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Michael Krail - System-Based Analysis of Income Distribution Impacts on Mobility Behaviour

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Michael Krail

System-Based Analysis of Income Distribution Impacts on Mobility Behaviour

Series: Karlsruher Beiträge zur wirtschaftspolitischen Forschung - Karlsruhe Papers in Economic Policy Research

Volume 28 2009

Results in this title

Model Calibration S. 145-147

„… on the so-called “flexifuel” cars. Finally, the model assumes hot emission factors for all pollutants …” „… emission reductions compared with the values generated in the MEET project are illustrated. 4.7 Model …” „… Calibration The accurate consideration of model development rules, for example described by BOSSEL (1994), and …”

Household Model S. 68-73

„… 68 4.2 Household Model The household model simulates the previous and future trend of the number of …” „… five household types for each of the EU27+2 countries. The decision to develop a model projecting …” „… the modular composition of ASTRA-S, the new household model is integrated in the POP module. For the …”

Car Registration Model S. 137-141

„… 1504Introduction YearStandard Similar to the car purchase model the car fleet model is calibrated …” „… drivers of motorisation. The following paragraph describes the revision of the car registration model …” „… based on the new income distribution information generated in the MAC module of the ASTRA-S model …”

Car Technology Choice Model S. 127-137

„… application of logit-functions in the modal-split transport modelling stage this model does not compute …” „… vkmFixed CostsØ Distance to FSProcurementCosts per vkmProcurementCostsFeedbackEnergy ModelENVPOP TRA …” „… and highlights the dynamic modelling of emission standards in the car fleet model. The figure …”

Overview of ASTRA-S Model Development S. 66-68

„… modelling approaches. The section starts with an overview of the interaction of the new ASTRA-S models. In …” „… 66 4 The ASTRA-S Model In order to differentiate between the ex-ante status of the ASTRA model and …” „… component which is intensified with the integration of the income distribution model in ASTRA. The main …”

Revision of Trip Generation Model S. 116-127

„… countries which could be integrated in the income distribution model. Before their modelled population is …” „… 116 Nevertheless, a more detailed population model is developed in order to increase the quality of …” „… transport model. The resulting growth of level of trip matrices would lead to a break-down of ASTRA during …”

Comparison with Ex-Ante ASTRA Model S. 163-166

„… emissions. 5.2 2BComparison with Ex-Ante ASTRA Model The main objective of this section is the analysis of …” „… which separates the new links between income distribution model and trip generation respectively car …” „… registration model. In this ex-ante scenario, the new links are substituted by the old links. Concerning the …”

Modelling of Income Distribution S. 94-112

„… micro-simulation models. 4.3.2 Modelling of Income Distribution The objective of this section is to present the …” „… task of the income distribution model. Modelling this dynamics can answer the question on how many …” „… between five income groups. Figure 15 presents this modelling framework of the income distribution model …”

System Dynamics Modelling S. 32-37

„… development of System Dynamics models and allow the modeller to concentrate on the core modelling process …” „… model in a system model. The modeller has to take into account that the resulting system model should be …” „… constitute formal, abstract, dynamic and non-linear models. 2.3 System Dynamics Modelling The System Dynamics …”

Trip Generation Approach S. 112-116

„… distribution model are modelled using a subrange of the subscript that represents a subset of the country …” „… following trip distribution approach from the classical four-stage model. The classical modelling method has …” „… available for the remaining ten EU27+2 countries, the model structure does not have to be changed. Replacing …”

Objectives S. 21-25

„… impacts of policies have to be assessed. Models simplifying real world systems can be regarded as suitable …” „… tools to carry out this responsible task. With growing awareness of the utility of simulation models …” „… methodology. After first applications of System Dynamics methodology leading to urban models, the well-known …”

Macroeconomic Module S. 44-49

„… for a comprehensive modelling of all other modules. Regarding the original vision of the ASTRA model …” „… models for instance a neo-classic model. The MAC contains neoclassical elements like Cobb-Douglas …” „… productivity. Furthermore, the MAC module also shows attributes of an econometric model. The main output …”

Concept of ASTRA S. 38-40

„… basic modelling concept of the ASTRA model and provides an overview of the whole modelling framework …” „… Vensim® provided the modelling platform for the development of the ASTRA model. Starting point for this …” „… ” which represented the main objective of the model development. The modellers of the basic ASTRA version …”

Course of Investigation S. 25-26

„… 25 model that can consider income distribution impacts if further research on this link will be …” „… carried out. Due to the difference between the previous ASTRA car model in which the car purchaser could …” „… decide between technologies that are presently available on the market and the new ASTRA car model which …”

Theory of Income Distribution S. 73-94

„… BORK (2000) belongs to the group of micro-simulation models. 4.3.2 Modelling of Income Distribution The …” „… patchwork families that are formed basically from single parents. 4.3 Income Distribution Model In the …” „… following section the structure and the elements of the new income distribution model are presented. The …”

Conclusion S. 175-176

„… income distribution model into the ASTRA model. Requirements on the structure and the output of the …” „… income distribution model are derived from the needs of the models which are supposed to be influenced …” „… directly by the income distribution model: the passenger trip generation model which is a sub-model of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-20

„… Models 93 4.3.2 Modelling of Income Distribution 94 4.3.2.1 Requirements on Income Distribution Model 94 …” „… sectors. The System Dynamics Model ASTRA, developed by IWW Karlsruhe and TRT Milan is a large scale model …” „… model – and the sectors interacting with transport described on a more aggregate level except for their …”

Population Module S. 40-44

„… the former ASTRA model without integration and revision of models for this thesis is being presented …” „… , the description of the model state does not represent the state of ASTRA directly before the final …” „… integration of the last modules in the year 2008. The first model parts presented in this thesis were already …”

Outlook S. 176-178

„… operate at least one car. Apart from these models which are integrated to measure impacts of income …” „… distribution, the car technology model is enhanced by the six most promising alternative car technologies. For …” „… this purpose, the previous structure of the car technology model is modified completely. The new …”

Foreign Trade Module S. 49-50

„… 49 3.2.2.5 Government Model The main objective of the government model is to account all revenues …” „… and all expenditures of a national state in order to provide significant information to other models …” „… bridges are relevant for an integrated macroeconomic, transport and environment model as they connect …”

Alternative Car Technologies and New Emission Standards S. 143-145

„… , they are only considered in the road transport emission models. The new pollutants are integrated …” „… similarly in the single emission models for each transport mode. All four categories of emissions could be …” „… subscripts allow a well arranged model structure and simplify the integration of new categories in a group …”

Regional Economics Module S. 50-55

„… choice models, the selected modal split modelling approach can be assigned to the group of multinomial …” „… 50 the implemented dynamics, the INTRA-EU trade model contains more endogenous drivers than the …” „… EU-RoW trade model. Three endogenous and one exogenous factor determine the development of trade between …”

Baseline Scenario Definition S. 148-152

„… 148 5 0BSimulation Results and Analysis The ASTRA-S model as well as the previous ASTRA versions …” „… policies and strategies. Since the beginning of the model development, a number of impact assessment …” „… ASTRA model in other projects. Due to the characteristics of the ex-ante ASTRA model, impact assessment …”

System Analysis S. 28-32

„… model and the development stage model design. BOSSEL (1994) distinguishes between two modelling …” „… major task of the following step is to transform the abstract model in a system model. The modeller has …” „… , dynamic and non-linear models. 2.3 System Dynamics Modelling The System Dynamics Society defines System …”

Integration of Further Air Pollutants S. 141-143

„… Registration in ASTRA-S As the ASTRA-S version of the income distribution model could simulate the income …” „… former ASTRA approach, using an exogenous resistance function. 4.6 Environment Model In the context of …” „… the model revision and integration of new models in ASTRA-S, two main improvements of the …”

Vehicle Fleet Module S. 57-59

„… module and provide input for the economic sectors producing fuel products and for the government model …” „… considered in single models such that the development of vehicle fleets of passenger cars, buses, light duty …” „… and HDV all trucks heavier than 7.5 tons. The core element of all vehicle fleet models is similar as …”

Transport Module S. 55-57

„… , the selected modal split modelling approach can be assigned to the group of multinomial probit models …” „… ASTRA Transport (TRA) module carries out the third stage of the classical four-stage transport model …” „… , the freight and passenger modal split. The implemented passenger modal split model simulates the …”

Baseline Scenario Results S. 152-163

„… . Only the new established household model is driven by GDP as only macroeconomic indicator. Hence, the …” „… be analysed by the integration of a household type model. Socio-economic drivers from the ASTRA-S POP …” „… simulation results for all five household types considered in the ASTRA-S household model. Overall, the …”

Infrastructure Module S. 57

„… module and provide input for the economic sectors producing fuel products and for the government model …” „… considered in single models such that the development of vehicle fleets of passenger cars, buses, light duty …” „… and HDV all trucks heavier than 7.5 tons. The core element of all vehicle fleet models is similar as …”

Welfare Measurement Module S. 60-61

„… aggregates single indicators which are synonymous to certain model variables according to a predefined scheme …” „… certain model variables for assessment or applies simple mathematical transformations on the results of a …” „… single model variable, still keeping each variable separately or relating two model variables to each …”

Environment Module S. 59-60

„… which are synonymous to certain model variables according to a predefined scheme into one or a few …” „… aggregated indicators. Non-scheme-based assessment either uses directly the output of certain model variables …” „… for assessment or applies simple mathematical transformations on the results of a single model …”

Policy Scenario Definition S. 166-168

„… 2008). ASTRA-S as an integrated macroeconomic, transport and environment System Dynamics model is able …” „… policy and technology scenario. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the ASTRA-S model and …” „… especially the new established car technology model, a scenario has been chosen which foresees policy actions …”

Structural Categorisations in ASTRA S. 61-65

„… index-numbers for the time-path of the model variables or derive the percentage changes of a certain model …” „… . Thirdly, among the 25 sectors are already 9 service sectors which enable the model to take account of the …” „… e.g. at a sectoral level to model trade relationships of the EU27+2 countries. The five sectors that …”

Policy Scenario Results S. 168-174

„… the simulated impacts of the H2 scenario in the ASTRA-S model, one causal loop is exemplified in the …” „… ASTRA-S model forecasts reactions of costumers on the additional financial burden and the rising …” „… scenario is estimated to grow which influences the sectoral interchange model. Technological change and …”

References S. 179-185

„… Transport (2005): “Energy and Transport in figures: 2005”, Brussels. Chen TM et al. (2005): “Report on Model …” „… , Lienin SF, Gassmann F, Wokaun A (2004): “Model aided policy development for the market penetration of …” „… Transport Forecasting Model and Appended Module: Technical Description”, deliverable D4 of SCENES …”

Systems Theory and Cybernetics S. 27-28

„… : “Thus, there exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalised systems or their subclasses …” „… modelling while Ashby addressed the analysis of complex systems (ASHBY 1974). Since the beginning the terms …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845216591

Stefanie Dänzler - Digitalization and the Impact on Television Financing

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Stefanie Dänzler

Digitalization and the Impact on Television Financing

Series: Schriften zur Medienwirtschaft und zum Medienmanagement

Volume 29 2011

Results in this title

Business Models S. 131-134

„… 131 7. Economic Relations 7.1 Business Models As detailed extensively, the revenue models of …” „… television are changing with the digitalization process. This also effects and changes the business models of …” „… analog broadcasters. It is important for digital television to develop new sustainable business models …”

Intermediation Model S. 123-124

„… and transferred to digital television. However, an evaluation of how these models are going to perform …” „… in the future will not be given. This is merely a description of these models and an explanation of …” „… their functions. 6.10.1 Intermediation Model “Intermediaries are independent, economically-operating …”

Model Sharing and Community S. 126-127

„… efficient CRM strategies to get the necessary data. 6.10.4 Model Sharing and Community Community building …” „… 2008, p. 98; Knappe 2003, p. 26). When these revenue models are applied, companies will have to focus …” „… . 2006, p. 43). Information providers can adapt their revenue models and remain in control of the …”

Prospects for New Revenue Models S. 95-98

„… are not allowed to place advertising on the Web at all. 96 6.3 Prospects for New Revenue Models An …” „… of a reverse channel. This technique has the potential to generate new revenue models that can be …” „… advertising, also the successful models of the network economy can be applied to digital television. The range …”

From Analog to Digital Financing S. 79-81

„… 79 6. Financing and Revenue Models 6.1 From Analog to Digital Financing Richard Schoonhoven …” „… case depending on the broadcasting channel’s strategic objective and the business model it’s based on …” „… , Seidel/Schwertzel differentiate state-funded from non-statefunded models. In the tree diagram as illustrated in …”

Summary S. 127-130

„… ; Knappe 2003, p. 26). When these revenue models are applied, companies will have to focus more on managing …” „… ). Information providers can adapt their revenue models and remain in control of the dissemination and use of …” „… information as far as possible. The applied revenue models are the same models I described earlier in this …”

Definition, Participants, Flow S. 81-85

„… 81 In contrast to this model, Johannes Irmer bases his theories on the widely known 4C net business …” „… model adapted from Wirtz (2006, p. 585 ff.) and assigns different funding types of digital television to …” „… the corresponding revenue models under the headings of commerce, content, connection, and context …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… improved activities, strategies and business models under the new conditions of digital contents, changes …” „… financing models. Despite the meaning of this important subject in practice only few distinctive …” „… analysis of financing types and future-proof models. The author has selected this main topic because the …”

Conclusion S. 139-142

„… 139 8. Conclusion The initial question of this work was how the revenue and funding models of …” „… development. As pointed out in this work, due to the technological development, revenue models of television …” „… revenue models and adapt them to those of the network economy. Conventional revenues through advertising …”

Summary S. 75-78

„… certain profit models. Like analog television digital information is also an economic good. But its scope …” „… revenue models of the networking economies in order to be financially able to provide information on …” „… tedious. Networking effects are important to generate successful revenue models within the networking …”

References S. 143-153

„… Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2009 Mahadevan, B.: Business Models for Internet based E-Commerce: An Anatomy …” „… Edition a Division of Random House, 1995 Noam, Eli M.: A Public and Private Choice Model of Broadcasting …” „… : Developing Business Models for eBusiness, http://scholar.google.de/scholar?q=petrovic+kittl+teksten+2001 …”

Other Types of Financing S. 122-123

„… digital television. However, an evaluation of how these models are going to perform in the future will not …” „… be given. This is merely a description of these models and an explanation of their functions. 6.10.1 …” „… Intermediation Model “Intermediaries are independent, economically-operating agents whose job it is to ensure the …”

Introduction S. 15-18

„… alternative funding models. The current television market is still divided into public service broadcasting …” „… sustainable business model. In the digital era, the focus is increasingly on the recipient as the …” „… 2010 VW Golf GTI model in the U.S. was promoted exclusively through an iphone and iPod Touch …”

Interactivity and Individualization S. 37-42

„… banking) (see Schrape 1995, p. 28 f.) 40 This model was expanded on by Ruhrmann/Nieland in 1997. They …” „… interactivity. (see Ramme 2005, p. 97 ff.). Lutz Goertz has developed a model for describing interactivity along …” „… modification options (see Goertz 2004, p. 4 ff.). Goertz’s model encompasses 500 different possible …”

Definition, Participants, Flow S. 109-112

„… is participated in the profit of the sales in the context of a commission model. 110 In the …” „… model the profits gained from teleshopping are only one type out of several types of financing a …” „… are transmitted alongside conventional information. The second model is a pure teleshopping channel …”

Information as Connected and Unconnected Goods S. 56-57

„… their recipients. Customers will still pay money for a DVD because it is physical product. New models …” „… recipients’ demand for these devices increases, the model of the joint product (editorial information and …”

New Services S. 124-125

„… ). Alternatively, they can also purchase exploitation rights and sell them to the recipients (reselling model …” „… ). Special interest channels are frequently employing the reselling model. Network operators distribute …”

Convergence of the Media S. 136-138

„… companies new perspectives and options to position their revenue models, business models, and value …”

Changes Caused by Digitalization S. 107-109

„… advertising models are frequently combined” (Rappa, www.digitalenterprise.org, 15.04.10). The significance of …” „… in the profit of the sales in the context of a commission model. …”

Summary S. 45-48

„… , younger, tech-savvy audiences will drive innovative developments and new business models that emerge as a …” „… economic aspects. Ultimately, they allow new business models to be developed based on recipients’ loyalty …”

Copyright, Licensing Rights, and Digital Rights Management S. 32-34

„… ) These electronic distribution models allow the secure dissemination and commercial exploitation of …” „… , the fact remains that the legal framework has a major impact on the implementation of financing models …”

Multiple Exploitation of Information S. 72-75

„… business models where recipients are taking over the information providers’ tasks for free. When products …” „… profit models. Like analog television digital information is also an economic good. But its scope can be …”

Definition, Participants, Flow S. 103-107

„… directly. (see Fischer 2005, p. 201). In this model financing is linked directly to the recipients who pay …” „… offering discounts and by creating different price models and program packages (see Seidenfaden 2006, p. 29 …”

Definition, Participants, Flow S. 114-120

„… flavors and the protection of utility models are concerned. License agreements govern the rights of use …” „… information market. Due to globalization the above 119 mentioned revenue models are increasing, while at …”

Summary S. 34-36

„… legal framework has a major impact on the implementation of financing models and on the profitability of …”

Information and Transaction Costs S. 71-72

„… costs are decreasing significantly and are leading to new business models where recipients are taking …”

Information as Immaterial Good S. 55-56

„… their recipients. Customers will still pay money for a DVD because it is physical product. New models …”

Data Mining and Customer Relationship Management S. 125-126

„… providers will be required to develop efficient CRM strategies to get the necessary data. 6.10.4 Model …”

Value Chain, Networks, and Structures S. 134-136

„… value creation network is an open model, which demonstrates the process of value creation beyond …”

Information and Economies of Scale S. 59-61

„… case-by-case if this effect really occurs (see Kiefer, 2001, p. 166 ff.). No matter which funding model is …”

Information as Merit Good S. 53-55

„… Rau, 2006, p. 30 ff.). 17 Peer-to-peer is a communication model where all participants have the same …”

Definition, Participants, Flow S. 98-101

„… scope of these measures information providers can creatively adapt their revenue models to the market …”

Information as a Good of Experience and Confidence S. 57-59

„… . If the recipients’ demand for these devices increases, the model of the joint product (editorial …”

Information and Economies of Scope S. 61-63

„… occurs (see Kiefer, 2001, p. 166 ff.). No matter which funding model is applied, one of the most …”

Information and Demand S. 66-69

„… behavioral models, identification with others, self-discovery ? Need for integration and social interaction …”

Advertising Side to Side with the Program S. 85-88

„… section I will categorize advertising revenue models that show how advertising and information are …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845231150

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Thomas Christin

Reasonable Europeans

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 153 2008

Results in this title

Models S. 87-92

„… ) the respondent’s personal job situation.1305.4. Empirical results5.4.1. ModelsThe dependent variable I …” „… at the EU-level I constructed in Chapter 3. I apply four different empirical OLS models which are …” „… assess the additive effects of both levels. Finally in column four I include a cumulative model, allowing …”

Intercepts- and slopes-as-outcomes model S. 100-102

„… equal to 1000 individuals. 6.3. Intercepts- and slopes-as-outcomes modelI reproduce, ? rst a complete …” „… model that integrates the aggregated and individual variables used in models 4 (see Tables 4.2 and 5.3 …” „… equation. Concretely, I add to the ? rst model, four cross-level terms of interaction involving ? rstly …”

2-parameter logistic model 2PLM S. 114-116

„… apply another technique, namely a 2-parameter logistic model (2-PLM) which integrates these parameters …” „… in the construction of the latent scale. A.1.2. 2-parameter logistic model 2PLMIn order to understand …” „… the process of the 2-parameter logistic model, let us start with a random item score Xi, which for …”

Building a scale of support for EU-level decision-making: a generalised latent variable model S. 56-59

„… modelA general measure of support for EU decision-making should measure citizens’ desired scope of …” „… items. The inference is made through a model which establishes a relationship73 between the observations …” „… and the latent trait (Hardouin, 2005, 10). A great variety of models can be applied which create a …”

Multivariate analysis S. 72-76

„… Table 4.2. I estimate four multivariate Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression models. For each model my …” „… model which contains the control variables. The subsequent models add the factors I want to test to the …” „… ? rst model. Comparing the models allows me to assess the extent of the effect and the statistical signi …”

Empirical results S. 102-105

„… 102and between the evaluation of both political systems and governance quality. Finally, the model …” „… regression model of support for EUlevel decision-making.146 The results of the model that reproduces the …” „… . Generally, the results of the multilevel models are very similar to the results presented in Chapters 4 and …”

Appendix: Chapter 6 S. 125-128

„… Means-as-OutcomesCountry mean u0j 0.071 17 642.02 0.000Individual-level effect rij 2.018Random-Coef? cient ModelCountry …” „… models.160 The one-way ANOVA model with random effects is a useful preliminary step in multilevel …” „… levels (individual and national). In the regression with the Means-as-Outcomes model, the individual …”

Nationalism S. 71-72

„… chapters. Despite its weak and insigni? cant effect I will include nationalism in the multivariate model …” „… both models (with governance quality and nationalism) the predicted scores for Romania, Spain and …” „… well as candidate countries can be included in the same model. In order to test the stability of the …”

Economic explanations S. 31-34

„… 312. Theories of support for European integration and a theoretical modelHow do citizens from …” „… speci? c model whose objective is to explain attitudes towards European integration in Western EU …” „… economic or political conditions. I will develop a general model that can integrate EU member states as …”

Summary S. 105-106

„… rather weak compared to the one found by Gabel (1998b). To recall, based on the policy appraisal model …” „… the previous chapter. The estimated variance in the country means (u0j) is about 0.06 in both models …” „… country characteristics I use. However, compared to the one-way ANOVA random model, the explained variance …”

Control variables S. 84-87

„… ) the respondent’s personal job situation.1305.4. Empirical results5.4.1. ModelsThe dependent variable I …” „… European integration. According to this model, the generations who grew up in a world characterised by …” „… of argumentation, I include age in the model, because it is expected that younger citizens have a …”

Hypotheses at the individual level S. 77-78

„… I test the opportunity cost model at the individual level, controlling for a series of control …” „… variables typically used in this ? eld. To recall, the opportunity cost model of support for European …” „… several policy domains to the EU-level. In this chapter, I formulate more precisely the model for the …”

Summary S. 45-46

„… national level. All datasets are therefore cross-sectional datasets. I apply three types of model, (1) an …” „… aggregated model (at the country level) (Chapter 4), (2) a model at the individual level (Chapter 5) and …” „… ? nally a multilevel model that combines both levels (Chapter 6). I rely, at the individual level, on one …”

Cases and datasets S. 44-45

„… empirically test the model proposed above, the 61 Comparative studies generally emphasise two trends. Firstly …” „… national level. All datasets are therefore cross-sectional datasets. I apply three types of model, (1) an …” „… aggregated model (at the country level) (Chapter 4), (2) a model at the individual level (Chapter 5) and …”

Cross-level interaction effects S. 99-100

„… slopes-as-outcomes modelI reproduce, ? rst a complete model that integrates the aggregated and individual variables …” „… likelihood of a country’s support for EU-level decision-making. The results of the multivariate model for …” „… 5, testing several models at the individual level, the results indicated that, to mention just a few …”

Non parametric IRT S. 113-114

„… of Molenaar (2001). These kinds of models are often useful for testing the fundamental assumptions of …” „… moderately strong. Once the assumptions that form the so-called monotone homogeneity model have been tested …” „… has a major advantage over classical measurement models such as reliability or factor analysis that …”

Cross-national variations S. 54-56

„… support for EU-level decision-making: a generalised latent variable modelA general measure of support for …” „… opportunity cost model explaining variations in support for allocating competencies to the EU-level, namely …” „… the respondents’ responses to the 26 dichotomous items. The inference is made through a model which …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… model 312.1. Explanations of support for European integration 312.1.1. Economic explanations 312.1.2 …” „… . Building a scale of support for EU-level decision-making: a generalised latent variable model 563.5 …” „… . Summary 594. Domestic factors of support for EU-level decision-making 614.1. Models of explanation 634.1.1 …”

Governance quality S. 68-71

„… will be included in the baseline model. Eleven countries are coded as post-communist countries: Romania …” „… this chapter and in Chapter 5 I also produce models with only 25 EU members, that is, excluding the …” „… candidate countries and their citizens. These models are designed to address the potential bias caused by …”

Appendix: Chapter 5 S. 119-125

„… -parameter logistic model (2-PLM).Exclusive National IdentityQ43: “In the near future do you see yourself as …” „… analysis: support for EU-level decision-making (unweighted results) (Model 4)EU-29b(s.e)EU-15b(s.e)EU-10 …” „… : Chapter 6Table A.11 presents the most important statistics for the basic multilevel models.160 The one-way …”

Typology of support S. 78-80

„… 5.1 summarises the predictions we can derive from the model and the hypotheses in order to explain …” „… They are not necessarily nationalists, but in the opportunity cost model, they typically represent …” „… model, these individuals are those who perceive the lowest costs of transferring policies from the …”

Summary S. 97-98

„… . 5.5. SummaryEU-wide models generally support the hypotheses and predictions derived from the …” „… opportunity cost model. A strong feeling of identi? cation with Europe or a positive 142 So, when taking the …” „… likelihood of citizens’ support for EU-level decision-making. These models also con? rm the results of a …”

Predictions on the typology of support S. 92-94

„… 925.4.2. Predictions on the typology of support Assessing the concrete impact of these models …” „… for all cases (EU-29). These calculations are based on the fourth empirical model (with interaction …” „… calculated based on unweighted results. The unweighted multivariate OLS models are presented in appendix A.3 …”

Political explanations S. 34-36

„… test the effect of these competing models in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. Before doing so however, I ? rst …” „… theoretical model of explanation of support for European integration. 2.1.2. Political explanationsMost of the …” „… represented by the EU. Using a multilevel model he ? nds that the quality of national institutions has a small …”

Control variables S. 94-95

„… 94simple additive model would suggest. The effect is stronger for evaluation of the European …” „… support for EU-level decision-making. The result is, however, not very strong. In most models (2, 3 and 4 …” „… about 0.09 points in models 2, 3 and 4. 137 Again the con? dence intervals do not overlap much.138 The …”

Alternative explanations S. 64-68

„… the opportunity cost model of transferring competencies to the EU suggests, limit citizens …” „… factors in the existing literature, however, I cannot neglect such factors when applying my model at the …” „… models is therefore a conservative empirical strategy. The long-term unemployment rate in the 29 European …”

Support for the European Union S. 107-109

„… used theories by applying my model to a large sample of European nations (EU-15 countries, new …” „… , namely the national and the European systems. Based on this theory, I develop an opportunity cost model …” „… . The results presented in Chapters 4, 5 and 6 tend to support this model; not only are the coef? cients …”

Political explanations S. 61-63

„… I test, based on the opportunity cost model, the effect of political and identity-based factors …” „… the help of a 2-Parameter Logistic Model that takes into account items’ dif? culty, respondents …” „… characteristics? The next section presents the principal explanations I can draw from the theoretical model as …”

Effects of independent variables for EU-15, new-10 and candidate countries S. 95-97

„… empirical models only the coef? cients for farmers, the unemployed and housepersons are statistically signi …” „… appraisal model as de? ned by Gabel (1998b) is not a very good explanation of attitudes towards the …” „… ? cation or negative evaluation of the national Regime institutions. 5.5. SummaryEU-wide models generally …”

Methodology S. 100

„… equal to 1000 individuals. 6.3. Intercepts- and slopes-as-outcomes modelI reproduce, ? rst a complete …” „… model that integrates the aggregated and individual variables used in models 4 (see Tables 4.2 and 5.3 …”

Structure of the book S. 29-30

„… descriptive insight. In Chapter 4, I apply my model at the country level, while Chapter 5 analyses …” „… individual-level models. In Chapter 6, I apply a general multilevel model that 30takes into account the individual …”

Identity-based explanations S. 36-37

„… ? ed model of public support for European uni? cation” (McLaren, 2002). Research conducted at the …” „… (2004) who provide a systematic model to test whether attitudes towards the EU are driven by identity or …” „… some general aspects before developing the model. As we have seen, the actual context of the European …”

Identity explanations S. 63-64

„… 634.1. Models of explanation4.1.1. Political explanationsI argued in the introductory chapter that …” „… the allocation of competencies between the national and the European level. The opportunity cost model …” „… of national loyalty might, as the opportunity cost model of transferring competencies to the EU …”

Orientation towards political systems: political and identity factors S. 80-84

„… factorsTo assess the opportunity cost model at the individual level I use questions that measure attitudes …” „… empirical model I develop at the individual level. As we saw in Chapter 2, the general concept that contains …” „… models and typology, exclusive or multiple conceptions of identities have an in? uence on citizens …”

Importance of public opinion S. 24-29

„… . Finally, according to their conceptual model, policy-shaping decisions are technocratic, consensual and …” „… . In Chapter 4, I apply my model at the country level, while Chapter 5 analyses individual-level models …” „… . In Chapter 6, I apply a general multilevel model that …”

General framework: delegation and accountability S. 37-42

„… Hooghe and Marks (2004) who provide a systematic model to test whether attitudes towards the EU are …” „… integration. I present some general aspects before developing the model. As we have seen, the actual context …” „… (Sánchez-Cuenca, 2000). The model I propose essentially adopts an instrumental approach that indirectly takes into …”

Summary S. 59-60

„… EU-level decision-making with the help of a two-parameter logistic model (2-plm) which takes into account …” „… individuallevel factors in a single model. 60 …”

Summary S. 76

„… 766). The size of the coef? cient is slightly greater (-.30) compared to the model with 29 cases …” „… EU-level decision-making in bivariate analyses, multivariate models show that these factors have a weak and …”

Bibliography S. 129-138

„… States and the European Union: Models for their Epochs. In The Federal Vision: Legitimacy and Levels of …” „… . 1967. “The European Community as a Political System: Notes toward the Construction of a Model.” Journal …” „… : University of California.Raudenbush, Stephen and Anthony Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications …”

Results of the 2-PLM and association between measures of support for European integration and EU-level decision-making S. 116-117

„… and EU-level decision-making Tab. A.1: Latent variable: results of the 2-Parameter logistic model (2 …” „… with a 2-parameter logistic model (See Chapter 3 for explanations).GDP Growth This is the GDP growth …”

Orientation towards political systems: conceptualisation S. 42-44

„… : conceptualisationFollowing Easton’s classical model of citizen support (1965; 1975) for political systems, many authors …” „… empirically test the model proposed above, the 61 Comparative studies generally emphasise two trends. Firstly …”

Appendix: Chapter 4 S. 117-119

„… individual level with a 2-parameter logistic model (See Chapter 3 for explanations).GDP Growth This is the …”

Cross-policy variations S. 49-54

„… country’s national rule of law, social security, culture and values. Considering the opportunity cost model …”

From the European idea to the European Union S. 13-21

„… shapes public opinion towards European integration, I will apply a multilevel model. Finally, the recent …”

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Cordula A. Meckenstock - Investment Protection and Human Rights Regulation

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Cordula A. Meckenstock

Investment Protection and Human Rights Regulation

Series: Leipziger Schriften zum Völkerrecht, Europarecht und ausländischen öffentlichen Recht

Volume 17 2010

Results in this title

Model Clauses S. 130-133

„… development. In 2005 and 2006 the IISD has developed a progressive ModelBIT for multi- or bilateral use after …” „… that do not amount toindirect expropriation.34318.2 Model Clauses18.2.1 International Institute for …” „… Sustainable Development Model BITThe International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)344 is a …”

Categorization of Drafting Ideas S. 125-130

„… development. In 2005 and 2006 the IISD has developed a progressive ModelBIT for multi- or bilateral use after …” „… . Afterwards, two new model drafts will be examinedbefore turning to the parallel proposals concerning …” „… that do not amount toindirect expropriation.34318.2 Model Clauses18.2.1 International Institute for …”

International Law S. 102-110

„… theopposite.16.1.4 The Widely Used Canadian Model BITThe Canadian Model BIT from 2003280 serves as a template …” „… www.wto.org.280 The Canadian Model BIT is available for download in its current form under …” „… state.The Canadian Model BIT talks in its Article 10 about “General Exceptions”:“1. Subject to the …”

Ex Post-Tools S. 136-139

„… model clauses have been elaboratedfor the amendment of State Contracts.365 The following model escape …” „… State is then a party.”This model escape clause appears to be too broad textually when referring to “any …” „… arbitration.365 In the Annex to Leader (as in n. 233), various model clauses are presented as amendment tools …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Convention of Human Rights 10316.1.2. NAFTA 10416.1.3. COMESA 10516.1.4. The Widely Used Canadian Model BIT …” „… 13018.2. Model Clauses 13018.2.1. International Institute for Sustainable Development Model BIT 13018.2.2 …” „… . Abandoned, but Modern Norwegian Model BIT 13118.3. Conclusions and Drafting Proposal 13319. Proposals for …”

What is Foreign Investment exactly? S. 20

„… take the broader approach and follow the asset-based model.For the purpose of this dissertation, it is …” „… defined in thedifferent legal sources.5 In general, there are three broad models that can be found …” „… . Thefirst one is the asset-based model that includes a broad range of specified assets that canbe protected …”

Why Foreign Investment? S. 17-20

„… model.For the purpose of this dissertation, it is sufficient to be aware of the different approachesand to …” „… general, there are three broad models that can be found. Thefirst one is the asset-based model that …” „… investor. The third one finally is the enterprise-based model that definesthe protected investment in terms …”

Short History of Foreign Investment S. 20-21

„… take the broader approach and follow the asset-based model.For the purpose of this dissertation, it is …” „… defined in thedifferent legal sources.5 In general, there are three broad models that can be found …” „… . Thefirst one is the asset-based model that includes a broad range of specified assets that canbe protected …”

Ex Ante Tools S. 139-146

„… inthe following lines.19.2.1 Drafting Proposal of a Model Escape ClauseThe escape clause referring to …” „… international human rights in their project financeagreements.380 A model escape clause referring to the …” „… otherwise applicable to the state fromtime to time under international law.”This model escape clause suffers …”

In Detail: Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) S. 27-29

„… allegedly high standard of the rule of law in industrialized countriesalready.41 Most states use model …” „… treaties for their BITs. Those “Model BITs” are built inaccordance with the provisions of customary …” „… provisions in “Model BITs”46 are• the definition of “investment” and “investor”,• the principle of fair and …”

The Relationship between the Rule of Law and FDI S. 34-40

„… complete accordancewith the model of classical economics, i.e. taking that decision which maximizes …” „… into the model of the completely rationalmarket actor used by classical economists.77 Hewko (as in n …”

In Detail: State Contracts S. 29-32

„… typical provisions in “Model BITs”46 are• the definition of “investment” and “investor”,• the principle of …”

International Literature S. 118-121

„… ”. Some stakeholders proposedto design different “sets” of stabilization clause models, considering the …” „… issue. One tool is the development of modelstabilization clauses; developed as a kind of “best practice …”

Bibliography S. 171-176

„… Institute for Sustainable Development, 2008.Mann, H.; von Moltke, K.; Peterson L. E.; Cosbey A., IISD Model …”

Legal Background S. 153-159

„… the BTC Project a model project in all respects, and [that] the en-408 The legal agreements are …”

Varieties of Stabilization Clauses S. 47-53

„… Model Production Sharing Contract of October 2002 for the Exploration of Hydrocarbons & the Exploration …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845226996

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Romain Lachat

A Heterogeneous Electorate

Series: Studien zur Wahl- und Einstellungsforschung

Volume 7 2007

Results in this title

Model specification S. 168-171

„… process, we extend the baseline model of chapter six to include precampaign attitudes. Our aim is to …” „… perform an additional test of our model. In this respect, one of the central questions that we address in …” „… the campaign period. In the next section, we present a statistical model of voting choice, which …”

Model specification S. 185-187

„… baseline model of voting choice, we have already seen which variables were most important in explaining …” „… relationship with our model of the voting decision process also is not as straightforward as for the previous …” „… ). The hypothesis of these authors appears convincing, but on the basis of the model we have formulated …”

The Michigan model S. 29-32

„… only a small part of the sample. This provides strong evidence for the Lazarsfeld model of activation …” „… ” fit within the expectations of their model: “The influence exerted upon them by the media of …” „… thereafter” (Lazarsfeld et al. 1968: 67). 2.1.2. The Michigan model An emphasis on the stability of party …”

Selection of variables and baseline model S. 142-152

„… campaigns. The models and results we present here are an important extension of the analyses from our …” „… model which we have advocated. Concerning dealignment, previous research has often argued that the …” „… predispositions and political sophistication is concerned, we may find additional evidence in favor of our model …”

Dual-process models of opinion formation S. 58-61

„… processes, we turn to “dual-process models” of attitude formation. Such models assume that there are two …” „… contextual-level factors may foster the use of one or the other strategy. We introduce here three such models. On …” „… instability in voters’ party preferences. 3.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation Much research in …”

The social-structural model of voting choice S. 25-29

„… 25 2. Social modernization and electoral change The traditional models of voting behavior, which …” „… models of voting behavior. In doing so, we emphasize how individual-level processes may have contributed …” „… same factors as the ones that structure party competition. 2.1.1. The social-structural model of voting …”

The transformation of cleavages in Switzerland S. 94-96

„… necessary information is available. Given these constraints, we have estimated four different models. The …” „… types of variables we consider are the same as those used for Germany, and all four models estimated in …” „… included. Model 1 is the least precise of all, but it can be estimated for all surveys. It does not …”

Evolution of cleavage strength in Germany S. 90-94

„… religious cleavages is based on multivariate models of voting choice. In contrast to the above discussion of …” „… of both cleavages are based on the same model, in which voting choices are regressed on a set of …” „… individual-level variables. Next, we compute predicted voting probabilities for this model and summarize them with …”

Activation and conversion effects S. 175-182

„… . Relying on a model similar to the one we have presented above, in which voters’ choices were explained …” „… short-term basis. We can start with a model presented by Finkel (1993; Finkel and Schrott 1995). He designed …” „… applied to both German and American elections. He used a model similar to those which we have estimated …”

Cognitive mobilization and party identification S. 123-124

„… 123 5.4.2. Cognitive mobilization and party identification We start by estimating a model in which …” „… interactive effect is central. In the traditional model of party identification, political independents …” „… test this hypothesis with a pooled dataset that allows including time as a variable in the model.58 The …”

Germany S. 187-195

„… election, we estimate a reduced version of the above model that contains only three types of attitudes …” „… will nonetheless estimate our model for all three panel waves, but replace the corresponding attitudes …” „… have already been introduced in chapter six and do not need to be commented upon further. The model to …”

A multivariate analysis of attitude stability S. 162-166

„… simultaneously. To answer these questions, we have estimated a series of models, where attitudes in a given panel …” „… wave are regressed on the corresponding attitude measured in the previous wave. The models also include …” „… variables. The general form of the models we want to estimate is tAttitude …”

Hypotheses and operationalization S. 120-123

„… , we reviewed the different models which have been suggested in the literature to explain variations in …” „… derived from Zaller’s model of opinion formation (1992), which focuses primarily on citizens’ attitudes …” „… process (Zaller 1989; 1992: chapter 10; 1996; Zaller and Hunt 1994, 1995). According to this model, which …”

Analyzing attitude stability S. 152-154

„… only issue that leads to significant effects in the model above, changes in voters’ preferences lead to …” „… Having presented our two baseline models, we turn now to the main portion of our analyses for this …” „… possibilities available to perform such analyses. One solution would be to design a structural equation model …”

Plan of the book S. 17-24

„… the past several decades. The traditional models of electoral research emphasized a picture of a …” „… adequate theoretical model. To this end, we rely on research from the field of political and cognitive …” „… our model are the concept of a political schema, the definition of the degree of political expertise …”

References S. 223-234

„… maximum likelihood estimates in logistic regression models. Biometrika 71(1): 1–10. Alford, Robert R. 1962 …” „… . Borooah, Vani K. 2002. Logit and probit: Ordered and multinomial models. Sage University Papers series on …” „… world: A schematic model. American Journal of Political Science 28(1): 95–126. Converse, Philip E. 1964 …”

What explains the instability of party preferences? S. 204-208

„… weakening is in line with the model of electoral dealignment, it is not likely to explain higher levels of …” „… . We based our hypotheses on a theoretical model combining insights from traditional electoral research …” „… and from cognitive psychology. The central elements of this model are the concepts of political …”

Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation S. 61-64

„… any of the categories available to the perceiver. This model has been successfully applied to analyses …” „… fails. This argument is consistent with the other dualprocess models. All of these rely on the central …” „… systematic treatment of information. 3.4.2. Sophistication, heuristics, and motivation Dual-process models …”

Switzerland S. 195-198

„… then for separate estimations of the models among voters with a low or a high level of sophistication …” „… (four sympathies and seven issue positions), but our model includes neither party identification nor …” „… the 1976 German election, we observe an increase in the predictive power of the model. It is, however …”

Volatility, time of decision, and split-ticket voting in Germany S. 124-132

„… 1 for party identifiers. The model was estimated with a binary probit regression. age is concerned …” „… , starting with Germany. We estimate one model for each of the four dependent variables, which are …” „… models are specified in the same way, as expressed by equation (7). ijy +?+?+?+= 23210 …”

Measuring the strength of cleavages S. 86-90

„… more detailed results on the evolution of cleavages, with the help of multivariate models. 4.4. The …” „… , simultaneously, their structural and behavioral components. To this end, we can estimate statistical models in …” „… variables: gender, age, education, and employment status. Before presenting these models, however, a crucial …”

Index of predisposition strength S. 101-105

„… of regression models, where voting choices are regressed on all the variables linked with cleavages …” „… or with party identification. The estimated coefficients of the regression models are then used to …” „… compute predicted probabilities of voting choice. These probabilities use all information in the model to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-11

„… cleavages and frozen party systems 262.1.1. The social-structural model of voting choice 272.1.2. The …” „… Michigan model 292.2. The sources of dealignment 322.2.1. The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of …” „… formation of attitudes 583.4.1. Dual-process models of opinion formation 593.4.2. Sophistication, heuristics …”

Some implications for future research S. 210-212

„… . Again, this expectation is based on our theoretical model and on the idea that political experts possess …” „… theoretical model and the analyses developed in this book suggest several important directions for future …” „… theoretical aspects of this book, we have proposed a model that combines insights from two different research …”

The impact of expertise and predisposition strength on attitude stability S. 154-162

„… and read more about politics, their political attitudes are more often activated. Following the models …” „… . Turning now to the attitudes linked with the model of retrospective voting, we consider the stability of …” „… are smaller than 0.50. Though the two variables are linked with a similar model of voting choice, they …”

Memory as an associative network S. 47-50

„… and uncertainty. This chapter presents a model based on research in political psychology, which offers …” „… which any model of 48 opinion formation must rest. It is central to understanding how new elements of …” „… . Then, we introduce models of information processing, with a special emphasis on “dual-process models …”

Tables S. 13-16

„… of the voting choice in Switzerland 138 19. Baseline model of voting choice in Germany, 1972–1990 149 …” „… 20. Baseline model of voting choice in Switzerland 151 21. Stability of left-right position by level …” „… Switzerland 180 38. Goodness-of-fit of the estimated models, Germany, 1972–1990 188 39. Effect of variable …”

Political schemas S. 50-51

„… network—similar to the model we presented above for the organization of information in long-term memory. The …” „… political knowledge, have been central to many models of opinion formation and change for several decades …” „… given author or model. Other concepts, “political awareness” for instance, will be used only when …”

Conclusion S. 139-141

„… is a consequence of a weak party identification. The second hypothesis, based on Zaller’s model of …” „… highest level of instability. Third, we considered our hypothesis based on dual-process models of opinion …” „… postulated by Zaller’s model should be present, but only among voters with weak predispositions. Stronger …”

The voting decision process S. 208-210

„… sophistication. The role of predisposition strength was more difficult to integrate in models of voting choice …” „… . But this difference diminishes during the campaign. In line with our model based on political schemas …” „… orientations. This provides indirect evidence for our model, which argued that party identification or similar …”

Conclusion S. 65-66

„… 65 a consequence, this last part of our theoretical model will not be pursued in the following …” „… the available information. Relying on dual-process models of opinion formation, we have argued that …” „… among others. With the model presented here, it is possible to integrate the hypothesis of a partisan …”

Conclusion S. 166-167

„… support for our theoretical model, based on the role of political sophistication and on the use of …” „… aspects of attitude stability. Before analyzing the stability of attitudes, we considered a baseline model …” „… expertise and with social-structural predispositions. This baseline model has shown that party …”

Campaign intensity S. 64-65

„… . This aspect of motivation is central to Chaiken’s heuristicsystematic model of attitude formation …” „… consistent with Chaiken’s heuristic-systematic model. Such differences could be shown in analyses of voting …” „… 65 a consequence, this last part of our theoretical model will not be pursued in the following …”

Sophistication and the structure of belief systems S. 51-56

„… models of opinion formation and change for several decades. Several concepts have been suggested in the …” „… general and neutral, in the sense that neither is specific to a given author or model. Other concepts …” „… , “political awareness” for instance, will be used only when discussing the particular models or theories in …”

Conclusion S. 182-184

„… conversions during electoral campaigns offers additional support for our model. Predisposition strength and …” „… than among political novices. In the second part of this chapter, we designed a model allowing us to …” „… activated. Hence, the “activation model” of electoral campaigns is still the dominant one. The proportion of …”

The weakening of old cleavages and the rise of new issues S. 32-38

„… preference. At the same time, it does not make this model of voting choice a less valid description of the …” „… . From the standpoint of the Michigan model, stability in party systems and in voters’ choices should …” „… model are controversial and we discuss three such criticisms. The first point concerns the nature of …”

The impact of attitude changes S. 171-175

„… similar to those of the baseline models. The impact of voters’ party identification is especially strong …” „… in the 1999 Swiss election. We have estimated once again the model of equation (12), separately for …” „… political novices in 1987. 76 As the model is estimated with a multinomial logistic regression, the …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… words, the results of the 1999 Swiss election are much more in line with the model of a general …” „… separate models for political experts and for political novices. These results offered mixed evidence. Our …” „… intentions or choices. Such results are in line with our theoretical model. They show that if campaigns help …”

The consequences of dealignment S. 44-46

„… level of volatility, late decision-making, and split-ticket voting. Furthermore, models from cognitive …” „… political-psychological model we develop allows us to integrate the traditional argument of the dealignment literature and …” „… validity of our model, based on the interactive effects of political sophistication and of the strength of …”

The religious cleavage S. 82-86

„… help of multivariate models. 4.4. The overall impact of cleavages To obtain conclusive evidence on the …” „… this end, we can estimate statistical models in which voting choices are regressed on structural and …” „… presenting these models, however, a crucial methodological point must be discussed: how to compare the …”

Explaining the consequences of electoral change in Switzerland S. 132-139

„… nonlinear effect. These results were in line with the schema model we have suggested. In the Swiss case, our …” „… the original dealignment model, with more sophisticated respondents being more likely to switch …” „… satisfying as far as our model is concerned. We find that political expertise and predisposition strength …”

The measurement of political sophistication S. 57-58

„… certainly Zaller’s definition of political awareness. This concept, which lies at the core of his model of …” „… greater detail in a later section, Zaller’s model and his conceptualization of political sophistication is …”

Sophistication, knowledge, and political schemas S. 56-57

„… certainly Zaller’s definition of political awareness. This concept, which lies at the core of his model of …” „… greater detail in a later section, Zaller’s model and his conceptualization of political sophistication is …”

Social change and political cleavages S. 67-69

„… process with the help of the model presented in the previous chapter, we first need to assess the extent …” „… their joint impact on voting choices. We rely for this on a series of regression models, used to compute …”

How strong is electoral dealignment? S. 201-204

„… customers, patients, or students. A model that integrates this refined conceptualization of the class …” „… of these identifications, but not in their frequency. While this weakening is in line with the model …”

Party identification S. 96-101

„… with any of the four models. In the 1990s, by contrast, the values of lambda in figure 9 show that this …” „… is also a central factor. In the tradition of the Michigan model, party identifica- 38 The …”

Conclusion S. 105-106

„… probabilities of voting choice, based on a social-structural model of the vote. This index allows us to …”

The modernization of electoral campaigns S. 42-44

„… , depicted as a transition towards the “modern model of campaigning” (Swanson and Mancini 1996; see also …”

Split-ticket voting S. 117-120

„… chapters two and three, we reviewed the different models which have been suggested in the literature to …”

Timing of the voting decision S. 107-110

„… of electoral change can be developed. To show this, we present a series of statistical models with …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845204895

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