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Sara Porro

Risk and Mental Element

Series: Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht

Volume 15 2014

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Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… CrimesNomosSchriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen Strafrecht15Schriften zum Internationalen und Europäischen …” „… International Law on Core CrimesSara Porro272 p.Includes bibliographic references.ISBN 978-3-8487-1593-01 …” „… . Genocidal Intent 91 2. Torture (War Crime in Non-International Armed Conflict) 92 3. Murder and …”

Mental Element in the ICC Statute: the Early Jurisprudence of the ICC S. 175-234

„… derogations, triggers criminal responsibility for core crimes under international law. The ICC Statute …” „… , The Fundamental Concept of Crime in International Criminal Law (2014), p. 128; N. Pisani, in F …” „… Criminal Law (2011), p. 593 at p. 604; I. Marchuk, The Fundamental Concept of Crime in International …”

Mental Element in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals and Other Recent Developments in Customary International Law S. 115-174

„… types of mental element applicable to core crimes under customary international law has been left to the …” „… in 1994. In more recent years, the mental element of crimes against international law has (explicitly …” „… acknowledged in the local system of criminal law, that is generally applicable to crimes against international …”

Bibliography S. 245-258

„… Bassiouni, ‘International Crimes’, in M. Cherif Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law’, 3rd edn. (2008 …” „… .), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence (2001), pp …” „… International Criminal Law Review (2013), pp. 473 et seq. Knut Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes Under the Rome …”

Conclusions and Recommendations S. 235-242

„… international law on core crimes considered in the present analysis, there appear to exist more divergences than …” „… international provision to have ever set out a general definition of the mental element applicable to crimes …” „… ICC jurisdiction ratione materiae to ‘the most serious crimes of concern to the international …”

Introduction S. 17-22

„… offences that are commonly considered as the ‘core crimes’ against international law, that is genocide …” „… serious crimes against international law, ‘probably because of certain major powers opposition to it’. 3 …” „… international rules on core crimes. These latter rules cannot ____________________ 7 Art. 17 ICC Statute. 8 …”

Mental Element and the US Federal Criminal Code S. 79-114

„… provisions on crimes against humanity.176 The majority of scholars recognise the principle that international …” „… the group. 2. Torture (War Crime in Non-International Armed Conflict) Sec. 2441(d)(1)(A) FCC on the …” „… war crime of torture in non-international armed conflict also belongs to the series of provisions that …”

Mental Element and the German Völkerstrafgesetzbuch S. 23-78

„… Völkerstrafgesetzbuch,11 later becoming known also by its English name of the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… titled ‘Crimes against international law’79 that, for the most part, German definitions of core crimes …” „… international humanitarian law. Such combinations of a basic intentional crime and a more serious consequence …”

Abbreviations S. 15-16

„… August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 …” „… the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 Art(s). Article(s …” „… Italian Supreme Court DDR German Democratic Republic EC Element(s) of Crimes ECCC Extraordinary …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845256078

David Krivanek - The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

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David Krivanek

The Weapons Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and in the German Code of Crimes Against International Law

2010

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Content of the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 33-34

„… regard to war crimes, the creation of the German Code of Crimesagainst International Law constituted a …” „… Content of the Code of Crimes against International LawThe code contains virtually all crimes …” „… .), National Prosecution of International Crimes, at 65.74 See Kreicker, ibid., at 66. Kreß argued that the …”

Interpretation of the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 34-35

„… Interpretation of the Code of Crimes against International LawThe provisions of the CCAIL will still need …” „… the scopeof the CCAIL.91Recourse by the ICC to the Code of Crimes against International LawWhile on …” „… the Statute; see Cassese, International Criminal Law, at 32; Schabas, 6 European Journalof Crime …”

Recourse by the ICC to the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 35-37

„… criminallaw.103 Therefore, the Code of Crimes against International Law might be used by95 This should not …” „… definition of the crime of rape. See also Cassese, InternationalCriminal Law, at 31.97 Schabas, 6 European …” „… Statute; the Code of Crimes against International Law may even be considered an example of subsequent …”

Comparison with the weapons provisions of the Code of Crimes against International Law S. 23-24

„… Crimes againstInternational LawAt the end of the discussion of each Rome Statute provision, a closer look …” „… will behad at how it was implemented in the German Code of Crimes against InternationalLaw (CCAIL).10 …” „… Just like their international models, the provisions of the GermanII.III.10 German Code of Crimes …”

Implementation of Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute into the German Code of Crimes against International Law S. 174

„… Incorporating International Crimes,at 151.904 Arbeitsentwurf, at 82.905 See also Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker …” „… implemented in Germany. The lack of a corresponding norm in theCode of Crimes against International Law comes …” „… possibility for an amendment of the Code ofCrimes against International Law would be evaluated.903The main …”

Bibliography S. 201-232

„… Crimes.Cryer, Robert, Friman, Håkan, Robinson, Darryl, Wilmshurst, Eli?abeth, An Introduction to International …” „… Crimes.Dörmann, Knut, "Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court: The Elements ofWar Crimes …” „… Prosecution of International Crimes.Guilfoyle, Douglas, "Maritime Interdiction of Weapons of Mass Destruction …”

Contextual element 1 S. 176-179

„… Crimesagainst International Law was to capture the distinctive nature of the crimes incorporated.178Contextual …” „… extended analysis.906 For one, it is an area wherethe Code of Crimes against International Law deviates …” „… from the Rome Statute.Secondly, the issue of penali?ing war crimes committed in international as well …”

Armed conflict S. 179-181

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… between war crimes committed in international and non-international armed conflicts; Ambos, in Vohrah et …” „… war crimes in international and non-international armedconflict had been suggested early on in the …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… in the German Code of Crimes Against International LawNomos1st Edition 2010© Nomos …” „… provisions in the Rome StatuteD. 27The German Code of Crimes against International LawE. 31IntroductionI. 31 …” „… Content of the Code of Crimes against International LawII. 33Interpretation of the Code of Crimes against …”

Overview of the Rome Statute's weapons provisions S. 21-23

„… implementing the Statute in Germany, the Code of Crimes against International Law.Overview of the Rome Statute …” „… Crimes againstInternational LawAt the end of the discussion of each Rome Statute provision, a closer look …” „… will behad at how it was implemented in the German Code of Crimes against InternationalLaw (CCAIL).10 …”

Introduction S. 31-33

„… Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving introduced the Rome Statute and in particular Article …” „… anoverview of the German Code of Crimes against International Law and in particularan introduction to Sec. 12 …” „… against International Law on 30 June 200259 as Article 1 of the Actto introduce the Code of Crimes against …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 93-117

„… International Crimes,at 285 et seq.; Zimmermann, in Triffterer (ed.), The Rome Statute, article 5, marginal nos …” „… International Humanitarian Law, Rule 75.455 See Garraway, in Lee et al. (eds.), Elements of Crimes, at 180, who …” „… "the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".458 Apparently, for …”

Elements of Crimes of the new provisions S. 196-198

„… alreadyestablishes that the provisions governing war crimes in non-international armedconflict do not apply to …” „… crime, however, whichis not yet criminal in the context of non-international armed conflict.1031The …” „… . Sufficeit here to point out that the Rome Statute and the German Code of Crimes againstInternational Law now …”

Mental Element S. 67-70

„… relevant when discussing whether the mental element in the German Codeof Crimes against International Law …” „… of Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving come to the above conclusion with regard to the …” „… examination ofthe relevant provision in the German Code of Crimes against International Law.The provision …”

Contextual element 2 S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… between war crimes committed in international and non-international armed conflicts; Ambos, in Vohrah et …” „… . This would have required the perpetrator todistinguish between the existence of an international and a …”

Contextual elements of Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 179

„… Code of Crimes against International LawArmed conflictWhen implementing the provisions on prohibited …” „… between war crimes committed in international and non-international armed conflicts; Ambos, in Vohrah et …” „… . This would have required the perpetrator todistinguish between the existence of an international and a …”

A decision by the International Criminal Court S. 188-190

„… concerns when warning of defining crimes against humanity toobroadly; Schabas, 8 International Peacekeeping …” „… Crimesagainst International Law, as is evidenced by Sec. 12 of that code.It has been suggested that the use of …” „… crimen principle applies, onecannot argue with inconsistency or, what this basically amounts to, an …”

Weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 73-81

„… Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes,at 272; Kreß, HuV-I 1999, p …” „… German Code ofCrimes against International Law may be interpreted. As with the correspondingnorm in the …” „… serious crimes of international concern. It would furthermorecontravene the principle of proportionality …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 173-174

„… International Crimes,at 151.904 Arbeitsentwurf, at 82.905 See also Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker (eds …” „… the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawUnlike the other three provisions discussed, Article …” „… in theCode of Crimes against International Law comes as no surprise: Since the draftersof the Statute …”

Conclusion S. 174-175

„… Incorporating International Crimes,at 151.904 Arbeitsentwurf, at 82.905 See also Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker …” „… implemented in Germany. The lack of a corresponding norm in theCode of Crimes against International Law comes …” „… possibility for an amendment of the Code ofCrimes against International Law would be evaluated.903The main …”

Weapons encompassed by Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 46-67

„… 757 et seq.; and Kelt, von Hebel, in Lee et al. (eds.), Elements of Crimes,at 24 et seq.67 …” „… whether their employment has an effect as requiredby Element of crime 2, rendering their use criminal …” „… International Criminal Law, marginal nos. 1264 et seq.162 Other terms are 'incapacitating agents', 'irritant …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 83-85

„… Eser, Kreicker (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes,at 273. The potential problem in …” „… the Rome Statute and the Code of Crimes against International Law. The examination of these provisions …” „… Crimesagainst International Law see Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker (eds.), National Prosecutionof International …”

Conclusion S. 198-200

„… crime, however, whichis not yet criminal in the context of non-international armed conflict.1031The …” „… . Sufficeit here to point out that the Rome Statute and the German Code of Crimes againstInternational Law now …” „… defines war crimes of employing prohibited meansof warfare irrespective of the international or …”

Other weapons encompassed by Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 123-125

„… considered criminal according to Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 ofthe Code of Crimes against International …” „… , Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rule 75.575 Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes, at 285 et …” „… criminali?es the use of chemical weapons as a war crime.Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL penali?es the employment …”

Scope of application S. 118-123

„… Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes,at 204; Werle, Nerlich …” „… the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving come to the …” „… discussion will turn to an examination ofthe relevant provision in the Code of Crimes against International …”

Mental element S. 81-83

„… .), National Prosecution of International Crimes,at 272; Kreß, HuV-I 1999, p. 4, at 6; Merkel, 114 ZStW 2002, p …” „… International Crimes,at 273. The potential problem in connection with the war crime of intentionally …” „… Gropengießer, in Eser, Kreicker (eds.), National Prosecutionof International Crimes, at 236 et seq. For a …”

Mental Element: The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets was such that their employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the wounding effect. S. 138-140

„… See also Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, at 179.669 Cf. Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes …” „… Crimes. Discussions in this context pertained to theextent of knowledge that was to be required of the …” „… this crime. In Rome there was general agreement that twotypes of potential perpetrators were to be …”

Findings S. 187-188

„… Rome Statute and the Code of Crimes against InternationalLaw.980Not having criminali?ed the use of …” „… Crimesagainst International Law, as is evidenced by Sec. 12 of that code.It has been suggested that the use of …” „… international humanitarian law and international criminal law,979 theRome Statute of the International Criminal …”

Introduction S. 141-142

„… ) of the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionThe next part of …” „… criminal law prior to theenactment of the Code of Crimes against International Law;690 for the use of …” „… in Sec. 12 (1) No. 3 of the Code of Crimesagainst International Law. This provision criminali?es …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute S. 140-141

„… Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionThe next part of this examination …” „… . 3 of the Code of Crimesagainst International Law. This provision criminali?es "employing bullets …” „… inter-E.677 Garraway, in Lee et al. (eds.), Elements of Crimes, at 182.678 Alas, considering the results …”

Comparing the contextual elements of the Rome Statute and of the CCAIL S. 181-185

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… enumeration of 'international' war crimes that would deserve to be criminali?edin non-international armed …” „… International Lawwith its virtually equal treatment of war crimes has been part of this trend in international …”

Overview of new provisions in the Rome Statute S. 25-27

„… Verschwindenlassens.30 See the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime ofApartheid, 30 …” „… pertaining to international humanitarian law, short referenceshall be made to the distinction between …” „… Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on17 July 1998 and its coming into force on 1 July …”

Other bullets S. 142-145

„… criminal law prior to theenactment of the Code of Crimes against International Law;690 for the use of …” „… Prosecution of InternationalCrimes, at 205; Werle, Jeßberger, 57 JZ 2002, at 728.694 Arbeitsentwurf, at 82.695 …” „… , Sec. 12(1) No. 3 of the Code of Crimes against International Law cannot be considered tocriminali?e …”

Possible applicability to other weapons S. 136-138

„… See also Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, at 179.669 Cf. Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes …” „… international law,650would be a strong indication of a violation of international humanitarian law. Thenecessity …” „… of including this requirement may be further questioned as the Elementsof Crimes provide that war …”

Future Review Conferences S. 190-193

„… treatment of international and non-international armedconflicts, the German Code of Crimes against …” „… to avoiding challenges of their decisions on the basis of a potential violation of thenullum crimen …” „… criminal in the context of anon-international armed conflict.992 The ICC cannot yet convict anyone on the …”

Gas or other analogous substance or device S. 89-90

„… international law.406 This has also been confirmed in the ICRC study.407 Furthermore, the …” „… poisonous gases.411 Notwithstanding, theuse of such prohibited weapons is considered a war crime.412Element …” „… of crime 1: The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogoussubstance or device.EmploymentAs in the …”

General Comment S. 87-89

„… Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute:War crime of employing asphyxiating, poisonous …” „… Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law, p. 495, at 500, and supra,at 44 et seq.394 Cf. McCormack, 21 …” „… California Western International Law Review 1990-1991, at 1, note 2;Vagts, 94 AJIL 2000, p. 31, at 38.395 …”

Toxic properties S. 40-42

„… affect a person.Element of crime 2: The substance was such that it causes death or seriousdamage to …” „… health in the ordinary course of events, through its toxic properties.Whereas Element of crime 1 deals …” „… of which is criminal is dealtwith by Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome …”

Article 8 (2) (b) (xx) of the Rome Statute S. 23

„… Crimes againstInternational LawAt the end of the discussion of each Rome Statute provision, a closer look …” „… will behad at how it was implemented in the German Code of Crimes against InternationalLaw (CCAIL).10 …” „… Just like their international models, the provisions of the GermanII.III.10 German Code of Crimes …”

Drafting history of the weapons provisions in the Rome Statute S. 27-31

„… determining what means of warfare may be used in international armedconflict"; Boot, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege …” „… Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving introduced the Rome Statute and in particular Article …” „… anoverview of the German Code of Crimes against International Law and in particularan introduction to Sec. 12 …”

Conclusion regarding the contextual elements S. 185-186

„… war crimes committedin international and non-international armed conflicts alike, it is not …” „… Code of Crimes against International Law is more progressive:It does not differentiate between the use …” „… ".971 Not even the German Code of Crimes against International Law criminali?es all acts in both …”

Nexus between the acts and the armed conflict S. 181

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… between the crime and the existence of the conflict,938 it does not dispose of the same threshold formula …” „… ., crimes that are committed simply 'on the occasion' of an armed conflictare not included.939 This is …”

Mental element S. 181

„… armed conflict.Mental elementLike the Rome Statute, the Code of Crimes against International Law …” „… between the crime and the existence of the conflict,938 it does not dispose of the same threshold formula …” „… ., crimes that are committed simply 'on the occasion' of an armed conflictare not included.939 This is …”

Employment S. 39-40

„… the provision's elements of crime.112 Nevertheless, the AppealsChamber of the ICTY has taken the …” „… norms that were originally intended for international armed conflicts to non-international armed …” „… international law.114 While some results of the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law have been …”

In violation of the international law of armed conflict S. 135-136

„… requirement that the bullets flatten or expand easily in the humanbody.In violation of the international law …” „… of armed conflictThe next requirement of Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the …” „… Statuteis that the use of the named bullets violates the international law of armed conflict.The insertion …”

Effects of the substance S. 42-44

„… crime,which establishes that the provision encompasses substances producing a certainresult, i.e., death or …” „… effects of the substance as expressed in Element of crime 2is now in order because in the review of the …” „… Weapons and on their Destruction, 13 January 1993.132 Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes, at 281; Garraway …”

Bullets that expand or flatten easily in the human body S. 128-135

„… servance of international humanitarian law by U.N. troops.592 Neither the Statuteof the Yugoslavia …” „… as well as duringthe drafting of the Elements of Crimes with regard to several issues relating to …” „… order to ascertain whetherany of them are encompassed by this criminal provision.Element of Crime 1: The …”

General Comment S. 38-39

„… Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute:War crime of employing poison or poisoned …” „… weaponsGeneral CommentAs one of the oldest principles of international humanitarian law,105 the …” „… The Yugoslavia Tribunal hasChapter One:A.105 Kittichaisaree, International Criminal Law, at 177; Oeter …”

Scope of application S. 92-93

„… a crime withinthe jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, it makes no difference whether …” „… ments have already been more closely defined in the context of Element of crime 2of Article 8 (2 …” „… III.425 This part of Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) is a verbatim repetition of …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 145-146

„… of Crimes against International Law.Mental elementUnlike in Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome …” „… anti-personnel mines;see also Zimmermann, in Neuner (ed.), National Legislation Incorporating InternationalCrimes …” „… Statute, no specific mental elementwas included for the perpetration of this crime. Nor does the draft …”

Scope of application S. 70-73

„… relevant provision in the German Code of Crimes against International Law.The provision criminali?ing the …” „… (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes, at 236 et seq.70International basis of the …” „… implementing the criminal provisions of the RomeStatute, the Code of Crimes against International Law mirrors …”

Mental element S. 145

„… of Crimes against International Law.Mental elementUnlike in Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome …” „… anti-personnel mines;see also Zimmermann, in Neuner (ed.), National Legislation Incorporating InternationalCrimes …” „… Statute, no specific mental elementwas included for the perpetration of this crime. Nor does the draft …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85-86

„… and the Code of Crimes against International Law. The examination of these provisions has shown that …” „… Statute by means of the German Codeof Crimes against International Law is not merely an expression of …” „… crime the perpetrator is chargedwith.382 In instances, however, where merely a certain conduct is …”

Employment S. 89

„… international law.406 This has also been confirmed in the ICRC study.407 Furthermore, the …” „… poisonous gases.411 Notwithstanding, theuse of such prohibited weapons is considered a war crime.412Element …” „… of crime 1: The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogoussubstance or device.EmploymentAs in the …”

Introduction S. 176

„… extended analysis.906 For one, it is an area wherethe Code of Crimes against International Law deviates …” „… from the Rome Statute.Secondly, the issue of penali?ing war crimes committed in international as well …” „… contextual elements ofthe war crimes provisions on prohibited weapons. Unlike the mental element …”

Effects of the gas, substance or device S. 91-92

„… fulfilled the elements of a crime withinthe jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, it makes no …” „… Fischer et al.(eds.), International and National Prosecution of Crimes, p. 95, at 128 et seq. For …” „… respiratory system.Effects of the gas, substance or deviceAlso in the Element of crime of this provision, it …”

General Comment S. 127-128

„… Article 8 (2) (b) (xix) of the Rome Statute:War crime of employing bullets which expand orflatten …” „… Prokosch, 77 IRRC 1995, p. 411, at 412.590 Henckaerts, Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian …” „… international humanitarian law by U.N. troops.592 Neither the Statuteof the Yugoslavia Tribunal nor that of the …”

Mental Element S. 117-118

„… GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving come to the above conclusion with regard to …” „… examination ofthe relevant provision in the Code of Crimes against International Law. The provision …” „… the material Elements of crime to fulfil the required mentalelement at the same time. No specific …”

Decision taken at the Review Conference S. 195-196

„… weapons cannot yet be considered to be prohibited under customary international law.1018Decision taken at …” „… working group was set up to discuss the proposition and to comeB.1012 Cf. the ICRC International …” „… international community to reach atreaty on general and complete disarmament under article VI of [the] Treaty of …”

Included in an annex to the Statute S. 172-173

„… amendment by ratification;regarding all other States, the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over crimes …” „… International Criminal Court. The most prominent example of aprovision similar to the one discussed here is the …” „… one dealing with the crime of aggression,Article 5 (1) (d) of the Rome Statute, which according to …”

Relationship to Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 44-46

„… intended purpose and can therefore not be considered to be encompassed by this Element of crime. 139In …” „… Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law, marginal no. 1264.140 Green, in Delissen, Tanja (eds …” „… no. 178.142 Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law, marginal no. 1266. Cf. David …”

General Comment S. 147-148

„… phrased in the form of a generic clause. Itdenotes as a war crime[e]mploying weapons, projectiles and …” „… or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict …” „… "; Schabas, An Introductionto the International Criminal Court, at 126.711 See the discussion in the context …”

Asphyxiating or toxic properties S. 90-91

„… ' and 'materials'.418Element of crime 2: The gas, substance or device was such that it causes deathor …” „… ordeveloping rules of international law with respect to development, production, stockpiling and useof chemical …” „… the materials is reflected in the wording of this Element of crime,which, similarly to Element of …”

Subject of a comprehensive prohibition S. 165-172

„… customary international law] here is obvious",840 and in drafting theother war crimes provisions, the …” „… law, but onlyto include crimes already prohibited under international law"; Kirsch, Holmes, 93 AJIL …” „… Statute.Riot control agents are inherently indiscriminate in their effects.In violation of the international …”

Element of Crime 1: The perpetrator employed certain bullets. S. 128

„… servance of international humanitarian law by U.N. troops.592 Neither the Statuteof the Yugoslavia …” „… as well as duringthe drafting of the Elements of Crimes with regard to several issues relating to …” „… order to ascertain whetherany of them are encompassed by this criminal provision.Element of Crime 1: The …”

Mental element S. 125-126

„… criminal underSec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the Code of Crimes against International Law.Mental elementThe mental …” „… both on the international as well as the national level what biological andchemical weapons are; it is …” „… this crime need not be further explained.579 Yet, the explanation only refers to Germany's obligations …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute S. 70

„… relevant provision in the German Code of Crimes against International Law.The provision criminali?ing the …” „… (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes, at 236 et seq.70 …” „… depleted uranium.Implementation of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes …”

Introduction S. 70

„… relevant provision in the German Code of Crimes against International Law.The provision criminali?ing the …” „… (eds.), National Prosecution of International Crimes, at 236 et seq.70 …” „… depleted uranium.Implementation of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes …”

Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare S. 148-149

„… warfare. It was alsodecided not to bestow any Elements of crime on this provision yet.712 A …” „… bracketedcomment to this provision in the Elements of Crimes provides that "Elements willhave to be drafted once …” „… .712 Cf. Dörmann, Elements of War Crimes, at 297. Colombia had proposed Elements, PCNICC/1999/WGEC/DP …”

Substance S. 40

„… affect a person.Element of crime 2: The substance was such that it causes death or seriousdamage to …” „… health in the ordinary course of events, through its toxic properties.Whereas Element of crime 1 deals …” „… of which is criminal is dealtwith by Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome …”

Weapon that releases a substance as a result of its employment S. 40

„… affect a person.Element of crime 2: The substance was such that it causes death or seriousdamage to …” „… health in the ordinary course of events, through its toxic properties.Whereas Element of crime 1 deals …” „… of which is criminal is dealtwith by Element of crime 2 of Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii) of the Rome …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 1 of the CCAIL S. 85

„… and the Code of Crimes against International Law. The examination of these provisions has shown that …” „… crime the perpetrator is chargedwith.382 In instances, however, where merely a certain conduct is …” „… commission of a crime according to this section, the perpetrator musthave acted at least with dolus …”

Introduction S. 194-195

„… lay on thedefinition of the crime of aggression,1006 the weapons provisions were also part ofthe …” „… biological and chemical weapons as well as anti-personnel mines in both international and non-international …” „… blinding laser weapons,in both international and non-international armed conflicts.1009 Mexico raised …”

Of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or inherently indiscriminate S. 149-165

„… WesternInternational Law Review 1990-1991, at 13 et seq. See also Pringle, in Gutman, Rieff (eds.),Crimes of War, at …” „… 'Methods of warfare', on the other hand, is a term commonly found in international humanitarian law …” „… suffering' and'inherently indiscriminate' have a particular meaning in international humanitarianlaw that …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute S. 118

„… the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving come to the …” „… discussion will turn to an examination ofthe relevant provision in the Code of Crimes against International …”

Introduction S. 118

„… the Rome Statute in the GermanCode of Crimes against International LawIntroductionHaving come to the …” „… discussion will turn to an examination ofthe relevant provision in the Code of Crimes against International …”

List of Abbreviations S. 19-20

„… Court)BWC Biological Weapons ConventionBYIL British Yearbook of International LawCCAIL Code of Crimes …” „… List of AbbreviationsAJIL American Journal of International LawAP Additional ProtocolArt …” „… against International LawCTBT Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban TreatyCWC Chemical Weapons ConventionCYIL …”

Mental element S. 173

„… of the material jurisdiction ofthe International Criminal Court. Generally, it is a sign of …” „… mayprove "meaningless"; Kalivretakis, 15 Emory International Law Review 2001, at 705.900 Garraway, in Lee …” „… et al. (eds.), Elements of Crime, at 183.901 In any case, a mental element is necessary; see Werle …”

Aggravating circumstances S. 126

„… international law. Itis not, however, merely the wording that differs in the provisions examined. As hasbeen …” „… CCAIL in this regard is more modern and more reflectiveof customary international law than its …” „… international model.584 This means thatGerman prosecutors will be able to indict persons for the use of …”

Conclusion regarding the scope of application of Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 126

„… international law. Itis not, however, merely the wording that differs in the provisions examined. As hasbeen …” „… CCAIL in this regard is more modern and more reflectiveof customary international law than its …” „… international model.584 This means thatGerman prosecutors will be able to indict persons for the use of …”

Comparing Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii) of the Rome Statute and Sec. 12 (1) No. 2 of the CCAIL S. 126

„… international law. Itis not, however, merely the wording that differs in the provisions examined. As hasbeen …” „… CCAIL in this regard is more modern and more reflectiveof customary international law than its …” „… international model.584 This means thatGerman prosecutors will be able to indict persons for the use of …”

Scope of application S. 142

„… criminal law prior to theenactment of the Code of Crimes against International Law;690 for the use of …” „… criminal law. However, the use of dum-dum bullets was one of the particular examplesof international law …”

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Jarrett Blaustein, Tom Chodor, Nathan W. Pino - Unraveling the Crime-Development Nexus

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Jarrett Blaustein, Tom Chodor, Nathan W. Pino

Unraveling the Crime-Development Nexus

2022

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Chapter Five International Crime in the Crisis Decades S. 105-124

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Katalin Ligeti, Kei Hannah Brodersen - Studies on Enforcement in Multilevel Regulatory Systems

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Katalin Ligeti (ed.), Kei Hannah Brodersen (ed.)

Studies on Enforcement in Multilevel Regulatory Systems

Series: Luxemburger Juristische Studien - Luxembourg Legal Studies

Volume 24 2022

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Nicole Citeroni Chapter 11. International economic crimes in the Rome Statute? Reflections on multilevel enforcement of international criminal law S. 239-262

„… the Rome Statute’s multilevel enforcement system for international economic crimesTwo multilevel …” „… economic crimes.International economic crimes challenging the Rome Statute’s multilevel enforcement …” „… offence, not only for international economic crimes.Furthermore, among the binding orders issued by the …”

Kelly Blount Chapter 4. Expanding traditional enforcement designs to actors across the public-private divide: the example of criminal law S. 73-96

„… , Alternative Systems of Crime Control; National, Transnational, and International Dimensions, 5, 27.19 Zedner …” „… addresses enforcers and enforcement in the context of crime control and criminal law. Recent decades have …” „… witnessed a shift toward prioritising security against crime threats in the public sphere. Crime control …”

Carsten Ullrich Chapter 10. Online platform responsibility and unlawful content in the EU: multilevel, multi-actor complexities of internet regulation in the Digital Single Market S. 211-236

„… mixing content and infrastructural regulation, private and public, national and international law …” „… Financial Crime Risks in E-Commerce’ [2020] Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies …” „… Haas, ‘Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination’ (1992) 46 …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… regulatory systemsPart III.International economic crimes in the Rome Statute? Reflections on multilevel …” „… the public-private divide: the example of criminal lawChapter 4.73Kelly BlountEnforcing international …” „… enforcement of international criminal lawChapter 11.239Nicole CiteroniSelf-placement: mitigating the silo …”

Katalin Ligeti, Kei Hannah Brodersen, Panagiotis Zinonos Chapter 1. Introduction S. 7-24

„… IntroductionKatalin Ligeti, Professor of European and International Criminal Law,University of …” „… legislation (national, supranational, international) which ultimately necessitate Multilevel Enforcement …” „… supranational, and/or the international actors involved.1 Enforcement thereby refers to various actions, schemes …”

Simona Demková Chapter 9. Enforcing remedies: the challenges of automatisation for effective oversight S. 185-210

„… ) 27 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 91, 94–5; Margarita Robles Carrillo …” „… palmprints, which are often collected in strenuous conditions, such as those at crime scenes.40 Similarly …” „… Democratic Legitimacy Symposium’ (2015) 51 Stanford Journal of International Law 19, 34.39 Evelien Brouwer …”

Dimitrios Kafteranis Chapter 2. Tower of Babel: Enforcement in the EU S. 27-50

„… ’ in Mitsilegas and Wortman (eds), Whistleblowing, Transparency and Criminal Law: A Comparative …” „… abundance of sectorial legislation and the B.46 CJEU, Case C-438/05, 11 12 2007, The International Transport …” „… , national administrations or competent authorities, even international organisations, to name few.55 All …”

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Stefan Brüne, Hans-Georg Ehrhart, Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven - Frankreich, Deutschland und die EU in Mali

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Stefan Brüne (ed.), Hans-Georg Ehrhart (ed.), Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven (ed.)

Frankreich, Deutschland und die EU in Mali

Series: Studien zur Friedensethik

Volume 52 2015

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Winrich Kühne West Africa and the Sahel in the Grip of Organized Crime and International Terrorism. Why the UN, EU and Germany should Prepare for a Long Stay S. 111-134

„… 111 West Africa and the Sahel in the Grip of Organized Crime and International Terrorism. Why the …” „… international public witnessed a notable change in the German approach to international peace and security …” „… longer be the primary guiding line regarding Germany’s involvement in international crisis prevention and …”

Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven Mali vor dem nächsten Krieg? Mangelnde Gemeinwohlorientierung als politische Herausforderung der Befriedung Malis S. 179-202

„… entschlossenes Handeln im In- und Ausland gefeiert. Entgegen der auch in der internationalen Presse weit …” „… Hauptstadt Bamako. Der International Crisis Group zufolge wollten die Djihadisten den Flughafen und die …” „… - 1 Die International Crisis Group bezieht sich dabei auf Interviews mit Diplomaten und ausländischen …”

European Union External Action Service. Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel S. 235-246

„… them prone to cooperate with AQIM or organized crime for financial reasons or to be radicalized and …” „… activities of AQIM and organised crime networks. The desert regions of all three countries have a history of …” „… of the international community (including the EU), coherent and systematic action linking political …”

Auswahlbibliographie S. 247-250

„… & International Affairs. 1995, (Bd. 9/Ausg. 1), S. 15-35. Lacher, Wolfram. Organized Crime and Conflict in the …” „… Intervention by Invitation in the Malian Conflict. In: Leiden Journal of International Law. 2013, (Bd. 26/Ausg …” „… Liberal Peace in Mali? The Limits of International Military Intervention. In: Journal of Intervention and …”

Silvia Danielak Border Management in post-crisis Mali. Challenges and Opportunities for Peacebuilding and Development S. 135-158

„… existence (or non-existence) and management of international borders are crucial factors to consider. In …” „… -in-mali-its-abalancing-act-between-peace-and-reconciliation-.html. [30.4.2014] Silvia Danielak 136 The relevance of international boundaries becomes even more …” „… management have for long been neglected by policymakers on the national and international level, and that, in …”

Julian Junk Strategische Untiefe und Gestaltungsunwillen. Eine Analyse der deutschen Unterstützung des französischen Mali-Einsatzes S. 79-96

„… , Winrich. West Africa and the Sahel in the Grip of Organized Crime and International Terrorism – What …” „… Crime and International Terrorism – What Perspectives for Mali after the Elections? Strategische Untiefe …” „… 22 Kühne, West Africa and the Sahel in the Grip of Organized Crime and International Terrorism …”

Abkürzungsverzeichnis S. 9-12

„… 9 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AFISMA African-led International Support Mission to Mali AFRICOM …” „… für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Abkürzungsverzeichnis 10 Greffa Groupe de recherche, d’étude …” „… Malis (seit 2013) ICJ International Court of Justice IED improvised explosive device IfS …”

Assemblée nationale. La feuille de route de la transition fait l’unanimité S. 203-214

„… constitutionnel. Sous la pression de la communauté nationale et internationale et suite à la médiation de la …” „… félicite du soutien de l’ensemble de la communauté internationale pour la reconquête du Nord et le …” „… internationale de soutien au Mali (MISMA) aux forces nationales de défense et de sécurité permet d’envisager, à …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… of Organized Crime and International Terrorism. Why the UN, EU and Germany should Prepare for a …” „… internationalen Ordnung gedient, in der Sicherheit, Wahrung der Gerechtigkeit und Achtung der Menschenrechte für …”

Communiqué of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 449th meeting on the situation in Mali S. 229-234

„… to the international partners, for their efforts towards the promotion of sustainable peace, security …” „… satisfaction the engagement of the international partners in support of the ongoing process, whose successful …” „… transnational organized crime and its links with terrorism, and notes the difficult situation prevailing in …”

Christopher Holshek Learning from More than Mali. The Primacy of Civil Authority in Security Sector Development and Assistance S. 97-110

„… , the main source of tension remains, as the International Crisis Group framed it, “the major divisions …” „… , http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/07/10/people_power_human_security_iraq. [31 July 2014] 3 International Crisis Group. Mali …” „… they are on track... Concerted international action is needed to address the root causes of instability …”

Gerard F. Powers The Ethics of Intervention S. 159-178

„… international community, France and other countries bear no or only minimal moral obligations to Malians or …” „… to pursuit of the international common good, defined in terms of …” „… terpretations of self-defense under art. 51 of the UN Charter. See Gray, Christine. International Law and the …”

Hans-Georg Ehrhart Zwischen Aufstandsbekämpfung und Stabilisierung. Frankreich, die EU und der Formenwandel der Gewalt am Beispiel Mali. S. 35-66

„… . West Africa and the Sahel in the Grip of Organized Crime and International Terrorism – Why the UN, EU …” „… Akteure, um mich anschließend der Reaktion der internationalen Gemeinschaft zu widmen. Es folgt die …” „… nichtinternationale bewaffnete Konflikt. Im Unterschied zum internationalen bewaffneten Konflikt zwischen Staaten …”

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