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Carmen Gebhard - Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

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Carmen Gebhard

Unravelling the Baltic Sea Conundrum

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Politik

Volume 164 2008

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Promoting the Finnish Perspective: Finland’s EU Presidency 2006 S. 145-150

„… agenda while Finland had been close to activist in this respect. Since the Swedish CBSS Chairmanship …” „… as a direct feedback and mirror of the concurrent efforts taken by Finland in the context of ‘keeping …” „… after its establishment, Finland effected a grand scale policy revival of the EU ND. A closer look at …”

Sweden and Finland as European Actors and Regional Stakeholders S. 127-134

„… evident with the focus each of them put in the field of bilateral aid transfer, where e.g. Finland showed …” „… Sweden and Finland. IV. Sweden and Finland as European Actors and Regional Stakeholders The following …” „… intra-Nordic standing and reception of the EU ND, Sweden and Finland are compared in respect to the following …”

What Accounts for Swedish and Finnish Self-Perception? S. 115-117

„… Finnish Self-Perception? Immediately after 1989, Sweden and Finland found themselves in very different …” „… setting. While Finland just as the Baltic States had been involved in the global block confrontation …” „… Finlanders, have tended to ignore the Baltic character and determinants of their common history.395 In the …”

The Contended Sea – A Brief Historical Retrospect S. 113-115

„… and Finland as two major regional stakeholders, in the specific context of the implementation of the …” „… policy. Sweden and Finland are compared alongside a set of factors that appear to account for and impact …” „… context, focussing in particular on the geo-political and geo-strategic orientation of Sweden and Finland …”

Is ‘Nordic’ Plus ‘Baltic’ Equal to Inclusive ‘Balticness’? S. 61-75

„… coordination and cooperation established between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, i.e …” „… Islands and Iceland, and Sweden retaining a neutral position. Between 1941 and 1944, Finland allied itself …” „… From 1948 onwards, Finland was bound with the Soviet Union by way of the Treaty of Friendship …”

Evaluation: The EU ND Reconsidered S. 150-153

„… neighbours and fellow Nordics. The argument that both Sweden and Finland would indeed profit from pooling …” „… has shown, Sweden and Finland do not agree on the most basic aspects of both European and regional …” „… conception. Finland is not only a convinced and highly compliant EU member state that seeks to fulfil its …”

Summary – Questions and Answers S. 223-227

„… , Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland Northern Europe European Russia, Northern Germany, Northern Poland …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

The Irony of Competition II S. 134-142

„… Finland assumed a more pragmatic attitude and largely detached the enlargement issue from other efforts of …” „… choices in the context of European integration. First, it was Denmark in 1973, and then Sweden and Finland …” „… newly integrated countries like Sweden and Finland to at least get together in a Nordic coalition within …”

Enlarging the Union – Association, Partnership and Accession in the BSR S. 89-94

„… accessions of Sweden and Finland, and the 2004 accessions of the three Baltic States and Poland, have …” „… among the last European core countries to seek formal EC/EU membership.298 Sweden, Finland, Norway …” „… control over policy than EC membership would have been.299 The key argument used by Sweden and Finland in …”

Small State Theory – The Conduct of Small States in Foreign Policy S. 117-127

„… Sweden’s own international role perception.402 Equally, Finland appears to be acting in the old context of …” „… intra-Nordic inferiority to Sweden, but also to the old great power Denmark. The notion of Finland being the …” „… Nordic lillebror (Swed. little brother) and its closest neighbour, Sweden, Finland’s storebror (Swed. big …”

And the Story Goes On: Is Sweden Trying to ‘Keep the EU ND Alive’? S. 142-145

„… Dimension Senior Officials Meeting in Imatra/Finland, 22. September 2006. 518 BILDT Carl: Sweden’s Role in …” „… ) activities with a distinct focus on the EU ND are far less present on the Swedish agenda while Finland had …” „… feedback and mirror of the concurrent efforts taken by Finland in the context of ‘keeping the policy alive …”

Northern Europe, Scandinavia and the North S. 24-26

„… conceived as consisting of the so-called Scandinavian countries, i.e. Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland …” „… includes the autonomous territories of Faroe Islands and Greenland, and Finland includes Åland Island. 30 …” „… , Finland. The closeness of languages is certainly one of the strongest arguments for the demarcation of …”

Annex: Baltic Sea Associations and Structures in Detail S. 231-260

„… Cluster/organisational links to CBSS Members and actors Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland …” „… , Russia, Finland administrations of single museums and castles 232The Association was founded in …” „… States (Sweden 1, Denmark 5, Germany 4, Poland 1, Lithuania 2, Latvia 6, Estonia 2, Russia 4, and Finland …”

Preliminary Assumptions, Research Questions and Structure S. 22-23

„… and Finland as two major regional stakeholders and EU member states, and accordingly, (3) the EU as an …” „… Finland as major regional stakeholders and EU member states: – The foreign policy orientation of Sweden …” „… and Finland shows a particularly strong adherence to the immediate neighbourhood, and most importantly …”

BSR Specificities and Sensitivities S. 27-30

„… , Denmark, Finland and Iceland Northern Europe European Russia, Northern Germany, Northern Poland …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic Sea States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

Bibliography S. 261-279

„… within the EU. The Case of Finland’s Northern Dimension Initiative. In: Journal of Common Market Studies …” „… EU. National Views on the Emerging Security Dimension. Helsinki 2000. BRANDER Richard: Finland och …” „… Finland and Sweden in the Baltic Countries. NATO Fellowship Final Report. Swedish National Defence College …”

The ‘Baltic States’ S. 26-27

„… comprise the Nordic group of five, i.e. Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.36 Most of the time …” „… terminology I am applying in the course of this study. Nordic Countries Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and …” „… Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark and Finland Baltic Sea …”

Overview: The Geo-Political Terminology Used in this Study S. 27

„… , Denmark, Finland and Iceland Northern Europe European Russia, Northern Germany, Northern Poland …” „… , Scandinavia, Baltic States Scandinavia Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland Scandinavian Baltic Sweden, Denmark …” „… and Finland Baltic Sea States Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… organisationsNIFIN Nordic Institute in FinlandNL The NetherlandsNNI New Neighbourhood InstrumentNORDI Northern …” „… ‘Perceived Greatness’ – ‘Too Big for Their Boots’? 122 4. Sweden and Finland – Typical Small States? 123 5 …” „… . Small States, Great Powers and Leadership in the Nordic Family 125 IV. Sweden and Finland as European …”

Outline and Main Objective S. 15-16

„… national actors play in this regard. A comparison between Sweden and Finland as between two major regional …” „… activities and initiatives in the BSR, and Finland and Sweden as regional stakeholders and member states of …” „… political tension in the region as low as possible. “Finland’s cautious policy of coexistence, Sweden’s …”

Research Strategy S. 21-22

„… and Finland as two major regional stakeholders and EU member states, and accordingly, (3) the EU as an …” „… Finland as major regional stakeholders and EU member states: – The foreign policy orientation of Sweden …” „… and Finland shows a particularly strong adherence to the immediate neighbourhood, and most importantly …”

The Argument of Challenges – United in Diversity S. 58-61

„… .164 J?ul in Estonia, Joulu in Finland, Jul in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Yule on the British Isles …” „… is the Northern Dimension Initiative (NDI), launched by Finland in 1997. The Finnish initiators …” „… as follows: With the accession of Finland and Sweden, the European Union now extends from the …”

The ‘Nordic Bloc’ – Driving Core for Baltic Sea Regionalism? S. 75-78

„… and Finland, once they had joined the EU, started to adapt their voting behaviour within the UN to the …” „… notably Sweden and Finland, pursued rather different regional strategies.249 As for the quality and …” „… a better Finland. Election manifesto 2006. Personal website of Henrik Lax www.henriklax.nu [24 …”

Visions and Constructed Realities – The History Tool S. 53-58

„… the kingdoms of Sweden (including Finland), Norway (including Iceland and the Faroe Islands) and …” „… , for Sweden and Finland the notion of ‘Hansa’ has always had negative connotations as their Hanseatic …” „… broad substance of cultural and ideological commonality.157 Sweden and Finland certainly bore a similar …”

The EU Performance in Regional Development: E.S.D.P. and INTERREG S. 97-101

„… Kvarken-Mittskandia Sweden-Norway Öresund Karelia-Russia Southeast Finland-Russia Nordkalotten-Kolartic …” „… Finland-Estonia INTERREG IIIB South Baltic Arc – Spatial Strategies for Integration and Sustainable Development …” „… has been rather reluctant, while Finland illustrated that change was not only possible but also openly …”

Introduction S. 13-14

„… so-called ‘Old North’ comprising the five Nordic States Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Iceland. The …” „… , namely Sweden and Finland, and to the Baltic States, i.e. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The …” „… in the northern part of the European continent. In 1995, Sweden and Finland were the first states in …”

Relevance of the Topic – Europe in a Nutshell S. 16-18

„… political tension in the region as low as possible. “Finland’s cautious policy of coexistence, Sweden’s …” „… line runs along what are now the boundaries between Finland and Russia and between the Baltic states …”

Policy Outline S. 104-108

„… first entered the EU agenda when the Nordic Countries, and especially Sweden and Finland began to shift …” „… approximately six times higher than in neighbouring Finland. Life expectancy at birth is below 57 years in …” „… Russia, 77 in Finland. Narrowing down the disparities in living standards is today one of the major …”

Policy Implementation and Progression S. 108-109

„… thoroughly in chapter “Promoting the ‘Finnish Perspective’ – Finland’s EU Presidency 2006”, p. 143-. 374 …”

Networks and Clusters S. 84-86

„… similarity between Sweden and Finland. Even though in recent years they have made very different …” „… For an extensive comparison between Sweden an Finland, including this aspect, see chapter “Excursus …”

Preliminary Evaluation: What Role for the EU ND? S. 109-111

„… 2006 will be discussed thoroughly in chapter “Promoting the ‘Finnish Perspective’ – Finland’s EU …”

Preliminary Conclusions: The EU as a Regional (F)Actor in Northern Europe S. 111-113

„… and Finland as two major regional stakeholders, in the specific context of the implementation of the …” „… policy. Sweden and Finland are compared alongside a set of factors that appear to account for and impact …”

Remoteness and Marginality – The Periphery’s Romantic Temptation S. 30-33

„… 30 HDI ranking life expectancy inflation GDP p.c. (US $) Sweden 5. 80.3 0.5 38,525 Finland 11. 78.7 …” „… desolate and uninhabited area between Finland and Russia.59 However, the way Northern Europe and the ‘far …”

What Makes a Region a ‘Region’? Reflections on Baltic Sea ‘Regionness’ S. 33-36

„… Gotland Stockholm Uppsala Gävleborg Västernorrland Västerbotten Norrbotten Finland Lapland …” „… Northern-Ostrobothnia Central Ostrobothnia Ostrobothnia Satakunta Finland Proper Uusimaa Eastern Uusimaa Kymenlaakso …”

The EU Committee of the Regions S. 94-97

„… Expedient?”, p. 67-. Fore more about the role of Sweden and Finland in the context of the Baltic enlargement …” „… , see chapter “Sweden, Finland and the BSR”, p. 128-. 318 See also chapter “What kind of ‘Europe of the …”

The EU Neighbourhood Policy S. 101-104

„… cultural relations between St. Petersburg and South Savo (Finland) received INTERREG funding, but had to …” „… first entered the EU agenda when the Nordic Countries, and especially Sweden and Finland began to shift …”

Application Pattern II: Sketching a Model of Explanation S. 200-211

„… and Finland, tried to take over a guiding role in the process of Baltic post-Soviet reorientation …” „… members of the macro-level project. The examples of Sweden and Finland have shown that states are …” „… likely to develop very different strategies in this context. While Finland since the end of the Cold War …”

‘Old North’ vs. ‘New Regionalism’ – Competing for the Same Space? S. 78-84

„… to what could be seen as the most ironic similarity between Sweden and Finland. Even though in recent …” „… . 26-53 here p. 28. 279 For an extensive comparison between Sweden an Finland, including this aspect …”

‘Nordic’ vs. ‘Northern’ S. 26

„… comprise the Nordic group of five, i.e. Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.36 Most of the time …”

Baltic Sea Region: What Sort of ‘Regionalism’? S. 37-39

„… promotes cooperation between the Northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland and the North Western part of …”

The Council of the Baltic Sea States S. 51-53

„… Sweden and Finland, the CBSS agenda has been gradually syntonised with the relevant EU policies. A …”

Conclusions on the Theoretical Incorporation of Baltic Sea Regionalism S. 218-222

„… , its European surrounding, and the specific case of Sweden and Finland). However, what has apparently …”

Application pattern I: The Security Community Approach S. 193-200

„… extension. The Nordic States, and most of all Sweden and Finland, tried to take over a guiding role in the …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845212395

Gerhard Robbers - State and Church in the European Union

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Gerhard Robbers (ed.)

State and Church in the European Union

2019

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Matti Kotiranta State and Church in Finland S. 613-640

„… State and Church in Finland Matti Kotiranta Social Facts At the beginning of the 21st century …” „… , Finland was still a relatively religiously homogenous country, although the change brought by …” „… communities. In this, Finland has followed the same trends as in the other Nordic Countries, albeit at a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… State and Church in Finland 613 Matti Kotiranta Church and State in Sweden 641 Lars Friedner State and …”

Gerhard Robbers State and Church in the European Union S. 677-688

„… existence of the Church. The systems of England, Denmark and, to some extent, Greece, Malta and Finland …”

Lina Papadopoulou State and Church in Greece S. 171-194

„… (the Churches of Finland and Estonia) are autonomous, meaning independent in administrative terms only …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845296265

Florian Höhne, Torsten Meireis - Religion and Neo-Nationalism in Europe

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Florian Höhne (ed.), Torsten Meireis (ed.)

Religion and Neo-Nationalism in Europe

Series: Ethik und Gesellschaft

Volume 7 2020

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Teija Tiilikainen Finland: From Demotic Populism to Neo-Nationalism S. 177-188

„… Finland: From Demotic Populism to Neo-Nationalism Teija Tiilikainen The recent emergence of a …” „… growing neo-nationalist party, the Finns Party1, has affected the entire political field in Finland. First …” „… parties in Europe. Finland, however, represents a deeply rooted consensus society with a political …”

Florian Höhne, Torsten Meireis Introduction. Religion, Populism, Neo-Nationalism S. 9-26

„… coercive” approaches in the 1990s. The contribution of Teija Tiilikainen focusses on Finland and outlines …” „… on the “consensus-oriented political culture” in Finland. She traces the origins of the Finns Party …” „… being populist and anti-elitist, moderately nationalist and focussed on Finland’s EU membership …”

Maureen A. Eger Neo-Nationalism and its Relationship to Globalization: A Test of the Backlash Hypothesis S. 61-84

„… country in the sample. Finland had the lowest score in 1970 (59.19). However, the lowest score in the …” „… Globalization 79 change at the regional-level in Finland is associated with support for the radical right …” „… ): Changes in Local Context and Electoral Support for the Populist Radical Right. Evidence from Finland, in …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Nationalism Redefined 163 Thijl Sunier Finland: From Demotic Populism to Neo-Nationalism 177 Teija Tiilikainen …”

Contributors S. 417-419

„… The European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats in Helsinki, Finland and Professor …”

Mark Juergensmeyer The Global Context of European Religious Neo-Nationalism S. 49-60

„… d'Italia (Brothers of Italy), and right wing movements in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and the …”

Ulf Hedetoft Nationalism and the Political Theology of Populism: Affect and Rationality in Contemporary Identity Politics S. 99-114

„… , Sweden, Finland; to some extent in the French Front National, in the Austrian Freedom Party and even in …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748905059

Risto Alapuro, Henrik Stenius - Nordic Associations in a European Perspective

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Risto Alapuro (ed.), Henrik Stenius (ed.)

Nordic Associations in a European Perspective

Series: International Civil Society

Volume 8 2010

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Risto Alapuro Associations and Representation in Finland and France S. 269-281

„… 269 Risto Alapuro Associations and Representation in Finland and France Society made visible to …” „… constructs itself and makes itself visible (see, e.g., Rosanvallon 1998: 299). In Finland the image …” „… comparative analysis of this image arguably throws new light to the statesociety relation in Finland. This …”

Johanna Rainio-Niemi State Committees in Finland in Historical@@Comparative Perspective S. 241-269

„… 241 Johanna Rainio-Niemi State Committees in Finland in Historical Comparative Perspective …” „… institution in the history of governance and policy drafting in Sweden and Finland. Since the late 19th …” „… series: valtion komiteamietinnöt in Finland and Statens Offentliga Utredningar (SOU-series) in Sweden …”

Dag Wollebcek, Bjarne Ibsen, and Martti Siisiäinen Voluntary Associations at the Local Level in Three Nordic Countries S. 121-151

„… , and Finland. These projects, as well as the emergence of new data sources, most notably the recent …” „… stem from three separate surveys of organizational life in Norway, Finland, and Denmark. The Norwegian …” „… % responded. 125 Finland has a unique register of associations, which contains data of all registrations …”

Authors and Editors S. 327-330

„… Academy Professor at the Academy of Finland in 2005-2009. He is in charge of the Helsinki Research Group …” „… cultures of Finland, Russia, Estonia, and France, including a comparative examination of the conceptions …” „… of representation in Finland and France. His publications include State and Revolution in Finland …”

Henrik Stenius Nordic Associational Life in a European and an Inter-Nordic Perspective S. 29-86

„… Finland until 1809) was a project driven from above by the King and his men, not a protest from below. It …” „… type of mover, especially in Sweden/Finland, represented by the parish and parish clergy, who in many …” „… Finland) especially regarding points 1 and 2. Leveling before the leveling movements The peasantry was …”

Mary Hilson The Nordic Consumer Co-operative Movements in International Perspective, 1890–1939 S. 215-241

„… , and in Finland over 16 percent. Only in Britain and Switzerland were consumer co-operatives …” „… focus is on Sweden and Finland, although some brief references are made to Norway and Denmark …” „… Number of societies Membership (000) Membership as a percentage of national population Finland …”

Risto Alapuro Introduction: Comparative Approaches to Associations and Civil Society in Nordic Countries S. 9-29

„… one Nordic (or Scandinavian) country – Denmark, Finland, Norway and/or Sweden.1 In the various …” „… the formation of the two newcomer states, Finland and Norway. These point, in addition, to the …” „… countries – Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. In his article Henrik Stenius lays out their development …”

Karl Henrik Sivesind, Per Selle Civil Society in the Nordic Countries: Between Displacement and Vitality S. 87-121

„… welfare field. However, there are also important differences. In Finland, volunteering and membership are …” „… one or more voluntary organizations, in Sweden it is 90 percent, Norway 84 percent, and Finland 76 …” „… and Denmark, 2.4 in Norway, and 1.6 in Finland.1 In addition, record high shares of the population …”

Risto Alapuro Conclusion: How History Matters in Putting Nordic@@Associations into a European Perspective S. 307-318

„… , including the 19th-century Grand Duchy of Finland where the Pax Russica created a framework for the popular …” „… the Austrian institution of economic chambers. While the Finnish state and Finland’s interest …” „… . Jepperson 2002: 64, 73). Finally, Risto Alapuro’s and Eeva Luhtakallio’s chapters on Finland highlight …”

Erle Rikmann Estonian Civil Society in a Nordic Perspective S. 195-215

„… first phases of Estonian mobilization were quite similar to those in Finland, especially with regard to …” „… society turned out to be completely different from Finland's (Liikanen 1999: 58-62; Alapuro 1985: 106-107 …” „… Finland, where Finnish nationalism was promoted largely by Swedish-speaking Fennomanes and by the …”

Eeva Luhtakallio Perceptions of Democracy in Helsinki and Lyon S. 281-306

„… . (www.helsinki.fi; www.lyon.fr.) 7 The national turnout was 58.6% in Finland and 68.2% in France. The French …” „… . In both Finland and France, the legal basis for direct participation has been strongly enhanced …” „… concerning the enhancement of their legitimacy. On the institutional political systems in Finland and France …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… International Perspective, 1890-1939 Johanna Rainio-Niemi State Committees in Finland in Historical …” „… Comparative Perspective Risto Alapuro Associations and Representation in Finland and France Eeva …”

Index S. 319-326

„… , 206, 262 “expressive field” 93 Ferrer-Fons, M. 131-132, 138, 142 Finland 11, 18-21, 23-25, 29 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845225944

Mathias Schmoeckel, Werner Schubert - Handbuch zur Geschichte des Notariats der europäischen Traditionen

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Mathias Schmoeckel (ed.), Werner Schubert (ed.)

Handbuch zur Geschichte des Notariats der europäischen Traditionen

Series: Rheinische Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte

Volume 12 2009

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Heikki Pihlajamäki The Notary Public in the Legal History of Finland and Sweden S. 441-462

„… 441 The Notary Public in the Legal History of Finland and Sweden Heikki Pihlajamäki, University …” „… Twentieth-Century Discussions on the Notary Public 5. Organising Legal Aid in Independent Finland: The Discussion …” „… ? It is generally thought that Finland and Sweden do not share the common European tradition of the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… The Notary Public in the Legal History of Finland and Sweden 441 Heikki Pihlajamäki Notarius …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845218625

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