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Romain Lachat

A Heterogeneous Electorate

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

Results in this title

Model specification S. 168-171

„… process, we extend the baseline model of chapter six to include precampaign attitudes. Our aim is to …” „… perform an additional test of our model. In this respect, one of the central questions that we address in …” „… the campaign period. In the next section, we present a statistical model of voting choice, which …”

Model specification S. 185-187

„… baseline model of voting choice, we have already seen which variables were most important in explaining …” „… relationship with our model of the voting decision process also is not as straightforward as for the previous …” „… ). The hypothesis of these authors appears convincing, but on the basis of the model we have formulated …”

The Michigan model S. 29-32

„… only a small part of the sample. This provides strong evidence for the Lazarsfeld model of activation …” „… ” fit within the expectations of their model: “The influence exerted upon them by the media of …” „… thereafter” (Lazarsfeld et al. 1968: 67). 2.1.2. The Michigan model An emphasis on the stability of party …”

Selection of variables and baseline model S. 142-152

„… campaigns. The models and results we present here are an important extension of the analyses from our …” „… model which we have advocated. Concerning dealignment, previous research has often argued that the …” „… predispositions and political sophistication is concerned, we may find additional evidence in favor of our model …”

Dual-process models of opinion formation S. 58-61

„… processes, we turn to “dual-process models” of attitude formation. Such models assume that there are two …” „… contextual-level factors may foster the use of one or the other strategy. We introduce here three such models. On …” „… instability in voters’ party preferences. 3.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation Much research in …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… 25 2. Social modernization and electoral change The traditional models of voting behavior, which …” „… models of voting behavior. In doing so, we emphasize how individual-level processes may have contributed …” „… same factors as the ones that structure party competition. 2.1.1. The social-structural model of voting …”

The transformation of cleavages in Switzerland S. 94-96

„… necessary information is available. Given these constraints, we have estimated four different models. The …” „… types of variables we consider are the same as those used for Germany, and all four models estimated in …” „… included. Model 1 is the least precise of all, but it can be estimated for all surveys. It does not …”

Evolution of cleavage strength in Germany S. 90-94

„… religious cleavages is based on multivariate models of voting choice. In contrast to the above discussion of …” „… of both cleavages are based on the same model, in which voting choices are regressed on a set of …” „… individual-level variables. Next, we compute predicted voting probabilities for this model and summarize them with …”

Activation and conversion effects S. 175-182

„… . Relying on a model similar to the one we have presented above, in which voters’ choices were explained …” „… short-term basis. We can start with a model presented by Finkel (1993; Finkel and Schrott 1995). He designed …” „… applied to both German and American elections. He used a model similar to those which we have estimated …”

Cognitive mobilization and party identification S. 123-124

„… 123 5.4.2. Cognitive mobilization and party identification We start by estimating a model in which …” „… interactive effect is central. In the traditional model of party identification, political independents …” „… test this hypothesis with a pooled dataset that allows including time as a variable in the model.58 The …”

Germany S. 187-195

„… election, we estimate a reduced version of the above model that contains only three types of attitudes …” „… will nonetheless estimate our model for all three panel waves, but replace the corresponding attitudes …” „… have already been introduced in chapter six and do not need to be commented upon further. The model to …”

A multivariate analysis of attitude stability S. 162-166

„… simultaneously. To answer these questions, we have estimated a series of models, where attitudes in a given panel …” „… wave are regressed on the corresponding attitude measured in the previous wave. The models also include …” „… variables. The general form of the models we want to estimate is tAttitude …”

Hypotheses and operationalization S. 120-123

„… , we reviewed the different models which have been suggested in the literature to explain variations in …” „… derived from Zaller’s model of opinion formation (1992), which focuses primarily on citizens’ attitudes …” „… process (Zaller 1989; 1992: chapter 10; 1996; Zaller and Hunt 1994, 1995). According to this model, which …”

Analyzing attitude stability S. 152-154

„… only issue that leads to significant effects in the model above, changes in voters’ preferences lead to …” „… Having presented our two baseline models, we turn now to the main portion of our analyses for this …” „… possibilities available to perform such analyses. One solution would be to design a structural equation model …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… the past several decades. The traditional models of electoral research emphasized a picture of a …” „… adequate theoretical model. To this end, we rely on research from the field of political and cognitive …” „… our model are the concept of a political schema, the definition of the degree of political expertise …”

References S. 223-234

„… maximum likelihood estimates in logistic regression models. Biometrika 71(1): 1–10. Alford, Robert R. 1962 …” „… . Borooah, Vani K. 2002. Logit and probit: Ordered and multinomial models. Sage University Papers series on …” „… world: A schematic model. American Journal of Political Science 28(1): 95–126. Converse, Philip E. 1964 …”

What explains the instability of party preferences? S. 204-208

„… weakening is in line with the model of electoral dealignment, it is not likely to explain higher levels of …” „… . We based our hypotheses on a theoretical model combining insights from traditional electoral research …” „… and from cognitive psychology. The central elements of this model are the concepts of political …”

Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation S. 61-64

„… any of the categories available to the perceiver. This model has been successfully applied to analyses …” „… fails. This argument is consistent with the other dualprocess models. All of these rely on the central …” „… systematic treatment of information. 3.4.2. Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation Dual-process models …”

Switzerland S. 195-198

„… then for separate estimations of the models among voters with a low or a high level of sophistication …” „… (four sympathies and seven issue positions), but our model includes neither party identification nor …” „… the 1976 German election, we observe an increase in the predictive power of the model. It is, however …”

Volatility, time of decision, and split-ticket voting in Germany S. 124-132

„… 1 for party identifiers. The model was estimated with a binary probit regression. age is concerned …” „… , starting with Germany. We estimate one model for each of the four dependent variables, which are …” „… models are specified in the same way, as expressed by equation (7). ijy +?+?+?+= 23210 …”

Measuring the strength of cleavages S. 86-90

„… more detailed results on the evolution of cleavages, with the help of multivariate models. 4.4. The …” „… , simultaneously, their structural and behavioral components. To this end, we can estimate statistical models in …” „… variables: gender, age, education, and employment status. Before presenting these models, however, a crucial …”

Index of predisposition strength S. 101-105

„… of regression models, where voting choices are regressed on all the variables linked with cleavages …” „… or with party identification. The estimated coefficients of the regression models are then used to …” „… compute predicted probabilities of voting choice. These probabilities use all information in the model to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… cleavages and frozen party systems 262.1.1. The social-structural model of voting choice 272.1.2. The …” „… Michigan model 292.2. The sources of dealignment 322.2.1. The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of …” „… formation of attitudes 583.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation 593.4.2. Sophistication, heuristics …”

Some implications for future research S. 210-212

„… . Again, this expectation is based on our theoretical model and on the idea that political experts possess …” „… theoretical model and the analyses developed in this book suggest several important directions for future …” „… theoretical aspects of this book, we have proposed a model that combines insights from two different research …”

The impact of expertise and predisposition strength on attitude stability S. 154-162

„… and read more about politics, their political attitudes are more often activated. Following the models …” „… . Turning now to the attitudes linked with the model of retrospective voting, we consider the stability of …” „… are smaller than 0.50. Though the two variables are linked with a similar model of voting choice, they …”

Memory as an associative network S. 47-50

„… and uncertainty. This chapter presents a model based on research in political psychology, which offers …” „… which any model of 48 opinion formation must rest. It is central to understanding how new elements of …” „… . Then, we introduce models of information processing, with a special emphasis on “dual-process models …”

Tables S. 13-16

„… of the voting choice in Switzerland 138 19. Baseline model of voting choice in Germany, 1972–1990 149 …” „… 20. Baseline model of voting choice in Switzerland 151 21. Stability of left-right position by level …” „… Switzerland 180 38. Goodness-of-fit of the estimated models, Germany, 1972–1990 188 39. Effect of variable …”

Political schemas S. 50-51

„… network—similar to the model we presented above for the organization of information in long-term memory. The …” „… political knowledge, have been central to many models of opinion formation and change for several decades …” „… given author or model. Other concepts, “political awareness” for instance, will be used only when …”

Conclusion S. 139-141

„… is a consequence of a weak party identification. The second hypothesis, based on Zaller’s model of …” „… highest level of instability. Third, we considered our hypothesis based on dual-process models of opinion …” „… postulated by Zaller’s model should be present, but only among voters with weak predispositions. Stronger …”

The voting decision process S. 208-210

„… sophistication. The role of predisposition strength was more difficult to integrate in models of voting choice …” „… . But this difference diminishes during the campaign. In line with our model based on political schemas …” „… orientations. This provides indirect evidence for our model, which argued that party identification or similar …”

Conclusion S. 65-66

„… 65 a consequence, this last part of our theoretical model will not be pursued in the following …” „… the available information. Relying on dual-process models of opinion formation, we have argued that …” „… among others. With the model presented here, it is possible to integrate the hypothesis of a partisan …”

Conclusion S. 166-167

„… support for our theoretical model, based on the role of political sophistication and on the use of …” „… aspects of attitude stability. Before analyzing the stability of attitudes, we considered a baseline model …” „… expertise and with social-structural predispositions. This baseline model has shown that party …”

Campaign intensity S. 64-65

„… . This aspect of motivation is central to Chaiken’s heuristicsystematic model of attitude formation …” „… consistent with Chaiken’s heuristic-systematic model. Such differences could be shown in analyses of voting …” „… 65 a consequence, this last part of our theoretical model will not be pursued in the following …”

Sophistication and the structure of belief systems S. 51-56

„… models of opinion formation and change for several decades. Several concepts have been suggested in the …” „… general and neutral, in the sense that neither is specific to a given author or model. Other concepts …” „… , “political awareness” for instance, will be used only when discussing the particular models or theories in …”

Conclusion S. 182-184

„… conversions during electoral campaigns offers additional support for our model. Predisposition strength and …” „… than among political novices. In the second part of this chapter, we designed a model allowing us to …” „… activated. Hence, the “activation model” of electoral campaigns is still the dominant one. The proportion of …”

The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of new issues S. 32-38

„… preference. At the same time, it does not make this model of voting choice a less valid description of the …” „… . From the standpoint of the Michigan model, stability in party systems and in voters’ choices should …” „… model are controversial and we discuss three such criticisms. The first point concerns the nature of …”

The impact of attitude changes S. 171-175

„… similar to those of the baseline models. The impact of voters’ party identification is especially strong …” „… in the 1999 Swiss election. We have estimated once again the model of equation (12), separately for …” „… political novices in 1987. 76 As the model is estimated with a multinomial logistic regression, the …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… words, the results of the 1999 Swiss election are much more in line with the model of a general …” „… separate models for political experts and for political novices. These results offered mixed evidence. Our …” „… intentions or choices. Such results are in line with our theoretical model. They show that if campaigns help …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… level of volatility, late decision-making, and split-ticket voting. Furthermore, models from cognitive …” „… political-psychological model we develop allows us to integrate the traditional argument of the dealignment literature and …” „… validity of our model, based on the interactive effects of political sophistication and of the strength of …”

The religious cleavage S. 82-86

„… help of multivariate models. 4.4. The overall impact of cleavages To obtain conclusive evidence on the …” „… this end, we can estimate statistical models in which voting choices are regressed on structural and …” „… presenting these models, however, a crucial methodological point must be discussed: how to compare the …”

Explaining the consequences of electoral change in Switzerland S. 132-139

„… nonlinear effect. These results were in line with the schema model we have suggested. In the Swiss case, our …” „… the original dealignment model, with more sophisticated respondents being more likely to switch …” „… satisfying as far as our model is concerned. We find that political expertise and predisposition strength …”

The measurement of political sophistication S. 57-58

„… certainly Zaller’s definition of political awareness. This concept, which lies at the core of his model of …” „… greater detail in a later section, Zaller’s model and his conceptualization of political sophistication is …”

Sophistication, knowledge, and political schemas S. 56-57

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… process with the help of the model presented in the previous chapter, we first need to assess the extent …” „… their joint impact on voting choices. We rely for this on a series of regression models, used to compute …”

How strong is electoral dealignment? S. 201-204

„… customers, patients, or students. A model that integrates this refined conceptualization of the class …” „… of these identifications, but not in their frequency. While this weakening is in line with the model …”

Party identification S. 96-101

„… with any of the four models. In the 1990s, by contrast, the values of lambda in figure 9 show that this …” „… is also a central factor. In the tradition of the Michigan model, party identifica- 38 The …”

Conclusion S. 105-106

„… probabilities of voting choice, based on a social-structural model of the vote. This index allows us to …”

The modernization of electoral campaigns S. 42-44

„… , depicted as a transition towards the “modern model of campaigning” (Swanson and Mancini 1996; see also …”

Split-ticket voting S. 117-120

„… chapters two and three, we reviewed the different models which have been suggested in the literature to …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… of electoral change can be developed. To show this, we present a series of statistical models with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204895

Jan-Hendrik Kuntze - The Abolishment of the Right to Privacy?

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Jan-Hendrik Kuntze

The Abolishment of the Right to Privacy?

Series: Tectum - Masterarbeiten

Volume 2018

Results in this title

2. The Spiral Model S. 7-12

„… The Spiral Model On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the UDHR, scholars Thomas Risse …” „… invention of the spiral model. At that time, the upcoming and rising interests of scholars in norm …” „… , they proposed the spiral model. Due to some criticism, the scholars launched a revised edition of the …”

6. The US Response: Does the Spiral Model Work? S. 129-136

„… The US Response: Does the Spiral Model Work? More than four years after the first revelations of …” „… Snowden revelations followed the spi‐ ral model: An advocator contacted members of the international advo …” „… 2015: 30). According to the spiral model, this denial should strengthen the efforts of the human rights …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. I-VIII

„… The Abolishment of the Right to Privacy? The USA, Mass Surveillance and the Spiral Model Tectum …” „… the Spiral Model © Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2018 eISBN …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 1 The Spiral Model …”

1. Introduction S. 1-6

„… of interest how this norm violating behavior has developed. Second, and according to the spiral model …” „… developing a first draft of a model that is capable of ex‐ plaining both the adoption and the denial of a …” „… life cycle of norms, and by Thomas Risse et al. (1999), who crafted the spiral model. The life cycle is …”

7. Conclusion: Privacy – a Dead Norm? S. 137-142

„… been analyzed using the spiral model; on the other hand, the advocacy process as well as the US …” „… diffusion and norm regress at the domestic level. The com‐ prehensive spiral model is capable of covering …” „… hand with the repression of advocators. According to the comprehensive spiral model, the norm …”

4. Norm Regression: Surveillance and Privacy in US History S. 39-102

„… explain how this development has oc‐ curred. It will explore whether the spiral model can help to explain …” „… model were Haggerty and Ericson (2000). They questioned if this concept was still useful to understand …” „… with the spiral model. First, the right to privacy was not yet invented – albeit it was already in the …”

Bibliography S. 143-162

„… Panopticon. A Model for NSA Surveillance?, in: Privacy and Power. A Transatlantic Dialogue in the Shadow of …” „… United States and torture: does the spiral model work?, in: The Persistent Power of Human Rights. From …”

5. Norm Defense: The Advocacy Process after Snowden S. 103-128

„… human right to privacy. The spiral model differentiates four such modes: coercion (use of force or legal …” „… ) and to ex‐ plore “the relationships between human rights, technology, markets and business models in …”

3. Norm Diffusion: How Privacy Became an International Norm S. 13-38

„… ] model individuals would have a (rather limited) de‐ gree of choice over which […] [identity provider …” „… , the USA prefers a model based on market conditions in‐ stead of an omnibus legislation with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783828867505

Chengguang Li - The Effect of Culture on International Market Entries

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Chengguang Li

The Effect of Culture on International Market Entries

Series: Controlling und Management

Volume 6 2012

Results in this title

Model Estimation S. 67-71

„… , 2011). 5.3 Model Estimation This section introduces the Cox regression model used to examine the …” „… model that captures this effect. Event history analysis is employed in this study to examine the …” „… , 2010). The main goal of this large family of statistical models is to examine the influence of …”

Regression Results S. 81-96

„… Cox regression model and discusses their implications in detail. The regression results for the …” „… control and independent variables as well as overall characteristics of the estimation model and …” „… of the seven models. The theoretical variables of interest are added incrementally to the models …”

Descriptive Statistics S. 72-81

„… are included in the estimation model. The correlation matrix displays the bivariate correlations …” „… estimation models (Farrar and Glauber, 1967). Multicollinearity is a result of interdependency among the …” „… explanatory variables in a regression model (Farrar and Glauber, 1967). This interdependency causes parameter …”

References S. 102-121

„… history models in political science. American Journal of Political Science, 41(4): 1414-1461. Brouthers …” „… , D. A. 1983. The customer contact model for organization design. Management Science, 29(9): 1037-1050 …” „… , 33(4): 562-587. Cox, D. R. 1972. Regression models and life-tables. Journal of Royal Statistical …”

Variables and Measures S. 52-67

„… previous foreign entry research is included in the regression model in addition to the independent …” „… AscendTM Flight Information Solutions and crosschecked with world maps (Rockwell Collins, 2011). 5.3 Model …” „… Estimation This section introduces the Cox regression model used to examine the hypotheses of this study. It …”

Research Setting and Data S. 50-52

„… estimation model and discusses the model itself. 5.1 Research Setting and Data This section discusses the …” „… ). Such an uncertain environment is a major driver for firms to rely on social comparison and model …”

List of Tables S. 15-16

„… Variables 78 Table 6.5: Correlation Matrix 80 Table 6.6: Results of Cox Regression Analyses, Models 1-4 82 …” „… Table 6.7: Results of Cox Regression Analyses, Models 5-7 83 Table 6.8: Test of Proportionality 90 Table …”

Uncertainty Avoidance S. 42-45

„… to which an organization will model itself after organizations” and the “more ambiguous the goals of …” „… an organization, the greater the extent to which the organization will model itself after …”

Literature Review S. 23-27

„… Vahlne, 1977; Kogut and Chang, 1996). Johanson and Vahlne 25 (1977) develop the Uppsala process model …” „… (also called Scandinavian process model) based on the theory of the behavior of the firm (Cyert and …”

Introduction S. 17-22

„… setting, measures, and estimation model used for this study. The first section outlines the advantages of …” „… this study. The third section introduces the estimation model employed in this study and its underlying …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Setting and Data 50 5.2 Variables and Measures 52 5.3 Model Estimation 67 6 Analysis and Results 72 6.1 …”

Contributions S. 97-99

„… collectivism value are more responsive to institutional forces and, as a reaction, model themselves after their …”

Factors Affecting Institutional Responsiveness S. 35-38

„… institutional models Comply Obeying rules and accepting norms Balance Balancing the expectations of multiple …”

Neoinstitutionalism S. 28-33

„… ; Greve, 1995). They do so by modeling themselves after other organizations, in particular, those that are …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845234502

Jenny Weinand - Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive

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Jenny Weinand

Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 13 2018

Results in this title

Chapter 2. Regulatory models S. 134-176

„… Regulatory models “From the middle of the twentieth century until the 1980s, governments were …” „… . States devise new regulatory models to react more flexibly and dynamically to rapidly changing …” „… revert to such regulatory models. Democratic safeguards will have to be built in the system to ensure …”

Conclusion S. 768-774

„… regulatory models currently in force in the UK, Germany, and France to gain some perspective on the available …” „… co-regulation. The co-regulatory model, as it existed in the UK and still exists in Germany, allows service …” „… media convergence. The co-regulatory model, which can rely on a single co-regulatory body or multiple …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-28

„… Regulatory modelsChapter 2. 134 The concept of regulation and the reasons for regulatingA. 135 …” „… media services are regulated, after which chapter 2 identifies different regulatory models that are …” „… participation in conferences, projects and other events. He has been a role model, both professionally by …”

Introduction S. 29-48

„… models is beneficial for consumers who engage with services and applications “in new ways and on new …” „… State, which has led to a variety of regulatory models that are embedded in national regulatory cultures …” „… regulatory models employed) as well as to regulatory objectives (i.e. content standards). The scope of this …”

Chapter 3. The national media authorities of the UK, Germany and France S. 177-291

„… represent different models or approaches to regulating media. As products of the respective national …” „… characteristics of regulatory models as outlined above. Thus, the following section sketches the competent UK …” „… model “converged” regulator which is imitated across Europe.800 Functions By virtue of Sec. 2 (1) CA …”

Chapter 6. The future regulation of audiovisual media services S. 664-767

„… examines the regulatory strategies and models, as well as content standards, to show how convergence has …” „… examined in this study display a range of regulatory models that are adapted to the general structure of …” „… be asked whether media convergence requires any one type or model of regulation. This study cannot …”

Chapter 4. The UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service S. 292-488

„… whether the sub-domain had its own business model. In its representations, New Media Online had raised the …” „… include considerations of the business model in the principal purpose test and instead focussed on the …” „… regulatory models regarding content distributed on the Internet. While some highlighted the importance of …”

Chapter 1. The regulation of audiovisual media services S. 49-133

„… ’ interests and the preservation of the specificities of the European audiovisual model, which highly values …” „… Hanot, (Brussels: Larcier, 2013), p. 31. B. Regulation by the Member States 65 “‘market model’ of …” „… broadcasting business.248 In reality, the country of origin principle has served as a model for other areas of …”

Chapter 5. The UK, German and French regulators’ approaches to the protection of minors in on-demand audiovisual media services S. 489-663

„… the business models used by providers of adult entertainment content. Freely available samples or …” „… co-regulatory model, the news article is no longer available online. B. The protection of minors in on-demand …”

Bibliography S. 783-836

„… sur les modèles économiques des services de médias audiovisuels à la demande actifs sur le marché …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845282473

Marco Portmann - Parliamentary Representation of Citizens’ Preferences

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Marco Portmann

Parliamentary Representation of Citizens’ Preferences

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 15 2014

Results in this title

Evaluating the Median Voter Model’s Explanatory Power S. 79-85

„… Explanatory Power80The quality of the median voter modelBaseline resultsTable 3.1 evaluates congruence between …” „… power of the median voter model.Despite the theoretical appeal and robustness of the median voter model …” „… Evaluating the Median Voter Model’s ExplanatoryPower*IntroductionThe median voter model is a widely …”

Quantifying Parliamentary Representation of Constituents’ Preferences and Explaining Divergence S. 96-114

„… , the Nagelkerke PseudoR2 compares the likelihood ratios of the estimated model with a modelcontaining a …” „… regression model:P ( MPVotesYes) = ?(?0 + ? 1DistrictVotesYes + ? 2MediatingFactor+ ? 3DistrictVotesYes …” „… 2004) and from voters’ interests ingeneral (Levitt 1996; Matsusaka 1995) than theoretical models of …”

Bibliography S. 217-230

„… probitModels.” Economics Letters, 80(1): 123–29.Albouy, David. 2011. “Do voters affect or elect policies? A new …” „… Stephen Coate. 1997. “An Economic Model of RepresentativeDemocracy.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(1 …” „… . “Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model: Candidate Motivations, Uncertainty, and Convergence …”

District Magnitude and Representation of the Majority’s Preferences: Evidence from Popular and Parliamentary Votes S. 115-144

„… regression modelsdoes not extend to nonlinear models. For our results, we apply the reasoning of Ai and …” „… (modelspace). In contrast to classical estimations, model averaging copes withmodel uncertainty by allowing …” „… Model Averaging (BMA)to investigate the effect of variable selection. Finally, Section 6.5 offerssome …”

Using Referenda and Roll Call Votes as a Measure for Representation: Methodological Principles S. 25-78

„… the model,e.g., majority elections and two (or at least a small number of) candidates,are also well …” „… median voter modelAs Padovano (2013) outlines with reference to Wittman (1983) andCalvert (1985), many of …” „… starting point the median voter model as an illustration of some of the fundamental mechanisms of political …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Referenda by policy areas 35Table 3.1 Explanatory power of the median voter model:representatives and their …” „… Downs and two-party competition2.3.1 37Extensions and alternatives to the median voter model2.3.2 38 …” „… Model’s ExplanatoryPowerChapter 379Introduction3.1 79Matching representatives’ roll call votes with …”

Voters Elect Politicians Who Closely Matched Their Preference S. 86-95

„… economy models. Retrospective voting based on past developments in economic variables such asinflation and …” „… model to evaluate whether constituents vote retrospectively: ??elected? ? ? ???(DistrictMatch …” „… 112Notes: Robust standard error estimates for logistic models with constituency clusteringare given in …”

A Refined View on the Relationship Between District Magnitude and Representation S. 145-159

„… assembled in Section2.2 and in 6.2. The median voter model shows that two candidates runningagainst each …” „… strategy for both of them(Downs 1957). Having two candidates is a central prerequisite of the model, but a …” „… logistic models using clustering for cantonsare given in parenthesis below the coefficient. *** indicates a …”

Representatives’ Majority Decisions: The law of Large Numbers S. 160-180

„… )0.2542***(0.0262)0.3060***(0.0350)0.2689***(0.0320)-0.0358***(0.0136)Notes: Robust standard error estimates for logistic models using clustering for referenda are …” „… -05)0.3235***(0.0162)0.2851***(0.0149)0.2468***(0.0388)0.2049***(0.0351)0.3362***(0.0330)0.3046***(0.0323)Notes: Robust standard error estimates for logistic models using clustering for referenda are …” „… )0.2941***(0.0313)0.3093***(0.0672)0.3012***(0.0147)0.2347***(0.0342)0.3093***(0.0317)Notes: Robust standard error estimates for logistic models using clustering for referenda are …”

Thesis Overview S. 15-24

„… outline21sentation. The chapter sketches the median voter model, which is probablythe most prominent …” „… theory in this field, and possible directions for extending the model. The chapter relates our empirical …” „… representatives. Thus, the Council of Statesoffers an appropriate setting to test the median voter model. Although …”

A Comparative Analysis of the Voting Behavior of Constituents and Their Representatives for Public Debts S. 181-194

„… referenda.Influence of a constituency’s preferences on legislatorsIn the second step, we estimate logistic models to …” „… logit estimationsResults of the logit models are presented in Table 9.3. We account for different voting …” „… levelbetween 5% and 10%. Robust standard errors for logistic models using clustering for referenda are given in …”

Conclusion and Research Perspective S. 195-206

„… channels.Motivated by the literature on citizen candidate models and a recent,growing literature on the importance of …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845253862

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