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Jonathan Lewy - Drugs in Germany and the United States, 1819-1945

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Jonathan Lewy

Drugs in Germany and the United States, 1819-1945

Series: Wissen über Waren - Historische Studien zu Nahrungs- und Genussmitteln

Volume 2 2017

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Fighting the Drug Trade S. 259-286

„… Fighting the Drug Trade Prohibition divided America, with Wets and Drys struggling mightily against …” „… later, known as the war on drugs. The first anti-drug law passed by the federal government was the …” „… drugs shared several important features with the national prohibition on alcohol passed later that …”

German Drug Laws and Enforcement S. 129-148

„… German Drug Laws and Enforcement Efforts by German authorities to control the trade and use of …” „… poisons could only be acquired with a legal prescription.438 The law did not forbid drug use, limiting its …” „… , could order morphine and other drugs from Germany, and then only with the approval of the colonial …”

The Birth of Drug Addiction S. 67-92

„… The Birth of Drug Addiction Going back at least two millennia, physicians warned that opium could …” „… to the nervous system, opium was the natural medical treatment, as it was the drug with the strongest …” „… poisoning, be it from mercury, lead, arsenic or snake venom, and prescribed the versatile drug for treating …”

“Gay Weimar” and the Third Reich S. 107-128

„… alliances.366 No German Arnold Rothstein or Lucky Luciano ever set the stage for large drug-smuggling …” „… lewd dancer, and incorporated drugs and sex into her performances in ways few had done before. Her …” „… .351 Similar police indifference was exhibited toward the drug of choice in Celly de Rheydt’s …”

Moral Diseases S. 209-240

„… . Tracy and Caroline Jean Acker, “Psychoactive Drugs—An American Way of Life” in Altering American …” „… attitude toward drugs, but it was hardly the sole reason Americans learned to loathe them. Toward the turn …” „… , but as a moral evil as well, leading to widespread belief that drugs were, simply put, bad. The result …”

Meat vs. Rice S. 165-184

„… ), 175-180. 557 John C. Burnham, Bad Habits: Drinking, smoking, Taking Drugs, Gambling, Sexual Misbehavior …” „… Remedies: Narcotic Drugs in British Society, 1820-1930 (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human …” „… Road of Excess: A History of Writers on Drugs (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2002). 167 wrote …”

Introduction S. 11-32

„… Introduction A specter is haunting the United States – the specter of drug use, misuse and …” „… , Americans have learned to prosecute, fear and loathe drugs, at the same time as they have come to love and …” „… consume them. According to a 2014 estimate, nearly 1 in 10 Americans used drugs on a regular basis.1 That …”

Conclusions S. 299-310

„… about the United States. Drunkenness or drug use only aggravated the punishment a criminal could expect …” „… from the court. American physicians had no inclination to plead in favor of drug users before judges …” „… simply refused to treat addicts, leaving policemen and jailors to arrest them. Drug addiction in Germany …”

Treatment vs. Incarceration S. 287-298

„… Washington over whether incarceration or treatment offered a better chance of curing the drug ills plaguing …” „… predetermined fate of those caught with illicit drugs. Though hardly available to all, medical treatment was …” „… offered to few drug addicts, with the full backing of the federal government, as an alternative to …”

The Birth of a Panic S. 185-208

„… the title of Harry H. Kane’s 1881 book, “Drugs that Enslave.” The United States, built on the premise …” „… Virginia Berridge, Opium and the People: Opiate Use and Drug Control Policy in Nineteenth and Early …” „… American, with tales of the decadent nature of the drug and the criminals who dealt with them.622 Sir …”

Treating a Biological Enemy S. 149-164

„… lawmaking and law enforcement in the Third Reich. The general omission of drug addicts from such …” „… people deemed to be defective, yet even the worst drug offenders suffered little for their crimes, at …” „… drug laws were generally devoid of racial and hygienic rhetoric. Even after the Third Reich began …”

Bibliography S. 311-334

„… ). Bibliography 312 Bishop, Ernest S., The Narcotic Drug Problem (New York, 1981 [1920]). Bleuler, Eugen, Der …” „… [1905]). Coxe, John R., The American Dispensatory (Philadelphia, 1818). “Crazed by Drugs” New York Times …” „… (8 March 1887). Crothers, Thomas D., Morphinism and Narcomanias from other Drugs, their Etiology …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Drugs in Germany and the United States, 1819–1945 The Birth of Two Addictions Nomos Jonathan Lewy …” „… Steinberg Band 2 BUT_Lewy_3284-5.indd 2 01.12.16 12:59 Jonathan Lewy Drugs in Germany and the United …” „… 2011 Original title: Drug Policy as an Ideological Challenge: Germany and the United States from the …”

Diminished Responsibility S. 93-106

„… Diminished Responsibility The evolving debate in Germany over the nature of alcohol and drug …” „… under any circumstances. Any person experiencing hallucinations caused by drugs or alcohol, in fact …” „… sentences to drug users and addicts for violating Paragraph 367 of the Reich Penal Code, which primarily …”

Index S. 335-338

„… Manufacturing of Narcotic Drugs 138 Conti, Leonardo 123, 145 coolie 168, 169, 172 Coxe, John Redman 67 Crothers …” „… , Malcolm 135 dolantin 120, 123 Doyle, Arthur Conan 186 drug plague 108 drug smuggling 108, 135, 139, 143 …”

Age of Prohibition S. 241-258

„… particularly concerned with the fact that ardent spirits, as 836 David T. Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs …” „… ?])” reproduced in David F. Musto (ed.), Drugs in America: A Documentary History (New York: New York University …” „… , Smoking, Taking Drugs, Gambling, Sexual Misbehavior, and Swearing in American History (New York: New York …”

The Drinking Disease S. 33-66

„… ., 88, 96-97, 112. 79 Marcus Boon, The Road of Excess: A History of Writers on Drugs (Cambridge: Harvard …” „… with the medical misuse of these drugs.87 As a representative of traditional medicine – an eclectic …” „… Half of the 19th Century,” 161. 88 Andreas-Holger Maehle, Drugs on Trial: Experimental Pharmacology and …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845276380

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Scott M. Deitche

Hitmen

2022

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Ch04. The Drug Game S. 33-42

„… familial and criminal connections to take control of a chunk (though not all) of the Mafia-connected drug …” „… in and around the various rackets, especially in the drug game. Like the Mafia, the Gang had …” „… , to maximize the profits, and to leverage effi-ciencies. “Raw drugs in large quantities have to be …”

Ch09. The Viserto Drug Trial S. 81-86

„… 81Charles Ford was a low-level Harlem-based drug dealer in the late 1960s. In early 1970, he met …” „… of their meetings that if Ford could not come up with the • 9 •The Viserto Drug Trial82 Hitmenmoney …” „… . The task force followed the various operatives and some of the drugs well across state lines. The …”

Ch11. A Killing on Thunderboat Row S. 95-106

„… the trade originating from or originating in south-ern drug-source countries.”5For criminals in South …” „… also the old guard of the Cuban crime groups, the drug game had changed from what they had been …” „… craze was the new game in town, and the power center for organized drug syndicates moved. The gangsters …”

Ch01. Origins S. 1-10

„… concentrated in East Har-lem “dictate pretty generally how the drug traffic, gambling and other illegal sources …” „… “La Cosa Nostra members and their associates stay away from the drug trafficking crime matrix.”164 …” „… HitmenSince the early 1900s. the Mafia and the extended mob have been major players in the drug trade. And …”

Notes S. 127-150

„… distribute the Cuban Connection drugs throughout the Midwest.23. FBI, Special Agent in Charge, New York Field …” „… ,” https://www.dea.gov/task-forces.39. Bruce E. Jensen, “The Task Force, Impulse and Impact,” Drug Enforcement, March 1976.40. One of …” „… /archives/tramunti-is-charged-43-are-indicted-in-drug-dealing.html.44. Newsday, The Heroin Trail.45. The Beef East was located …”

Ch12. The Crackdown S. 107-112

„… , and poor urban policy. In these neighborhoods and street blocks, the drug game was an everyday part of …” „… life. The early to mid-1990s were awash with stories of Colombian drug cartels, street gangs such as …” „… the Bloods and the Crips, and Jamaican posses turning these cities throughout America into drug havens …”

Bibliography S. 151-170

„… .Asbury Park Press. “Reputed Drug Dealer Slain in Private Manhattan Club.” Decem-ber 4, 1975.Associated …” „… Supreme Court of New York, Third Department.Berak, Barry. “Helicopter Crash Foils Drug Smuggler’s Prison …” „… Death and Drugs.” New York Times, December 16, 1977, Archives section. https://www.nytimes.com …”

Ch10. The Early 1980s S. 87-94

„… and the drug deal-ing, were ever present.Maurice Anzisi was the younger brother of John Anzisi, who …” „… murder and “Purple Gang members’ involvement in drug dealing and loan-sharking.”5Leo was caught on a …” „… The Early 1980s 89repeated questions about drug trafficking and the Anzisi murder, Leo kept silent …”

Ch02. What’s in a Name? S. 11-22

„… 11The dismantling of the Pleasant Avenue Connection drug operations and inroads into the …” „… cocaine, some of the younger associates who were peripheral parts of the larger mob drug opera-tions moved …” „… , kidnapping, and performing “drug-related contract murders.”3 They were described as everything from “like a …”

Ch03. A Capacity for Violence S. 23-32

„… 23The early years of the Purple Gang’s appearance on the drug scene were a tumultuous era for many …” „… of the mob-linked drug syndicates operating in New York City, including the ones operating in East …” „… to an elite hit squad for hire in the underworld. “There were a lot of blood spat-tered, drug …”

Preface

„… HitmenHitmenThe Mafia, Drugs, and the East Harlem Purple GangScott M. DeitcheROW M A N & LI T T …” „… . Title: Hitmen : the mafia, drugs, and the East Harlem Purple Gang / Scott M. Deitche. Description …” „… , contract killings, and drug operations, and became the farm team for the Mafia. Hitmen uncovers their …”

Index S. 171-178

„… Gang in, 10, 12, 18, 19, 23–25, 27, 30-31, 51, 88–90Brooklyn, 58–59, 66, 97, 117, 127n1, 133n15; drug …” „… Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), 7, 9Burnstein, Izzy, 11Burnstein, Scott, 12Bushwick, 127n …” „… drug traffickers, 4–5Costenza, Michael, 21, 28Coumoutos, George, 129n48Index 173COVID, 139n9, 148n2 …”

Ch05. Rockland County S. 43-50

„… and his son Joseph were partners in a drug operation with the legendary Mafia turncoat Joseph Valachi …” „… , the similarities between his killing and recent Purple Gang murders and upheaval in the drug field …” „… , coupled with Pagano’s history in the drug trade, were enough for police to speculate that drugs could have …”

Ch13. The Michael Meldish Murder S. 113-120

„… members on the street, was still “selling drugs and shylocking, amongst other rackets like extortion.”1 He …” „… an additional year of supervised release. In addition, Meldish was ordered to participate in a drug …” „… in 1995 after serving his sentence for his 1976 drug conviction and a subsequent conviction for …”

Ch14. The Leaders of the Families S. 121-126

„… up on the streets of East Harlem and ran drugs with Sisca and members of the Pleasant Avenue …” „… his role in the 1991 Sisca-connected drug operation, Squitieri was made a capo.When Gambino boss Peter …” „… “toiled in relative obscurity for years, selling drugs in New Jersey for Gotti’s crew and becoming a made …”

Ch07. .22-Caliber Killers S. 59-74

„… prosecutors, led police to the location of the jewels.13Palermo was reported to have been involved with drug …” „… had a tangential connection to the Purple Gang and the drug trade but that is not part of the .22 …” „… with another of his criminal clients, Harlem drug kingpin Frank Lucas, whom Gallina represented in one …”

Ch08. The Shopping Spree S. 75-80

„… Florida to the terrorists in exchange for drugs smuggled in to the mob guys.”9These ties and the assertion …” „… indict him on drug charges, going all the way back to the start of his criminal career to put the case …” „… inside look at how the Purple Gang ran their drug operations. …”

Photospread

„… Site of the Regency Social Club. Anthony Lombardi, a drug supplier to the Gang, was killed in here …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538153574

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Christy Martin

Fighting for Survival

2022

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17 Sex, Drugs, and Videotapes S. 215-224

„… 215C h a p t e r s e v e n t e e nsex, drugs, and videotapesSeveral months after my pursuit of …” „… I’d been against using drugs. I tried marijuana in high school, but I didn’t like the high. Same with …” „… more paydays, which I still thought was possible if I could get off drugs and into fighting shape.This …”

Index S. 273-286

„… 273i n d e xabortion, 48–51abuse: drug, 226; emotional, 202, 216, 236; physical, 216, 236; sex …” „… , drugs, videotapes relating to, 217–18, 254; of women, 1, 6, 13. See also domestic abuse; sexual abuse …” „… attack, 2California State Athletic Commission, 261Camacho, Hector “Macho,” 58, 150cameras, sex, drugs …”

18 A Champion Again, But Not for Long S. 225-234

„… drug abuse capital of a state overwhelmed by the growing opioid crisis that was starting to sweep …” „… across America. Welcome home, Christy.West Virginia was a ripe environment for drug abuse, because of the …” „… , painkillers became first a staple of life in the state and in short order grew into a major cause of drug …”

4 How’d I Get Myself into a Toughman Contest? S. 39-52

„… someone out and the crowd reacts is better than any drug. That’s why the first thing I thought of when …” „… I’d bought in the drugstore. I just decided I had to find out, so I went into the bathroom. I knew the …”

Preface

„… the Count and Ashamed of How I Got There 18516 No Place to Run, No Place to Hide 20117 Sex, Drugs, and …”

3 The Thing We Carry, the Things We Hide S. 29-38

„… mechanisms.I have an addictive personality, so when you added alcohol, and later drugs, to the equation along …”

20 One Life Ends and So Does Another S. 249-260

„… I’d abused my body with drugs? Was it the stress from the murder attempt, the upcoming trial, and the …”

9 The Fight That Legitimized Me and Women’s Boxing S. 105-118

„… a disease that affected only gay men and intravenous drug users. Morrison was neither. What he was …”

1 Dead on the Floor S. 1-14

„… . Repeat.Jim was the one who had introduced drugs into my life, although if I’m honest about it, he didn’t make …”

6 Meeting My Mentor . . . and My Menace S. 67-80

„… strippers or small-time drug dealers. Maybe they weren’t, but it looked that way to me.The October fight …”

doi.org/10.5771/9781538153598

Ulla Pape, Heino Stöver, Ingo Ilja Michels - Social Work and Health in Prisons

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Ulla Pape (ed.), Heino Stöver (ed.), Ingo Ilja Michels (ed.)

Social Work and Health in Prisons

Series: Drogenkonsum in Geschichte und Gesellschaft | Drug Use in History and Society

Volume 7 2023

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Hang Su 8 Compulsory Drug Treatment in China S. 149-160

„… Compulsory Drug Treatment in ChinaHang SuIntroductionA compulsory drug rehabilitation centre is a …” „… location where drug users are placed in mandatory isolation while receiving specialised drug treatment from …” „… the public security authorities.Legal FrameworkThe compulsory drug rehabilitation system is a legal …”

Mariya Prilutskaya 9 Compulsory Drug Treatment in Kazakhstan S. 161-188

„… Compulsory Drug Treatment in KazakhstanMariya Prilutskaya, PhD, KazakhstanIntroductionDespite the …” „… success in implementing the evidence-based, multidisciplinary support approaches in drug addiction …” „… medicine, at best only one in six people who might benefit from drug dependence treatment has access to …”

Tynchtyk Estebes Uulu 11 Legal and Regulatory Frameworks of Social Work with Drug Users in Kyrgyzstan S. 219-234

„… illicit manufacturing of drugs.In the field of harm reduction, there are a number of trends that cause …” „… HIV infection among people who inject drugs.Tasks of the needle and syringe exchange programme include …” „… factor in HIV prevention among people who inject drugs.According to the Republican Centre of Psychiatry …”

Heino Stöver, Jarkyn Shadymanova 12 Syringe Exchange Points in the Penitentiary System of Kyrgyzstan S. 235-256

„… drug users.Kyrgyzstan is on one of the largest drug-smuggling routes from Afghanistan, which leads to …” „… . Prisoners can visit and exchange syringes without showing other prisoners that they are using drugs.The NGO …” „… carried out among people who inject drugs.The main goal of the programme is to prevent the spread of HIV …”

Authors’ Biographies S. 299-305

„… using drugs. Cholpon Omurkanova is director of the Public Foundation “Egl”. From April 2011 to June 2021 …” „… research projects, including the Central Asia Drug Action Programme (CADAP) and in the study “Needs and …” „… gaps in treatment and rehabilitation for people who use drugs in selected countries of EECA.” Zhyldyz …”

Glossary S. 297-298

„… Opioid substitution therapy297PWID People Who Inject DrugsPRI Penal Reform InternationalRAC Republican …” „… TherapyCADAP Central Asia Drug Action ProgrammeCESCR Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural RightsCF …” „… Policy ResearchIDU Injection drug usersIFSW International Federation of Social WorkersLEAHN Law …”

Heino Stöver, Ingo Ilja Michels 14 Medication-Assisted Treatment in Prisons S. 271-296

„… Medication-Assisted Treatment in PrisonsHeino Stöver, Ingo Ilja MichelsIntroduction: Drug Use of …” „… People Living in PrisonsDrug use remains endemic among incarcerated populations (EMCDDA, 2022). In 2019 …” „… drugs (Aebi & Tiago, 2020; Royuela et al., 2021 Kolind and Duke, 2016; Walmsley, 2018;). In Europe, the …”

Zhyldyz Bakirova, Tynchtyk Estebes Uulu, Simon Fleißner, Ulla Pape, Heino Stöver, Hang Su 13 Naloxone as Overdose Prevention in the Prison Setting and in the Community. A Comparison of the Situation in Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and China S. 257-270

„… health issue. Globally, an estimated 500,000 deaths in 2017 were related to drug use. Of these, the …” „… during such an overdose can be easily summarised. These are, on the one hand, the drug users themselves …” „… is appropriate for naloxone education. Contact with drug users is a given, and the ability to provide …”

Ulla Pape, Heino Stöver, Ingo Ilja Michels 1 Introduction: Social Work and Health in Prisons – Key Challenges and Developments S. 9-16

„… hotspots of growing drug use and HIV epidemics (Walcher, 2005; Thorne et al., 2010; Vagenas et al., 2013 …” „… Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is the global custodian of the UN Standard Minimum Rules …” „… , collaboration focuses on HIV/AIDS prevention and care initiatives among drug users in prison settings (UNODC …”

Dinara Yessimova, Mariya Prilutskaya, Dalida Mukasheva, Medet Kudabekov, Sandugash Ismagulova, Zhanar Shaidullina 5 Kazakhstan: Social Work and Health in the Penitentiary System S. 67-100

„… for alcohol, drug, and toxic addiction (Information of the Commissioner for Human Rights [Ombudsman …” „… organisational procedures for HIV and tuberculosis prevention, drug addiction treatment in prisons, sanitary and …” „… high as 3.6%. The majority of HIV cases stem from injection transmission due to drug addictions …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Drogenkonsum in Geschichte und Gesellschaft l 7Drug Use in History and SocietyUlla Pape | Heino …” „… ChinaDrogenkonsum in Geschichte und GesellschaftDrug Use in History and SocietyHerausgegeben von | Edited byProf. Dr …” „… infection rates, gender-specific needs, mental health and drug use disorders, education levels, vocational …”

Jarkyn Shadymanova, Nurgul Musaeva, Eric Orosaliev, Cholpon Omurakunova 6 Kyrgyzstan: Social Work and Health in the Penitentiary System S. 101-128

„… attract qualified personnel. Increasing crime, distribution and use of drugs, as well as violence among …” „… HIV infection, 83 persons (0.95%) with drug dependence, 22 persons (0.3%) with alcohol dependence …” „… cannot get out on their own. These include:• the disabled, the elderly, and pensioners,• oppressed drug …”

Ulla Pape, Heino Stöver 2 The Global Framework for Social Work and Health in Prisons S. 17-42

„… , alcohol and drug addiction, and mental health problems (Matejkowski et al., 2014). In his seminal study …” „… (Bouloukos and Dammann, 2001). Within the UN framework, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC …” „… diseases, as well as for drug dependence. Within the Mandela Rules, an important principle is that of …”

Hang Su 4 China: Social Work and Health in the Penitentiary System S. 55-66

„… after their imprisonment. Prisons are often drug swamps too. Many inmates are already addicted to drugs …” „… lowing areas. Firstly, elderly prisoners and those with a history of drug addiction are currently the …” „… main groupings of unwell inmates. Illness primarily affects elderly prisoners and drug users (Zhang GR …”

Sergey Soshnikov, Heino Stöver 7 Uzbekistan: Social Work and Health in the Penitentiary System S. 129-148

„… Drugs and Crime, 2008). This included providing training and support to crisis centres and shelters for …” „… ).Moczydłowski, P. (2015). Kyrgyzstan’s experiences in counteracting illegal drug trade, in drug prevention and …” „… in therapy for drug addicts in the penitentiary system, PJOC, 1, available at: https://doi.org …”

Dalida Mukasheva, Medet Kudabekov, Dinara Yessimova, Nurlan Tulkinbayev, Anna Konvisar 10 Resocialisation Programmes in Kazakhstan S. 189-218

„… drugs and have various infectious diseases. Overall, 40% of inmates suffer from mental disorders. The …” „… programmes, including anti-drug and alcohol programmes or other forms of social activities (Legal Policy …” „… various interrelated problems, including health, poverty, drug use and stigma. Moreover, we have analysed …”

Ulla-Britt Klankwarth, Simon Fleißner 3 Women in Prisons and the Bangkok Rules – A Practical Guide for Social Workers S. 43-54

„… ), Resolution 45/110. UN, New York and Geneva.UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2007). Handbook …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748935988

Sascha G. Wolf - Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany

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Sascha G. Wolf

Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 6 2009

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Development of Drug Expenditure S. 46-48

„… conclusion.3.2. Development of Drug ExpenditureWith around € 25 billion, the drug sales volume29 of the …” „… and 2005 drug disbursements have increased by more than 230 %. In contrast, German GDP has increased …” „… by only 160 % (nominal values). Especially within the last decade, the drug expenditure development …”

List of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… : Pharmaceutical Indication AreasAnalg. Analgetics / AntirheumaticsAnti-Park. Anti-Parkinson DrugsAntiall …” „… . Psychotropic drugsSex H. Sex Hormones and Related AgentsThyroid Thyroid PreparationsUrolog. UrologicalsVenous …”

Reference Pricing as an Insufficient Surrogate for Market Competition S. 70-73

„… generic competition on the price level of branded drugs are low or at least controversial. Besides the …” „… . If people do not have to pay the entire drug price out-ofpocket, but only a small proportional …” „… programs for reimbursable drugs into their social health insurance systems. The objectives are always the …”

The Exogenous Variables S. 51-58

„… ? ated with the Pharmaceutical Price Index (year 2000 = 100 %).39Endogenous variable: Real SHI-Drug …” „… exogenous determinants for drug expenditure: age structure of the population and technological progress …” „… infantile drug usage due to children’s diseases and a temporarily boost between an age of 15 to 19 (mainly …”

Generic Competition S. 68-70

„… patent expires, generic replacement drugs may enter the market. Generics are exact copies of original …” „… branded drugs and contain the same active chemical ingredients. The existence of those perfect substitutes …” „… for the 18 high sales-volume branded drugs they investigated increased by an average of 7 % one year …”

The Endogenous Variable S. 50-51

„… very popular. Their bad reputation is based on the perception of electors, who say that many drugs are …” „… development of the SHI’s drug expenditure by using an econometric approach and by paying special consideration …” „… . The Endogenous VariableWe try to explain the SHI’s pharmaceutical expenditure (drug costs which are …”

Introduction S. 15-16

„… established extensive regulatory framework, which in? uences almost all parts of drug provisions, has failed …” „… drug costs have been intensively researched; and there exist few empirical surveys which consider the …” „… , although drug costs development has been a major concern for policy makers for many years. Most ? ndings …”

Data S. 25-26

„… market, Buchner (2002) found that the SHI drug expenditure pro-? le remained almost constant between 1988 …” „… health. It can be supposed that some drugs are mainly prescribed for diseases which normally occur in the …” „… incrementally greater consumption at higher ages. If the trends of the various drugs cancel each other out …”

Results S. 34-37

„… drugs against non-chronic disturbances of health, but age-dependency increases continuously from groups …” „… development of these pro? les over time revealed whether drug usage in each group is characterised by the …” „… development in drug consumption in ratio to the development of average consumption in the same group. Figure …”

Reference Pricing S. 84-86

„… 0.6 0.45 1 0 0.350.5 0.5 0.43As we can see, quality of the generic drug decreases when = increases …” „… lowquality strategy and to compete via the price component. Diminishing quality of the generic drug would …” „… suggest increasing prices for the branded drug as well as decreasing prices for the generic version …”

Principal Components Analysis S. 26-32

„… 26uniform development of the whole drug market or diverse developments in market segments are …” „… assumed, it is essential to scrutinise whether the drug market must be subdivided. For this we apply …” „… expenditure data used stem from the SHI Drug Index, which distinguishes not only between gender and 19 age …”

Introduction S. 45-46

„… development of drug expenditure in Germany in the past. The almost linear growth trend proves that governments …” „… empirical observations. Finally, section 3.7 will state the conclusion.3.2. Development of Drug …” „… ExpenditureWith around € 25 billion, the drug sales volume29 of the “German Statutory Health Insurance System …”

Financing Pharmaceutical Expenditure by means of Medical Savings Accounts S. 87-89

„… coinsurance and RP, ? nancing drug provision via MSAs delivers more ef? cient results: increasing price …” „… to pay the whole drug price themselves as long as their MSA is not empty. But when the MSA is …” „… their MSA limit. In the case of ? = 1, total drug costs of the society are covered and in principle the …”

Basic Model: Coinsurance S. 76-79

„… increase in drug spending. Hence it can be supposed that increasing the cost-consciousness of patients …” „… brand-name drug (B) whose patent protection has already expired. The competitor offers a bioequivalent …” „… generic copy (G) of the brand-name drug. There exists a continuum of consumers distributed uniformly by …”

Model Specification II: Error Correction Model S. 60-64

„… co-payments of the insurants obviously in? uence drug expenditure, whereas the effects of income on …” „… supposed that drug expenditure are also affected by trends due to technological progress which is not …” „… improved medical treatments, but drug consumption does not vary with short-term changes in income. This is …”

Introduction S. 67-68

„… do not re? ect drug prices, but only their distance to an arbitrary determined indemnity tariff. On …” „… accomplish this, we use a vertical product differentiation model with two ? rms: one brandname drug producer …” „… conclusions.4.2. Generic CompetitionOnce a pharmaceutical patent expires, generic replacement drugs may enter …”

Conclusion S. 90-92

„… and health politics: the impact of population ageing on the development of drug expenditure; the …” „… approach in literature to identifying the impact of population ageing on the development of drug …” „… depending on what kinds of disturbances of health are affected: consumption of drugs against acute …”

Political Implications S. 42-44

„… drug expenditure. However, the analysis of the age-related consumption and expenditure pro? les …” „… exaggerated demand for reimbursable drugs. On the other hand, physicians have almost no incentive to impede …” „… demand-sided moral hazard welfare losses. Hence the decisive governor to ensure an appropriate level of drug …”

The Perspective of Public Choice S. 49-50

„… ? cations, e.g. the introduction of the drug budget in 1993 or the inclusion of patent-protected drugs into …” „… reference pricing excluded patented drugs and thus offered health care suppliers the possibility of …” „… circumventing price controls. Equally astonishing is that the same government which established the drug budget …”

Coinsurance S. 82-84

„… brand-name drug and its generic copy are qualitatively identical, but the manufacturers have the possibility …” „… brand-name drug had been highly pushed during its period of patent protection. Thus even after patent expiry …” „… experiences and brand awareness. The perceived quality of 83the branded drug is the benchmark for the generic …”

Alternative 1: Reference Pricing S. 79-81

„… branded and generic drug prices: PRP = ?PRPG + ?PRPB . ? and ? are exogenous weights. Thus the model is …” „… brand-name drug if (4.16)and . (4.17)80Contrarily, he buys the generic version if (4.18)and …” „… drug he has to pay the difference between reference price and manufacturer’s drug price.Once again we …”

Data S. 37-38

„… 37Figure 2.8: Standardised Per Capita Age-Related Drug Consumption Pro? les (Women) for 1988 and …” „… different developments of drug expenditure can be considered. Thus the prognosis rests upon the assumption …” „… insured people of 2004.2.5.2. MethodologyFor each age class of people for each drug group, a growth trend …”

Results S. 39-42

„… . ResultsBy the end of the projection period, drug expenditure will increase from around € 20.4 billion in …” „… results are presented in table A.2.1 in the appendix.40Although the degree of future drug expenditure …” „… in an increase of 22.76 % of total drug expenditure for men and 14.84 % for women. Thus the …”

More Competition via Medical Savings Accounts S. 73-76

„… brand-name drugs in Germany. Similar results were shown by Aronsson et al. (2001) for Sweden. Thus RP seems …” „… generic entry may lead to an increase of brand-name drugs’ prices. To recapitulate, RP suffers from three …” „… main shortcomings: ? rstly, it can only be applied to drugs for which generic alternatives with …”

Common Explanation Approach S. 48-49

„… 483.3. Common Explanation ApproachThis short overview of the development of drug expenditure in the …” „… suppliers – uncomfortable SHI-modi? cations, e.g. the introduction of the drug budget in 1993 or the …” „… inclusion of patent-protected drugs into the reference-price system in 2004.35 Consequently, one can adhere …”

Conclusion S. 44

„… impact of population ageing on the development of SHI’s drug expenditure in literature. By means of …” „… “age-dependency“ and “acuteness“ of diseases. Analysing the trends of the per capita age-related drug consumption …” „… pro? les, a strong indication can be found for the validity of the compression thesis for drugs …”

Medical Savings Accounts S. 86-87

„… confronted with the whole price of the drugs. When ? = 0, the system is equivalent to simple coinsurance, but …” „… , quantity of drug B remains constant: qB = qRPB = qMSAB = 0.5. Likewise, for drug G we obtain: qG = qMSAG …” „… Expenditure by means of Medical Savings AccountsCompared to coinsurance and RP, ? nancing drug provision via …”

Methodology S. 38-39

„… population to insured people of 2004.2.5.2. MethodologyFor each age class of people for each drug group, a …” „… objective of identifying the causes of the future drug expenditure development, special indicators are …” „… of the development of average drug disbursements. Future per-head expenditure results from: (2.1 …”

Model Specification I – First Differences S. 58-59

„… statistically signi? cant relationship between drug expenditure and political interests. We hypothesise the …” „… following relationship: . (3.1)Thus we assume that the amount of drug expenditure in year t per insured …” „… member (BWaget), the share of co-payments on total drug expenditure (CPayt) and politicians’ interests …”

Introduction S. 17-18

„… within the German Statutory Health Insurance System (SHI) by considering the impact of age on drug …” „… health care system. From a political point of view, the impact of age on drug expenditure is a matter of …” „… catalogue of the SHI. By means of grouping drugs whose members are characterised by common attributes, we …”

Bibliography S. 99-108

„… (1997), Reference Pricing and Physician Drug Budgets: The German Experience in Controlling …” „… Democracy, Harper and Row New York.Dranove, David (1989), Medicaid Drug Formulary Restrictions, Journal of …” „… Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Drug Act, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 35, pp …”

Conclusion S. 89

„… approved drugs in Germany, it is almost impossible for physicians and chemists, never mind patients, to …” „… judge the equality of drugs in each particular case. Therefore, purely informative group-building could …” „… ? rms, one brand-name drug producer whose patent has already expired and one generic competitor, it …”

Alternative 2: Medical Savings Accounts S. 81-82

„… . Alternative 2: Medical Savings AccountsNow we assume that a patient has to pay the whole drug price out of his …” „… still has deposits on his MSA, then he will buy the brand-name drug if (4.28)and . (4.29)He will …” „… competition, at least in the short run: in the strict sense, the brand-name drug and its generic copy are …”

Cluster Analysis S. 32-34

„… high values on component 2 but vary in regards to component 1. Thus they all represent drugs against …” „… over time revealed whether drug usage in each group is characterised by the medicalisation or the …” „… distortions. Consequently, the standardised pro? les re? ect the development in drug consumption in ratio to …”

Empirical Observations S. 64-66

„… : ? rstly, government is able to affect drug expenditure. Secondly, the cost-driving protagonists of the …” „… to cut drug expenditure down before elections, but afterwards it no longer had any reasons to prevent …” „… (? gure 3.7). Decreasing growth rates for drug expenditure in 1999 and 2000 and a higher frequency of …”

Empirical Evidence S. 23-25

„… the pharmaceutical market, Buchner (2002) found that the SHI drug expenditure pro-? le remained almost …” „… disturbances of health. It can be supposed that some drugs are mainly prescribed for diseases which normally …” „… there is an incrementally greater consumption at higher ages. If the trends of the various drugs cancel …”

Forecasting Health Care Expenditure – Review of the Literature S. 18-21

„… pharmaceutical catalogue of the SHI. By means of grouping drugs whose members are characterised by common …” „… empirical analysis. By means of principal components and cluster analysis, groups of drugs with similar …” „… outlook on SHI’s future drug disbursements will be accomplished. Section 2.6 evaluates the predictions in …”

Zusammenfassung / Abstract S. 9-10

„… failed to stop the growth of drug expenditure. This work tries to ? nd explanations for the cost …” „… model suggest the introduction of Medical Savings Accounts for achieving more ef? ciency in drug …”

Appendix S. 93-98

„… Age-Related Drug Consumption Pro? les (Men) for 1988 and 2003 (not standardised). 02040600 - 4 30 - 34 60 - 64 …” „… 97Figure A.2.6: Per Capita Age-Related Drug Consumption Pro? les (Women) for 1988 and 2003 (not …”

Results S. 59-60

„… population enforces drug consumption whereas higher co-payments entail demand reductions. For further …” „… the insurants obviously in? uence drug expenditure, whereas the effects of income on expenditure …”

Contents S. 11-12

„… Suspicion – a Public Choice Perspective 453.1. Introduction 453.2. Development of Drug Expenditure 463.3 …”

Conclusion S. 66

„… 66increase drug expenditure. However, before the elections of 2002 and 2005 local maxima of growth …”

Medicalisation Thesis S. 21-22

„… services due to technological progress, which constitutes, for example, new drugs, surgical procedures and …”

Compression Thesis S. 22-23

„… of health care services due to technological progress, which constitutes, for example, new drugs …”

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