@article{2017:schnemann:euroskepti,
title = {Euroskeptiker in der Referendumsoffensive. Das Brexit-Votum und die neue Bedeutung offensiver Misstrauensreferenden für den europäischen Integrationsprozess},
year = {2017},
note = {The so-called Brexit referendum of June 2016 constitutes not only the
beginning, but also the temporary point of culmination of a new phase
in the problematic relationship between European integration and
direct democracy. Whereas during the 1990s and 2000s several
EU-related referendums led to considerable irritations in the
integration process, today we are dealing with a new type of
referendums we call ‘offensive referendums of no-confidence’. We
find that the avoidance of referendums during the last couple of years
by political elites did not lead to a silencing of Eurosceptics, but
gave rise to claims for national referendums against the EU instead.
To underline this argument, this paper first identifies three phases
in the history of EU referendums. We then develop three distinct
criteria for the new type of offensive referendums of no-confidence
and compare the latest four EU-related referendums along these
criteria. In conclusion, the article reflects on the potential
contagion effect of this new referendum type and evaluates to what
extent its use could pose a threat to the European integration
project.},
journal = {integration},
pages = {110--124},
author = {Schünemann, Wolf J. and Petri, Franziska},
volume = {40},
number = {2}
}