” „… contribution by RH Weber, ‘Data Protection in the Termination of Contract’, in this volume. 24 Regulation …” „… contract law, in particular an Economic Study on Consumer Digital Content Products4 and a study on all …”

Hugh Beale Conclusion and Performance of Contracts: An Overview S. 31-58

„… collects only personal data which is strictly necessary for the performance of the contract or for meeting …” „… provisions what will happen to the consumer’s data after termination of the contract are all useful, even if …” „… Contracts: An Overview 43 sary to supply the digital content under the EULA and does not use the data for …”

Susana Navas Navarro User-Generated Online Digital Content as a Test for the EU Legislation on Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content S. 229-254

„… Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content Susana Navas Navarro I. Current and Prospective Concept …” „… on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content7 (hereinafter Digital …” „… Content Directive; DCD) and Proposal for a Directive on certain aspects concerning contracts for the …”

Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi, Esther van Schagen Conformity under the Draft Digital Content Directive: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps S. 99-126

„… On data as counterperformance in consumer contracts see C Langhanke/ M Schmidt-Kessel, ‘Consumer …” „… aspects concerning contracts for the online and other distance sales of goods’ COM(2015) 635 final …” „… Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… on Supply of Digital Content 179 Fryderyk Zoll Data Protection in the Termination of Contract 189 …” „… Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps Reiner Schulze/Dirk …” „… 2 22.02.17 11:41 Reiner Schulze/Dirk Staudenmayer/Sebastian Lohsse (eds.) Contracts for the Supply …”

Rolf H Weber Data Protection – An Overview S. 169-178

„… context of contractual relations the intersections between data protection law and contract law …” „… therefore be paid to an adequate compliance of contract law provisions with data protection principles; the …” „… statement that ‘issues relating to data protection fall outside the law of contracts’23 should be overcome …”

Piotr Machnikowski Regulation of Damages on National or European Level S. 141-154

„… Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content’, in this volume. Piotr Machnikowski 144 (a) data which is …” „… use of a consumer’s personal data after termination of a contract, and other types. A close reading of …” „… contract for the supply of digital content be regulated in the Directive, and thus at the European level …”

Marco Loos Machine-to-Machine Contracting in the Age of the Internet of Things S. 59-82

„… to the Internet of Things, including the liability for data and machine-to-machine contracts, in a …” „… ) applies to contracts whereby a trader supplies digital content to a consumer (Art 1 DCD). However …” „… separate way. From this, it is clear that contracts to do with the Internet of Things fall outside of the …”

Nikolas Guggenberger The Potential of Blockchain Technology for the Conclusion of Contracts S. 83-98

„… 83 The Potential of Blockchain Technology for the Conclusion of Contracts Nikolas …” „… impact of Blockchain technology on the economy – especially its potential for smart contracts – is far …” „… ). 4 See A Badev/M Chen, ‘Bitcoin: Technical Background and Data Analysis’ (2014) Finance and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845281391

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Data as Counter-Performance - Contract Law 2.0?

Sebastian Lohsse (Hrsg.), Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.)

2020

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Martin Fries Data as Counter-Performance in B2B Contracts S. 253-262

„… Data as Counter-Performance in B2B Contracts Martin Fries* Introduction It is one of the foundation …” „… examines the phenomenon of data as counter-performance with a specific focus on B2B contracts. After …” „… for the future design of contract law, platform law, and data protection law (IV). The final section …”

Sebastian Lohsse, Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? An Introduction S. 9-22

„… Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? An Introduction Sebastian Lohsse / Reiner Schulze …” „… non-personal data as subject of contracts are at least as important in business-to-business transactions. The …” „… characteristics without ‘V’ have also been added. Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? An Introduction …”

Martin Schmidt-Kessel Right to Withdraw Consent to Data Processing – The Effect on the Contract S. 127-146

„… Performance of Contract and Withdrawal from the Contract with respect to Data Protection – Contract …” „… Law at a Crossroads? Right to Withdraw Consent to Data Processing – The Effect on the Contract Martin …” „… referring to EU data protection law and the GDPR in particular, it becomes clear that contract law in …”

Philipp Hacker Regulating the Economic Impact of Data as Counter-Performance: From the Illegality Doctrine to the Unfair Contract Terms Directive S. 47-76

„… on unfair terms in consumer contracts (UCTD) might set limits to the use of data as a …” „… other purpose.’44 General contract law and data protection law Nevertheless, it is now accepted by the …” „… violations therefore raise the question of the relationship between data protection law and general contract …”

Sergio Cámara Lapuente Termination of the Contract for the Supply of Digital Content and Services, and Availability of Data: Rights of Retrieval, Portability and Erasure in EU Law and Practice S. 163-192

„… her data, whether personal in nature or otherwise, in case the contract is terminated. In contracts …” „… non-personal data uploaded by the consumer up until termination of the contract. The normal effect of …” „… , ‘Data Protection in the Termination of Contract’ in Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer and Sebastian …”

Juliette Sénéchal Article 16(2) of the ‘Digital Content and Digital Services’ Directive on the Consequences of Termination of Contract, or the Difficult Articulation between Union Law on Consumer Contract and Union Law... S. 147-162

„… contract law and data protection law. The complexity is not only present in Art 16(2), but also in some …” „… recognised by the GDPR, explicitly in Art 6(1)(b) referring to the contract concluded by the data controller …” „… uncertainties concerning the way to articulate contract law and data protection law, due to the duality of the …”

Axel Metzger A Market Model for Personal Data: State of Play under the New Directive on Digital Content and Digital Services S. 23-46

„… data and the law of contract Consumers must conclude a contract in order to benefit from the consumer …” „… provides personal data. But this also requires a contract to be concluded, as clarified by Recital 24.19 …” „… , and the service providers collects the consumer’s personal data is to be qualified as a contract or …”

Václav Janeček, Gianclaudio Malgieri Data Extra Commercium S. 95-126

„… should protect parties if their contract is negatively affected by data protection tools (ie what …” „… personal data) can demand her data back, which causes some headaches for the contracts involving those data …” „… this means for contracts covering such data’.25 The uncertainty over when the law excludes data from …”

Christiane Wendehorst Personal Data in Data Value Chains – Is Data Protection Law Fit for the Data Economy? S. 193-224

„… contracts for the supply of digital content’ COM (2015) 634 final. 2 European Data Protection Supervisor …” „… Principles for a Data Economy11 or the METI Contract Guidelines12 but some types of transactions are more …” „… Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Contract Guidelines on Utilization of AI and Data …”

Andreas Sattler Autonomy or Heteronomy – Proposal for a Two-Tier Interpretation of Art 6 GDPR S. 225-252

„… access to personal data instead, they are entitled to terminate the contract even if the lack of …” „… personal data should be treated in the context of contract law. As already mentioned, all references to …” „… ‘the stone age of the law on obligations’.57 Although it is correct that the law on data contracts is …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? Sebastian Lohsse/Reiner Schulze/Dirk Staudenmayer …” „… Schulze Dirk Staudenmayer 5 Contents Data as Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0? An Introduction 9 …” „… of Contract and Withdrawal from the Contract with respect to Data Protection – Contract Law at a …”

Sjef van Erp Management as Ownership of Data S. 77-94

„… contracts regarding personal data are without an object and, consequently, invalid? Almost like the …” „… we conclude a contract about something. Data do not come into existence because we can show an …” „… end-user license agreement. Data is pre-existent to contracts, we are concluding contracts about data, not …”

Rebekka Weiß Data as Counter-Performance & the Digital Content Directive – The End of a Debate? S. 279-282

„… the Directive with respect to contracts where the consumers provides data in exchange for the …” „… if such processing is necessary for the performance of the contract to which the data subject is …” „… provision of a service free of charge, making the provided data necessary for the fulfilment of the contract …”

Anne Riechert Data as a Counter-Performance S. 267-278

„… and data protection Consumer Rights The ‘Directive on contracts for the supply of digital content and …” „… the terms of a contract. Therefore, the question is one the hand whether data will be used by the …” „… Data as a Counter-Performance Anne Riechert* What are the challenges in the context of ‘Data as a …”

Benjamin Görs Statement S. 263-266

„… recognizing the economic value of personal data by expanding contractual rights and remedies also to contracts …” „… contract law here (as spelled out in the Legal Opinion 4/2017 of the European Data Protection Supervisor1 …” „… : data-protection/our-work/ publications/opinions/contracts-supply-digital-content_en> accessed 5 July 2019. Benjamin Görs …”

Contributors S. 283-284

„… and Intellectual Property Law, Humboldt University of Berlin 283 Anne Riechert Professor of Data …” „… Director of the Stiftung Datenschutz (Foundation for Data Protection) Andreas Sattler Senior Lecturer …” „… Staudenmayer Head of Unit ‘Contract Law’, DG Justice and Consumers, European Commission. Honorary Professor at …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748908531

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Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare

Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Hrsg.), Max-Planck-Institut für Innovation und Wettbewerb (Hrsg.)

2021

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Michael Grünberger Data access rules: The role of contractual unfairness control of (consumer) contracts S. 253-286

„… foundation. The second pillar upon which the status quo of the data economy is built is the contract between …” „… use of the data among the parties. Thus, the contract legally secures the de facto control of the …” „… that the contract privileges this party. Henceforth I will call this party the ‘data holder’ or …”

Axel Metzger Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based principles S. 287-318

„… Access to and porting of data under contract law: Consumer protection rules and market-based …” „… data it has collected? From a contract law perspective, one is tempted to give the simple answer: ‘Yes …” „… nuanced version: Is one party under a contract obliged to grant the other party access to the data it has …”

Josef Drexl Connected devices – An unfair competition law approach to data access rights of users S. 477-528

„… require an additional (licensing) contract between the data holder and the person entitled to claim data …” „… its standard contract terms requiring the users of the devices to transfer or license the data …” „… permanent access to data continuously generated by the device. Contract law Contract law is an obvious …”

Ruth Janal Data portability under the GDPR: A blueprint for access rights? S. 319-342

„… non-personal data in cases of termination of a consumer contract regarding digital content. Even cat videos …” „… communication ‘Towards a common European data space’, the European Commission expresses the hope that contracts …” „… be considered a ‘joint controller’. Data provided because of a contract or consent In the absence of …”

Matthias Leistner The existing European IP rights system and the data economy – An overview with particular focus on data access and portability S. 209-252

„… acquire limited inter omnes effects of certain basic structural elements of contract-based data biotopes …” „… The existing European IP rights system and the data economy – An overview with particular focus on …” „… data access and portability Matthias Leistner* Introduction When the EU Commission launched its 2017 …”

Christian Reimsbach-Kounatze Enhancing access to and sharing of data: Striking the balance between openness and control over data S. 25-68

„… . Contractual arrangements and the role of contract guidelines and model contracts for data sharing The …” „… individual context of data access, sharing and use (freedom of contract). While freedom of contract may give …” „… Economy, Trade and Industry has formulated the ‘Contract Guidance on Utilisation of AI and Data’, which …”

Josef Drexl Data access as a means to promote consumer interests and public welfare – An introduction S. 11-24

„… contract law for the digital economy. In B2B relations in the digital economy data have already become an …” „… data access rights remains an absolute innovation within the realm of statutory contract law.11 …” „… contract law that ultimately leads to data access and data sharing. Therefore, unrestricted data access …”

Heike Schweitzer, Robert Welker A legal framework for access to data – A competition policy perspective S. 103-154

„… and Porting of Data under Contract Law’, in this volume. A legal framework for access to data – A …” „… , ‘Access to and porting of data under contract law’, in this volume. A legal framework for access to data …” „… a legal data usage right, data controllers would not need to implement contract clauses with respect …”

Wolfgang Kerber From (horizontal and sectoral) data access solutions towards data governance systems S. 439-476

„… 20 GDPR,4 contract law or unfair trading law). Data access claims against private firms can therefore …” „… law, data portability rights, and some other solutions including, e.g., contract law. After a brief …” „… conditions contract law might be capable of offering firms access to data as part of their contractual …”

Bertin Martens Data access, consumer interests and social welfare – An economic perspective on data S. 69-102

„… data or data-driven services to users, with bilateral contracts that benefit from legal protection …” „… from data leaks, unexpected data quality problems or processing errors. In traditional contracts …” „… Data access, consumer interests and social welfare – An economic perspective on data Bertin Martens …”

Christine Lambrecht Special Address of the Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection S. 7-10

„… control of (consumer) contracts 255 Michael Grünberger Access to and porting of data under contract law …” „… topic of the 2019 Consumer Law Conference – ‘Data access, consumer interests and public welfare’ – is a …” „… which image best illustrates the current significance of data. Is data the new ‘oil’, the new ‘raw …”

Jörg Hoffmann Safeguarding innovation in the framework of sector-specific data access regimes: The case of digital payment services S. 343-400

„… Safeguarding innovation in the framework of sector-specific data access regimes: The case of …” „… digital payment services Jörg Hoffmann Introduction The expected economic and social benefits of data …” „… access and sharing are enormous.1 Data-driven innovations have already transformed multiple sectors in …”

Heiko Richter The law and policy of government access to private sector data (‘B2G data sharing’) S. 529-572

„… Richter 540 asymmetries: when it comes to awarding contracts that include data clauses, municipalities …” „… of data-sharing contracts. Regulation125 should clearly address to what extent contracts between the …” „… contracts. In fact, studies have revealed that some markets for B2G data sharing are about to evolve.194 …”

Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider Data access rights – A comparative perspective S. 401-438

„… data access rights exist under contract law, where they are recognised because of information …” „… rights that serve to overcome technical power over data without regard to contract law and antitrust law …” „… Data access rights – A comparative perspective Louisa Specht-Riemenschneider Introduction From data …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999

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ZfRV Zeitschrift für Europarecht, Int. Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung

Alle Ausgaben: ZfRV Zeitschrift für Europarecht, Int. Privatrecht und Rechtsvergleichung

ZfRV Jahrgang 64 (2023) Heft 6 ISSN Online: 2078-1059

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Olmos Giupponi The Regulation of the Data Economy S. 5-11

„… andmaterial aspects of contracts that must be concluded whena data holder transfers data to third parties; and …” „… right to determine whether the data supplied are inconformity with the contract or to interpret any term …” „… period of the contract, or to limitthe use of such data to the extent that that party is notentitled to …”

doi.org/10.5771/2078-1059-2023-6

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Verträge im elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr

Georg Borges

Reihe: Schriften des Rechtszentrums für Europäische und Internationale Zusammenarbeit (R.I.Z.)

Band 30 2008

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UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996) S. 997-1003

„… shall nt be inapplicable to such a contract of carriage ofgoods which is evidenced by one ormore data …” „… used inthe formation of a contract, that contractshall not be denied validity or enforceability on the …” „… . InterpretationArticle 4. Variation by agreementChapter II. Application of Legal Requirements to DataMessagesArticle 5 …”

Uniform Electronic Transactions Act S. 1007-1014

„… Contracts(a) A record or signature may not bedenied legal effect or enforceability solely because it is in …” „… parties are not reviewed by an individual in the ordinarycourse in forming a contract, performingunder an …” „… existing contract, or fulfillingan obligation required by the transaction.(3) “Computer program” means a …”

UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001) S. 1003-1007

„… shall nt be inapplicable to such a contract of carriage ofgoods which is evidenced by one ormore data …” „… document, that requirement is met if theright or obligation is conveyed by usingone or more data messages …” „… relevant agreement.(5) Where one or more data messagesare used to effect any action in subparagraphs (f …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 1027-1066

„… Contracts.ders.: Corbin on Contracts, Hrsg. der 3. Aufl.: Joseph M. Perillo, 3. Aufl., Bd. 4,§§12.1–23.11 …” „… .: Corbin on Contracts.ders.: Corbin on Contracts. A Comprehensive Treatise on the Rules of Contract Law,Bd …” „… ; zit: Farnsworth on Contracts.Fasciano, Paul: Note: Internet Electronic Mail: A Last Bastion for the …”

Sachverzeichnis S. 1067-1088

„… 12– Interoperabilität 14Cookies 166, 729Data Encryption Standard (DES) 49Datenleitungen 13 …” „… Datenübermittlung 14 ff.– Anwendungsschicht 15– application layer 15– Bitübertragungsschicht 15– data link layer 15 …” „… Europäischen VertragsgesetzbuchsEuropean Principles s. Principles of European Contract LawFernabsatzgesetz 68 …”

Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act S. 1014-1024

„… commerce –(1) a signature, contract, or otherrecord relating to such transactionmay not be denied legal …” „… effect, validity, or enforceability solely because it isin electronic form; and(2) a contract relating to …” „… , other than a governmental agency with respect to arecord other than a contract to whichit is a party.(c …”

Der Vertragsabschluß nach dem Entwurf des UNCITRALÜbereinkommens über den elektronischen Vertragsabschluß S. 373-376

„… („contracts concluded oder evidenced by means of datamessages). Derzeit ist noch nicht entschieden, ob sich …” „… Definitionen. Der Begriff der elektronischen Nachricht (data message) wird in Art.5 (a) in wörtlicher …” „… Aufenthaltsort maßgeblich, Art.7 Abs.3.Das 3. Kapitel (Formation of contracts) mit den Artt. 8–15 enthält …”

Die Regeln zum Tatbestand der elektronischen Signatur S. 138-146

„… : „electronic signature“ means data in electronic form which are attached to or logically associated with other …” „… electronic data andwhich serve as a method of authentication.R.I.Z.-Schriftenreihe Bd. 16 – Borges – Verträge …” „… einflußreiche Restatement 2d Contracts den Begriff der signature in seinem §134 wie folgt: „ The signature to …”

Signaturrichtlinie S. 985-997

„… DataMessagesArticle 5. Legal recognition of datamessagesArticle 6. WritingArticle 7. SignatureArticle 8 …” „… . OriginalArticle 9. Admissibility and evidential weight of data messagesArticle 10. Retention of data …” „… messagesChapter III. Communication of DataMessagesArticle 11. Formation and validity ofcontractsArticle 12 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206196

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Handel mit personenbezogenen Daten in Deutschland und Italien

Alisa Rank-Haedler

Reihe: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft

Band 213 2024

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Teil 4: Zusammenfassender Überblick S. 219-252

„… and the law of contracts regarding the transfer of personal data on the secondary market for personal …” „… data. For the contract law questions, a comparative law approach was adopted. Thus, the Italian legal …” „… the contract under data protection law. Regarding the provider’s performance in the secondary market …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 253-272

„… Counter-Performance – Contract Law 2.0?, Baden-Baden 2020 (zitiert: Sattler, in: Lohsse/Schulze/Staudenmeyer, Data as …” „… Contract, in: Lohsse, Sebastian / Schulze, Reiner / Staudenmayer (Hrsg.), Data as Counter-Performance …” „… – Contract Law 2.0?, Baden-Baden 2020 (zitiert: Schmidt-Kessel, in: Lohsse/Schulze/Staudenmayer, Data as …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783828850873

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SozW Soziale Welt

Alle Ausgaben: SozW Soziale Welt

SozW Jahrgang 73 (2022) Heft 2 ISSN Online: 2942-3414

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Paul Severin Löwe Are first jobs in the German public sector more stable? An examination under consideration of the institutional structure S. 377-415

„… less relevant than for employees (fixed-term contracts).Our sensitivity analyses suggest that while the …” „… to 2012 of the retrospective life history data of the Starting Cohort six of theNational Education …” „… use of fixed-term con-tracts, have a significant negative impact. This suggests that the stabilising …”

doi.org/10.5771/0038-6073-2022-2

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Researches in European Private Law and Beyond

André Janssen (Hrsg.), Hans Schulte-Nölke (Hrsg.)

2020

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Dirk Staudenmayer Towards a European Private Law of the Digital Economy? - Trends S. 65-90

„… the Commission proposal and included contracts, where the consumer provides data to the supplier, into …” „… respective contract falls into the scope of the DCD. The former category concerns data, which the trader has …” „… DCD explicitly35 does not regulate the consequences for the contract if the consumer as data subject …”

Matthias Lehmann Towards New Horizons: Commenting and Codifying European Business Law S. 25-42

„… the regulation of electronic contracts and platforms. Probably the same ambition also drove him …” „… has clearly been on matters of classic civil law, particularly general contract law. The sensible …” „… contracts like those for digital services has the potential to once again stir resistance by the Member …”

Francesco Paolo Patti Machine Learning and European Product Liability S. 107-124

„… sample of data, able to effectively perform a specific task without using instructions. On the one side …” „… life.3 On the other side, as choices dictated by data processing are not predictable, machine learning …” „… Revolution: Challenges for Contract Law in Practice, EuCML 2015, 215 ff. 3 See Micklitz/Pałka, Algorithms in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet …” „… Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN …” „… 978-3-8487-5714-5 (Print) 978-3-8452-9846-7 (ePDF) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Janssen …”

Cristina Amato, Elise Poillot Towards a European Culture of Legal Clinics: Transplanting the American Clinical Model S. 383-412

„… , Turin 2009, p. 2. See the English version: Schulze, The Academic Draft of CFR and the EC Contract Law …” „… , in: Schulze (ed.), Common Frame of Reference and Existing EC Contract Law, Munich 2008. 2 Schulze …” „… of European legislation on domestic private law, more specifically contract law, was increasing to a …”

Jürgen Basedow Court of Justice ‘light’ – The Procedural Choices of the Court and Their Impact on the Quality of Private Law Decisions – S. 179-192

„… Spanish market where neither company had an establishment. Under the contract, the Portuguese company had …” „… related to jurisdiction. The Belgian company had in fact inserted, in its standard conditions of contract …” „… standard conditions of contract is valid where both parties have signed a contract that refers to those …”

H.L.E. Verhagen Towards an Optimal Conflict Rule for Assignment S. 263-282

„… only flourishes in its natural habitat – contract – it has migrated (albeit often in constrained form …” „… Article 12(1) of the Rome Convention (being the law governing the contract between assignor and assignee …” „… . indirect agency), but also within the law of contract itself (e.g. contractual networks) the adage is …”

Edoardo Ferrante The Amended Proposal COM (2017) 637: a ‘New’ European Sales Law? S. 43-64

„… […], Policy Options for Progress Towards a European Contract Law, RZ 2011, p. 420 ff.; Alpa, Towards a …” „… European Contract Law, CeI- Eur. 2012, p. 124. 2 Schulze, Towards a European Business Code?, CeI-Eur. 2016 …” „… Proposal ‘on certain aspects concerning contracts for the online and other dis- II. 3 COM (2011) 635 def …”

Esther Arroyo Amayuelas The Dialogue Between Courts Concerning Directive 93/13 with Special Regard to the Default Interest Terms S. 141-162

„… mostly focused on contract law and this subject was therefore the natural choice with which to honour …” „… view and a critical assessment on the role of this dialogue, see Józon, “Unfair contract terms in …” „… Europe in times of crisis: Substantive justice lost in the paradise of proceduralisation of contract …”

Barbara Pasa Legal Translation Within the EU and the Shift of National Legal Paradigms S. 193-218

„… oparl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2012/462442/IPOL-JURI_N T(2012)462442_EN.pdf, accessed 12.7.2018. 30 Šarčević, New Approach to …” „… [term] in contract law [clausola/clause/término/Bestimmung]. In this case it was about translating the …” „… Contract Law, 2008, 281-303, at 287. 35 So far except in most of the UK, Ireland, Cyprus and Malta. 36 …”

Geraint Howells Safety Expectations as the Basis of Product Liability S. 91-106

„… contract for ‘articles dangerous in themselves’: see Longmeid v Holliday (1851) 6 Ex 761 and Dominion …” „… contracts can be varied only on the basis of circumstances that consumers can predict.45 It would be strange …” „… Psychology 2098. 47 Jennings/Amabile/Ross, `Informational Covariation Assessment: Data-based Versus …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845298467

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Artificial Intelligence

Max Dregelies (Hrsg.), Hannes Henke (Hrsg.), Lea Katharina Kumkar (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Assistententagung Grüner Bereich

Band 2025

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Jasmin Dolling, Tarmio Frei AI Voice Chat Moderation Systems in Video Gaming under EU Data Protection Law S. 71-94

„… processing personal data in MS are consent(Art. 6(1)(a)), performance of a contract (Art. 6(1)(b …” „… contract orbased on consent. In these cases, however, data controllers must implementsuitable safeguards …” „… privacy and data protection. As they lackthe necessity for performance of players’ contracts and in the …”

Jennifer Pullen Navigating the Challenges of Computational Antitrust Enforcement S. 225-244

„… one way of dealing with digitalisa‐tion, another is to harness the novel data-rich environment that …” „… , Ready or not? A systematic review of case studies using data-driven approaches to detect real-world …” „… : Grundwald/Hillebrand (eds.),Handbuch Technikethik, Stuttgart 2021, p. 242.17 Man-made because the model and data are …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748947516

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Auswertung von Blockchain-Inhalten zu Strafverfolgungszwecken

Michael Koenen

Reihe: Studien zum Strafrecht

Band 120 2023

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Kapitel 3 – Technische Auswertungs- und Ermittlungsmöglichkeiten bei Blockchain-Systemen S. 71-98

„… Transaktionsverhalten eines Schneeball-Smart Contractsmit einem Nicht-Schneeball-Smart Contract verglichen werden und so …” „… Safferling/Rückert, MMR 2015, 788 (789).267 Siehe hierzu etwa bestimmte Smart Contracts, die auf der …” „… : Meiklejohn/Pomarole/Jordan/Levchenko/McCoy/Voelker/Savage,IMC ’13 2013, 127 (132); Nick, Data-Driven De-Anonymization in Bitcoin, S. 5;Pham/Lee, arXiv …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-28

„… Bitcoin-Cash1. 59Litecoin2. 59Libra / Diem – FacebookCoin3. 60Smart ContractsII. 61Was ist ein Smart Contract …” „… eines Smart Contractsb) 62Die Blockchain-Technologie bei Smart Contractsc) 62Die „Ethereum“-Blockchain …” „… als Grundlage von SmartContracts2.63Was sind ICOs – „Initial Coin Offerings“?3. 65Inhaltsverzeichnis10 …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 413-424

„… Data Security, 17th International Conference, FC2013, RevisedSelected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer …” „… http://blockchainlab.com/pdf/Ethereum_white_paper-a_next_generation_smart_contract_and_decentralized_application_platform-vitalik-buterin.pdf (letzter Abruf: 20. Dezember2021).Chan, Wren/ Olmsted, Aspen: Ethereum Transaction Graph Analysis …” „… / Zheng, Zibin/ Ngai, Edith/ Zheng, Peilin/ Zhou, Yuren, ExploitingBlockchain Data to Detect Smart Ponzi …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748941248

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Blockchain im Spannungsfeld des europäischen Datenschutzrechts

Clarissa Katharina Julia Zentgraf

Reihe: Frankfurter Studien zum Datenschutz

Band 74 2024

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Quellenverzeichnis S. 349-402

„… Contracts,Decentralised Autonomous Organisations and the Law, 2019).Gurlit, Elke, Verfassungsrechtliche Rahmenbedingungen …” „… , Raghvendra/Elezaj,Ogerta/Abomohara, Mohamad, GDPR Compliant Consent Driven Data Protectionin Online Social Networks: A …” „… . 307-312(zit.: Ahmed et al., ICICT 2020).Alberini, Adrien/Pfammatter, Vincent, Blockchain and data …”

Teil 2 Grundlagen und Funktionsweisen der Blockchain-Technologie S. 36-103

„… : Kraus/Obrist/Hari, Blockchains, Smart Contracts,Decentralised Autonomous Organisations and the Law, 2019, 1, 1 …” „… Contracts,Decentralised Autonomous Organisations and the Law, 2019, 49, 54; Hein/Well‐brock/Hein, Rechtliche …” „… , S. 14; Mignon, in: Kraus/Obrist/Hari, Blockchains, Smart Con‐tracts, Decentralised Autonomous …”

Teil 5 Regulierungsansätze de lege ferenda S. 301-338

„… DataProtection Board (EDPB) hebt ebenfalls hervor, dass die Verantwortlichkeitsowohl durch Gesetze geregelt sein …” „… ebenso an jeden Teilnehmer automatisch, z.B.mittels Smart Contract oder Programmierung, verschickt werden …” „… . SmartContracts sind selbst vollziehende Verträge, die auf einer Blockchain ab‐gebildet werden und mit einer …”

Teil 4 Vereinbarkeit der Blockchain mit den Vorgaben der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung de lege lata S. 142-300

„… Alberini/Pfammatter, in: Kraus/Obrist/Hari, Blockchains, Smart Contracts, Decen‐tralised Autonomous Organisations and …” „… (engl. Personal data) im Sinne des Art. 4 Nr. 1DS-GVO sind weit zu fassen und umfassen„[…] alle …” „… .; Alberini/Pfam‐matter, in: Kraus/Obrist/Hari, Blockchains, Smart Contracts, Decentralised Auto‐nomous Organisations and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748945666

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Der Vertragsschluss mit Hilfe von „Smart Assistants“

Josef Matoussi

Reihe: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag: Rechtswissenschaft

Band 234 2024

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XXIV

„… Fähigkeiten und Anwendungsmöglichkeitenvon Smart ContractsB.76Smart Contracts auf der BlockchainC. 77 …” „… Vorreiter der Entwicklung von SmartAssistantsC.72Definition des Begriffs Smart AssistantD. 73Smart Contracts …” „… InhaltsverzeichnisXSmart Contracts im Zusammenspielmit Smart AssistantsD.79Automatisierte und autonome Systeme§ 7 79 …”

Kapitel 2: Technische Grundlagen von Smart Assistants S. 7-102

„… diese Systeme, in Verbindung mit denanalytischen Fähigkeiten von Big Data und Machine Learning,13 dazuin …” „… Data ScienceEndeavors15 Gal/Elkin-Koren, Algorithmic Consumers, 30 Harv. J. Law & Tec 309–310.16 …” „… die Auswertung dieserDatenmassen (sog. Big Data) essentiell geworden sind.40 Big Data kannnicht …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 453-468

„… LiteraturverzeichnisAllen, Tom/Widdison, Robin: Can computers make contracts? Harvard Journal ofLaw …” „… Strukturen des bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehrs,AcP 186 (1986), 187.Möslein, Florian: Smart Contracts im Zivil …” „… , https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/571379/IPOL_STU(2016)571379_EN.pdf,01.10.2016 (Aufruf am 19.01.2023).Nitschke, Tanja …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783689000684

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Datenkooperation durch Datenpooling

Lara Schäfer

Reihe: Wirtschaftsrecht und Wirtschaftspolitik

Band 318 2023

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Literaturverzeichnis S. 633-688

„… : https://ischoolonline.berkeley.edu/blog/structured-unstructured-data/.Harris, Milton / Raviv, Artur, Optimal Incentive Contracts with Imperfect Information,20 Journal of …” „… Contracts,and the Dual Nature of the Firm, 24 The Journal of Corporation Law (JCL) 2019,819–836.Ellenberger …” „… / Schneider, Johannes / vom Brocke, Jan, Data governance: A conceptualframework, structured review, and …”

Einführung S. 19-40

„… aufweist und daher der „Nexus of contracts“-Formeldort vor allem metaphorische Bedeutung zukommt (vgl …” „… Innerhalb des sich zunehmend verdichtenden regulatorischen Rahmens1 Vgl. dazu auch Schneider, Health Data …” „… Datenverkehr); dazu auch Euro‐päische Kommission v. 10.1.2017 on the free flow of data and emerging issues …”

Teil 2: Rechtsökonomische Untersuchung S. 121-238

„… Martens, An economic per‐spective on data and platform market power, 2021, S. 7.593 Vgl. etwa …” „… , Health Data Pools, 2022, S. 258.610 So etwa zu finden bei Bennett/Collins, 6 ECJ 2010, 311, 318 …” „… ; Gassler,Information Exchange Between Competitors, 2021, S. 15 f.; Schneider, Health DataPools, 2022, S. 258.B …”

Teil 4: Datenregulierungsrechtliche Untersuchung S. 475-564

„… ; Hennemann/Specht-Riemenschneider, in: Specht/Hen‐nemann (Hrsg.), Data Governance Act, 2023, Einleitung Rn. 8; Steinrötter, ZD2021 …” „… Datenregulierung1948. Grund ist, dass1944 Beispiele hierfür bilden der Data Governance Act sowie der Data Act.1945 …” „… etwa Collins, Regulating Contracts,1999, S. 56 ff.; wohl auch Wagner, 206 AcP 2006, 352, 431; teils …”

Teil 5: Synthese S. 565-632

„… Charakter“)am Beispiel des Immaterialgüterrechts Leistner/Antoine/Sagstetter, Big Data 2021,S. 17 …” „… Datenmittlern (Data Governance Act)2292 undprimär bilateral zugeschnittene Datenzugangsverhältnisse mit …” „… allenfalls in‐direkten multilateralen Einfallstoren im IoT-Kontext (Data Act)2293, wobeider Gesetzgeber hier …”

Teil 3: Kartellrechtliche Untersuchung S. 239-474

„… Commission, Report of Study Group onData and Competition Policy, 2017, S. 30.§ 5: Kartellverbot242 …” „… .; Podszun, Data Actund Zugang zu Sekundärmärkten am Beispiel des Handwerks, 2023, S. 90.998 Vgl. etwa jüngst …” „… , Kartell‐rechtliche Grenzen der Preisberatung, 2021, S. 64 f. et passim; speziell im „DataSharing“-Kontext Zingales …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748919650

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