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Anne Marie Meermann - Entwicklungsrisiko und State-of-the-Art

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Anne Marie Meermann

Entwicklungsrisiko und State-of-the-Art

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 785 2013

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„State-of-the-Art” S. 112-118

„… (Haftung aus Fahrlässigkeit), breach ofwarranty (Garantiehaftung) oder strict liability in tort …” „… Anwendungsbereich der strict liability of tort fungiert der state-of-the-arthingegen als echter Einwand (defense …” „… , weil es dem state-ofthe-art entspricht.488 Die Frage, ob im Rahmen der strict liability für Risiken …”

Bedeutung von staatlichen oder idealen Richtlinien und Normen S. 197-201

„… (Third). Kritisch dazu Owen, Products Liability Law, § 6.4 (401).199Einhaltung von StandardnormenHat der …” „… Cal.Rptr.3 d 551, 558 (Ct. App. 2007) (Standards der FDA „do not immunizea drug manufacturer from liability …” „… verbindlichen Standardnormen.889 Solche Standards können von der Industrie selbst vorgegeben werden, wie z.B …”

Der Untergang des Wade-Keeton Hindsight Tests: Die Feldman-Entscheidung und ihre Nachwirkungen S. 142-145

„… standard negligence and strict liability in warning cases may be deemed to befunctional equivalents.”637IV …” „… der New Jersey Supreme Court offenein, mit dieser Haftungsbeschränkung die strict liability …” „… .), Introduction to US Products Liability Law, 1 (21).637 Feldman v. Lederle Laboratories, 97 N.J. 429, 479 A.2 d …”

Der Wade-Keeton Hindsight Test in der US-Gerichtspraxis: Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corporation und andere Entscheidungen S. 138-142

„… standard negligence and strict liability in warning cases may be deemed to befunctional equivalents.”637IV …” „… unter einem strict liability-Regime, so dasGericht, habe der Hersteller nur die Pflicht, Verbraucher vor …” „… requirement of foreseeability coincides with the standard of due care in negligence cases inthat a seller must …”

State-of-the-Art S. 192-197

„… Risikowissen regelmäßig Niederschlag in verbindlichen Standardnormen.889 Solche Standards können von der …” „… Pflichtenprogramm der post-sale duties Owen, Products Liability Law,§ 10.8.865 Vgl. oben Teil 3 §?1 III. 2. 866 Art …” „… (2012), § 47 Rn. 1; Schmidt-Salzer, Kommentar EG-Richtlinie,Art. 7 Rn. 124.868 Owen, Products Liability …”

Gefährdungshaftung (Strict Liability in Tort) S. 119-129

„… (Strict Liability in Tort)AllgemeinDie strict liability in tort, teilweise auch als liability without …” „… Owen, Products Liability Law, § 2; ProdHaftHb-Debusschere/Kretschmar(1999), Band 2, § 107.523 …” „… objektiven Tatbestand derFehlerhaftigkeit seines Produkts. Die strict liability ist Ausdruck der …”

Monographien und Zeitschriftenartikel S. 271-287

„… Product Liability Law, 10 Tulane European and Civil LawForum 173-189 (1995).Ansaldi, Michael; The Spanish …” „… Products Liability Act of 1994, 2 ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 371-431 (1996).Ausness …” „… , Richard C.; Unavoidably Unsafe Products and Strict Product Liability: What Liability Rule Should be …”

US-Bundesstaaten, die Hersteller weiterhin für Entwicklungsrisiken haften lassen S. 145-146

„… Minderheit von US-Bundesstaaten lässt Hersteller auch heute noch imRahmen der strict liability für …” „… , die Haftung für Entwicklungsrisiken mit den Zielen der strict liability in Einklang zu bringen, wie es …” „… . Environmental Eng’g, Inc., 828 N.E.2 d 1128, 1153 (III. 2005) (Meinung vonRichter Fitzgerald, J.: „[L]iability …”

Ablehnung einer formellen State-of-the-Art-Defense S. 146-147

„… stellt die Regelung, die das Restatement (Third) ofTorts: Products Liability gewählt hat, keine …” „… (Second), das mit der Einführung der strict liability dieProdukthaftung in den USA revolutionierte656 …” „… (to „restate”).657Entwicklungen unter dem Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products LiabilityDas im Mai …”

Gesetzliche Verankerung des State-of-the-Art S. 150-151

„… . § 507:8g). Vgl. Madden & Owen on Products Liability (Database) § 10.7 (661-668) für weitereGesetze.676 Vgl …” „… . Owen, Products Liability Law, § 10.4 (734).677 Dies gilt für Colorado (Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann …” „… . § 7.72.050); vgl. auch Indianapolis Athletic Club,Inc. v. Alco Standard Corp., 709 N.E.2 d 1070, 1073-1074 …”

Widerspruch zwischen dem Wade-Keeton Hindsight Test einerseits und Comment K und Comment J andererseits S. 131-138

„… Kommentatoren haben dieAnmerkung, die im klaren Widerspruch zur strict liability in tort steht …” „… Haftungsbeschränkung581 Vgl. Jenke, Haftung für fehlerhafte Arzneimittel, 373-379; Owen, Products Liability Law,§ 6.2 …” „… ingredient and the danger. [...]“(Hervorhebung durch die Autorin).583 Ausführlich Owen, Products Liability …”

Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte S. 148-150

„… ): Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caused byDefective Prescription Drugs and Medical …” „… defective drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm to personscaused by the defect. A …” „… . § 507:8g). Vgl. Madden & Owen on Products Liability (Database) § 10.7 (661-668) für weitereGesetze.676 Vgl …”

Fabrikationsfehler S. 153-155

„… Grundlage der strict liability in tort – lässtsich für die Entwicklungsrisikoproblematik nicht bestätigen …” „… liability in tort in den USA bundesweit auf die Probe gestellt und letztlich für weiteTeile der …” „… Hersteller selbst setzt durch sein Design denStandard, an dem das Produkt gemessen wird. Wer seine …”

Spannungsfeld zwischen Gefährdungs- und Fahrlässigkeitshaftung S. 201-202

„… in die Nähe einesFahrlässigkeitsregimes. Je mehr der Standard durch das Element der Vorwerfbarkeit …” „… of negligence can serve to defeat limitations on the doctrineof strict liability“.201Berücksichtigung …” „… Darüber hinaus ist zu berücksichtigen, dass bereits unter dem strict liability-Regime einewachsende …”

Allgemeine Produkthaftung S. 45-58

„… by Directive 85/374/EEC on Liability for Defective Products, FinalReport (June 2004), 21-22.126 …” „… . 1183, 1185-1189 (1992) („[S]trict products liability is not about blame; it is aboutresponsibility …” „… . Strict products liability is a nonmoral doctrine that applies even when theseller has exercised all …”

Verhältnis des State-of-the-Art-Einwands zum Fehlerbegriff S. 191-192

„… Weise853) zugänglichen Risikowissens. Beide Standards klaffen in der Regel auseinander. Für die …” „… fehlerfrei. Genügt es diesem Standard nicht, ist es hingegen fehlerhaft.855Wie sehr das US-amerikanische …” „… Gericht zunächst die Gültigkeit des state-of-theart-Einwands auch unter der strict liability in tort und …”

Die Bedeutung von staatlichen oder idealen Richtlinien und Normen S. 188-191

„… des Herstellers nicht völlig bedeutungslos.Nichteinhaltung von StandardnormenHat der Hersteller …” „… (476).189Einhaltung von StandardnormenHat der Hersteller alle relevanten Standardnormen eingehalten, legt …” „… ProdHaftG)Nichteinhaltung von StandardnormenHat der Hersteller gegen Standardnormen verstoßen, ist ihm in der Regel die …”

Struktur des Haftungsausschlusses und die Bedeutung des Standes von Wissenschaft und Technik bzw. des State-of-the-Art S. 262-264

„… es fehlerfrei. Genügt es diesemStandard nicht, ist es hingegen fehlerhaft.In den meisten …” „… demSystem der strict liability kollidierte. Europa hat es versäumt, diesen Erfahrungsvorsprung der USA zu …” „… Fehlerhaftigkeiteines Produkts.Die Einhaltung von privaten oder staatlichen Standardnormen indiziert die Fehlerfreiheit …”

Der Maßstab der Fehlerhaftigkeit von Produkten unter §?3 ProdHaftG S. 168-176

„… , in: Duncan Fairgrieve (Hrsg.), ProductLiability, 155 (163).726 StaudingerBGB-Oechsler, § 3 ProdHaftG …” „… , sichjedoch ein Risiko verwirklicht habe, das auch bei Wahrung des gebotenen Standards unerkennbar gewesen sei …”

Warranty-Haftung S. 118-119

„… warranty-Haftung, die negligence-Haftung und dieGefährdungshaftung (strict liability in tort).518 Die Klagegründe …” „… tests);vgl. auch Liu, 27 Fordham Int’l L.J. 1940, 2003 (2004); Owen, Products Liability Law,§ 10.4 (715).518 …” „… Liability Law, § 4.118schädigtem aufgegeben520, sodass die warranty-Haftung heute eine …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-20

„… Warranty-HaftungI. 118Negligence-HaftungII. 119Gefährdungshaftung (Strict Liability in Tort)III. 119Allgemein1. 119 …” „… Ratio legis ? Ist die Strict Liability auch bei unerkennbarenProduktgefahren tragfähig?2.120Haftung für …” „… fürEntwicklungsrisiken haften lassenV.145Entwicklungen unter dem Restatement (Third) of Torts: ProductsLiability§ 4146 …”

Der Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik S. 176-188

„… ; Lovells-Studie (Fn. 148 ), 54.833 Howells, in: Duncan Fairgrieve (Hrsg.), Product Liability – A History of …” „… Fairgrieve (Hrsg.), Product Liability, 155 (165-166); ders., 34 Tex. Int’l L.J. 21, 35(1999).187 …” „… VDE845-Normen(im Folgenden: Standardnormen). Solche Normen befassen sich in der Regel mitdem …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845243757

Andreas Stomps - Methodik der Klauselkontrolle im unternehmerischen Geschäftsverkehr

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Andreas Stomps

Methodik der Klauselkontrolle im unternehmerischen Geschäftsverkehr

Series: Europäisches Privatrecht

Volume 40 2011

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Grundsätze der Kontrolle von Haftungsklauseln im unternehmerischen Geschäftsverkehr nach dem UCTA S. 210-225

„… von Standardklauseln ausgegangen wird.711 Insgesamt ist der Begriff der standard terms somit weniger …” „… Regelung über die Kontrolle von Standard-Haftungsklauseln in Section 3UCTA setzt aber nicht nur das …” „… aus Section 1 (3) UCTA ergibt (business liability).691 Die Artikel 2bis 7 des UCTA, welche die …”

Einleitung: Common Law/Statutory Law S. 207-210

„… ihre Auswirkungen verfälscht dargestellt worden sind,vgl. im Einzelnen Grubb/Howells, Product Liability …” „… , 2.109 ff.678 Vgl. Grubb/Howells, Product Liability, 2.112; Treitel/Peel, Contract, 245; sowie …” „… . Ltd. [1927] 43 T.L.R. 323, 324: “If a person is under legal liability andwishes to get rid of it, he …”

Der reasonableness-Test des UCTA S. 225-278

„… Standard-Haftungs-753 The Law Commission, Exemption Clauses, 61: “A person who has entered into a standardform …” „… Belastung mit dem3.33.3.1746 Miller/Goldberg, Product Liability, 195; Treitel/Peel, Contract, 278; vgl. auch …” „… part and say that what is left is reasonable and sufficientto exclude and restrict his liability in a …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 323-334

„… .), Standard Transportation Contract forHeavy and Voluminous Cargoes (HEAVYCON), 2007 (abrufbar unter …” „… . Gershlick, Paul, Liability Clauses: Regus v Epcot, Magazine of the Society for Computers andLaw, Juni/Juli …” „… .Gluck, George, Standard Form Contracts: The Contract Theory Reconsidered, ICLQ 1979, 72.Grubb, Andrew …”

Auslegung des § 310 Abs. 1 BGB im Hinblick auf die Praxis des unternehmerischen Geschäftsverkehrs S. 141-148

„… - undGasindustrieDas Bedürfnis nach Standard-Haftungsklauseln im unternehmerischen Verkehrzeigt sich auch an den …” „… http://www.standard-club.com/content/of-contractreview.aspx) und die Präsentation der Claims Director des StandardClub, Wendy Ng (erhältlich unter …” „… Bieterverfahren471 immer wieder neu, so bildet sich hier zum einen ein Standard heraus, zum anderen kann ab einem …”

Methodik der Klauselkontrolle im unternehmerischen Verkehr nach dem DCFR S. 186-207

„… terms“). So sollen nach II.-9:403bis 9:405 DCFR (Standard-)Klauseln grundsätzlich einer Kontrolle auf …” „… zwischen den Parteien „verhandelt“ worden ist und daher als Standardklausel („standard term“)qualifiziert …” „… Standardklauseln (standard terms)Während es für die Kontrolle von Klauseln im b2c-Bereich nach dem DCFR gegenwärtig …”

Einleitung S. 178-186

„… „A term of a contract or other juridical act which purports to exclude or restrict liability topay …” „… den Inhalt einer Klausel beurteilen zu können.607Die Verwendung von Standardklauseln soll zudem für …” „… sich eine Partei aufgrund der Verwendung von Standardklauseln in einer „take-it-or-leave-it“ Situation …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845233208

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Peter Mankowski (ed.)

Commercial Law

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

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Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 32 Liability in case of cancellation, late running of trains or missed connections S. 1108-1109

„… standardised compensation is not directly linked to the contractual liability under the CIV UR, which has to be …” „… CIV UR, the liability rules applicable to the supplementary carriage by a different mode shall apply …” „… relating to liability in case of death of, or personal injury to, passengers shall apply to loss or damage …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.1.6 (Exemption clauses) S. 637-640

„… which limits or excludes one party’s liability for non-performance or which permits one party to render …” „… way to excuse non-performance under Art. 7.4.1 and thereby to avoid a liability for damages under a …” „… obligee. From a civil law perspective, for lawyers used to limitations of liability based on fault, an …”

Stefan Kröll Article 39 Assignment of Proceeds S. 1504-1531

„… applicant. Any breach of that practice will expose the issuer to liability.13 Presentations Presentations by …” „… – caused by delay in transmission UNIDROIT 2.1.7 1, 2.1.9 2 – containing standard terms CISG 18 31 …” „… carrier CMNI 4 4 – contractual carrier’s liability for CMNI 17 2 – definition CMNI 1 9, 4 1 – liability …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 17 Death and Injury of Passengers – Damage to Baggage S. 1198-1205

„… objections to the carriage of the cargo. The consignor is subject to unlimited liability for damages caused …” „… documents furnished by the consignor. Chapter III Liability of the Carrier and Extent of Compensation for …” „… Convention Chapter III Liability of the Carrier 1198 Wolf Müller-Rostin 2 1 not liable if and to the …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 35 CISG S. 190-196

„… ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 IV. Exclusion of liability (para 3 …” „… non-conforming goods are dealt with in Art. 45 et seqq. In case of non-conforming goods, the seller’s liability …” „… threshold is higher: The seller’s liability is only excluded if the buyer knew about and accepted the defect …”

Stefan Kröll Article 36 Force Majeure S. 1496-1497

„… transmitted to the issuing and/or confirming bank the risk allocation underlying the liability …” „… considered to be discrepant. Article 35 (3): Translation and interpretation of technical terms Under standard …” „… the second half of Article 35(3). The first half excludes any liability for errors in the translations …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2.1.18 519 Contents XIV Contracting under standard terms …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2.1.20 522 Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Article 2.2.5 529 Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents S. 1118

„… actual submission of such documents. Article 49 of the CIV UR sets standard conditions for conversion of …” „… the 1990 Protocol of Revision. Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents The carrier shall be …” „… relieved of liability pursuant to these Uniform Rules for loss or damage caused by a nuclear incident when …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Article 51 Persons for whom the carrier is liable S. 1118

„… actual submission of such documents. Article 49 of the CIV UR sets standard conditions for conversion of …” „… the 1990 Protocol of Revision. Article 50 Liability in case of nuclear incidents The carrier shall be …” „… relieved of liability pursuant to these Uniform Rules for loss or damage caused by a nuclear incident when …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 6 Contract of carriage S. 1134-1138

„… assume a liability greater and obligations more burdensome than those provided for in these Uniform Rules …” „… . Under CIM UR the carrier may assume a greater liability and more burdensome obligations in favour of the …” „… clients (consignor), i.e. there is a possibility of extending liability not being limited to maximum …”

Peter Csoklich Article 18 S. 943-944

„… that the carrier shall not be relieved of liability by reason of a defective condition of the vehicle …” „… breach of contract.34 As follows from Art. 18 (4) CMR, the strict liability of the carrier for defects of …” „… for which the carrier is liable, the carrier’s liability is restricted to the extent to which …”

Section 1 Hand luggage and animals S. 1110

„… provisions applicable to the carriage of vehicles. Chapter III Liability in respect of Hand Luggage, Animals …” „… , Registered Luggage and Vehicles Section 1 Hand luggage and animals Article 33 Liability In case of death of …” „… , introducing an strict liability of the carrier for hand luggage and animals accompanying the passenger, or …”

Peter Mankowski Article 6 CISG S. 33-36

„… that in particular the producer’s product liability for defective goods relates to the same case as the …” „… seller’s liability. Unifying tort law was beyond the CISG’s political plan. The differences between the two …” „… moral or Schmerzensgeld. Second, Art. 6 CISG permits to derogate liability without establishing a …”

Stefan Kröll Article 34 Disclaimer on Effectiveness of Documents S. 1493

„… liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy, genuineness, falsification or legal effect …” „… thereon; nor does it assume any liability or responsibility for the description, quantity, weight, quality …” „… . Article 34 contains an extensive disclaimer of the bank’s liability and responsibility for anything going …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.6 (Determination of quality of performance) S. 577-578

„… ‘para. 2 duties’ (of best efforts) caps of liability which are reasonable under the circumstances …” „… liability is generally possible as long as it does not violate applicable mandatory law (Art. 1.4) and as it …” „… liability for ‘grossly negligent conduct’ without any possibility of insurance.13 Article 5.1.5 …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 19 Delay S. 1213-1214

„… carrier The carrier can avoid liability if it can prove that it and its servants and agents5 took all …” „… Montreal Convention requires a lower standard of 1 OLG Frankfurt, 25 April 1983 – 5 U 75/ 82, TranspR 1984 …” „… ; Isabell H. Ph. Diedericks-Verschoor, The Liability for Delay in Air Transport, Air & Space Law Vol. XXVI/6 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 79 CISG S. 367-376

„… the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: (a) he is exempt …” „… ) Liability for third persons …” „… )) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. No liability for damages (Article 79(5 …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 14 CISG S. 58-69

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 IV. Incorporation of standard terms …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. Reference to standard terms …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. Addressee awareness of standard terms …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 5.1.4 (Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts) S. 575-576

„… that its liability for nonperformance will be excluded under Art. 7.1.2, if such ‘prior performance of …” „… of strict liability,1 the achievement of a specific result2 (obligation de résultat, e.g. the …” „… sharpen the perspective7 on the obligation as the qualification influences the standard to prove8 …”

Tim W. Dornis Article 74 CISG S. 339-348

„… conduct regulation by means of liability – e.g., with regard to a disgorgement of profits or punitive …” „… potential costs of liability. By this means, the foreseeability rule stimulates inter-party information …” „… particularly when they agree on liquidated damages or limitations of liability. In such scenarios, however …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.4 (Availability of defences and rights of set-off) S. 791-793

„… limb) each obligor facing a claim from an obligee for joint and several liability may assert all common …” „… the contract formation (chapter 2, including e.g. objections against a surprising standard term, Art …” „… Pursuant to Art. 11.1.4 an obligor facing a claim of an obligee for joint and several liability may assert …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 24 Liability in case of carriage of railway vehicles as goods S. 1157

„… damage results from a risk which the attendant was intended to avert. The exemptions from liability in …” „… preferential or pre-emptive reasons for exemption of the carrier from liability included in sub-items (a) to (g …” „… to be open wagons, unlike in the original standard in Article 17, para. 4 (a) of the CMR. With regard …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms) S. 520-521

„… under the circumstances). Article 2.1.19 (Contracting under standard terms) (1) Where one party or both …” „… parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to …” „… Articles 2.1.20–2.1.22. (2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.3 (Modification of limitation periods by the parties) S. 768-770

„… liability of the other party can be obtained by extending warranties (guarantees)14 to future performance …” „… . This applies in particular in the context of standard terms, either because, under the circumstances …” „… business maximum liability periods of two years are frequent practice except for tax-related warranty …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.4.4 (Foreseeability of harm) S. 681-682

„… result from its non-performance. A. An International Standard Meeting Comparative Legal Benchmarks …” „… correlates with the function of Art. 7.4.4 as a a counterbalance to the strict liability concept,7 → Art …” „… . 4 (‘a corollary to the parties’ strict liability’). See also Morán Bovio/Morán Bovio Art. 7.4.4, no …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.4 (Mandatory rules) S. 486-488

„… validity of contract terms under German law it can make a difference if they are ‘standard terms’ or …” „… ‘individually negotiated’. The German (domestic) mandatory law regime for standard contracts includes extreme …” „… of limitation of liability will not suffice to qualify such an agreement as ‘individually negotiated …”

Peter Mankowski Article 4 CISG S. 28-30

„… comprises any kind of substantive or content review of Standard Terms and Conditions.6 As to mistakes, one …” „… to escape liability incurred under the CISG by avoiding the contract or claiming the contract to be …” „… question as to whether the other party agreed to the incorporation of the first party’s Standard Terms and …”

Stefan Kröll Article 38 Transferable Credits S. 1499-1503

„… principle of standard international letter of credit practice that a bank giving an instruction is liable …” „… charges incurred are the liability of another part, such as the beneficiary or the applicant. Thus, if the …” „… foreign law In line with standard international letter of credit practice an applicant who ask a bank to …”

Petra Butler Introduction to Articles 45–65 CISG S. 232-237

„… on anticipatory breach (Articles 71-73), interest (Article 78),7 exemption of liability (Articles …” „… Kiralfy, ‘Absolute Liability in Contract’ 1 (1980) The Journal of Legal History, 1. 16 How embedded ‘fault …” „… this presumption if it wants to avoid liability. The threshold the party has to meet is high, albeit …”

Erik Evtimov, Tetyana Payosova Introduction S. 1076-1083

„… Commission, Leaflet on COTIF/CIV-PRR – SMPS liability regimes (Bern, 2014); Malcom A. Clark, Transport by …” „… domestic policies and subject such policies to the minimum standards established on the international level …” „… the international standards it contains. CIT – International rail transport committee: the quest for …”

Christoph Oertel IV. INCOTERMS® 2010 S. 828-897

„… , standards and rules facilitating efficient international transactions.5 Among others, the ICC has developed …” „… so are the Incoterms.25 If standard software is sold on physical data carriers (and not via download …” „… obligations and exemptions from liability in case of unexpected or unforeseeable events and the consequences …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Introduction to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (“PICC”) S. 462-476

„… , Pre-contractual liability, The Brussels Jurisdiction Convention and... the UNIDROIT Principles (Case 334/00 …” „… ; Ramberg, Christina, The Rules on Standard Terms in the UNIDROIT Principles: Misplaced and Misleading, in …” „… Allan, Precontractual Liability and Preliminary Agreements: Fair Dealing and Failed Negotiations, 87 …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 11.1.10 (Extent of contributory claim) S. 803-805

„… internal agreement, whereby (ii) the standard of the applicable private international regime of the …” „… Options The co-obligors are free to adapt their system of joint and several liability in their internal …” „… situations if the obligee has the market power to insist on joint and several liability rather than separate …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 1.5 (Exclusion or modification by the parties) S. 489

„… standard terms to the international B2B contract between the German lawyer and his foreign client.19 For …” „… compared to receiving detailed information about the risks of certain standard clauses (like a limitation …” „… of liability) which would be required under German law.20 More Mandatory Law in Case of Combination …”

Peter Mankowski Article 7 CISG S. 37-41

„… international trade” which e contrario implies that merely national standards of good faith, Treu and Glauben …” „… as the basis for supporting some rather far-reaching results like precontractual liability.28 Good …” „… its Standard Terms and Conditions, to send these to the other party actively.30 Recognised and …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 7.3.4 (Adequate assurance of due performance) S. 665-666

„… D. Alternative Options Even if the high standard of Art. 7.3.3 is not (or may not) be met, it may …” „… fundamental nonperformance may not be that ‘clear’ to occur) and thereby cause a liability for damages.4 B …” „… . expects on the basis of a good reason6 and therefore on the basis of an objective standard)7 that there …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 19 CISG S. 93-101

„… and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party’s liability to the other or …” „… inclusion of a direct rule on conflicting standard terms.6 Arguably, the blending of formation and content …” „… , Art. 19 para. 8; Jan Hellner, ‘The Vienna Convention and Standard Form Contracts’ in Petar Sarcevic …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) S. 509-510

„… , time of delivery, liability may usually be material).9 The test is whether, under the circumstances of …” „… suitable.14 C. Special Rule for Standard Terms Art. 2.1.11 does not cover the battle of forms between …” „… standard terms which is treated elsewhere (Art. 2.1.21).15 Article 2.1.12 (Writings in confirmation) If a …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.6 (Contra proferentem rule) S. 568

„… interpretation of standard terms). The rule allocates the risk of drafting to the ‘responsible’ party3 and …” „… limitation of liability clause),6 the interpretation in favour of the ‘other party’ (as compared to the …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 4.7 (Linguistic discrepancies) S. 568

„… interpretation of standard terms). The rule allocates the risk of drafting to the ‘responsible’ party3 and …” „… limitation of liability clause),6 the interpretation in favour of the ‘other party’ (as compared to the …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 33 Compensation for exceeding the transit period S. 1165

„… external liability of the carrier to customers for the “other sums paid in relation to the carriage of the …” „… considerably higher standard of compensation for non-compliance with the transit period than for instance in …”

Article 1.7 (Good faith and fair dealing) S. 492-493

„… liability for breaking off pre-contractual negotiations in bad faith (Art. 2.1.15) or to invoke a “grossly …” „… Japanese-German contracts. B. Standard The standard referred to in Para. 1 is objective13 and global, with …” „… commercial standards of fair dealing”). 14 Official Comments, Art. 1.7 no. 3, pp. 19-20; Vogenauer/Vogenauer …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 3.2.2 (Relevant mistake) S. 540-541

„… contrary to reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error; or (b …” „… , quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability are usually …” „… , ‘ought to have known’ that there is a mistake),11 measured against ‘reasonable commercial standards’12 …”

Erik Evtimov, Tatyana Payosova Article 30 Compensation for loss S. 1162-1163

„… CMR 1956 Art. 30 COTIF/CIM Title III Liability 1162 Erik Evtimov and Tatyana Payosova 1 2 1 foresee …” „… intentionally chose to have higher standards of compensation in comparison to other modes, as they largely …”

Lisa Spagnolo Article 18 CISG S. 81-92

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 VII. Standard terms …” „… Schroeter, Art. 18 para. 6 See also Ferrari, Introduction Arts 14-24 paras 8-9 (arguing domestic standards …” „… be taken that such standards have either satisfied the requirement of internationally recognized …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Article 10.4 (New limitation period by acknowledgement) S. 771-772

„… the reasons discussed at (1.) above, such a clause should not be integrated into standard terms. As …” „… construed as a waiver to assert the limitation of liability as a defence6 pursuant to Art. 10.9(2 …”

Raimond Emde Article 15 S. 1284-1285

„… subject to a written form requirement (for example in German law, the so-called del credere liability, cf …” „… importance. It is a standard for the protection of the commercial agent. Agency contracts that have been …”

Stefan Kröll Introduction S. 1416-1419

„… required and thereby undertake a liability of the beneficiary, against which it will then seek an indemnity …” „… to the UCP. They are “supplemented” by the International Standard Banking Practice for the …” „… relevant changes in the latest version see Song, ‘The Significance of the New International Standard …”

Peter Csoklich Article 8 S. 918-920

„… directly lead to a liability of the carrier for breach of contract but has an effect on the onus of proof …” „… , such as the core temperature.6 The standard of duty with respect to the reasonable examination shall …” „… standard of due diligence used by Theunis/Ruitinga, p 48. 8 Clarke, CMR6, p 66; Hill/Messent/Glass, CMR, p …”

Stefan Kröll Article 6 Availability, Expiry Date and Place for Presentation S. 1433-1435

„… also has a bearing on the standard of examination in → Art. 14 and what is required for a complying …” „… upon the issuer, confirming or notifying bank to avoid any discussion about their continuing liability …”

Christoph Brunner, Michael Schifferli Article 43 CISG S. 226-228

„… delivered, there is no absolute time limit to bring liability claims against the seller under Arts 42 or …” „… reluctant to accept such a contracting out clause if it is part of the buyer’s standard terms and conditions …”

Raimond Emde Introduction S. 1247-1264

„… configuration of the Directive, also leading to the adoption, alongside the Directive, of the Product Liability …” „… claims, the place of jurisdiction and the del credere liability of the commercial agent,21 which is …” „… standards formed on the basis of the Directive. The Directive is only applicable to the extent the …”

Article 25 CISG S. 130-142

„… Liability in the CISG’ (2007) 21(2) Temple International & Comparative Law Journal 309; Schroeter, Art. 14 …” „… Non-contractual duties (e.g. under product liability law) are not covered by Art. 25 CISG.17 On the other side, an …” „… expect under the contract”. Art. 25 CISG sets a high standard for fundamentality.31 All specific …”

Eckart J. Brödermann Preamble (Purpose of the Principles) S. 477-483

„… of PICC in combination with an arbitration clause to avoid German law on standard conditions which is …” „… ) general contractual matters like form, contractual liability or good faith.34 The most prominent example …” „… the contract (like standard terms and conditions), while the contract is otherwise governed by a …”

Peter Csoklich Introduction S. 898-900

„… transport documents and to the carrier’s liability: This aim has been fully achieved as is proven by the …” „… , Gold Francs were substituted as unit of account for the calculation of the limited liability in → Art …” „… not intended.11 The CMR-provisions deal with consignment notes (→ Art. 4-9 CMR), liability of the …”

Wolf Müller-Rostin Article 20 Exoneration S. 1215

„… or she derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability …” „… other than the passenger, the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability …” „… wrongful act or omission of that passenger. This Article applies to all the liability provisions in this …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276564

Hans-W. Micklitz, Thomas Roethe - Produktsicherheit und Marktüberwachung im Ostseeraum

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Hans-W. Micklitz, Thomas Roethe

Produktsicherheit und Marktüberwachung im Ostseeraum

Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Europäisches Wirtschafts- und Verbraucherrecht e.V.

Volume 26 2008

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Finnland S. 93-115

„… and services are subject to ISO (International Organization for Standardizations) safety standards …” „… .................................... 107 III. State liability …” „… ................................................................................................................ 107 1. Liability in case of illegal warning …”

Norwegen S. 149-171

„… requirements for liability in tort are commented on specifically, it is worth noting that the general standard …” „… .......................................................... 158 III. State liability …” „… .................................................................................................................. 160 1. Liability in case of an illegal warning (a warning which after its issuance turned out to be …”

Vergleich EG / Länder S. 209-222

„… Supreme Court has set tight standards to state liability in various cases Highly unlikely, but under the …” „… . 16 (2) trotz Einhaltung der Sicherheitsanforderungen (technische Standards)Art. 17 (3 …” „… Civil Servant Act 1994/750 and Tort Liability Act 1974/412,If reasonable preconditions have not been met …”

Dänemark S. 65-79

„… .................................................................. 70 III. State liability …” „… ..................................................................................................................... 70 1. Liability in case of an illegal warning (a warning which after its issuance turned out to be …” „… .......................................................................................... 70 b) The legal status regarding State liability …”

Estland S. 79-93

„… Regulierung und Standard erfüllt. Ist es unmöglich, die Sicherheit eines Produktes im obigen Sinne zu …” „… ermitteln, muss die Sicherheit durch die Beachtung von estnischen Standards, die die entsprechenden …” „… europäischen Standards umsetzen, ursprünglichen estnischen Standards, oder Empfehlungen der EU-Kommission …”

Schweden S. 191-209

„… ? ................... 200 IV. State liability …” „… .................................................................................................................. 201 1. Liability in case of an illegal warning …” „… ............................................................................. 202 2. Liability in case of a legally justified warning …”

Deutschland S. 43-65

„… Standard-Deckungssumme beläuft sich beim Marktführer Debeka auf 50.000 Euro. Höhere Deckungssummen können entsprechend …” „… zuständigen Behörde aufgrund sorgfältiger und wissenschaftlichen Standards genügender Prüfung beurteilt werden …” „… liability of public authorities. From point of view of liability law, the new formulation of German product …”

Litauen S. 131-149

„… requirements (i.e. technical standards). Lithuanian authorities have the choice between ordering the producer …” „… product.The Lithuanian Law on Product Safety and the Lithuanian Civil Code establish the liability of …” „… behalf of the public official. A liability of authorities in case of measures taken, which are in …”

Lettland S. 115-131

„… entspricht;2) den national umgesetzten europäischen Standards entspricht, die in dem im dritten Absatz dieses …” „… Artikels genannten Verzeichnis aufgenommen sind, im Risikoumfang, den diese Standards regeln. 17 Art. 3 …” „… of decisions is too small. Regarding the liability issues under the Latvian legal system, a right …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845206943

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer - Digital Revolution: Challenges for Contract Law in Practice

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Reiner Schulze (ed.), Dirk Staudenmayer (ed.)

Digital Revolution: Challenges for Contract Law in Practice

2016

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Geraint Howells, Chris Willett 3D Printing: The Limits of Contract and Challenges for Tort S. 67-86

„… standards in the Sales Directive (upon which the seller’s liability turns) are also ‘strict liability …” „… ’ standards. There is no mention of the seller liability being based on whether he exercised such reasonable …” „… systems, no negligence is needed.10 These strict liability conformity standards and remedies are, as …”

Robert MacDougall Statement S. 265-271

„… mitigate risks by selecting partners competent in security and by supporting standards-based approaches …” „… stemming from either an unclear liability regime or the non-existence of a clear cut liability regime in …” „… main barriers to IoT adoption, and liability has not, to date, been identified. Security and privacy …”

Erica Palmerini, Andrea Bertolini Liability and Risk Management in Robotics S. 225-260

„… Liability and Risk Management in Robotics Prof. Dr. Erica Palmerini / Dr. Andrea Bertolini, LL.M …” „… . (Yale)* The potential impact of liability rules on the market for robotic products A converging series …” „… to deal with the resulting liability issues, especially if the robots operate in the homes of elderly …”

Rolf H. Weber Contractual Duties and Allocation of Liability in Automated Digital Contracts S. 163-188

„… Contractual Duties and Allocation of Liability in Automated Digital Contracts Rolf H. Weber …” „… liability in the light of the newest EU-initiatives related to the digital economy. Digital Contracts …” „… of such contracts (partly and fully automated) and determines which party will bear the liability in …”

Christian Twigg-Flesner Conformity of 3D prints – Can current Sales Law cope? S. 35-68

„… Secondary Liability in Additive Layer Manufacturing’ (2014) 16 Columbia Science and Technology Law Review …” „… Berkowitz, ‘Strict Liability for Individuals? The impact of 3-D printing on Products Liability Law’ (2014 …” „… most closely. This type of 3D-printer uses a print-head not dissimilar to a standard inkjet printer …”

Reiner Schulze, Dirk Staudenmayer Digital Revolution – Challenges for Contract Law S. 19-32

„… , patents etc.), tort law (e.g. product liability) and even criminal law.23 Whereas within the scope of this …” „… Product Liability: Identifying the Obstacles’ (2013) 162 University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online 35 …” „… implications both in contract and also in tort liability regimes, more specifically the liability (and …”

Caroline Meller-Hannich Share Economy and Consumer Protection S. 119-132

„… providers organised in the form of Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung [limited liability companies …” „… the free-of-charge agreements for gifts and loans, however, the level of liability and guarantee in …” „… what legal consequences this has for liability are not otherwise so easy to determine. In any case, the …”

Christiane Wendehorst Consumer Contracts and the Internet of Things S. 189-224

„… goods.7 This implies that the supply of smart things is subject to a scheme of contractual liability …” „… could not have been foreseen at the point of delivery. Similarly, Article 7(e) Product Liability …” „… Directive (PLD)19 declares the producer to be exempt from liability where ‘the state of scientific and …”

Larry A. DiMatteo Regulation of Share Economy: A Consistently Changing Environment S. 89-112

„… standards and selfregulatory regimes as an initial response. Although, the need for targeted new regulations …” „… , industry standards, proper e-etiquette are examples of marketbased regulation. The notion of regulatory lag …” „… enterprise. Uber-Lyft and Standard Term Contracts A number of Uber and Lyft contract clauses have been …”

Gerd Billen The Challenges of Digitisation for Consumers S. 11-20

„… to independently shop for groceries? What will be my liability if my autonomously driving car causes …” „… , legally speaking? And what are the implications in terms of quality assurance and liability – for instance …” „… even when interacting with private providers, consumers must enjoy a minimum standard of protection. On …”

Natali Helberger Profiling and Targeting Consumers in the Internet of Things – A New Challenge for Consumer Law S. 135-164

„… . The arising, complex issues of liability and contractual relationships will be treated in another …” „… the assessment of the product, and if so, what would that mean for the standard of reasonable …” „… 1. 13 Jane Winn, 'Information Technology Standards as a Form of Consumer Protection Law' in Jane …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845273488

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