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Judith Brockmann, Arne Pilniok, Hans-Heinrich Trute, Eike Westermann - Promovieren in der Rechtswissenschaft

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Judith Brockmann (ed.), Arne Pilniok (ed.), Hans-Heinrich Trute (ed.), Eike Westermann (ed.)

Promovieren in der Rechtswissenschaft

Series: Schriften der Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Graduate School of Law

Volume 1 2015

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Stephan Rixen Qualität rechtswissenschaftlicher Promotionen: Rahmenbedingungen, Kriterien, Verfahren S. 23-40

„… Promotions-Betreuungsverhältnisses, au- ßerdem äußere Anforderungen an die Begutachtung, etwa die Bedeutung strukturierter …” „… Qualität rechtswissenschaftlicher Promotionen: Rahmenbedingungen, Kriterien, Verfahren Stephan …” „… , Promotionen betreut und – auch außerhalb der eigenen Hochschule – mit Fragen der Sicherung wissenschaftlicher …”

Arne Pilniok, Hans-Heinrich Trute Die externe Governance der Promotionsphase: wer setzt die Standards? S. 137-160

„… Promotionsordnungen. Sie beste- 1. 11 Wissenschaftsrat, Anforderungen an die Qualitätssicherung der Promotion, WR- Drs …” „… http://www.hrk.de/uploads/tx_szconvention/Empfehlung_Qualitaetssicherung_Promotion_23042012.pdf (25.3.2015). 24 HRK, Zur Qualitätssicherung in Promotionsverfahren (Fn. 23), S. 2 …” „… Promotionsprogramme aus.27 Im Gegensatz zur Stellungnahme des Wissenschaftsrats werden – da die Promotion nicht nur …”

Marc Torka, Kai-Olaf Maiwald Die Krise als Normalfall. Zur Professionalisierung des Promovierens und der Promotionsbetreuung aus soziologischer Sicht S. 113-136

„… Rechtswissenschaft wie in der Rechtspraxis – zum Beispiel im Rahmen einer externen Promotion während einer Tätigkeit …” „… „freie“, „nebenberufliche“ und „externe“ Promotion in den Sozialwissenschaften aber durchaus üblich und …” „… Promotionsprogramme lebt von einer kaum begründungsbedürftigen Unterstellung eines Defizits der Promotionsbetreuung …”

Tilman Repgen „Rerum cognoscere causas“ – Überlegungen zum Promotionsstudium S. 11-22

„… , die Graduate-Phase, in der die Promotion mindestens zahlenmäßig die größte Rolle spielt. In …” „… zur Promotion zu ebnen, sondern nur einen, der vielleicht unserer Zeit in besonderer Weise angemessen …” „… Prüfungen einzubeziehen. Das gilt auch für die Promotion. Spielen die Inhalte des strukturierten …”

Jakob Tesch Promovieren in der Rechtswissenschaft – Bedingungen und Strukturen im Vergleich zu anderen Disziplinen S. 41-58

„… , http://www.hochschulkompass.de/promotion/suche-nach-promotionsmoeglichkeiten/erweiterte-suche (22.1.2015). 14 Wissenschaftsrat, Perspektiven der Rechtswissenschaft in Deutschland (Fn. 1). 15 …” „… eine kumulative Promotion in der Promotionsordnung vor. Die institutionelle Struktur des …” „… 2011 Übergangsquote und Promotionsintensität Absolute Zahlen über abgeschlossene Promotionen sagen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… macht die Qualität rechtswissenschaftlicher Promotionen aus und welche institutionellen Antworten gibt …” „… Ringen um die Gestaltung und Qualität der Promotionen in der Rechtswissenschaft so alt sind wie das …” „… , Kriterien und Verfahren der Promotion in der Rechtswissenschaft. Diesen Fragen widmet sich auch Jakob Tesch …”

Michelle Cottier „Bologna III“ als Beschleuniger: Aktuelle Entwicklungen des rechtswissenschaftlichen Doktorats in der Schweiz S. 75-100

„… / studium/doktorat/dls/hsg_sto_dls_d.pdf?fl=de (14.1.2015). 35 Verordnung über die Promotion zur Doktorin / zum Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft (Dr …” „… § 21 Abs. 3 und 4 Promotionsverordnung. 41 Basel: § 12 Promotionsordnung; Bern: Art. 11 …” „… Promotionsreglement; § 22 Promotionsverordnung. 42 Art. 37 PromO 07; Doktoratsprogramm in Rechtswissenschaft (DLS …”

Peter Tremp Forschungsorientierung als didaktische Leitidee – Studienstufen als curriculare Strukturierungen S. 101-112

„… . 1), S. 290. 4 Lundgren, Promotionen und Professionen, in: Schwinges (Hrsg.), Examen, Titel …” „… , Promotionen. Akademisches und staatliches Qualifikationswesen vom 13. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert, Basel 2007, S …” „… . 353. 5 Lundgren, Promotionen und Professionen (Fn. 4), S. 353. 101 Studiengänge an Universitäten …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845265407

Daniel Göler, Eckart D. Stratenschulte - Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik

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Daniel Göler (ed.), Eckart D. Stratenschulte (ed.)

Norm- und Regeltransfer in der europäischen Außenpolitik

Series: Schriftenreihe des Arbeitskreises Europäische Integration e.V.

Volume 99 2018

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Boris Litwin EU Democracy Promotion and Russia's Response S. 197-232

„… D) Norm- und Regeltransfer im östlichen Nachbarschaftsraum? EU Democracy Promotion and Russia …” „… short-term outlook on the Ukraine case. The European Union's Promotion of Democracy in the Eastern European …” „… define the very essence of the European Union."5 3 Smith, Karen (2001): The Promotion of Democracy, In …”

Ingrid Heidlmayr-Chegdaly Politische Liberalisierung in Marokko: Gestaltung der nationalen Reformagenda durch democratic governance und Demokratieförderung S. 169-196

„… . 1 Lavenex, Sandra/ Schimmelfennig, Frank (2011): EU democracy promotion in the neighbourhood. From …” „… ): Democracy promotion as external governance?, in: Journal of European Public Policy Nr. 16, S. 895–915. S …” „… ): Democracy promotion as external governance?, S. 896. Ingrid Heidlmayr-Chegdaly 170 zwischen Marokko und der …”

Katsiaryna Yakouchyk Governance Transfer by Non-Democratic Regional Organizations: The Case of the CSTO S. 233-256

„… Yakouchyk* Introduction Research on governance transfer has so far mostly focused on the promotion of …” „… was concentrated on the promotion of “good governance“ provisions both in the member states of an …” „… in the promotion of governance standards beyond its member states. Thus, the internal governance …”

Katharina Sophia Burlafinger Neue Wege in die Nachbarschaft – was die Anna-Lindh-Stiftung zur Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik beitragen kann S. 137-168

„… . eeas.europa.eu/euromed/docs/com08_319_en.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 7.6.2016). 25 Vgl.: Youngs, Richard (2012): Democracy promotion as …” „… , http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/country/enpi_csp_nip_tunisia_summary_ de.pdf (letzter Zugriff: 6.6.2016). 38 Youngs, Richard (2012): Democracy promotion as external …” „… . Scott, James/Walters, Kelly (2000): Supporting the Wave: Western Political Foundations and the Promotion …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-6

„… Nachbarschaftsraum?D) EU Democracy Promotion and Russia's Response 199 Boris Litwin Governance Transfer by …”

Bernd Hüttemann Ein und dasselbe Chamäleon? Zivilgesellschaft und Lobbyismus im europäischen Mehrebenensystem S. 37-90

„… , Frank/Worschech, Susann (Hrsg.) (2014): Civil society and democracy promotion. (Challenges to Democracy in the 21 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845280417

Anna Bella Eschengerd, Melanie Babenhauserheide - Ver(w)ortungen

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Anna Bella Eschengerd (ed.), Melanie Babenhauserheide (ed.)

Ver(w)ortungen

2020

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Melanie Babenhauserheide: Keine Promotion für Prometheus S. 18-20

„… Melanie BabenhauserheideKeine Promotion für Prometheusmit ledernen Händen so glatt wie totbannen …” „… ‘ von Conrad Keine Promotion für Prometheus20Ferdinand Meyer dokumentiert. Falls ich mal wieder so etwas …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… ...........................................................................................................Keine Promotion für Prometheus ...........................................................Traumorte …”

Melanie Babenhauserheide: Übermorgen hole ich der Königin ihr Lied! S. 27-72

„… Promotion für Prometheus“ in diesem Band.Melanie Babenhauserheide51um etwas anderes als im Unterricht – wir …” „… Wis-senschaftszeitvertragsgesetz darf man aber nur sechs Jahre vor und sechs Jahre nach der Promotion in befristeten Verhältnissen …”

Autorinnen und Autoren in diesem Band S. 264-268

„… der politi-schen Bildung, Lehraufträgen und einem Promotionsstipendium ist sie seit 2011 als …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783849815325

Zoé Nautré - U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

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Zoé Nautré

U.S. Idealism Meets Reality

Series: DGAP-Schriften zur Internationalen Politik

Volume 2010

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Supporting evidence for democracy promotion S. 84-87

„… for democracy promotionOther?factors?such?as?the?Arab?Human?Development?report,?the?prospect?of …” „… ,?democracy?promotion?was?depicted?as?essential?to?U.?S.?long-term?national?security.?Undersecretary?of ?State?for?Global?Affairs?Paula?Dobriansky?affirmed?in?a?speech?at?the?Heritage?Foundation:“The …” „… ?For?those?who?were?arguing?for?more?aggressive?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East,?the?timing?of ?the?publication?was?excellent.?Proponents?of …”

The Middle East and democracy promotion S. 63-64

„… democracy promotionIn?contrast? to? the?rise?of ?other?Great?Powers?and?traditional?security?challenges …” „… ,? little?was? said? on? the? issue? of ? democracy? or? democracy? promotion? prior? to? the …” „… ?secondary?importance,?such?as?nation-building?or?democracy?promotion.?Thus,?democracy?promotion?as?such?did?not?become?a?topical?theme?in?the?run-up?to?the?presidential?elections?in?2000.18?It?was?only?addressed?by?Paul?Wolfowitz,?who?articulated?his?vision?of …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 36-41

„… ?goal,?such?as?access?to?oil?and?the?Arab-Israeli?conflict.?Even?though?some?programs?were?implemented?in?the?region,?they?were?mainly?geared?towards?generating?economic?growth.Those?working?in?democracy?promotion?programs?and?Arab?dissidents?argue?that?due?to?geopolitical?reasons,?the?attention?the?U.?S.?paid?to?government?opposition?voices?in?the?Middle?East?from?the?late?1980s?and?in?the?1990s?fluctuated?heavily?and?can?be?best?understood?in?terms?of …” „… ?the?analytical?framework?will?deal?with?competing?imperatives?affecting?practical?policy?implementation.?At?the?same?time,?it?will?discuss?U.?S.?attitudes?towards?democracy?promotion?in?general,?a?concept,?which?is?embedded?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy?traditions?and?narratives.?The?most? important? issue?to?examine?here …” „… ? instance?democracy?promotion?was?certainly?presented?as?being?in?the?U.?S.?national?interest.?But?U.?S.?security?interests?in?the?Middle?East?had?previously?been?cited?as?having?inhibited?prior?U.?S.?administrations? from?more?actively?promoting?democracy? in? the …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 150-152

„… ? in?pursuing?democracy?promotion?because? it?would? jeopardize …” „… ?the?administration,?as?well?as?the?perception?that?MEPI?operated?as?a?rogue? entity? together? damaged? the? enthusiasm? for? democracy? promotion? and …” „… ?the?time?overrode?all?other?imperatives.?Added?to?this,?USAID?did?not?want?to?be?politicized.?The?practical?implementation?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Democracy promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism S. 143-145

„… ).?During?the?early?period,?there?existed?certain?optimism?about?what? external? democracy?promotion? assistance? could …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Competing interests: Middle EastThe?Bush?administration’s?change?of …” „… ? for?U.?S.?policy),?and?differing?opinions?as?to?whether?democracy?promotion?as?a?way?to?combat?terrorism?was?an?appropriate?working?assumption?for? the?region?hampered? the? imple-13? This? fluctuation? in?attention?also?mirrors?U.?S.? funding …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 145-149

„… ? target?group?and?engage?with?youth?whenever?possible?and?fund?projects?that?engage?youth?in?sports?and?social?activities.?Publicly,?democracy?promotion?continued?to?openly?be?heralded?as?an?antidote?to?terrorism.?The?tone?changed?in?2006?with?the?election?of ?Hamas?in?the?Palestinian?territories?and?the?success?of …” „… came?very?apparent?once?the?administration?attempted?to?translate?the?new?rationale?into?policy.The?Iraq?war?was?not?primarily?about?democracy?promotion,?but?in?the?context?of ?the?policy?of ? ‘democracy?promotion’,? the? Iraq?war? is? impossible? to …” „… ? in? democracy? promotion.17? Furthermore,? from?2005 …”

Obstacles to poicy implementation S. 185-188

„… ?and?the?war?on?terror,?which?complicated?and?discredited?democracy?promotion …” „… .?The?Bush?administration?also?faced?resistance?to?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East,?and?the?ability?of ?Arab?regimes?to?adapt?to?U.?S.?pressure?for?reform.?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?programs?were?also?at?fault:?they?often?lacked?impact?due?to?unfamiliarity?with?the?local?reform?context.?The?tools?at?hand?to?implement?democracy?promotion? activities? often? mirrored? the? uncertainty? of ? U.?S.? policy? makers? as? well …” „… ? as?their?assumptions?about?different?development?theories?that?might?not?apply?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Despite?these?obstacles,?U.?S.?policies?towards?the?Middle?East?changed?in?a?fundamental?way.The? strategy? of ? democracy? promotion,? elaborated? amidst? the? war? on? terror,? was …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 137-141

„… the success of freedom”.4The? Bush? administration’s? intentions? with? democracy? promotion? in? the …” „… ? increase.?Indeed,?even?before?Bush,?President?Clinton?had?raised?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?to?new?heights?and?stating?in?1994 …” „… ? ‘democracy?promotion …”

A fundamental change? S. 183-185

„… ? promotion.?Furthermore,?elections?in?Egypt?and?the?Palestinian?territories?in?2005/2006 …” „… 183ConclusionThis? study?has?demonstrated? that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion? in? the?Middle?East? is …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?a?Middle?Eastern?context.?Analyzing?U.?S.?policies?in?Morocco?has?also?exemplified?the?various?challenges?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?faces?in?Arab?countries.All?in?all,?this?study?has?attempted?to?answer?the?following?key?research?questions:?Was?there?a?fundamental?change?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?after?9/11 …”

When idealism and realism converge S. 34-36

„… ?democracy?promotion?did?not?translate?to?the?Middle?East.?Under?Clinton,?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?did?not?play?a?large?role?in?the?administration’s?priorities.?Indeed,?President?George?W.?Bush?continued?Clinton’s?stability-oriented?policy?towards?the?Middle?East?in?the?first?months?of ?his?presidency.?Up?to?9/11,?the?support?of …” „… ?energy?politics?and?regional?stability.?In?addition,?the?Bush?administration?did?not?want?to?become?entangle?in?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …” „… ?political?and?human?rights?now?seemed?to?constitute?a?high?risk?from?a?security?perspective.?Thus,?the?idea?developed?that?the?U.?S.?should?pursue?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?because? it?was? in? the?U.?S.?national? interest.?The? idea?of ?questioning?U.?S.?support?of …”

A fundamental change? S. 13-16

„… prevailSome?argue?that?the?U.?S.?was?never?serious?about?democracy?promotion,?but?was?instead,?at?all?times?guided?by?classic?realist?interest.?Post?9/11 …” „… .?For?the?critics,?the?U.?S.?response?to?this?electoral?outcome?demonstrates?that?the?U.?S.?was?only?serious?about?democracy?promotion?as?long?as?the?outcomes?suited?their?interests.Critics?further?highlight?the?lack?of ?cases,?as?in?Egypt?in?2003 …” „… ? counterterrorism?measures,?or?previous?democracy?promotion?activities?in?other?regions,?such?as?Eastern?Europe?after? the?fall?of ?communism.?Inadequate?funding?thus? illustrates?a?lack?of …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 23-34

„… ?this?subject.?An? examination?of ?U.?S.? democracy?promotion? from?different? angles? is …” „… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?during?this?time-period.?Other?studies?that?examine?U.?S.?engagement?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?tend?to?focus?mainly?on?the?reasoning?behind?the?Iraq?war,?which?actually?had? little? to?do?with?democracy?promotion.1? In? those?studies,?particular? attention?was?paid? to …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?George?W.?Bush?has?received?particular?attention?from?research?and?policy?advising?institutes?in?the?U.?S.?The?works?of ?several?research?programs?as?well?as …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 101-103

„… ,?leading?experts?pleaded?not?to?give?up?on?democracy?promotion.35Towards? the? middle? of ? the? second? Bush? administration,? calls? for? reform …” „… ?U.?S.?priorities?and?interests.?Admittedly,?funding?is?a?problematic?indicator?to?use?when?judging?whether?or?not?democracy?promotion? is? relevant.?Programs?have?been? relabeled? to? include?more?democracy? related?activities? and …” „… ? for?how?much?money?was?actually?spent.?As?noted?earlier,?it?is?impossible?to?trace?all?of ?the?funding?for?democracy?promotion?activities?since?2001 …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 141-142

„… ? to?how?to?react?to?these?attacks.?Idealists?were?content?because?the?‘Arab?exceptionalism’?argument?that?had?guided?prior?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East?was?no?longer?valid,?and?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?received?more?attention?than?ever?before.?Further,? the …” „… ? rationale?of ?democracy?promotion?was? to? some?extent?put? into?practice.?Issues …” „… ?and?how?to?promote?democracy.?These?debates?indicate?that?considerable?thought?and?energy?was?poured?into?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion.?Democracy?promotion? in? Morocco? thus? received? significantly? more …”

When idealism and realism merge S. 142-143

„… ?attacks?further?elevated?democracy?promotion …” „… ?to?the?forefront?of ?U.?S.?political?agenda?in?Morocco.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?a?working?group?was?established?on?democracy?promotion …” „… ?that?obliged?different?branches? to?actively?cooperate.?Coordination?intensified?and?different?actors?from?the?NGO?sector?were?included?in?this?process.?Together,?the?group?talked?about?more?comprehensive?strategies?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Outlook S. 188-192

„… ? intensified?and?that?democracy?promotion?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?received?more?attention?than?prior?to?9/11 …” „… .?U.?S.?policy?makers?in?Rabat?also?addressed?previously?untouched?subjects,?initiated?a?Human?Rights? Dialogue? in? 2007? and? supported? democracy? promotion? activities? by? local …” „… ? has?changed.?The?Bush?administration?has?‘normalized’?U.?S.?relations?with?the?Middle?East,?while?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts?have?also?been?extended?to?this?region.?More?importantly,?9/11?and?the?policies?that?followed?seem?to?have?put?a?permanent …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 91-94

„… ? increase? of ? democracy? promotion?activities?did?take?place?during?the?1990 …” „… ? international?norms?was?possible,?and?that?stability?at?any?price?did?not?guarantee?security?in?the?long-term.?Democracy?promotion?in?previously?unthinkable?places?had?not?only?become?possible,?but?had?become?a?viable?strategy?so?as?to?guarantee?stability?and?security?in?the?long-term.?As?Azpuru? et? al,?who? have? examined? funding? figures? for …” „… ?forced?them?to?reconsider?their?attitude?with?regards?to?‘soft’?issues,?such?as?democracy?promotion.?As?4? Remarks?by?Secretary?of ? State?Condoleezza?Rice? at? the?American?University? in?Cairo,?Egypt …”

Democracy as a means to an end S. 82-84

„… for democracy promotionOther?factors?such?as?the?Arab?Human?Development?report,?the?prospect?of …” „… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ,?general?consensus?on?the?democratic?peace?theory,?as?well?as?President?Bush’s?special?interest?in?democracy?promotion?seem?to?further?explain?why?post?9/11?policy?debates?led?to?consensus?on?the?need?for?U …”

Re-orientation of foreign policy S. 87-88

„… Middle?East?from?democracy?promotion?efforts?due?to?security?reasons,?the?Bush?administration?now?embraced?the?idea?that?there?was?actually?nothing?exceptional?about?the?Middle?East?and?that?democratic?principles?should?be?applied?to?the?region.?The?Bush?administration’s? rhetoric? then? suggested? that? democracy? promotion? would? from …” „… ? now?onwards?override?prior?security?rationales?in?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.Thus,?overall,?post?9/11?democracy?promotion …” „… ?repressive?Arab?regimes?and?second,?push?for?democracy?promotion?in?these?countries.?As?discussed?earlier,?ordinary?Americans?are? inclined?to?support?democracy?promotion …”

Conclusion S. 108-110

„… U.?S. Idealism Meets Reality108mocracy?promotion.55 …” „… ?underlying?assumptions?and?the?negative?association?with?American?democracy?promotion?efforts,?it?was?very?difficult?for?NGOs?to?reach?out?to?civil?society?and?to?actors?with?any?potentially?meaningful?impact.ConclusionOverall,? the? Bush? administration? attempted? to? redirect? U.?S.? longstanding? support …” „… ? for?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Arab?world?by?placing?greater?emphasis?on?democracy?promotion …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 149-150

„… ?the?new?policy?rationale.?Further,?structural?challenges?influenced?the?incentives?for?carrying?out?democracy?promotion?activities?and?thus?also?the?success?of ?implementing?the?new?security?rationale.NGOs and structural …” „… ? Also:?Zoé?Nautré,?“US?Interests?in?the?Arab?World:?Democracy?Promotion?by?American?NGOs,”?Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,?Washington?D.C.,?May?2008.30? For?an?excellent?overview?and?a?better?understanding?of ?the?complexities?of …” „… ?American?democracy?promotion,”?Discussion?Paper,?Princeton?Project?on?National?Security,?Working?Group?on?Global?Institutions?and?Foreign?Policy?Infrastructure,?Woodrow?Wilson?School?of ?Public?and?International?Affairs,?(Princeton,?NY:?2005 …”

Support for NGOs S. 106-108

„… ?the?complications?democracy?promotion …” „… ? reform?movements.The?administration?was?further?criticized?because?it?linked?the?war?on?terror?to?democracy?promotion.?It?thus?undermined?U.?S.? ideals?that?had?been?for?a?long?time?part?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy,?even?before?9/11 …” „… mocracy?promotion.55 …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 45-47

„… ? agendas,?intra-agency?competition?and?inter-agency?competition.The?policy?of ?democracy?promotion?as?a?means?to?fight?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism?inherently? demands …” „… ?incentives?for?greater?coordination?reveal?the?complexities?involved?when?implementing?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East.NGOs and structural challengesAdding?to?the?complexity?of …” „… ?government?policy,?such?as?subcontracted?and?NGO?driven?democracy?promotion?work.?Various?differences? exist? in? the? goals? of ? government?programs? (USAID,?DRL,?64? “Government?agencies?view?any …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 43-45

„… Chapter 1: Conceptual framework43USAID represents another key U. S. actor in democracy promotion …” „… political. The fact that democracy promotion was explicitly carried out for U. S. national security …” „… Department between those who embraced the new democracy promotion agenda and those who were more skeptical …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 100-101

„… ? promotion.?For?instance,?pre-9/11,?NDI?or?IRI?troubles?with?the?Egyptian?or?Bahraini?government?in?May?2006 …” „… ?democracy?promotion …” „… The?new?U.?S.?rationale?meant?that?from?now?on?democracy?promotion?would?not?only?be?conducted?for?benevolent?reasons,?but?also?for?U.?S.?national?security.?NGOs?working?in?the?Near?and?Middle?East?suddenly?played?a?much?larger?role?than?before.?Post?9/11 …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 41-43

„… ? implementation?of ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?in?the?Middle?East,?namely,?the?Pentagon,?the?U.?S.?Department?of ?State?and?USAID?will?help?to?highlight?contradictory?elements?in?policy.The?Pentagon?traditionally?has?concerns?other?than?democracy?promotion,?and?following?9/11,?traditional?military?concerns?dominated?its?agenda.?Operational?goals?such?as?access?to?ai …” „… r?bases?and?wider?cooperation?for?the?war?on?terror?remained?a?priority,?above?democracy?promotion …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 160-172

„… ? supporting?democracy?promotion …” „… ? and?overall?possibly?lead?to?a?result?that?would?guarantee?stability,?which?is?in?the?U.?S.?interest.?Consequently,?the?argument?that?pre-requisites?were?necessary?for?democracy?promotion?to?take?place?actually?served?those?who?were?reluctant?to?push?for?real?democracy.?Those?who?wanted? to?push? for?more?democracy? in? the? region?were? thwarted?by …” „… ?there?seems?to?have?been?an?over-focus?on?elections?in?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?agenda?towards?the?Middle?East.?In?2005,?elections? in?Iraq,?Palestinian?territories?and?Saudi?Arabia?were?heralded?as?examples?of …”

Structure S. 20-22

„… ? thus?limited?to?three?agencies?most?affected?by?democracy?promotion …” „… ? issues?related?to?democracy?promotion.?Third,?personal?interest?in?subjects?such?as?democracy?promotion …” „… ?democracy?promotion?and?other?so?called?‘themes?of ?secondary?nature’,?such?as?nation-building?and?humanitarian? interventions,?associated?with …”

Focus on Great Powers and traditional security issues S. 61-63

„… and democracy promotionIn?contrast? to? the?rise?of …” „… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …” „… ?other?Great?Powers?and?traditional?security?challenges,? little?was? said? on? the? issue? of ? democracy? or? democracy? promotion? prior? to? the …”

Policy implementation and practical obstacles S. 152-154

„… increasingly frustrated, alienated and angry mass public”.35In? this? context,?democracy?promotion …” „… ? that?democracy?promotion?might?have?a?positive? impact?because? it?potentially?tackles?the?root?causes?of ?terrorism.37On?the?other?hand,?the …” „… ? to?neighboring?Spain?and?France.?Whether?democracy?promotion …”

Bibliography S. 199-216

„… ? Takashi? Inoguchi? (Eds.),? American? democracy? promotion.? Oxford,? UK:? Oxford? University?Press …” „… )?Critical?mission:?Essays?on?democracy?promotion.?Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace.Carothers,?Thomas?(2007a)?How?Democracies?Emerge:?The?‘Sequencing’?Fallacy,?in:?Journal?of ?Democracy,?18,?1 …” „… )?Identity?and?Democracy?promotion.?In:?Cox,?Michael,?G.?John?Ikenberry?and?Takashi?Inoguchi?(Eds.),?American?democracy?promotion.?Oxford,?UK:?Oxford?University?Press,?127-51.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 207 06.09.2010 15:38:30 UhrU.?S. Idealism Meets Reality208 …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 89-91

„… ? promotion,”?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?Policy Brief?52,?June?2007.?2 …” „… ? towards?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?established?post?9/11 …” „… ? to?democracy?promotion?significantly?changed?U.?S.?policy?towards?the?Middle?East.?As?highlighted?in?the?conceptual?framework?(in?the?section?on?competing?interests?and?contested?development?theories),?practical? implementation?of ?the?new?post?9/11 …”

Methodology S. 17-19

„… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ?has?been?more?difficult?than?one?would?expect.?An?increase?in?funding?for?democracy?promotion?activities?could?count?as?a?clear?indication?of ?whether?or?not?democracy?promotion? is?higher?on …” „… ? the?agenda?depending?on?how?much?the?administration?is?willing?to?spend?on?it.?The?first?problem?the?researcher?faces?is?determining?what?exactly?counts?as?democracy?promotion?work.?Some?observers?have?for?example?noted?that?as?a?result?of ?the?stronger?focus?on?democracy?promotion?post?9/11,? some? government? programs? were …”

Bureaucrats, incentives and structures S. 154-156

„… ’? engaged? in? democracy? promotion? offered? competing? assessments?of …” „… ? in?Morocco.?Some?U.?S.?democracy?assistance?programs?and?embassy?officials?made?a?major?effort?to?reach?out?to?Islamist?parties?and?include?them?in?their?democracy?promotion?activities.?This?was?important?given?attempts?by?radical?groups?to?portray?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?efforts?as? ‘Western? imperialism’?versus? Islam.?So,? the?U.?S.? tentatively …” „… ?opinions?towards?democracy?promotion?that?were?discussed?at?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?and?the?different?U.?S.?government?agencies?in?Washington?D.C.Divisions?between?those?who?believed?democracy?would?be?beneficial?in?the?long-term?and?those?who?favored?stability?in?the?short-term?were?also?often?apparent.?Given?the?sheer?amount?of …”

Research Question S. 11-12

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …” „… ationale?developed?that?democracy?promotion …” „… ,? U.?S.?trade?relations?and?interests.?It?is?also?important?to?note?that?many?studies?that?target?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …”

Support for authoritarian states reconsidered S. 81-82

„… ? administration’s?outlook?in?their?dealings?with?the?Middle?East,?in?particular?with?regards?to?democracy?promotion.Since?the?1980s,?democracy?promotion?was?used?as?an?active?tool?of ?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?U.?S …” „… s,?but?due?to?wider?security?objectives?democracy?promotion?was?not?very?high?on?the?U.?S.?agenda?towards?the?region.39Yet,?post?9/11,? several?prior?assumptions?were? reassessed.?U.?S.?policy?makers?directed?their …” „… ? Michele?Dunne,?“Integrating?democracy?promotion?into?U.?S.?Middle?East?policy,”?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2004,?4.38? Martin?Indyk,?“Back?to?the?Bazaar,”?Foreign Affairs,?Vol.?81,?No.?1,?January/February …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-10

„… Mißfelder2010_DGAP_Gesellschaftsseite 2012 2 13.8.2010 10:42:30 UhrZoé NautréU.S. Idealism Meets RealityDemocracy Promotion in the …” „… promotion as a means to fight the root causes of terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Policy implementation …” „… The Middle East and democracy promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 …”

Self-reflection-why do they hate us? S. 79-81

„… promotion?gained?more?prominence?with? those? assertive? realists?who?had? argued …” „… ? addressed.?Democracy?promotion?became?thus?increasingly?topical?in?this?area?as?well.In?conclusion,?neoconservative? ideas?were?not?only?popular?because?some?of ?their?assumptions?about?the?rest?of …” „… promotion in the Middle East?(Washington,?D.C.:?Carnegie?Endowment?for?International?Peace,?2005),?61.34 …”

Support for NGOs S. 99-100

„… ? promotion.?For?instance,?pre-9/11,?NDI?or?IRI?troubles?with?the?Egyptian?or?Bahraini?government?in?May?2006 …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?on?the?agenda?of ? the? international?community.32?Unprecedented? large?amounts?of …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… ?the?Moroccan?political?landscape?presented?in?this?chapter?suggests?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?efforts?were?conducted?in?a?challenging?environment.?It?seems?that?only?a?sound?understanding?of ?the?Moroccan?political?context?can?help?to?identify?possible?entry?points?for?democracy?promotion?activities.?Morocco’s?domestic?reform?context?also?indicates?that?reforms?are?under?way,?but?only?according?to?the?monarchy’s?pace.?Democracy?promotion?activities?are?further?limited?by?the?lack?of ? real?desirability? for?democratic? results.?According …” „… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 94-96

„… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Bush?administration.?What?exact?changes?flowed?from?this?realignment?is?difficult?to?assess.?However,?democracy?promotion? was? raised? on? the? agenda? and? funding? increased,? testament? to …” „… ?good?relations?with?the?region’s?autocratic?leaders.?MEPI?inherently?challenged?past?thinking?and?thus?raised?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion …”

Contested development theories S. 113-114

„… ? questions?with? regards? to? democracy? promotion? in? Morocco,? notably:? What? is? primarily? in …” „… ?this?new?found?political?will?potentially?harm?U.?S.?security?interests??Is?democracy?promotion …” „… ?seem?to?suggest?that?although?security?concerns?continued?to?play?a?large?role,?many?U.?S.?policy?makers? were? ready? to? put? democracy? promotion? higher? on? the? political? agenda.? The?question?of …”

Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) S. 103-104

„… freedom?to?those?applying?for?U.?S.?funds.?Allegedly,?diplomatic?pressure?was,?also?due?to?competing?imperatives,?not?applied?sufficiently.?One?can?perhaps?conclude?that?the?Bush?administration,?through?its?new?focus?of ?integrating?democracy?promotion …” „… ?institutional?resistance.Over?time,?MEPI?however?seems?to?have?been?increasingly?integrated?into?overall?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities.? It? allegedly? succeeded? in?building?a?network?of …” „… .?It?was?also?successful?in?placing?democracy?promotion?higher?on? the?government?agenda?and? influencing?discourse?at? the?State?Department?on? the?need …”

Conclusion S. 88

„… ?authoritarian?states?to?a?focus?on?democracy?promotion …” „… .?This?shift?can?be?explained?by?a?variety?of ?structural?and?situational?reasons.?Among?these?reasons,?this?chapter?has?highlighted?President?Bush’s?personal?interest?in?democracy?promotion,?popular?appeal?of ?the?democratic?peace?theory,?the?publication?of ? the? Arab? Human? Development? Report? and? an …” „… ?certain?background?conditions?in?U.?S.?culture,?society?and?history,?discussed?in?depth?in?the?conceptual?framework?(idealism?and?assumptions?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy).?These?include?an?expectation?by?the?American?public?about?the?role?of ?the?U.?S.?in?the?world?and?historical?support? for?democracy?promotion …”

Marginalization S. 131-133

„… ?the?Moroccan?political?landscape?presented?in?this?chapter?suggests?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?efforts?were?conducted?in?a?challenging?environment.?It?seems?that?only?a?sound?understanding?of ?the?Moroccan?political?context?can?help?to?identify?possible?entry?points?for?democracy?promotion?activities.?Morocco’s?domestic?reform?context?also?indicates?that?reforms?are?under?way,?but?only?according?to?the?monarchy’s?pace.?Democracy?promotion?activities?are?further?limited?by?the?lack?of ? real?desirability? for?democratic? results.?According …” „… ?Given?this,?why?should?U.?S.?policies?jeopardize?a?functioning?relationship?that?apparently?seems?to?move?in?the?‘right’?direction?U.?S.?activities?in?Morocco?intensified?after?9/11.?At?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat,?democracy?promotion …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 49-51

„… ? result,?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Cold?War?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?former?Soviet?states?than?spending?in?the?first?five?years?following?9/11?on?the?Middle?East.74 …” „… In?sum,?most?Americans?tend?to?think?that?democracy?promotion?is?an?inherently?good?thing?to?do.?But?policy?makers?and?implementers?are?divided?on?many?of ?their?assumptions?about?how?democracy?should?be?promoted.?There?are?different?school?of …”

Providing an intellectual framework S. 77-79

„… new foreign policy rationale79promotion?gained?more?prominence?with? those? assertive …” „… ? going?in?their?preferred?direction?on?foreign?policy.?Why?then?were?principles?laid?out?by?so?called?neoconservatives,?especially?those?focusing?on?democracy?promotion,?so?successful?following?9/11?Adhering?to?U.?S.?ideals?is?not?a?unique?character?trait?of …” „… ? (Eds.),?Uncharted journey: Democracy promotion in the Middle …”

U. S. exceptionalism S. 135-137

„… ?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.?Some?U.?S.?policy?makers?reportedly?thought?that?now?that?the?U.?S.?had?set?the?course?for?promoting?democracy?in?the?Arab?world?U.?S.?policies?would?be?greeted?with?enthusiasm?in?the?Middle?East.President?Bush’s?sudden?personal?interest?in?democracy?promotion,?the?popular?appeal?of ? the? democratic? peace? theory …” „… ? idea?of ?democracy?promotion,? such?as?Elizabeth?Cheney,?Deputy?Assistant?Secretary?of …” „… ? them?with?the?most?freedoms.?Subsequently,?in?the?democracy?promotion?programs?that?were?developed,?democracy?promoters?and?government?officials?potentially?focused?on?those?liberal?democrats?they?wanted?to?see,?ignoring?that?these?candidates?might?not?actually?represent?popular?choice.3 …”

NGOs and structural challenges S. 156-158

„… ?political?will?to?push?harder?for?democracy?promotion?were?felt?on?many?occasions.?The?NGO?International?Republican?Institute?(IRI),?for?example,?was?one?of ?the?organizations?to?witness?the?boundaries?of ?this? new-found? enthusiasm …” „… ? for?democracy?promotion?most? strongly.?Based?on? secret?polls?since? late?2005 …” „… ?being?disqualified?from?future?funding.With?regards?to?linking?democracy?promotion?to?the?war?on?terrorism,?some?U.?S.?government?officials?noted?that?the?intense?focus?on?the?war?on?terrorism?had?a?negative?impact? on? U.?S.? operational? working? mechanisms.? Some? government? officials? at …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 51-57

„… Chapter 1: Conceptual framework51In sum, most Americans tend to think that democracy promotion is …” „… context of democracy promotion in the Middle East, it involves otherwise seemingly outdated debates about …” „… that affect the implementation of U. S. democracy promotion activities. These also include two other …”

U. S. Idealism and competing interests S. 112-113

„… ? questions?with? regards? to? democracy? promotion? in? Morocco,? notably:? What? is? primarily? in …” „… ?this?new?found?political?will?potentially?harm?U.?S.?security?interests??Is?democracy?promotion …” „… ?seem?to?suggest?that?although?security?concerns?continued?to?play?a?large?role,?many?U.?S.?policy?makers? were? ready? to? put? democracy? promotion? higher? on? the? political? agenda.? The?question?of …”

Repercussions of U. S. policies S. 57-58

„… ?democracy?promotion …” „… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Conclusion S. 69-70

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? democracy?promotion?for?instance?was?of ?little?relevance?from?November?2000?to?September?10,?2001 …” „… ? Thomas?Carothers,?“The?Clinton?Record?on?Democracy?Promotion,”?Carnegie?Endowment,?Carnegie Papers?16?(September?2008),?8.42? Ray?Takeyh,?“The?rogue?who?came?in?from?the?cold,”?Foreign …”

Policies towards the Middle East S. 68-69

„… ? its?predecessor’s?policies.?Even?though?Clinton?had?advocated?democracy?promotion?in?a?post?Cold?War?world?where?allegedly?ideals?and?interests?had?fused,?the?Middle?East?had?been? almost? completely? left? out? from? this? vision.? Instead,? the?Clinton …” „… ? democracy?promotion?for?instance?was?of ?little?relevance?from?November?2000?to?September?10,?2001 …” „… ? Thomas?Carothers,?“The?Clinton?Record?on?Democracy?Promotion,”?Carnegie?Endowment,?Carnegie Papers?16?(September?2008),?8.42? Ray?Takeyh,?“The?rogue?who?came?in?from?the?cold,”?Foreign …”

Implementation of new rationale S. 114-115

„… ?more?attention?was?paid?to?the?issue?of ?democracy?promotion?in?Morocco.In?the?context?of ?a?discussion?in?April?2002 …” „… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 96-97

„… ?million?were?spent,?through?MEPI?only,?on?democracy?promotion.In?the?beginning,?MEPI,?due?to?its?influential?leading?figure?Liz?Cheney,?was?perceived?by?many?as?a?rogue?entity?that?seemed?to?operate?above?the?‘normal’?bureaucratic?hierarchy.?One?of …” „… ?its?roles?was?to?make?diplomats,?accustomed?to?maintaining?good?relations?rather?than?dealing?with?uncomfortable?issues?(like?talking?to?the?opposition?and?encouraging?free?media)?think?about?democracy?promotion?as?part?of ?their?daily?business.?Ultimately,?MEPI’s? objective? was? to? change? attitudes? towards? the …” „… ? supporting?the?status?quo?to?actively?elevating?democracy?promotion?much?higher?on?the?political?agenda.?MEPI’s?establishment?and?its?leading?figure?thus?symbolized?a?radical?departure?from?the?past.Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA)The?establishment?of ? the?Middle?East?Free?Trade?Area …”

Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) S. 98-99

„… ?and?Arab?policy?on?democracy?promotion.?The?initiative?provided?a?novel?and?until?then?unparalleled?setting?for?Arab?governments?to?potentially?listen?to?their?civil?societies.?In?addition,?the?Foundation?for?the?Future?was?established?in?November?2005?at?the?BMENA?Forum?in?Bahrain.?As?of ?late?2008 …” „… NGOsBesides?the?increased?financial?support?discussed?above,?NGOs?working?on?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?noted?that?following?9/11,?they?received?more?moral?and?financial? support? than? ever? before.? Many? NGOs? had …” „… ?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?on?the?agenda?of ? the? international?community.32?Unprecedented? large?amounts?of …”

Expectation of the role of outsiders S. 172-173

„… outsidersGiven?the?various?activities?and?debates,?one?can?go?beyond?the?conflicting?goals?and?limited?support?for?democracy?promotion?in?Morocco?to?still?conclude?that?some?kind?of ?change?took?place?on?the?ground?in?that?country.?Interviews?suggest?that?because?of …” „… ?U.?S.?policy?makers?working?on?Morocco?can?be?drawn.To?begin?with,?Morocco?is?in?comparison?to?its?neighbors?and?from?a?practical?perspective? an? easy? country? to? carry? out? democracy? promotion? programs.? Domestic …” „… ?familiarity?with?local?structures?and?finally?practical?issues,?such?as?the?ability?of ?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?to?absorb?the?funding?available?for?democracy?promotion …”

Pre-requisites for democracy? S. 173-181

„… ?familiarity?with?local?structures?and?finally?practical?issues,?such?as?the?ability?of ?the?U.?S.?embassy?in?Rabat?to?absorb?the?funding?available?for?democracy?promotion …” „… ?This?suggests?that?most?U.?S.?government?sponsored?NGOs?whether?unwillingly?or?not?support?the?Moroccan?regime?and?that?there?are?clear?red?lines?almost?impossible?to?cross.This?reality?in?Morocco?also?represents?a?serious?challenge?to?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?given?the?negative?image?of ?the?U.?S …” „… ?the?new?U.?S.?focus?on?democracy?promotion.?U.?S.?measures?and?praise?from?abroad?also?gave?the?impression?that?“Morocco?reached?a?near?celebrity?status?as?a?modern?North?African?reformer”.129?Hochmann?continues?to?note?that:“Too much western public support might actually impede …”

Lack of definition S. 47-49

„… ? in?executing?their?policies.?It?will?help?to?set?the?framework?to?later?on?analyze?the?intentions?and?assumptions?of ?U.?S.?programs?targeted?at?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East.Lack of …” „… ?what?democracy?should?look?like?in?practice?makes?it?difficult?to?identify?what?U.?S.?policies?are?aiming?to?achieve.?Overall,?it?seems?impossible?to?clearly?define?democracy?promotion,?and?the?many?associated?theories?and?assumptions.71?This?clearly?has?its?downsides?in?terms?of …” „… ? result,?democracy?promotion …”

Conclusion S. 58

„… ConclusionThe?three?concepts?examined?here?demonstrate?that?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?in?the?Middle?East?during?the?George?W.?Bush?administration?is?not?an?easy?story?to?tell.?Different?concepts?and?mindsets?have?to?be?taken?into?account?so?as?to?better?understand?the?rationale,?motivations?and?obstacles?in?the?implementation?of …” „… ?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?policy?in?the?Middle?East?and?in?particular?in?Morocco?between?2002?and?2008.2010_Diss_Nautre_Buch.indb 58 06.09.2010 15:31:51 Uhr …”

Introduction S. 11

„… ?U.?S.?foreign?policy?in?the?Middle?East.?The?key?question?that?this?study?addresses?is?‘whether?or?not?there?was?a?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?in?the?Middle?East’,?shifting?from?previous?support?of ?authoritarian?regimes?prior?to?9/11?towards?active?democracy?promotion?post?9/11 …” „… ationale?developed?that?democracy?promotion …”

Diplomatic pressure S. 115

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Conclusion S. 181-182

„… .?It?has?been?demonstrated?that?U.?S.?idealism?and?exceptionalism?guided?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion …” „… ?process.?As?a?consequence,?expectations?were?very?high?and?U.?S.?policy?makers?anticipated?that?their?efforts?would?be?positively?received?in?the?region.?Competing?interests?however?limited?the?scope?and?practicability?of ?the?U.?S.?security?rationale.?Applying?democracy?promotion …”

Asserting U. S. power S. 71-72

„… ?terrorism,?previous?U.?S.?policies?that?had?supported?authoritarian?regimes?in?the?Middle?East?were?re-considered.?These?discussions?led?to?the?seemingly?widely?accepted?opinion?that?U.?S.?policy?should?focus?on?democracy?promotion …” „… ?American?nationalism,?exceptionalism,?religious?motivations?and?democracy?promotion?in?U.?S.?foreign?policy.?The?chapter?will?first?focus?on?the?immediate?reaction?to?the?attacks?and?then?examine?the?debates?that?led?to?a?reconsideration?of ?prior?U.?S.?policies?in?the?Middle?East.Existential war and determination to actAsserting U. S …”

Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) S. 104-105

„… ,?it?will?continue?to?play?an?important?role.?Overall,?MEPI?was?established?to?put?democracy?promotion …” „… ?the?Barcelona?process,?many?European?nations?were?reluctant?to?throw?their?weight?behind?a?new?initiative.?Europeans?to?this?day?continue?to?favor?their?own?framework?for?the?region?rather? than? an? association? with? American? democracy? promotion? efforts …”

Increase in funding at the State Department and USAID S. 115-118

„… ?a?change?in?policy?from?past?unquestioned?tolerance?for?authoritarian?Arab?regimes?to?democracy?promotion,?was?not?directly?geared?towards?Morocco.?The?administration’s?speeches?after?9/11?did?not? suggest? that?Morocco?was? its?primary? target.?Nevertheless …” „… ?press?freedom.?However,?since?the?shift?in?U.?S.?policy?on?democracy?promotion,?diplomats?reportedly?placed?greater?emphasis?on?issues?that?had?previously?been?neglected?or?deemed? less? important.?The?U.?S.? embassy? in?Rabat?for? instance? supported? the? highly …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 97-98

„… ?and?Arab?policy?on?democracy?promotion.?The?initiative?provided?a?novel?and?until?then?unparalleled?setting?for?Arab?governments?to?potentially?listen?to?their?civil?societies.?In?addition,?the?Foundation?for?the?Future?was?established?in?November?2005?at?the?BMENA?Forum?in?Bahrain.?As?of ?late?2008 …”

Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative (BMENA) S. 105-106

„… ?the?Barcelona?process,?many?European?nations?were?reluctant?to?throw?their?weight?behind?a?new?initiative.?Europeans?to?this?day?continue?to?favor?their?own?framework?for?the?region?rather? than? an? association? with? American? democracy? promotion? efforts …”

The way foreign policy was conducted S. 76-77

„… ? going?in?their?preferred?direction?on?foreign?policy.?Why?then?were?principles?laid?out?by?so?called?neoconservatives,?especially?those?focusing?on?democracy?promotion,?so?successful?following?9/11?Adhering?to?U.?S.?ideals?is?not?a?unique?character?trait?of …”

Legitimacy of the King S. 123-125

„… ? as?well).?It?will?focus?particular?attention?to?current?structures?illustrating?reform?processes?in?Morocco.?The?endeavor?is?here?to?highlight?possible?areas?where?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?listed?earlier?would?encounter?problems.Morocco’s political structureIn? order? to? place? the? reforms? in? their? political? context? one? has? to …”

Issues of concern S. 59-61

„… ?oil?security?or?with?regards?to?the?Middle?East?peace?process.?Democracy?promotion …”

Additional measures & bilateral relations S. 121-123

„… ? as?well).?It?will?focus?particular?attention?to?current?structures?illustrating?reform?processes?in?Morocco.?The?endeavor?is?here?to?highlight?possible?areas?where?the?U.?S.?democracy?promotion?activities?listed?earlier?would?encounter?problems.Morocco’s political structureIn? order? to? place? the? reforms? in? their? political? context? one? has? to …”

Expectations of the role of outsiders S. 158-160

„… ? supporting?democracy?promotion …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845227160

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze, Ghia Nodia, Vladimir Paramonov - EU's Policy of Democracy Promotion

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Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze, Ghia Nodia, Vladimir Paramonov

EU's Policy of Democracy Promotion

Series: Demokratiestudien. Demokratie und Demokratisierung in Theorie und Empirie

Volume 7 2018

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Sigita Urdze, Michèle Knodt 2 Muddling Through: The European Union’s external democracy promotion in the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia S. 27-88

„… Muddling Through: The European Union’s external democracy promotion in the Southern Caucasus and …” „… external democracy promotion, the first question pertains to the classification of these instruments. In …” „… on EU’s democracy promotion in the South Caucasus and Central Asia, which required an alternative …”

Ghia Nodia 3 The EU’s effectiveness as a democracy promotion actor: Three divergent cases in the South Caucasus S. 89-204

„… The EU’s effectiveness as a democracy promotion actor: Three divergent cases in the South Caucasus …” „… Ghia Nodia This paper compares the outcomes of EU democracy-promotion policies in the three states of …” „… democracy promotion policies in light of the opinions of local actors. The South Caucasus as a “failing …”

Michèle Knodt, Sigita Urdze 1 Introduction S. 9-26

„… democracy promotion in non-EU states. Democracy promotion is a cross-sectional issue that touches upon all …” „… instruments for external democracy promotion (see below) (Knodt/Urdze 2011). In the aftermath of the breakdown …” „… democracy promotion became one of the goals of the European Union’s external governance in the region …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Nomos Kn od t | U rd ze N od ia | Pa ra m on ov EU’s Policy of Democracy Promotion EU ’s Po …” „… Democracy Promotion Nomos Michèle Knodt | Sigita Urdze Ghia Nodia | Vladimir Paramonov BUT_Knodt_2960-9 …” „… , Ghia / Paramonov, Vladimir EU’s Policy of Democracy Promotion Strategies and Impact in Central Asia and …”

Vladimir Paramonov 4 European Union activities and the impact of its policy of democratization in Central Asia S. 205-319

„… remains quite high (particularly in terms of political consultation and promotion/support of liberal …” „… promotion of democracy, in which the success of the European Union is hardly visible, as will be shown below …” „… the promotion of democracy in Kazakhstan. European business is not generally beneficial for the …”

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