Gendered Intractability
National Identity Constructions and Gender in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Zusammenfassung
Welche sozialpsychologischen und geschlechtsspezifischen Dynamiken liegen den nationalen Identitätskonstruktionen in Israel und Palästina zugrunde? In welcher Weise tragen diese zur Gewaltspirale im Nahen Osten bei?
Die Studie kombiniert Ansätze der Politischen Psychologie und der feministischen Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, um den subjektiven Sinngehalt nationaler Identitätskonstruktionen in Israel und Palästina zu erforschen. Es geht darum aufzuzeigen, wie nationale Identität, Gender und Gewaltbereitschaft miteinander verschränkt sind und dadurch ein tiefer gehendes Verständnis für die Konfliktdynamiken des Israelisch-Palästinensischen Konflikts zu schaffen.
Zunächst werden die wichtigsten sozialpsychologischen und gendersensiblen Dynamiken nationaler Identitätskonstruktionen präsentiert, durch eine geschlechterkritische Revision des „Konfliktethos“ konzeptionalisiert und anhand einer ausführlichen Diskussion der zwischen- und innergesellschaftlichen Dimensionen des Konflikts und seiner Implikationen für das Genderregime kontextualisiert. Danach wird die auf der Q-Methode und konventionellen R-Methoden basierende empirische Untersuchung dargestellt und deren Ergebnisse analysiert.
- Kapitel Ausklappen | EinklappenSeiten
- 2–4 Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis 2–4
- 5–6 Acknowledgements 5–6
- 7–12 Content 7–12
- 13–20 Glossary and Abbreviations 13–20
- 21–40 1 Introduction 21–40
- 21–34 Methodological approach 21–34
- 34–37 Context 34–37
- 37–40 Structure 37–40
- 41–88 2 Integration of the socio-psychological, political and feminist literature 41–88
- 41–47 2.1 Intractable Conflicts 41–47
- 47–52 2.2 Identity and conflict: from group boundaries to meaning 47–52
- 52–64 2.3 A conceptual approach for the analysis of national identity constructions: The ethos of conflict 52–64
- 52–56 2.3.1 National identity 52–56
- 56–64 2.3.2 The ethos of conflict 56–64
- Societal beliefs about the justness of goals
- Societal beliefs about delegitimization
- Societal beliefs about victimization
- Societal beliefs about positive self-image
- Societal beliefs about peace
- Societal beliefs about security
- Societal beliefs about patriotism/nationalism
- Societal beliefs about unity
- 64–70 2.4 Violent conflict through gender-sensitive lenses 64–70
- 70–81 2.5 Gender and national identity in intractable conflicts 70–81
- 70–74 2.5.1 Gender and nation 70–74
- 74–81 2.5.2 The gendered dimensions of the ethos of conflict 74–81
- Gendered beliefs about patriotism/nationalism and security
- Gendered beliefs about victimhood
- Gendered beliefs about unity
- Gendered beliefs about positive self-image and delegitimization
- Gendered beliefs about peace
- Gendered beliefs about justness of goals
- 81–88 2.6 Nexus: Towards a conceptual-methodological framework 81–88
- 81–86 2.6.1 Exploring national identity constructions 81–86
- 86–87 2.6.2 Interrelating national identity constructions and gender-role ideologies 86–87
- 87–88 2.6.3 Interrelating national identity constructions, gender-role ideologies, and intractability 87–88
- 89–180 3 The intractability of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 89–180
- 89–138 3.1 Israel 89–138
- 89–113 3.1.1 Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict 89–113
- Zionism and the Yishuv (until 1947)
- The War of Independence and the first period of statehood (from 1948 to the late 1960’s)
- From the Six-Day War and the War of Yom Kippur to the increasing ‘Palestinization’ of the conflict (from 1967 to the late 1970s)
- The first Lebanon War (1981 to 2000)
- The first Palestinian Intifada (from 1987 to 1993)
- The peace process (from 1991 to 2000)
- The second Palestinian Intifada (from 2000 to 2005)
- Evacuation from Gaza, the second Lebanon War and War against Hamas (since 2005)
- 3.1.1.1 Idealized images of ‘Israeliness’
- 113–120 3.1.2 Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict 113–120
- 120–138 3.1.3 Discursive and symbolic constructions of Israeli femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations 120–138
- Gender relations in historical perspective
- The gendered impact of militarism and Israeli security culture
- The Israeli women’s movement between nationalism and feminism
- The violence spill into Israeli society
- Gender relations between secularism and Orthodox Judaism
- Gendered realities of power
- 138–178 3.2 Palestine 138–178
- 138–153 3.2.1 Historical narratives of inter-societal conflict 138–153
- Palestinian nationalism in Ottoman- and British-ruled Palestine (until 1947)
- The ‘Nakba’, its aftermath and the setback (from 1948 to the late 1960s)
- The Palestinian resistance (from 1964 onwards)
- The death of Pan-Arabism (the 1970s and early 1980s)
- The first Palestinian Intifada (from 1987 to 1993)
- The peace process (from 1991 to 2000)
- The Al-Aqsa Intifada (from 2000 to 2005)
- Gaza: between liberation and invasion (since 2005)
- 3.2.1.1 Idealized images of ‘Palestinianess’
- 153–159 3.2.2 Intra-societal reverberations of the conflict 153–159
- 159–178 3.2.3 Discursive and symbolic constructions of Palestinian femininity and masculinity and its tangible reverberations 159–178
- Gender relations in historical perspective
- The gendered impact of the Palestinian resistance
- The gendered impact of armed conflict and the occupation
- The violence spill into Palestinian society
- Gender relations between secularism and Islamism
- Gendered realities of power
- 178–180 3.3 Summary 178–180
- 181–194 4 Methodology 181–194
- 181–184 4.1 Concourse 181–184
- 184–185 4.2 Q-Sample 184–185
- 185–186 4.3 P-Set 185–186
- 186–187 4.4 Q-sorting process 186–187
- 187–191 4.5 Analysis 187–191
- 187–188 Correlation matrix 187–188
- 188–188 Factor Analysis 188–188
- 188–190 Factor rotation 188–190
- 190–191 Factor scores 190–191
- 191–192 4.6 Interpretation 191–192
- 192–194 4.7 Critical evaluation of Q-methodology 192–194
- 195–212 5 Operationalization 195–212
- 195–199 5.1 Concourse 195–199
- 195–198 Statement collection 195–198
- 198–199 Content validation 198–199
- 199–201 5.2 Pre-test 199–201
- 199–200 Design 199–200
- 200–200 Objectives 200–200
- 200–201 Analysis of the pre-test Q-sorts 200–201
- 201–207 5.3 Final Q-Sample 201–207
- 207–209 5.4 P-set 207–209
- 209–211 5.5 Empirical research: Q-sorting and questionnaires 209–211
- 211–212 5.6 Reflections of unequal power relations between Israelis and Palestinians on the empirical research process 211–212
- 213–252 6 Analyses and results of the Q-methodological study 213–252
- 213–214 Analytical procedure 213–214
- 214–215 Classification of ideal national identity types 214–215
- 215–216 Structure 215–216
- 216–218 6.1 Israel 216–218
- 216–217 6.1.1 Israeli particularistic national identity: Demographic background 216–217
- 217–218 6.1.2 Israeli liberalistic national identity: Demographic background 217–218
- 218–219 6.2 Palestine 218–219
- 218–218 6.2.1 Palestinian particularistic national identity: Demographic background 218–218
- 6.2.2 Palestinian liberalistic national identity: Demographic background
- 219–252 6.3 Meaning of national identity constructions in Israel and Palestine 219–252
- 219–221 Statistical criteria for the categorization of consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs 219–221
- 221–234 6.3.1 Israeli national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs 221–234
- Consensus beliefs
- Characteristic beliefs of Israeli particularism
- Characteristic beliefs of Israeli liberalism
- Contested beliefs
- 234–246 6.3.2 Palestinian national identity constructions: consensus, characteristic and contested beliefs 234–246
- Consensus beliefs
- Characteristic beliefs of Palestinian particularism
- Characteristic statements of Palestinian liberalism
- Contested beliefs
- 246–249 6.3.3 Israeli and Palestinian national identity constructions compared: Corresponding and competing meanings 246–249
- 249–252 6.3.4 Gender-explicit beliefs in the construction of national identity 249–252
- 253–276 7 Analyses and results of the R-methodological study 253–276
- 253–256 7.1 Israeli sample 253–256
- 256–258 7.2 Palestinian sample 256–258
- 258–266 7.3 Interrelating national identity constructions and gender-role ideologies 258–266
- 266–274 7.4 Interrelating national identity constructions, gender role ideologies, and intractable conflicts 266–274
- 266–270 7.4.1 The five measures of the intractability scale 266–270
- Peace negotiations
- Military strength
- Belligerence
- Peace-Orientation
- Concessions
- The intractability-scale
- 270–274 7.4.2 National identity constructions, gender-role ideologies and behavioral intentions 270–274
- 274–276 7.5 Summary of results 274–276
- 277–320 8 General Discussion 277–320
- 277–285 8.1 National identity constructions in Israel and Palestine 277–285
- 285–298 8.2 National identity constructions and gender-role ideologies 285–298
- 298–308 8.3 National identity constructions, gender, and inter-group violence 298–308
- 308–312 8.4 Limitations and scope of the empirical findings 308–312
- 312–315 8.5 Implications for the intractability or tractability of the conflict 312–315
- 315–320 8.6 Conceptual-methodological contributions and future directions 315–320
- 321–346 9 References 321–346
