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Commercial Law

Peter Mankowski (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2018

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Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 25 Burden of proof S. 1158

„… Article 32 § 3 of the CIM UR). Article 25 Burden of proof The burden of proving that the loss, damage or …” „… carrier bears the burden of proof to establish the conditions of exclusion of liability. However, when …” „… caused because of these risks and the burden of proof shifts to the claimant. Article 25 § 3 of the CIM …”

Petra Butler Article 45 CISG S. 238

„… D. Burden of proof The allocation of burden of proof under the CISG is based upon the principle ei …” „… Linne, ‘Burden of Proof under Article 35 CISG’ 20 (2008) Pace International Law Review 31, 32. 37 See …” „… for an extensive discussion: Franco Ferrari, ‘Burden of Proof under the CISG’ 2000 Review of the …”

Peter Csoklich Article 18 S. 943-944

„… provides for the complimentary rule on the burden of proof. Thereby, the underlying concept of the CMR is …” „… and counter-proof Although not explicitly regulated in the CMR, the burden of proof that actually a …” „… : consequently, Art. 18 (1) CMR describes as general rule that the burden of proof with respect to the relieves …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 42 S. 987

„… . 18 CMR on the distribution of the burden of proof cannot be altered. It is disputed whether the scope …” „… of Art. 41 para. 2 CMR relates only to those rules on the burden of proof set out in Art. 18 CMR or …” „… whether any agreement on the burden of proof is void.39 Chapter VIII Final provisions Article 42 (1) This …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 VI. Burden of proof …” „… fundamental breach of contract. VI. Burden of proof The issue of burden of proof is a matter governed, at …” „… . 38/39.65 In addition, a party’s burden of proof may be alleviated by presumptions or granting certain facts …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… ; UNIDROIT 2.1.21 – burden of proof CISG 18 1 – by conduct CISG 18 10 et seqq. – by conduct in exceptional …” „… confidentiality UNIDROIT 2.1.16 2 – terminology UNIDROIT 7.1.1 2 Burden of proof CISG 44 15; CMR 2 13, 9 5; Dir …” „… . 86/653/EEC Intro 45 – clauses on burden of proof as exemption clause UNIDROIT 7.1.6 3 – CMR CMR 24 3 …”

Section 2 Registered luggage S. 1111-1115

„… . Section 2 Registered luggage Art. 36 COTIF/CIV 1111 1 1 2 3 Article 37 Burden of proof The burden of …” „… one of those risks. The question of burden of proof is crucial for the provisions of Article 36 §§ 2-3 …” „… bears the burden of proof to establish the damage, as well as the link between one of the causes and the …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 69 CISG S. 312-316

„… the risk pro rata.21 IV. Burden of proof The seller bears the burden of proof for the fact that the …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 V. Burden of proof …” „… of the goods (see para. 17 in the section on → Art. 67). V. Burden of proof Under the general …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 43 CISG S. 226-228

„… goods. V. Burden of proof After taking delivery, the buyer carries the burden of proof for the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 VI. Burden of proof …” „… of proof, notice in writing is recommended. Pursuant to → Art. 27, the risk of transmission is borne …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.6 (Effect of release or settlement) S. 795-797

„… , the burden of proof that there has been partial performance remains with the obligor.) In relation to …” „… co-obligor, it bears the burden of proof that the default rule does not apply and “circumstances indicate …” „… bears its internal share (as demonstrated by Meier).6 C. Contractual Option In light of the burden of …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 30 S. 963-967

„… shifting the burden of proof on to the consignee.1 Art. 30 para. 1 CMR also outlines two exceptions of the …” „… ;34 but Art. 30 para. 2 CMR and Art. 9 para. 2 CMR shift the burden of proof onto the carrier.35 …” „… burden of proof. 34 Thume/Demuth, Art. 30 para. 38; MüKo-HGB/Jesser-Huß, Art. 30 para. 18. 35 Cf. BGH, 8 …”

Klaus Ramming Article 25 Nullity of contractual stipulations S. 1061-1063

„… carrier or their servants or agents, to shift the burden of proof or to reduce the periods for claims or …” „… carrier’s and the actual carrier’s liability together with the relevant principles on the burden of proof as …” „… increased limit of liability. Likewise, Article 25.1 sentence 1 protects provisions on the burden of proof …”

Peter Csoklich Article 8 S. 918-920

„… supplementary provisions on the burden of proof in the CMR, national law, including the procedural rules of the …” „… prove the legal and factual basis for the claim. Thus follows that the burden of proof that the damage …” „… directly lead to a liability of the carrier for breach of contract but has an effect on the onus of proof …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 76 CISG S. 353-355

„… ).31 IV. Burden of proof The burden of proof for the avoidance of the contract and for the reasonable …” „… price. This rule prevents speculation.15 III. Consequences; burden of proof A party entitled to damages …” „… off should not occur if the benefits of the substitute transaction are due either to the …”

Gilles Cuniberti Article 25 Discharge of registration S. 1387

„… authenticity is challenged. The burden of proof is then on the challenging party to displace the presumption …” „… and show that there are reasons to believe that the certificate is inaccurate. The burden of proof …” „… The International Registry allows various kinds of searches. With respect to aircraft objects, the …”

Petra Butler Article 46 CISG S. 239-242

„… The burden of proof lies with the seller that the seller has delivered conforming goods at the agreed …” „… time when the risk passed,22 including the burden of proof for impediments for which the seller is not …” „… without objection the burden of proof lays with the buyer. Note has to be taken of Article 28 which limits …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 g) Does the Directive regulate burden of proof issues …” „… deviating from the principles of the general distribution of the burden of proof.103 Interpretation in …” „… associated with an analogy. Does the Directive regulate burden of proof issues? In principle, the Directive …”

Klaus Ramming Article 21 Loss of right to limit liability S. 1052

„… clarified in the wording of Article 21.1 that the burden of proof in relation to the carrier’s qualified …” „… procedural law of the court seized. Tools such as a discovery of documents or a secondary burden of proof …” „… Article 21 Loss of right to limit liability 1. The carrier or the actual carrier is not entitled to …”

Klaus Ramming Article 16 Liability for loss S. 1035-1039

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 III. Burden of proof …” „… goods to the agreed destination.6 III. Burden of proof In relation to the loss of or damage to the …” „… goods occurring during transport, the burden of proof is fully on the claimant. It is his job to prove …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 67 CISG S. 303-308

„… will also pass with the risk.33 Burden of proof Under the general principles, the party claiming a …” „… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 III. Consequences; burden of proof …” „… transportation or providing packaging materials).29 III. Consequences; burden of proof If the seller does not …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.2.5 (Discharge of original obligor) S. 745-746

„… obligor bears the burden of proof if it wishes to rely on either declaration).12 E. Option for the …” „… Original Obligor (i) In light of the burden of proof of the original obligor for the exercise of an option …” „… use of advance consent (under Art. 9.2.4 and/or Art. 9.3.4) helps to maintain the required …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 40 CISG S. 212-213

„… VI. Burden of proof As it is the buyer who wants to rely on remedies, he must prove that his …” „… the correct person. Oral notices (for example made by telephone) may result in difficulties of proof …” „… the seller bears the burden of proving that the buyer could have detected the non-conformity at an …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 70 CISG S. 317-318

„… . Consequences; burden of proof As is commonly explained, according to Article 70, the risk ‘falls back’ on the …” „… respect to the burden of proof for the fundamental breach of the seller.12 2. 5 Peter Mankowski, ‘Article …” „… Article 70 CISG If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 74 CISG S. 339-348

„… instance of communication.46 V. Burden of proof The creditor must prove the preconditions for the remedies …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 VI. Prescription and limitation periods; burden of proof …” „… VI. Prescription and limitation periods; burden of proof Unless the 1974 Limitation Convention77 …”

Peter Csoklich Article 15 S. 933-934

„… of his enterprise, are not covered by Art. 14 CMR.9 The burden of proof with respect to impossibility …” „… considered as sufficient to apply Art. 15 CMR (cf. → Art. 14, para. 4 CMR). The burden of proof for such …” „… lies upon the carrier.10 III. Rights and duties of the carrier Whenever the carriage is or becomes …”

Peter Mankowski Article 5 CISG S. 31-32

„… . Issues relating to evidence The CISG addresses the burden of proof expressly only in → Art. 79 (1). But …” „… principle that the burden of proof is on the party who alleges a certain fact.25 Article 5 CISG This …” „… disputed of all hidden gaps. Indubitably and undeniably, the CISG does not address the issue directly.18 …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 42 CISG S. 220-225

„… the seller. V. Burden of proof The buyer who relies on a breach of Art. 41 must prove that the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 V. Burden of proof …” „… of proof for a successful cure of the defect. Article 42 CISG 1. The seller must deliver goods which …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 29 S. 961-962

„… liability or which shift the burden of proof if the damage was caused by his wilful misconduct or by such …” „… based on the relevant procedural law and failure to meet such procedural burden may be taken as proof of …” „… shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this chapter which exclude or limit his …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.15 (Negotiations in bad faith) S. 515-516

„… burden of proof is on the party “seeking to assert that … there is no contract”.33 Article 2.1.15 …” „… avoidance), in particular 3.2.5 (fraud) in connection with Art. 3.2.16.19 C. Damage Calculation. Burden of …” „… balance between the two extremes with due regard to the circumstances of the case: on the one hand (which …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 44 CISG S. 229-231

„… VI. Burden of proof The buyer must prove that the notice was dispatched within a reasonable time …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 V. Burden of proof …” „… . If he fails to give notice, he must prove that the seller knew of the existence and nature of the …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 72 CISG S. 327-331

„… ). IX. Burden of proof The creditor must prove that the preconditions for a right of suspension or …” „… )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 VI. Declaration of avoidance; damages; burden of proof …” „… of the contract. In practice, the debtor’s non-performance will often qualify as a ground for …”

Klaus Ramming Article 18 Special exonerations from liability S. 1042-1044

„… special exonerations in Article 18.1. They are privileged in relation to the burden of proof. It is …” „… instructions in relation to the handling of the animals agreed upon in the contract of carriage. II. Burden of …” „… ”. The decision clarified that the exonerations and limitations of liability afforded to the carrier in …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 5 Contents of Air Waybill or Cargo Receipt S. 1191

„… discharging its own burden of proof in the event of damage to the cargo.1 1 For further details in respect of …” „… 2. Other participants held that retention of the term would not constitute an intolerable burden and …” „… Article 7 paragraph 4). Article 5 Contents of Air Waybill or Cargo Receipt The air waybill or the cargo …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 6 Document Relating to the Nature of the Cargo S. 1191

Peter Mankowski Article 1 CISG S. 11-19

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Additional subjective test and burden of proof (2 …” „… subjective test and burden of proof (2) (2) introduces an additional subjective test delimiting …” „… burden of proof and pleading as between the parties: Where the parties objectively have their respective …”

Marco Torsello Article 30 CISG S. 156-162

„… , Art. 29(2) second sentence CISG is mandatory law.28 IV. Burden of proof The party invoking a …” „… translation available at: http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cases/08071 5sb.html. 7 On the seller’s burden of proof …” „… risk from the seller to the buyer and with the allocation of costs and burdens relating to …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 78 CISG S. 360-366

„… IV. Consequences; burden of proof If a party fails to mitigate damages in accordance with Article …” „… The burden of proof for the failure-to-mitigate defence is on the breaching party.28 If the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 V. Burden of proof …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 16 CISG S. 74-78

„… shifting the burden of proof to the party denying irrevocability.10 A rebuttal might succeed where the time …” „… of supply. The burden of proof lies with the offeree.28 While it is clear that once reliance is …” „… at domestic law, notably it does not require proof of any detriment flowing from reliance,26 and may …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 27 CISG S. 146-149

„… “reasonable time” under Art. 49(2)(b), Art. 64(2)(b) and Art. 73(2) CISG. III. Burden of proof The party …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 V. Burden of proof …” „… alia, the declaration may be included in a statement of claim or other documents in a judicial …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… exemption from liability;4 even clauses on changes of time limits or on a reversal of the burden of proof)5 …” „… Contract Clauses (2006), p. 360, 366-367 (on burden of proof) and 367-368 (on limitation of time period). 6 …” „… agreement on a grace period. While the UNIDROIT Principles’ coherent system of remedies may not favour a …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 III. Burden of proof …” „… conclusion must therefore remain unconsidered. III. Burden of proof The aggrieved party has to prove the …” „… 15 The burden of proof with respect to the unforeseeability test lies on the injuring party.49 This …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… cases provide examples regarding materiality. The burden of proof of immateriality rests on the party …” „… The burden of proof in rebutting the presumption lies upon the party relying upon conclusion of the …” „… effectively subject to a condition that no objection ensues.65 The burden of proof to demonstrate an objection …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 80 CISG S. 377-380

„… court held for a reduction of damages (→ Art. 7).19 III. Consequences; burden of proof Article 80 …” „… her obligations. This is due to the Convention’s underlying conception of do ut des.81 V. Burden of …” „… proof The breaching party must prove the preconditions of an exemption.82 However, the promisee must …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 75 CISG S. 349-352

„… issues of loss and causation.79 This is different for the burden of proof for the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV. Burden of proof …” „… (un)foreseeability of the loss, which is on the other side.80 Article 75 CISG If the contract is avoided and if, in a …”

Klaus Ramming Article 24 Limitation of actions S. 1056-1060

„… provides for rather harsh consequences: There is no mere shifting of the burden of proof (as in Article …” „… burden of proof in relation to the notice lies fully on the claiming party. It must prove that the …” „… . Both parties are entitled to (and usually do) involve experts who carry out a survey of the goods on …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 66 CISG S. 298-302

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Burden of proof …” „… seller’s burden regarding receipt of the notice is an exception to Article 27 (see in regard to Art. 27 in …” „… discussion of Art. 48, para. 29). 7 Contrary to Article 27, the burden is on the seller that the …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 41 CISG S. 214-219

„… must notify the seller of actual defects found.16 IV. Burden of proof A buyer who belatedly wants to …” „… .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 V. Burden of proof …” „… (buyer’s knowledge of the defect). In cases where disclosure occurred at a later stage, the buyer’s …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) S. 681-682

„… Vogenauer/McKendrick Art. 7.4.4 no. 8. 23 In light of the aggrieved party’s general burden of proof: Arbitral Award 30 …” „… obligee’s perspective, it is useful to provide information (with proper documentation or other proof of the …” „… Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) The non-performing party is liable only for harm which it …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… . Burden of proof The creditor must prove the preconditions for a claim (particularly the existence of a …” „… officio (as in Germany), no burden of proof exists.56 Section IV Exemptions Article 79 CISG (1) A party is …” „… )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 V. Burden of proof …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… . 80.33 V. Burden of proof The buyer carries the burden of proof for the existence of a reasonable excuse …” „… the reduction in value of the goods, i.e. the difference between the purchase price and the actual …” „… value of the defective goods. Second, a buyer may also claim consequential damages resulting out of …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 49 Settlement of accounts S. 1176

„… limitation shall start to run again in respect of the part of the claim still in dispute. The burden of proof …” „… The period of limitation shall run for actions a) for compensation for total loss, from the …” „… thirtieth day after expiry of the transit period; b) for compensation for partial loss, damage or exceeding …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 13 Loading and unloading of the goods S. 1145

„… compensate the carrier for the loss or damage sustained in consequence by him. The burden of proof of …” „… examine whether the consignment corresponds to the entries in the consignment note. Article 12 § 4 of the …” „… CIM UR constitutes an exception to the evidential value of a consignment note. It is the case, when …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 14 Packing S. 1145

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 61 Apportionment of the carriage charge S. 1125

„… of limitation shall run again in respect of that part of the claim still in dispute. The burden of …” „… proof of receipt of the claim or of the reply and of the return of the documents shall lie on the party …” „… The period of limitation for other actions arising from the contract of carriage shall be one year …”

Klaus Ramming Article 26 General average S. 1064

„… , the burden of proof is on the claimant. If he is able to prove fault or a defect of the vessel, the …” „… carrier’s, the actual carrier’s or their servant’s or agent’s fault or from a defect of the vessel. Insofar …” „… carrier or actual carrier may not rely on the agreed fire defence. Defects of the vessel Finally, Article …”

Klaus Ramming Article 27 Other applicable provisions and nuclear damage S. 1064

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.8 (Acceptance within a fixed period of time) S. 506

„… the offeror within ‘a reasonable timing’”12 in cases where the general principles of burden of proof …” „… Christian background,7 which do not fall in the scope of Art. 1.12. B. ‘Oral’ Offer Sentence 2 describes …” „… the extreme example of the possible impact of the means of communication employed by the offeror …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.11 (Definitions) S. 497

„… does understand the notice.7 In case of email communication it is recommendable in light of the burden …” „… of proof on the sender to either insist on a confirmation of receipt or to check by telephone if the …” „… all kinds of notices under the UNIDROIT Principles.2 The notice is not subject to any specific form3 …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 40 S. 984

„… insurance in favour of the carrier or any other similar clause, or any clause shifting the burden of proof …” „… limits set by the underlying national law.2 Chapter VII Nullity of stipulation to the Convention Article …” „… 41 (1) Subject to the provisions of article 40, any stipulation which would directly or indirectly …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 24 Liability in case of carriage of railway vehicles as goods S. 1157

„… risks related to the railway carriage. In these cases, the burden of proof, that the loss or damage was …” „… e) irregular, incorrect or incomplete description or numbering of packages; f) carriage of live …” „… accordance with Article 23 § 3 of the CIM UR provides special privileges to the carriers in light of specific …”

Raimond Emde Article 9 S. 1280

„… wording of which also suggests that the commercial agent always bears the burden of proof for all …” „… accordance with Article 12 para. 2. Ambiguities shall be to the detriment of the principal. Article …” „… because of the circumstances for the commission to be shared between the commercial agents. Article 9 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.8 (Inconsistent behaviour) S. 494

„… non-application of a specific principle under the special circumstances of the case.20 The burden of proof lies on …” „… 5.3.4, 6.1.3(1), 6.1.5(1), 7.1.2, 7.1.3 and 7.4.8)16 or within details of certain principles (e.g …” „… . 7.1.7(1);17 restriction of agreed payments for non-performance in grossly excessive amounts to a ‘reasonable …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.16 (Duty of confidentiality) S. 517

„… faith can often be observed in practice. The burden of proof is upon the party alleging bad faith.24 …” „… of Understanding’ (dependant on the wording), or (ii) long-term contracts23 (Art. 1.11 3d hyphen …” „… Article 2.1.16 (Duty of confidentiality) Where information is given as confidential by one party in the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.9 (Late acceptance. Delay in transmission) S. 507

„… good faith and fair dealing (Art. 1.7).5 The burden of proof is upon the party who wishes to rely on …” „… B. Uncertainty of Time of Dispatch If the time of dispatch cannot be determined (e.g. through the …” „… record of transmission), the date indicated on the offer (e.g. on a letter) becomes relevant pursuant to …”

Raimond Emde Article 1 S. 1265

„… without restriction.182 Procedural legislation at any rate, let alone substantive burden of proof rules …” „… effectiveness was justified with the international mandatory nature of Articles 17-19. According to …” „… that the court or arbitral tribunal of the third country will not apply Articles 17 et seqq., which may …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations) S. 789

„… shifts the burden of proof to the party wishing to argue for a classification as separate obligations;2 …” „… Article 11.1.2 (Presumption of joint and several obligations) When several obligors are bound by …” „… operate with a presumption of ‘joint and several’ liability as defined in Art. 11.1.1 lit. a. This …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.9 (Apportionment among joint and several obligors) S. 802

„… of proof it needs to be distinguished: (i) The co-obligor will have to prove that the first decision …” „… proceeding initiated by the obligee (a) has succeeded to argue a reduction of its obligation based …” „… proceedings between itself and … [the obligor seeking contribution based on Art. 11.1.10]”.15 For the burden …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 73 CISG S. 332-338

„… uphold the contract.31 VI. Declaration of avoidance; damages; burden of proof The creditor can avoid the …” „… ’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V. Burden of proof …” „… contract if the requirements of Article 72(1) are fulfilled and if the debtor has not provided adequate …”

Martin Schauer, Magdalena Gruber Article 3 Transactions between undertakings S. 1321-1333

„… encumbered with the burden of proof thereof to liberate himself from the negative consequences.16 If payment …” „… allocates the burden of proof for any subsequent proceedings. The provision results in the creditor having …” „… time at which the goods or services are received. Again, the burden of proof of the date of receipt …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.2.3 (Repair and replacement of defective performance) S. 652

„… Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.2.3 no. 3, 11. 5 Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.2.3 no. 13 (discussing that the burden of proof …” „… the replacement good for a higher price than the contract price; (b) termination of the contract (Art …” „… . 7.3.1).72 In case of the application of the exception in lit. e (‘belated requiring of performance’), the …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 24 S. 955

„… burden of proof regarding the agreement on the value and the payment of the surcharge.9 Article 25 (1) In …” „… Article 24 The sender may, against payment of a surcharge to be agreed upon, declare in the …” „… case the amount of the declared value shall be substituted for that limit. Art. 24 CMR allows the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XLVI

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7.4.4 681 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 7.4.5 683 Proof of harm by current price …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 9.1.11 731 Adequate proof of assignment …”

Peter Csoklich Article 17 S. 938-942

„… , with respect to the special risks as stated in Art. 17 (4) CMR, the burden of proof for the carrier is …” „… ery of the goods; this proof is facilitated by the consignment note (→ Art. 9 CMR). By this proof, the …” „… limited by the presumptions of proof as laid down in Art. 18 (3), (4) and (5) CMR. 2. 23 Loewe ETL 1976 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 68 CISG S. 309-311

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 IV. Burden of proof …” „… a question of proof (see → para. 11 below). Article 68, second sentence (exception) As an exception …” „… prove that the requirements of Article 67(1), sentence 1, and Article 67(2) are met. The buyer must …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 22 CISG S. 112-113

„… before or at the same time as the acceptance. The burden of proof of timely withdrawal is borne by the …” „… the right of veto, and is therefore in control. This provides the offeror with opportunity to …” „… protection of the offeree is marginal; an automatically concluded contract protects the offeree’s reliance …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… . Burden of Proof Burden of proof is characterized differently around the globe, sometimes as a substantive …” „… proof related principle for each UNIDROIT Principle. The team of the Vogenauer commentary has done so …” „… very helpfully, usually at the end of all comments of individual UNIDROIT Principles provisions. Burden …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 23 Basis of liability S. 1155-1156

„… non-preferential (or general) reasons for exemptions from liability. The burden of proof lies on the carrier …” „… In other cases he may also proceed to the sale of the goods if within a reasonable time he has not …” „… out. If the goods have been sold, the proceeds of sale, after deduction of the costs chargeable …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 9.3.6 (Defences and rights of set-off) S. 757-758

„… (i.e. the assignor, which bears the burden of proof10 when it needs to rely on a discharging …” „… B. Modalities of Execution To exercise options 1 to 3, the other party needs to communicate by a(n …” „… ) (explicit or implicit) declaration of choice (Art. 1.10) with the assignee or its initial contract party9 …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 22 Limits of Liability in Relation to Delay, Baggage and Cargo S. 1217-1220

„… agents or that it was solely due to the negligence of a third party. The carrier has the burden of proof …” „… subject to proof of the actual amount of damage if the injured party can prove that the damage claimed …” „… ly or in part in cases of contributory negligence on the part of the passenger. The carrier is …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 12 Evidential value of the consignment note S. 1143-1144

„… duty with respect to witnesses shall not put additional burden on the carrier, especially in light of …” „… only provide a refutable proof of their accuracy if they have been examined by the carrier and if the …” „… obligation within Article 8 § 1 lit. a) of the CIM UR. This examination can also relate to …”

Klaus Ramming Article 23 Notice of damage S. 1054-1055

„… an impact on the burden of proof. This is laid down in Article 23.1. An acceptance of the goods …” „… Chapter VI Claims period Article 23 Notice of damage 1. The acceptance without reservation of the …” „… goods by the consignee is prima facie evidence of the delivery by the carrier of the goods in the same …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 36 CISG S. 197-198

„… , the provision is nonetheless important because it facilitates the burden of proof for the buyer: The …” „… lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of …” „… conformity becomes apparent only after that time. 2. The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity …”

Peter Csoklich Article 10 S. 922-923

„… entered in the consignment note.4 The presumption of Art. 9 (1) is rebuttable: The burden of proof lies …” „… upon the person denying the accurateness of the statement of the consignment note. Moreover, the …” „… condition when the carrier took them over and that the number of packages, their marks and numbers …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.6 (Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles) S. 490-491

„… the scope of these Principles’.18 Possible examples include the burden of proof, which is within the …” „… author tends to integrate an additional clause on the basis of the German § 203 BGB (which contains such …” „… a rule on interrupting a limitation period by negotiation) and thereby to deviate from the scheme of …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) S. 509-510

„… on a certain form (Art. 2.1.13). B. Burden of Proof and Test (i) The party who wishes to rely on …” „… B. But Non Material Alterations Generate a Duty on the Offeror to Speak up In the spirit of …” „… agreement on the form of the contract conclusion (Art. 2.1.13), para. 2 provides for an exception for …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 17 CISG S. 79-80

„… notwithstanding an offer’s irrevocability. Rejections become effective when they ‘reach’ offerors. The burden of …” „… proof concerning effect and timing of rejection lies with the party alleging an offer was rejected.1 …” „… main bound. Relegating termination of public offers to Art. 16 alone enables Art. 16(2) (b) to …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… an intention to be bound and that a proposal is sufficiently definite.2 The burden of proof …” „… the main policy justification behind it: that placing the burden of locating the standard terms upon …” „… burden of bringing them to the addressee’s attention, given that they are the party seeking to …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 32 S. 972-973

„… . The burden of proof of the receipt of the claim, or of the reply and of the return of the documents …” „… Article 32 (1) The period of limitation for an action arising out of carriage under this Convention …” „… shall be one year. Nevertheless, in the case of wilful misconduct, or such default as in accordance with …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 25 S. 955-956

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 18 Damage to Cargo S. 1206-1212

„… to have been the result of an event which took place during carriage by air, subject to proof to the …” „… . In order to be exempted from liability, the carrier has the onus of proof that the cargo was wholly …” „… damage did not occur during air carriage has the burden of proving that the damage did in fact occur …”

Article 29 Additional national provisions S. 1065-1067

„… questions of burden of proof.1 The same would apply to terms used in the Convention, which may need to be …” „… conventions or national law may provide that in case of a nuclear incident either the operator of a nuclear …” „… is expressly reconfirmed in Article 27.2 in relation to the carrier. If the operator of a nuclear …”

Klaus Ramming Article 8 Liability of the shipper S. 1016-1018

„… ). Further, the burden of proof in relation to the carrier’s or his servant’s or agent’s fault lies on the …” „… the carrier under that provision are made at the cost of the shipper. A corresponding clause is not …” „… the carrier may claim even in the absence of fault as is specified in Article 8.1. However, it is …”

Sebastian Omlor Article 28 CISG S. 150-152

„… . Burden of proof In order to trigger the effects of Art. 27 CISG, the declaring party has to prove the …” „… cated to the addressee.27 Such risks include the delay, the modification of the original content …” „… , the damage or loss of the communication.28 To assure the timeliness of a communication, the sending …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.4 (Cure by non-performing party) S. 632-634

„… Art. 7.1.4 no. 22. 37 See Vogenauer/Schelhaas Art. 7.1.4 no. 8 and 19 on burden of proof. Art. 7.1.4 …” „… Performance (subject to meeting the individual requirements of the other provisions) (i) Request for …” „… Performance (Arts. 7.2.1, 7.2.2);32 (ii) termination (Art. 7.3.1), e.g. if the length of non-performance of …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 21 CISG S. 105-111

„… to prevent formation: Art. 21(2). The burden of proof will rest on the party claiming a contract was …” „… place of business on that day, then the offeror was in a position to become aware of the acceptance, and …” „… no extension to the next business day is required.30 Notably, the concept of a fixed workplace is …”

Lisa Spagnolo Introduction to Articles 14–24 CISG S. 55-57

„… burden of proof.12 6 Efficient reliance is when potential gains from reliance outweigh potential losses …” „… strived to cover the then latest dishes of the day. Art. 13 CISG must not be read as establishing any kind …” „… of eiusdem generis rule as to othe r modes than the ones expressly mentioned. In particular, it does …”

Tobias Eckardt Article 41 S. 984-986

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 17 Death and Injury of Passengers – Damage to Baggage S. 1198-1205

„… , provided the carrier is not able to discharge the burden of proof imposed by → Art. 20 (contributory …” „… that the requirement of a relation of the accident to the operation of the aircraft would burden courts …” „… Warsaw Convention, declaring that nothing in the Convention prevented the issuance of a negotiable air …”

Peter Mankowski Article 2 CISG S. 20-23

„… trust in the applicability of the CISG ought to be honoured. The onus and burden of proof is on the …” „… The first thought of school has to embark upon a longish and more protracted journey:53 First, it …” „… . 1 CISG if the lex causae identified in the first two steps is the law of a Contracting State of the …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 15 CISG S. 70-73

„… ’. The burden of proof to show dispatch was unauthorized falls upon the offeror: Ferrari, Art. 15 para. 5 …” „… Capacity, and the effect of death or insolvency after an offer is made are questions not governed by the …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IV. Overview of termination of offers generally …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 39 CISG S. 205-211

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 VI. Burden of proof …” „… agree on the form of the notice of non-conformity (→ Art. 11, 7(2)). However, for reasons of proof it is …” „… to the non-conformity of the goods, further testing by the buyer is required.43 Furthermore, a …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… conduct before it takes effect as acceptance.71 The burden of proof that an acceptance ‘reached’ the …” „… apply to acceptances of offers to modify a pre-existing contract pursuant to Art. 29.1 The burden of …” „… proof lies with the party alleging acceptance has occurred.2 Article 18 allows for various means of …”

Peter Csoklich Article 2 S. 906-909

„… of the truck by the ship’s crane18 did not meet this condition. The burden of proof with respect to …” „… Article 2 (1) Where the vehicle containing the goods is carried over part of the journey by sea …” „… , rail, inland waterways or air, and, except where the provisions of article 14 are applicable, the goods …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 77 CISG S. 356-359

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 IV. Consequences; burden of proof …” „… additional losses due to an increase in the market price after the time of contract avoidance. For such cases …” „… , however, the Convention allocates the risk of market changes to the claimant; hence, there is no …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 38 CISG S. 200-204

„… from the breach of contract.8 IV. Burden of proof The party deriving rights from Art. 37 has to prove …” „… from asserting any of his rights under → Art. 45 et seqq. except to claim damages for additional …” „… expenses incurred. However, if it becomes clear before the stipulated time of delivery, that delivery will …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Introduction S. 1179-1183

„… burden of proof the carrier can rely on certain ceilings limiting the extent of its liability. The limit …” „… IX. CONVENTION FOR THE UNIFICATION OF CERTAIN RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE BY AIR OF 1999 …” „… Montreal Convention of 1999 (McGill 2005) (cited as “Dempsey/Milde”); Stephan Hobe, Nikolai von …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… without any specific request needed; duty to pay interest on sums of money due; the burden of proof is on …” „… the CISG is not applicable ipso iure, be it by virtue of Art. 1, 2, or Art. 3 CISG.20 Whether and to …” „… of the forum. In Member States of the Rome I Regulation, such opt-in amounts only to a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.7 (Force majeure) S. 641-645

„… burden of proof also requires from the ‘obligor’ (in the UNIDROIT Principles‘ definition) to prove the …” „… tive interpretation of the exemption clause as submitted above no. 6 at D, with due regard to all …” „… relevant circumstances (Arts. 4.1, 4.3 et seq.), is in the power of a court (but is not certain). (b …”

Petra Butler Article 47 CISG S. 243-248

„… of proof is the same as in Article 46(2). In addition to having to prove that the repair is …” „… replacement free of charge and the buyer rejected the offer.32 IV. Right to require repair (Article 46(3 …” „… . there are no general exceptions or defence. Article 46(3) applies if the lack of conformity can be …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.1 (Right to terminate the contract) S. 656-661

„… burden’ exception in Art. 7.2.2(b)48 or an earnest declaration of the obligor not to perform)49 amounts …” „… (2) Where the decision of a court for performance of a non-monetary obligation cannot be enforced …” „… . 7.1.5 and in particular Art. 7.1.5(3) and (ii) the principle of good faith and fair dealing (Art. 1.7 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 71 CISG S. 319-326

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 IX. Burden of proof …” „… Chapter V Provisions common to the obligations of the seller and of the buyer Section I …” „… Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts Article 71 CISG (1) A party may suspend the performance of his …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 8.1 (Conditions of set-off) S. 698-705

„… calculate, without the burden of actual substantiation and proof of certain and foreseeable harm (as long as …” „… tance of partial performance) and the other circumstances.35 If the parties have agreed otherwise …” „… agreement to the contrary’). In some circumstances, especially in case of application of the UNIDROIT …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

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A Violation of International Law as a Necessary Element of a "Threat to the Peace" under the UN Charter

Stephan Wollbrink

Reihe: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Band 840 2014

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Burden of proof S. 112-113

„… breach of an international obligation.Burden of proofIn general, the burden of proof can either rest with …” „… interests regarding the burden of proof.Conclusion regarding requirements regarding the unlawful actIt has …” „… , The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law,p. 209; cf. International Court …”

Fault S. 111-112

„… the peace by a breach of an international obligation.Burden of proofIn general, the burden of proof …” „… recital 10347 Kokott, The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights law,p. 209; cf …” „… anyreasonable doubt.It is a principle of domestic and international law that the burden of proofgenerally rests …”

Conclusion regarding requirements regarding the unlawful act S. 113-114

„… interests regarding the burden of proof.Conclusion regarding requirements regarding the unlawful actIt has …” „… reliable basis that theVI.348 Cf. regarding human rights law Kokott, The burden of proof in comparative …” „… investigative measures, the burden of proofis shifted and the addressee is required to establish compliance with …”

Element of an unlawful act for the determination of a general abstract situation as a threat to the peace S. 192-195

„… alternatives in Article 39. However, the requirement of a certain severity ofthe breach and the burden of proof …” „… to the peace continues. This finding also correspondswith the recent “legislative” activities of the …” „… .673For the purpose of this paper, it is of particular interest whether the adoption of legislating …”

Vorwort S. 5-17

„… Burden of proofV. 112Conclusion regarding requirements regarding theunlawful actVI.113Maximization of …” „… genugschätzen!Frankfurt, im Februar 2014 Stephan Wollbrink5Table of ContentsAbbreviations / Definitions 17Introduction 19 …” „… Reason for investigationA. 19Key objectiveB. 24Method and structureC. 25A violation of international law …”

Summary and final remarks S. 196-202

„… provide clear and convincing evidence. The burden of proof will only switch to the addressee ofa potential …” „… national law687, and the same holds true for their means of delivery. Accordingly, the …” „… determination of such weapons and their means of deliveryas a threat to the peace would concern an incident that …”

Anticipatory self-defense and state of necessity S. 137-158

„… misuse, though, the burden of proof for the danger and its imminence is on the self-defending state.476 …” „… , as this would overly burden the initiallyendangered party.506No exclusion of necessity in the UN …” „… . However, from a practical point of view, only theelements for the determination of an Article 39 situation …”

Bibliography S. 307-318

„… ) (2000), p.457–488.Kokott, Juliane: The burden of proof in comparative and international human rights …” „… BibliographyConvention of 10 April 1972 on the Prohibition of the Development, Production …” „… andStockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. "BWC", 1975.Governors …”

European Court of Justice and its extensive interpretation of own competences S. 114-118

„… investigative measures, the burden of proofis shifted and the addressee is required to establish compliance with …” „… addressee of a measure has committed a serious breach of international lawthat is an adequate cause …” „… for a threat to the peace. Taking into account thepurpose of the UN Charter and Chapter VII, the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845252285

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EU Digital Law

Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.), Dirk Staudenmayer (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2020

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Fryderyk Zoll Article 12 Burden of proof S. 212-221

„… resulting from the Article.Article 12Burden of proof1. The burden of proof with regard to whether the …” „… cases referred to in Article 11(2), the burden of proof with regard to whetherthe supplied digital …” „… digital ser-vice was supplied.3. In cases referred to in Article 11(3), the burden of proof with regard to …”

Article 11 Final provisions S. 589-596

„… – termination A 3 122, 127Burden of proof A 1 23, 4 11– consumer A 12 4– continuous supply A 12 3, 19, 20 …” „… 21CESL A Intro 13– burden of proof A 12 8– conformity A 6 9, 10, 11, 19, 7 3 et seq., 8 7, 9 …” „… et seq.– waiver See WaiverConsumer– average A 8 18, 21, 22, 54; C 6 9, 21– burden of proof See …”

Frank Rosenkranz Article 9 Incorrect integration of the digital content or digital service S. 168-183

„… Directive.IV. Burden of proofThe rules on the burden of proof for incorrect integration of digital content or …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59IV. Burden of proof …” „… ’18, Art. 2 No. 9 defines the ‘digital environment’19 more precisely.The rule on burden of proof in …”

Damjan Možina Article 22 Mandatory nature S. 332-335

„… shifted onto the consumer. This is a special rule on the burden of proof,provided by the Directive as a …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5II. Agreements on liability of the trader, burden of proof, remedies of theconsumer and …” „… liability of the trader, burden of proof, remedies ofthe consumer and modifications of contractAny agreement …”

Frank Rosenkranz Article 10 Third-party rights S. 183-199

„… cannot perform is left to the Member States.IV. Burden of proofArt. 12 does not contain specific rules …” „… IV. Burden of proof …” „… . However, a dis-tinction is necessary for two reasons. First, the provisions on the burden of proof inArt …”

Fryderyk Zoll Article 11 Liability of the trader S. 199-212

„… the exception resulting from the Article.Article 12Burden of proof1. The burden of proof with regard …” „… on the trader.2. In cases referred to in Article 11(2), the burden of proof with regard to whetherthe …” „… burden of proof with regard to whetherthe lack of conformity existed at the time specified in Article …”

Matthias Fervers Article 13 Remedy for the failure to supply S. 221-241

„… specific rules on the burden of proof outside of its scopeof application. Hence the Members States are not …” „… thereversal of the burden of proof that are different from those provided for in this Directive’. However, it …” „… stillonly applies to the provision on the burden of proof for the period of one year.Remedy for the failure …”

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Introduction S. 1-11

„… . 11(2) and (3) DCD), the period for the burden of proof (Art. 12(2) and (3) DCD)and some means of …” „… burden of proof with re-gard to non-conformity has been extended to one year (Art. 12(2) DCD). In …” „… asregards the definitions of ‘consumer’ and ‘trader’ defining the scope, conformity, burdenof proof …”

Evelyne Terryn, Joyce Vandenbulcke Article 5 Information requirements for contracts other than distance or off-premises contracts S. 347-372

„… requirement, but the burden of proof of having with-drawn within the time limits fixed in the Directive should …” „… protection.45c) Burden of proof. Whereas Art. 6(9) explicitly imposes the burden of proof with re-gard to …” „… that the burden of proof also lies with thetrader for the information obligations in Art. 5. Although …”

Reiner Schulze Article 1 Subject matter and purpose S. 11-43

„… ), and the burden of proof (Art. 12). The trad-er’s rights of recourse against previous links in the …” „… requirements. For example, Mem-ber States should not provide for rules on the reversal of the burden of …” „… cater for fast technologi-cal developments and to maintain the future-proof nature of the notion of …”

Reiner Schulze Article 5 Supply of the digital content or digital service S. 96-107

„… . 11); burden of proof (Art. 12); remedy for the failure to supply (Art. 13);remedies for lack of …” „… and who bears the burden of proof. Fromthe trader’s perspective, it must appear problematic …” „… burden in thecase of non-performance (or defective performance), continue to remain difficult to cal-44 …”

Evelyne Terryn, Joyce Vandenbulcke Article 6 Information requirements for distance or off-premises contracts S. 372-385

„… compliance with the information requirements laid down in thisChapter, the burden of proof shall be on the …” „… place.41c) Burden of proof. The burden of proof of compliance with the information require-ments of Art …” „… CHAPTER IIICONSUMER INFORMATION AND RIGHT OF WITHDRAWALFOR DISTANCE AND OFF-PREMISES …”

Dirk Staudenmayer Article 25 Review S. 341-346

„… burden of proof, also with respect to second-hand goods as well as goods sold at public auctions, and the …” „… against the person liable in the chain of commercial transactions. In this re-spect, it is not clear how …” „… the special rule of Art. 24(2) is intended to contribute ‘to ensurea balance between the legitimate …”

Dirk Staudenmayer Article 8 Objective requirements for conformity S. 131-168

„… of the general principle of the burden of proofbeing on the party seeking to rely on the element in …” „… Art. 8(5)an update obligation deviating from the requirements of Art. 8(2), the partiescan also …” „… contract’, Art. 7(d) doesnot only require that the updates are supplied. The last sentence of Recital 44 …”

Beate Gsell Article 14 Remedies for lack of conformity S. 241-272

„… is not minor. The burden of proof with regard to whetherthe lack of conformity is minor shall be on …” „… more likely that a minor feature will be accepted.(c) Burden of proof. According to Art. 14(6) 2nd …” „… sentence the burden of proof with re-gard to the (lacking) significance of the defect shall be on the …”

Damjan Možina Article 21 Enforcement S. 329-332

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5II. Agreements on liability of the trader, burden of proof, remedies of theconsumer and …” „… non-mandatory character, too. As the wording of Art. 20 remains very similar to Art. 4CSD, the …” „… change in the recital alone is not a clear enough indicator of the legislator’s in-tention for a shift …”

Juliette Sénéchal Article 2 Definitions S. 43-57

„… States were to link compensation for damages and consequential damages to faultand impose the burden of …” „… proof on the consumer. This concerns both the compensatoryfunction of damages for non-performance and …” „… problematicthat, in the absence of harmonisation, claims for damages – as a significant burden onthe trader in …”

Reiner Schulze Article 24 Transposition S. 336-341

„… on the trader in the case of existing contracts (e.g. concerning the burdenof proof) which he may not …” „… each other and the Commissionwith regard to protection of consumers’ interests in cases where the …” „… other countries. The new Regu-lation aims to improve the functioning of the network by granting …”

Damjan Možina Article 20 Right of redress S. 321-329

„… Digital Content Directive; or the rules on burden of proof in B2Bcontracts under national law may be …” „… Directive certainly does not aim toestablish an ‘insolvency-proof ’ claim of the final trader.13 Also, the …” „… service without the modification. That couldbe by providing the consumer with the existing version of the …”

Reiner Schulze Article 4 Level of harmonisation S. 91-96

„… particular, it does not limit full harmonisa-tion with regard to the duration of the reversal of the burden …” „… of proof for the existenceof a defect at the time of transfer of risk (Art. 12(2) in contrast to Art …” „… quences of it for the contract for the supply of digital content or digital services, is regu-lated …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-XX

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 11 199Burden of proof …” „… , whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting …” „… , re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and …”

Nils Rauer, Lea Kaase Article 5 Verification of the Member State of residence S. 560-575

„… administrative burden is low. The onlinecontent service providers need to exercise caution regarding the name of …” „… criterion to verify the subscriber’s Member State of residence is a proof forthe payment of a license fee …” „… ploitation right of access set out in Arts 2–4 InfoSoc Directive, there is neither a dedicat-ed …”

Dirk Staudenmayer Article 7 Subjective requirements for conformity S. 118-131

„… guaranteeperiod and the period for the shift of the burden of proof. See → Art. 8 DCD, mn. 99 et seq., → Art. 11 …” „… Digital Content Directive (and the Sale of Goods Directive) is that theprovision on third party rights …” „… . 8(5)76, it now covers the impact of copyright re-strictions in the value chain between the copyright …”

Evelyne Terryn, Joyce Vandenbulcke Article 8 Formal requirements for distance contracts S. 385-396

„… communication.Examples which illustrate this lack of future-proofness are Amazon's Dash Buttons78and voice commerce via …” „… Pre-contractual information is part of the contract,unless otherwise agreedAccording to Art. 6(5 …” „… ), pre-contractual information ‘shall form an integral part of thedistance or off-premises contract and shall not be …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845291888

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Common European Sales Law (CESL)

Reiner Schulze (Hrsg.)

Reihe: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Band 2012

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Article 26 Burden of proof S. 207-208

„… Article 26 Burden of proof In relations between a trader and a consumer, the trader bears the …” „… burden of proof that it has provided the information required by this Section. Contents A. Function …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function The question of burden of proof may well be decisive if the failure to supply the …”

Article 21 Burden of proof S. 193-194

„… Burden of proof The trader bears the burden of proof that it has provided the information required by …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function The question of burden of proof may well be decisive if the failure to supply the …” „… asymmetry of likely access to evidence the reversal of the burden of proof is fair and if proper systems are …”

Article 25 Additional requirements in distance contracts concluded by electronic means S. 203-207

„… Howells/Watson 169 11 12 13 14 15 Article 26 Burden of proof In relations between a trader and a consumer, the …” „… trader bears the burden of proof that it has provided the information required by this Section. Contents …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function The question of burden of proof may well be decisive if the failure to supply the …”

Article 20 Duty to provide information when concluding contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts S. 189-193

„… of proof The trader bears the burden of proof that it has provided the information required by this …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A. Function The question of burden of proof may well be decisive if the failure to supply the …” „… asymmetry of likely access to evidence the reversal of the burden of proof is fair and if proper systems are …”

Article 7 Not individually negotiated contract terms Mazeaud/Sauphanor-Brouillaud S. 142-145

„… concerning the burden of proof. Finally, it applies generally as a special, supplementary rule to provisions …” „… other party. Where the burden of proof is concerned, it is for any seller or supplier to prove that the …” „… precise as it imposes a burden of proof on the trader in any event where the trader has supplied a term …”

Article 164 Substitute transaction S. 688-691

„… unsuccessful. The expenses must have been objectively necessary.8 III. Burden of proof It is the debtor (ie …” „… , therefore he bears the burden of proof. The debtor must specify what measures should have been undertaken …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 VI. Burden of proof …”

Article 69 Contract terms derived from certain pre-contractual statements S. 374-380

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 VII. Burden of proof …” „… must have known that the information was incorrect (reversal of the burden of proof). Like art 69(3 …” „… II.–9:102(2) DCFR, the burden of proof is reversed in the CESL: the statement is always binding …”

Article 41 Exercise of right to withdraw S. 260-265

„… withdrawal period. 5. The consumer bears the burden of proof that the right of withdrawal has been exercised …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 V. Burden of proof …” „… notice to the trader and determines the aspects concerning time and form as well as the burden of proof …”

Article 28 Duty to ensure that information supplied is correct S. 209-212

„… . In addition, there is no reversal of the burden of proof in this section and so the burden would be …” „… is no express reversal of the burden of proof with regard to proving compliance with the duty to …” „… overarching rule on the reversal of the burden of proof would dispel any uncertainties in this respect …”

Article 162 Loss attributable to creditor S. 684-686

„… . Burden of proof The creditor (ie the aggrieved party) must prove the loss that the debtor foresaw or is …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IV. Burden of proof …” „… creditor has contributed to. Judicial discretion plays an important role.5 IV. Burden of proof The debtor …”

Article 163 Reduction of loss S. 686-688

„… .5 IV. Burden of proof The debtor must prove that the creditor contributed to the non-performance or …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Burden of proof …” „… unsuccessful. The expenses must have been objectively necessary.8 III. Burden of proof It is the debtor (ie …”

Article 22 Mandatory nature S. 194-195

„… burden of proof to B2C contracts other than distance and off-premises contracts. This provision on …” „… burden of proof extends to the provisions of Section 1 of Chapter 2; there is another (art 26) covering …” „… burden of proof is not limited to the mere provision of the information, but also that the information …”

Article 48 Mistake S. 291-301

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 V. Burden of proof …” „… faith-evaluation of the case; moreover, in this context burden of proof may be different (infra no 41). Furthermore …” „… 39 40 V. Burden of proof In general, the mistaken party bears the burden of proof for all …”

Article 64 Interpretation in favour of consumers S. 357-360

„… protection. Even though the CESL (P) does not contain any explicit rules concerning burden of proof, the …” „… ‘not individually negotiated’ in art 3 Dir No 93/13/EEC and the burden of proof. 2 Cf von Bar/Clive …” „… allowing for two different interpretations, one of which would mean that a burden of proof is imposed on …”

Article 27 Mandatory nature S. 208-209

„… C. Explanation The burden of proof extends to the provisions of Section 3 of Chapter 2. It covers …” „… by electronic means. Presumably, the burden of proof is not limited to the mere provision of the …” „… ’ whether the trader has the burden of proving that he has provided the information in accordance with the …”

Article 170 Unfair contract terms relating to interest for late payment S. 711-715

„… IV. Burden of proof …” „… delivery (art 168[3]). IV. Burden of proof Since it is the debtor who is presumed to have abused the …” „… contractual freedom, the burden of proof with regard to the circumstances of the case justifying the deviation …”

Article 49 Fraud S. 301-309

„… V. Burden of proof In general, the mistaken party bears the burden of proof for all requirements …” „… for an avoidance right under paragraphs 1 and 3. The non-mistaken party bears the burden of proof for …” „… buyer. In order to avoid any discrepancy between art 48 and Chapter 2, the rules on burden of proof in …”

Article 165 Current price S. 691-692

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IV. Burden of proof …” „… basis of general rules under arts 159 et seq. IV. Burden of proof It is the creditor who must prove that …” „… entitled to damages, recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time of …”

Article 182 Postponement of expiry in the case of negotiations S. 771-772

„… reaches the addressee.5 The burden of proof concerning the basic conditions for postponement of the …” „… burden of proof concerning the breakdown of negotiations is most likely to lie with the debtor. In any …” „… Article 182 Postponement of expiry in the case of negotiations If the parties negotiate about the …”

Article 183 Postponement of expiry in case of incapacity S. 772-773

„… made when it reaches the addressee.5 The burden of proof concerning the basic conditions for …” „… creditor, whereas the burden of proof concerning the breakdown of negotiations is most likely to lie with …” „… postponement of the prescription period, eg that negotiations actually took place, generally lies with the …”

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM Explanatory Memorandum S. 788-817

„… – obligation to warn of unexpected or uneconomic cost 152 6 burden of proof 28 8 – exercise of withdrawal 41 …” „… et seq – assumption of the risk 89 24 – burden of proof 89 26 – non-mandatory 89 24 – remedies 89 …” „… non-performance 88 14 exercise of withdrawal – burden of proof 41 14 – cost of return 45 10 – electronic 41 11 …”

Article 85 Contract terms which are presumed to be unfair S. 426-430

„… evidence available to the consumer or impose on the consumer a burden of proof which should legally lie …” „… ’ list, eg terms, which shift the burden of proof or impact on the admission of evidence.2 Furthermore …” „… III. Liability in the event of non-performance The list of unfair terms also include terms that …”

Article 161 Foreseeability of loss S. 682-684

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Burden of proof …” „… from loss of use of goods, loss caused to other property of the creditor, etc. III. Burden of proof The …” „… damages for non-economic loss in the form of a loss of enjoyment, provided that such loss was …”

Article 89 Change of circumstances S. 452-463

„… other contractual adaptation clauses 25 7. Burden of proof …” „… from one economic system to another). Burden of proof Art 89 states all conditions for the legally …” „… the change of circumstances. Therefore, it is reasonable that the burden of proof remains with the …”

Article 29 Remedies for breach of information duties S. 212-216

„… D. Criticism For B2C contracts there is no express reversal of the burden of proof with regard to …” „… information provided was incorrect. An overarching rule on the reversal of the burden of proof would dispel …” „… proving compliance with the duty to ensure that the information supplied is correct. The lack of such a …”

Article 167 Interest when the debtor is a consumer S. 698-704

„… burden of proof, it is advisable to use communication that enables proof of notification, content and …” „… additional administrative burden connected with a claim for interest (proof of notice, etc), but to avoid …” „… to the question of the capitalisation of interest. Principally, two possibilities exist with regard …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-17

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 20 152 Burden of proof …” „… 166 Burden of proof …” „… , Waldseestraße 3-5, 76530 Baden-Baden Printed in Germany. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication …”

Article 42 Withdrawal period S. 265-269

„… V. Burden of proof According to paragraph 5 the consumer bears the burden of proving that, in …” „… with the general legal principle that a party seeking to enforce a right bears the burden of proving …” „… exercising his right of withdrawal, he has fulfilled the requirements in art 41. This provision is consistent …”

Article 122 Requirement of notification of lack of conformity in sales contracts between traders S. 566-570

„… situation where the buyer could be expected to know. This facilitates the proof of these facts. The burden …” „… of proof here rests with the buyer. 2. Article 122 Common European Sales Law (P) 532 Zoll 9 Chapter …” „… B. Explanation I. Duty of the buyer to examine the goods or digital content In B2B contracts the …”

Article 40 Right to withdraw S. 247-260

„… burden of proof that the right of withdrawal has been exercised in accordance with this Article. Contents …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 V. Burden of proof …” „… thus a significant element of EU contract law.2 A characteristic of the rights of withdrawal in EU …”

Article 88 Excused non-performance S. 445-452

„… other contractual adaptation clauses 25 7. Burden of proof …” „… as strict liability. In such kind of obligations, in the regular case the proof of non-performance …” „… beyond the control of the debtor;6 mere proof that the debtor has handled diligently does not suffice …”

Article 158 Customer’s right to decline performance S. 670-672

„… customer (although in practice some relaxation for this burden of proof should be developed, since the …” „… The structure of the CESL (P), in particular the positioning of the provisions on related services …” „… , necessitates a cross-reference to the applicable provisions of Chapter 13 where no specific provisions are …”

Article 116 Termination for anticipated non-performance S. 557-559

„… conclusion that the contract cannot be completed correctly. The burden of proof concerning the certainty of …” „… period, which has not been objected, is reasonable.3 Hence, in the case of such objection, if the period …” „… period of time (cf art 135 no 9), a right to terminate the contract for the reason of the delay …”

Article 113 Right to withhold performance S. 551-553

„… which cause the unavailability of particular goods etc. The burden of proof that the assumption of the …” „… Section 4 Withholding performance of buyer’s obligations Article 113 Right to withhold performance …” „… belief continues. 3. The performance which may be withheld under this Article is the whole or part of the …”

Article 127 Payment by a third party S. 589-595

„… payment. The burden of proof for the facts which give rise to a legitimate interest, or to an (anticipated …” „… Summary: early payment As mentioned above, early payment is an unlikely battleground for a clash of …” „… against early payment, in which case the – usually very limited – interests of the buyer in an advance …”

Article 86 Meaning of ‘unfair’ in contracts between traders S. 430-433

„… ‘grey’ and not in the ‘black’ list, eg terms, which shift the burden of proof or impact on the admission …” „… of evidence.2 Furthermore, one can notice that both ‘grey’ and ‘black’ lists contain terms involving …” „… issues of legal representation, tort and procedural law etc, which are out of the scope of regulation by …”

Article 160 General measure of damages S. 676-682

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 III. Burden of proof …” „… ‘economic loss’ includes loss of income or profit, burdens incurred and a reduction in the value of property …” „… contrary, an assessment of unfairness may result in a rebuttal of the presumption. If all remedies of the …”

Article 105 Relevant time for establishing conformity S. 524-527

„… of lack of conformity at the time of the passing of risk in B2C contracts, the burden of proof rests …” „… of the case may lead to the other conclusion according to the general rules governing the formation …” „… of the contract. However, in such cases the enhanced requirement of art 99(3) must be respected. Art …”

Article 169 Compensation for recovery costs S. 708-711

„… IV. Burden of proof …” „… For claims other than the payment of the price, such as the recovery of excess payment after the …” „… buyer has reduced the price, the general interest rate under art 166 applies, ie the sum of the …”

Article 84 Contract terms which are always unfair S. 423-426

„… burden of proof which should legally lie with the trader; (b) inappropriately exclude or limit the …” „… of this Section if its object or effect is to: (a) exclude or limit the liability of the trader for …” „… death or personal injury caused to the consumer through an act or omission of the trader or of someone …”

Article 38 Modified acceptance S. 237-241

„… of terms that are presumed to alter the terms materially. The presumption is rebuttable.6 The burden …” „… of proof will be on the party invoking the immateriality of the altered term. This provision is …” „… Application of art 37 allows the late acceptance to be cured retroactively; treating the late acceptance as a …”

Article 58 General rules on interpretation of contracts Wendehorst S. 340-344

„… been aware of what the first party meant but where it is difficult to provide absolute proof (no 6 …” „… interpretation of contracts 1. A contract is to be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties …” „… even if this differs from the normal meaning of the expressions used in it. 2. Where one party intended …”

Article 97 Goods or digital content not accepted by the buyer S. 494-500

„… circumstances. The burden of proof concerning the fact of depositing the goods or digital content has been …” „… duty to provide this information without the request of the buyer. The scope of this information …” „… depends principally on the needs of the buyer, who follows the instruction of the potential insurer. The …”

Article 166 Interest on late payments S. 692-698

„… can claim any further loss on the basis of general rules under arts 159 et seq. IV. Burden of proof It …” „… II. Current price The next prerequisite for the application of art 165 is the existence of a …” „… current price of the goods contracted for. The provision defines the moment in time when the current price …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265469

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State Entities in International Investment Law

Luca Schicho

Reihe: Studien zum Internationalen Investitionsrecht

Band 4 2012

Treffer in den folgenden Teilen:

Reversed burden of proof S. 196-197

„… 196 C. Reversed burden of proof A further alternative to alleviate the problems arising from the …” „… by acting through a separate entity. The problems arising from placing an excessive burden of proof …” „… ties which are easy to suspect but hard to prove. A reversed burden of proof in such cases would mean …”

Reversed burden of proof S. 219-220

„… fair and equitable treatment.1064 C. Reversed burden of proof The only case explicitly addressing a …” „… reversed burden of proof concerning Stateowned entities is Maffezini v. Spain. A brief analysis of the case …” „… ]1065 This shows that the burden of proof lies, also concerning the conduct of a State-owned entity …”

Lower threshold as lex specialis S. 218-219

A lex specialis of lower thresholds S. 193-196

„… . Pakistan, Award, 27 August 2009, para. 130. 196 C. Reversed burden of proof A further alternative to …” „… would be the use of a reversed burden of proof in cases involving State-owned entities. The reasoning …” „… placing an excessive burden of proof on the claimant in such cases have been repeatedly addressed by …”

Table of Contents S. 9-12

„… . Reversed burden of proof 196 4. Investment arbitration jurisprudence 197 A. Influence based on public law …” „… . Overall control 217 B. Lower threshold as lex specialis 218 C. Reversed burden of proof 219 Chapter VII …” „… 9 Table of Contents Table of Contents 9 Table of Abbreviations 13 Chapter I. Introduction 15 …”

State ownership in Maffezini v. Spain S. 209-211

„… on Jurisdiction, 25 January 2000, para. 77. 210 outlined reversed burden of proof, meaning that full …” „… Maffezini v. Spain cannot be used to support such a rule of reversing the burden of proof concerning …” „… 209 company was finally transferred to the Ministry of Economy.1016 The Tribunal noted that …”

The sub-categories under Art. 8 S. 152-155

„… claimant to meet the necessary burden of proof.722 2) Terminology: Direction and/or control Throughout the …” „… to instructions and attribution due to direction or control, the burden of proof lies on the claimant …” „… 152 B. The sub-categories under Art. 8 The provision as enshrined in the 2001 ILC ASR makes use of …”

Overall control S. 191-193

„… could reverse the burden of proof concerning the conduct of State-owned entities. These three possible …” „… significant problems with regard to the burden of evidence. In cases when multiple actors hold influence over …” „… 191 and every one of these influences can be considered for purposes of attribution. Only influence …”

Application of the concept of overall assessment S. 108-116

„… of the two Tribunals differ is actually the burden of proof: While the Tribunal in Bayindir took the …” „… attribution, which puts the burden of proof on claimants.510 Both Tribunals, however, clearly embrace the …” „… Pakistan. The Tribunal rejected this argument and held that the mere existence of separate legal …”

Art. 9 – Conduct carried out in absence or default of official authorities S. 221-223

„… burden of proof rested with the individual claimants, who were often unable to prove the “strong factual …” „… attribution provisions of the ILC ASR could, under certain circumstances, apply to the conduct of State …” „… entities. Art. 9 provides for the attribution of conduct carried out in the absence or default of the …”

Control S. 159-189

„… discharge its burden of proof with regard to its allegation of political and military support to …” „… 159 Embracing a wider understanding of the term instructions would entail, in the case of military …” „… operations undertaken by paramilitary groups, the risk of attributing to a State conduct that it would never …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845236261

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