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Christa Larsen, Sigrid Rand, Alfons Schmid, Andrew Dean - Developing Skills in a Changing World of Work

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Christa Larsen (ed.), Sigrid Rand (ed.), Alfons Schmid (ed.), Andrew Dean (ed.)

Developing Skills in a Changing World of Work

2018

Results in this title

Mario Mezzanzanica, Fabio Mercorio, Emilio Colombo Digitalisation and Automation: Insights from the Online Labour Market S. 259-282

„… 259 Digital isation and Automation: Insights from the Online Labour Market …” „… becomes crucial for ob- ‐ serving such online labour market dynamics and …” „… return to pre- ‐crisis labour market conditions. Figure 1: Timeline of …”

Ciprian Panzaru, Alina Iotu Generation Z versus the Labour Market: Skills Expectations in a New Era S. 283-300

„… Target Groups of the Labour Market Generation Z versus the Labour Market: Ski l ls …” „… , four generations will collide in the labour market, the need to design …” „… labour market. As this research is one of the first of its …”

Anna Grochowska Changing Need for Qualifications and Competencies: Assessment in Mazovian Regional Labour Market Monitoring S. 455-464

„… Mazovian Regional Labour Market Monitoring Anna Grochowska Introduction People are …” „… all sec- ‐ tors of the labour market. By 2025, 90% of vocational …” „… labour market are nothing new, but the current speed of these …”

Piotr Maleszyk Occupational Barometer as a Tool for Identifying Shortage and Surplus Occupations on Local Labour Markets: Evidence from Poland S. 121-166

„… LOCAL LABOUR MARKET OBSERVATORIES 2.1. Demand for Ski l ls und Competences in Sectors …” „… Surplus Occupations on Local Labour Markets: Evidence from Poland Piotr Maleszyk …” „… - ‐ tion from labour market tests or additional points in the admission …”

Rolf Keil, Bettina Splittgerber How to Survive in the Precarious Labour Market: New Skills for the Unemployed and Employers: A Mutual Approach S. 329-346

„… 329 How to Survive in the Precarious Labour Market: New Ski l ls for …” „… playing an increasingly important role in the labour market. Various forms …” „… in the labour market, but it also causes problems that the …”

Andrew Dean, Ben Neild A New Regional Labour Market Intervention: The Creation and Delivery of a “Data Analytics Skills Escalator” in the Exeter SUB-‐region of SW England S. 347-364

„… , Competence and Knowledge A New Regional Labour Market Intervention: The Creation and …” „… new intervention in the labour market – establishing a “Data Analytics …” „… continues to enjoy consistently high rankings for labour market par- ‐ ticipation …”

INFORMATION ON THE AUTHORS S. 465-488

„… USI, he analysed labour market flexibility, security and complexity …” „… concerns the analysis of European cross- ‐border labour markets and …” „… conditions of women in the labour market with a special focus on gen …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… World of Work: Concepts, Measurement and Data Applied in Regional and Local Labour Market Monitoring …” „… geographical locations. Labour market actors at regional and local level need to know which skills, competences …” „… the future developments. Regional and local labour market observatories, which are established in …”

Christa Larsen, Sigrid Rand Introduction S. 11-24

„… labour market observatories, which are established in over 550 regions …” „… sufficient for depicting regional and local labour markets and the resources …” „… describe the de- ‐ velopments in the labour markets. Against this …”

Vyacheslav Bobkov, Vadim Kvachev, Irina Novikova International Systems of Labour Skills Monitoring in the Digital Economy S. 385-394

„… and Irina Novikova The global digital labour market is forming …” „… the global digital labour market. The solution to this prob- ‐ lem is …” „… and American systems. The Russian System of Labour Market Ski l ls Monitoring …”

Claudia Plaimauer Monitoring Changing Needs in skills, competences and qualifications in Austria S. 167-178

„… planners, labour market administrators and vocational counsellors as well …” „… analysing the current labour market situation in Austria as well as the …” „… systematically covers current as well as future labour market demand from …”

Tjaša Žakelj Monitoring Skill and Competence Needs in Slovenia S. 395-424

„… , http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GAC/2014/WEF_GAC_Employment_MatchingSkillsLabour Market_Report_2014.pdf, last …” „… extremely important for labour market stakeholders to have detailed data on …” „… labour market needs. Well- ‐defined needs, shortages and gaps are a pillar …”

Eugenia Atin, Raquel Serrano Replay-VET: Up-skilling People with Low Qualifications to Improve Their Employability and Cover Future Replacement Positions S. 315-328

„… , eight members of the European Network on Regional Labour Market …” „… and those outside of the labour market. Supporting and up- ‐skilling …” „… participation of public bodies active in the labour market as well as …”

Pierre André Gericke, Alfons Schmid Professional Qualification Mismatches in Preceding Occupations: Comparison of Persons Entering Unemployment in East and West Germany S. 195-206

„… insight that the labour markets for certain occupations have specific …” „… the respective occupational labour market determines over- ‐ and under …” „… Germany. Due to the differences in the partial labour markets …”

Nina Oding Innovative Economy in St. Petersburg and the Development of Competencies S. 365-384

„… appeared on the agenda and will soon change the labour market. Obvious …” „… of new qualifica- ‐ tions. The Labour Market in St. Petersburg The economy …” „… . The labour market is experiencing a professional deficit in the …”

Moreno Baruffini Analysing Demand-oriented Skills in the Commercial Sector: The Swiss Case S. 227-240

„… that continuously struggle to find space in the labour market. There …” „… a web- ‐scraper. 228 The Start ing Point: A Changing Labour Market and a …” „… enter the labour market. It has a high labour market relevance and …”

Aleksandra Webb, Ronald McQuaid Utilising Skills Demand Opportunities to Overcome the Low Professional Status and Attractiveness of a Sector: The Early Learning and Childcare Sector in Scotland S. 241-258

„… inclusive labour markets. While some of the projected skills shortages in …” „… created by the replacements demand in the labour market. For more …” „… a polarisation of the labour market. However, people with no …”

Marta Marzena Sosnowska Current and Future Demand for Professions, Competences and Qualifications in the Context of the Sectoral Development of the Regional Economy: The Case of Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland S. 179-194

„… labour market, taking the key sectors of the regional economy into …” „… the Polish and regional labour market and the rise of the so …” „… institutions that have knowledge about the local labour market provide …”

Dan Restuccia, Bledi Taska Different Skills, Different Gaps: Measuring and Closing the Skills Gap S. 207-226

„… changing labour market; • A need for an expanded employer leadership role …” „… labour market. In addition, employers may also be using the …” „… tightening labour market. These gaps are especially pronounced in many …”

Renato Fontana, Carmine Piscopo, Erika Nemmo Cross-‐cutting Competences and Soft Skills in Digital Professions: Knowledge-sharing and Social Stratification in the World of Tomorrow S. 25-50

„… the composite aggregate that we call the labour market. 26 Let’s …” „… the produc- ‐ tion process, both in- ‐ and outside the labour market …” „… skills, which are increasingly de- ‐ manded by the current labour market …”

Jyldyz Djumalieva, Cath Sleeman An Open and Data-driven Taxonomy of Skills Extracted from Online Job Adverts S. 425-454

„… insights to support labour market decision- ‐making. To generate the …” „… and demographic trends, will reshape labour market structures. A …” „… labour market. Existing sources of information on occupational requirements …”

Carsten Kampe, Daniel Porep, Anja Walter Changing Needs for Soft Skills and Competencies Through Digitalisation: Results of Two Business Surveys in the Federal State of Brandenburg S. 85-102

„… the market. This is linked to far- ‐reaching changes in the labour …” „… the labour market. Before now, there was never any reason to fear …” „… widening of the salaried labour market. But the kind of employment …”

Patrizio Di Nicola, Alessia Cremonini, Michela Cossu, Stefano Scravaglieri Smart Working and Organisation: Which Managerial Skills to Lead and Manage Cultural Change? S. 51-84

„… , competitiveness, increased participa- ‐ tion in the labour market, gender equality …” „… machines seem to make is analysing the labour market by dividing it by …” „… Labour Office 2017). These changes, compared to the previous paradigm in …”

Eugenia Atin, Raquel Serrano, Ibon Zugasti 50 Strategies for 2050: Work and the Digital Revolution in Spain S. 103-120

„… model and break- ‐ ing the duality in the labour market. As a society …” „… dizzying changes in their job markets, mainly derived from intense demograph …” „… 2050” to tackle relevant change factors that might affect the labour …”

doi.org/10.978.395710/3154

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper, Alfons Schmid, Marco Ricceri - The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

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Christa Larsen (ed.), Jenny Kipper (ed.), Alfons Schmid (ed.), Marco Ricceri (ed.)

The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe

Series: Forschung und deren Anwendung im Bereich des regionalen und lokalen Arbeitsmarktmonitorings im transnationalen Vergleich (Veröffentlichungen des IWAK)

Volume 2022

Results in this title

Ciprian Panzaru, Gabriela Negoiță Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labour Market S. 27-44

„… 27 1. BASICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONCERNING THE LABOUR MARKET, WORK, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT …” „… , AND TRANSFORMATION Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities for the Labour Market …” „… and error. AI pushes the Fourth Industrial Revolution forward, transforming labour markets around the …”

Moreno Baruffini, Dorit Griga, Laurence Dévaud Digitisation, Artificial Intelligence, and the (Re)integration of Vulnerable Groups in the Labour Market: Evidence from Switzerland S. 301-316

„… digitisation. The “Digitisation-Labour Market-Nexus” from an Institutional Perspective When it comes to …” „… Labour Market: Evidence from Switzerland Moreno Baruffini, Dorit Griga, and Laurence Dévaud Introduction …” „… sought after on the labour market. It is necessary that workers’ qualifications and skills adapt quickly …”

Julia Nania, Layla O’Kane, Bledi Taska The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe S. 165-186

„… Labour Markets Across Europe Julia Nania, Layla O’Kane, and Bledi Taska Introduction and Project …” „… Overview In recent decades, the labour market has faced transformative trends in the skills required of …” „… increasing labour market polarisation, while also reshaping the task performed in many occupations. One of …”

Anna Giabelli, Fabio Mercorio, Mario Mezzanzanica, Francesco Trentini Capturing the Skill Transformation Using Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: a Novel Change Index to Observe how the Italian Labour Market has been Changing over Time S. 107-128

„… Artificial Intelligence: a Novel Change Index to Observe how the Italian Labour Market has been Changing over …” „… In the last ten years, the labour market has undergone radical change mainly driven by technological …” „… ; (iii) the speed at which these phenomena are changing the dynamics of the labour market requires …”

Christa Larsen, Jenny Kipper The Relevance of Artificial Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across Europe. Perspectives on Employment, Training, Placement, and Social Inclusi... S. 13-26

„… and Local Labour Markets Across Europe. Perspectives on Employment, Training, Placement, and Social …” „… disruptive im-pact on labour markets and settings of work as well as on further education and training …” „… – especially AI – triggers changes in labour markets, settings of work, and further education and training …”

INFORMATION ON THE AUTHORS S. 345-362

„… the Labour Market/Unemployment Insur-ance division. She has a background in the Social Sciences. Prior …” „… the Faculty of Economics (Università Della Svizzera Italiana, USI), he analysed labour market …” „… cross-border labour markets and border-regional economics, explicitly focusing on trans-border mobility and the …”

Iwona Ganko, Eva Jansova New Business Models Powered by Artificial Intelligence: Platform Work in the EU Neighbourhood S. 187-212

„… transmittable services (for example via freelance marketplaces); • digital labour markets for on-location …” „… . On the other hand, they may further reinforce the existing labour market inequalities by …” „… brought by those new trends in the view of the labour market and skills development spec-ificities. 188 …”

Mattia Martini, Malvina Ficai Veltroni, Dario Cavenago Enhancing Perceived Employability of University Students in Turbulent Times: the Importance of Personal Resources and Organisational Support S. 327-344

„… identify alternative opportunities that are available to them and become involved in the labour market …” „… and even thrive in an increasingly competitive labour market requires elevated levels of perceived …” „… self-sufficiently in the labour market, realising their potential through sustainable and satisfying employment …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-12

„… pleasant reading. Oliver Schärli Head of the Labour Market/Unemployment Insurance Division at the Swiss …” „… Intelligence in the Digital and Green Transformation of Regional and Local Labour Markets Across …” „… Perspectives on Research and its Application in the Field of Regional and Local Labour Market Monitoring Edited …”

Anna Clara Gatti, Ettore Colombo, Elena Magrini, Simone Perego, Mauro Pelucchi Understanding Talent Attraction Using Online Job Ads: the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Green Jobs S. 129-164

„… providing an almost real time snapshot of the labour market, artificial intelli-gence (AI) and big data …” „… , such as job postings analytics, can help places address this challenge. These labour market insights …” „… these tools to better understand local labour markets: a Talent Attractiveness Index. The index combines …”

Javier Armaolea Juaristi Artificial Intelligence Solutions and Challenges in Modernising the Content and Structures of Vocational Education and Training S. 255-276

„… , resilient and inclu-sive labour market; • Component 20: the Strategic Plan for Vocational Training in the …” „… Dynamic, Resilient, and Inclusive Labour Market For decades, the Spanish labour market has been dragging …” „… economic, and social inequality. This component will promote the re-form of the Spanish labour market to …”

Renato Fontana, Ernesto Dario Calò the Relevance of Digital Transformation and Remote Working. How Work Processes and the Skills of Employees Change People’s Lives S. 213-254

„… labour market in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), in big cities and small villages, in the North and …” „… labour market. In this complex scenario talking about work digitalisation means also referring to a …” „… labour industrial society (which is, in reality, a market of simple performances, job positions, and …”

Aleksandra Webb Artificial Intelligence and Digital Innovation in the Cultural Sectors: Technology, Sustainability, and new Creative Jobs. Are we Ready? S. 77-94

„… as wider transformations in the labour market (ETF 2019). Increas-ingly, these are discussed in a …” „… being replaced by robots (Berriman 2017; Frey and Osborne 2013). Labour market analyses are also being …” „… labour markets (AI UK 2022). This area is an example of AI applications used to achieve more responsive …”

Borja Pulido Orbegozo AI-Machine Learning Serving People and Employment: Profiling Jobseekers S. 317-326

„… to their em-ployability on the labour market. It could also be defined as a customised diag-nostic …” „… distance between the group or individual and the labour market, indicating a greater or lesser probability …” „… seekers in order to be able to point them to the best opportunities of the labour market, in other words …”

Ralitsa Savova Technology and Society: Innovation and the Digital Transformation as Drivers of Development S. 95-106

„… ), SiteGround, one of the leaders in the international web host-ing market-based in Bulgaria with an investment …” „… Forum es-timates that “85 million jobs may be displaced by a shift in the division of labour between …” „… labour between humans, machines and al-gorithms” (World Economic Forum 2020). The AI sector is developing …”

Marco Ricceri Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Codes and State Laws. An Open Process for a Competitive and Inclusive Society S. 45-76

„… societal and labour market changes through education and training initiatives. To this aim, proposals have …” „… end of 2020 with the launch of the “Digital Services Act” and the “Digital Markets Act”, the German …” „… over promoting the development or innovation of the AI market, a prefer-ence demonstrated by timely …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783957104113

European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) - Migration Waves in Eastern Europe [1990-2015]

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European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) (ed.)

Migration Waves in Eastern Europe [1990-2015]

Series: Sonderheft SEER

Volume 2017

Results in this title

Stefano Ruvolo The Labour Market Aspects of Migration between Italy and the Balkans S. 19-28

„… Stefano Ruvolo The Labour Market Aspects of Migration between Italy and the Balkans1 The arrival of …” „… characteristics of Italy's internal labour market have not changed, while the incentives provided by labour …” „… the labour market, above all in Italy and the countries which face its Adriatic coastline. The future …”

Rossitsa Rangelova Labour migration from east to west in the context of European Union integration S. 191-214

„… participation and integration of such migrants in the EU labour market. The main hypothesis of the article is …” „… , European Union, labour market Introduction After the political changes in central and eastern Europe1 (in …” „… a kind of internal mobility of the labour force. The liberalisation of the EU labour market and the …”

Chris Wright The regulation of European labour mobility: National policy responses to the free movement of labour transition arrangements of recent EU enlargements S. 215-236

„… joined the EU in 2004 to work freely in its labour market, but prevented Bulgarians and Romanians from …” „… being able to do so three years later. Keywords: labour immigration, labour mobility, labour market …” „… to restrict nationals from the new member states from freely working in their labour markets for up …”

Biljana Cavkoska Freedom of movement of workers as a condition for implementing the Europe 2020 strategy for employment and growth S. 285-294

„… right conditions to modernise labour markets. The author goes on to analyse the elimination of …” „… , economic and social cohesion, poverty, inclusion, labour markets, employment structural change …” „… legal, administrative and practical problems in its realisation. Today, the European labour market …”

Angela Munteanu Moldova without Moldovans: labour emigration – a loss or a gain? S. 71-76

„… through proper policies in areas like labour market and property reform. 1 CISR (2001): Moldova in …” „… existence of a private sector is a necessary precondition for the development of an adequate labour market …” „… under-developed economy and an imbalanced labour market have appeared. However, what are the employment …”

Rossitsa Rangelova, Katia Vladimirova Migration from central and eastern Europe: the case of Bulgaria S. 105-128

„… and social activity in the country, its still not well-developed labour market and the insufficient …” „… 82 144 2.72 Total 3 013 579 98.5 45 430 1.5 3 059 009 100.0 Labour market participation of emigrants …” „… from Bulgaria Considering participation in foreign labour markets by migrants, we can divide them into …”

Bela Galgoczi, Calvin Allen Waves of migration from south-east Europe to the EU, as documented in 16 years of the South-East Europe Review S. 3-10

„… have on receiving country labour markets and welfare systems are not isolated. Furthermore, political …” „… changing geopolitical function of Italy in the Mediterranean by focusing on the labour market effects of …” „… of local labour markets, this led to the problem of over-education and, with the prospect of free …”

Ágnes Hárs Hungarian emigration and immigration perspectives – some economic considerations S. 41-60

„… protectionism in legal labour markets in the destination country, with considerable expected income differences …” „… difference between expected earnings in the receiving and sending countries, based on the labour market …” „… – protectionism in the labour market of the receiving countries (R) Rc Rp 12 ‘According to UN recommendation, a …”

Anna Rocheva Adaptation of labour migrants as a function of social management S. 249-258

„… countries are able to find jobs in the labour market of Russia, which features an imbalance resulting from a …” „… lead to a deterioration in the situation of local labour markets n an uneven distribution of labour …” „… Anna Rocheva Adaptation of labour migrants as a function of social management Abstract The …”

William T. Bagatelas, Bruno S. Sergi The Balkans ‘brain drain’ – its meaning and implications S. 93-98

„… them since communism collapsed over fourteen years ago: they are pursuing pro-market, pro-European …” „… New York, NY: International Business Press. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs …” „… moved far ahead of job creation and the vaunted guarantees of the free market. So, who is to blame for …”

Viorel Rotila The impact of the migration of health care workers on the countries involved: the Romanian situation S. 151-178

„… , east-west migration policies, free movement of labour, EU integration and the internal market, ‘push’ and …” „… better labour market in the Union with which to deal with globalisation (for example, to ensure …” „… skills; it trains workers to adapt to the demands of new labour markets; and it eases living standards …”

Violeta Ivanova, Stella Georgieva, Evangelos Evangelou Information bridge: Bulgaria-Cyprus – Trade union co-operation for immigrant labour rights S. 295-304

„… of Bulgaria to the EU, when certain restrictions were imposed regarding access to the labour market …” „… because Cyprus did not close its labour market to our country. It is important to note that, during this …” „… for the rapid inclusion of Bulgarian migrants in the labour market, in comparison to other European …”

Deniz Genç A paradox in EU migration management S. 237-248

„… has intensified.52 In such an environment, foreigners in the labour market (migrants and …” „… 246 SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe Special issue the labour market and …” „… market; the security of the cultural identities of European societies; and the security of welfare …”

Ilia Telo Employment structure, Migration and the informal economy in Albania S. 11-18

„… also dubious, for example: n an INSTAT publication, Labour Market 1996-1997, states on p.5 that, by the …” „… . Statistical Yearbook Albania in Figures – 1997, INSTAT. Labour Market 1996-1997, INSTAT. Transition, May-June …” „… , efficiency and overall output. In particular, labour productivity was lower than elsewhere and showed a …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-2

„… labour market and industrial relations, and produces European comparative studies in these and related …” „… : Employment structure, Migration and the informal economy in Albania 11 Stefano Ruvolo: The Labour Market …” „… Journal of the European Trade Union Institute SPECIAL ISSUE SEER JOURNAL FOR LABOUR AND SOCIAL …”

Bruno S. Sergi, Giacomo Morabito Migration and remittances: the rise and fall of Albania and Kosovo S. 305-316

„… n influence on brain loss/gain n influence on the labour market n influence on demography. During …” „… structural reforms. Indeed, migrant remittances could contribute to Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and …” „… remittances have a positive impact on macroeconomic growth and on well-functioning financial markets by …”

Birsen Ersel The social and political problems raised by the emigration of Turkish workers S. 77-92

„… abroad but the share of the western labour market held by Yugoslavia and, particularly, Turkey greatly …” „… labourers). This migration from rural areas later expanded into a lasting mass exodus to the industrialised …” „… zero, western nations had reached a situation in which they were no longer able to supply the labour …”

Drenka Vuković Migrations of the labour force from Serbia S. 129-140

„… rates, the privatisation process and economic restructuring with negative effects on the labour market …” „… trends present on the labour market, massive unemployment, low wages and uncertainty have forced a great …” „… Drenka Vuković Migrations of the labour force from Serbia Introduction Migratory movements of the …”

About the Authors S. 317-320

„… has published widely in the fields of migration, job mobility and labour markets. e-mail …” „… and on impacts on the labour market. e-mail: r.rangelova@iki.bas.bg. About the Authors 318 SEER …” „… policies; and Turkey-EU relations. e-mail: hdgenc@medipol .edu.tr. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour …”

Martin Baldwin-Edwards Sustainable development and emigration: the contemporary Balkans and the European Union S. 99-104

„… is primarily 4 Vidovic, H. (2004) ‘Labour Markets and Employment Development in South East Europe’ in …” „… through migrants’ weak (and often illegal) positions in European labour markets. For economic development …” „… International Migration, Paris: OECD. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe …”

Lela Rekhviashvili Survival strategies of the poor and marginalised – The case of internally displaced people in Georgia S. 271-284

„… (2010) Labour Markets and Employability, Trends and Challenges in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia …” „… , marginalisation, integration, internally displaced people, conflict, survival strategies, labour migration, aid …” „… Georgian population. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe p. 271 …”

Marion Möhle, Susanne Huth, Jens Becker Global asylum flows in the context of EU enlargement: The consequences of the safe third country rule S. 29-40

„… and its planned economy to a democratic society with a free market. Ongoing social change leads to a …” „… largest numbers of asylum applicants. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern …” „… 30 SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe Special issue the introduction of a …”

Drenka Vuković The position and problems of refugees in Serbia S. 61-70

„… Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe p. 61 – 70 61 tutions and the population of the …” „… (UNHCR), according to registration on 18 June 2001. Drenka Vuković 62 SEER Journal for Labour and Social …” „… . The position and problems of refugees in Serbia Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social …”

Kerstin Zimmer The implementation of migration policy in Ukraine: autonomous or directed? S. 259-270

„… asylum seekers and migrants. Special issue SEER Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe …” „… for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe Special issue a working agreement with the European …” „… fundamentally since 1991. During the Soviet era, migrants mainly arrived on the basis of study and labour …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845279398

Regine Qualmann - South Africa's Reintegration into World and Regional Markets

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Regine Qualmann

South Africa's Reintegration into World and Regional Markets

Series: Entwicklungstheorie und Entwicklungspolitik

Volume 3 2008

Results in this title

Intra-Industry Trade, Trade Liberalization and the Labour Market S. 90-91

„… , Trade Liberalization and the Labour Market How then does the presence of intra-industry trade, and …” „… particularly of vertical IIT, affect the labour market when trade is liberalised? Earlier trade models focussed …” „… labour-abundant; (ii) the net flow of goods still reflects relative factor abundance, but in contrast to the …”

Implications of the Emerging Pattern of Specialization for the Labour Market S. 176-178

„… a developing country. The impact of trade openness on the labour market of a middle income country …” „… – including the one to raise or just fix wages. Among the stylised facts of the South African labour market …” „… market has been the large decline in employment of unskilled relative to skilled labour (Bhorat 1999 …”

Trade Openness, Wages and the Case of a Non-Clearing Labour Market S. 75-80

„… Non-Clearing Labour Market The Heckscher-Ohlin world is based on the assumption that factor prices are flexible …” „… possibility of non-clearing labour markets. The latter, however, is apparently the case which bears more …” „… likely that the labour market is characterised by rising wage inequality and unemployment. I intend …”

Overview of the Economy and Recent Economic Policy S. 23-32

„… labour market, and factor abundance as such is apparently not the only determinant of the trade pattern …” „… especially between GEAR’s macro-economic and trade liberalization thrust and labour market reforms has been …” „… Labour Market High and rising unemployment is considered the single most important problem of the South …”

Summary of Findings on South Africa's Emerging Pattern of Trade and Specialization S. 172-176

„… trade pattern and the labour market as well as to the role of the recently implemented preferential …” „… model – and predict a trade pattern that is potentially detrimental to the country's labour market …” „… Specialization for the Labour Market According to standard trade theory, the removal of barriers to trade is …”

Problem Statement, Objectives and Structure of the Analysis S. 32-34

„… industries. A number of labour market reforms are adressing employment creation and job security as well as …” „… market. A strong segmentation of the labour market hence persists. Yet, the pressure towards increasing …” „… the institutions in the labour, goods and capital markets and externally applied sanctions all have …”

Bibliography S. 181-196

„… Africa, paper presented at the DPRU/FES conference on Labour Markets and Poverty in South Africa …” „… Labour Market? Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF Working Paper WP/01/148) Altenburg, T …” „… Enlargement on Employment and Labour Markets in the EU Member States, Study on Behalf of European Commission …”

Summary S. 15-22

„… deficits such as a lack of skilled labour, the existence of segmented labour markets, and a situation …” „… Africa’s labour markets are in no way able to compensate for the rapid process of technological change and …” „… instance, that a more in-depth investigation of the South African labour market and its institutions would …”

Hypotheses for the Empirical Analysis: What Theory Predicts S. 100-103

„… labour market, in the short run, the shift from a primary goods exporter to one exporting predominantly …” „… shifts are likely to result in a positive net effect on the labour market as the country increasingly …” „… will however very much depend on further institutional reforms in the labour market itself as well on …”

Introduction S. 65-67

„… blocs with these and on the potential impact of trade on the northern labour markets (Leamer 1994 …” „… relative abundance of labour compared to the OECD countries should profit twice from increasing openness to …” „… increased trade between labour-abundant and labour-scarce countries will increase real wages in the former …”

Changing Patterns of Inter- and Intra-Industry Trade S. 150-159

„… attention is usually given to implications for the labour market. Summary results for 22 product groups and …” „… aggregation tends to be much larger as a share in domestic exports compared to global markets. In other words …” „… independently of changes in the competitive position of these other products in global markets. 87 11.4 …”

Policy Implications and Outlook S. 178-180

„… addition to the problems resulting from almost completely segmented labour markets and from highly …” „… labour market; — integrate SMMEs into increasingly productive specialization patterns; and — enhance the …” „… product standards and generate new and more sophisticated varieties. Job generation and labour absorption …”

The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Relative Factor Prices S. 67-73

„… . wages). To infer such a relationship from the labour market alone would, however, leave the general …” „… markets do not clear or factor prices do not adjust instantaneously as is commonly assumed in the basic …” „… differences in two countries' endowments with resources such as land, labour or capital. In the basic …”

Relaxing the Assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin-Model S. 73-75

„… import-competing sector. 5.3 Trade Openness, Wages and the Case of a Non-Clearing Labour Market The Heckscher-Ohlin …” „… , a productivity advantage in one sector, that is, for instance, intensive in skilled labour, while …” „… production of that sector, that is, of skilled labour in this example. The remarkable difference over the …”

Shifts in the Pattern of Trade as Indicated by Revealed Comparative Advantage S. 139-150

„… labour-intensive industries have accounted for increasing shares in high-income exports while capital-intensive …” „… labour-intensive industries have accounted for small and sometimes even decreasing overall export shares, and their …” „… disadvantage in the production of labour-intensive products, and it has moreover apparently not specialized in …”

More Factors, More Goods, More Countries S. 80-84

„… impact upon the labour market. Rather, the mechanisms above define the way by which increased trade …” „… openness may come in as an additional factor impacting on the labour market, i.e. in addition to given …” „… labour market institutions such as wage setting policies, and other factors relating to technology …”

The Role of Comparative Advantages, Scale Economies, and Implications for the Location of Industries S. 167-169

„… market access to a number of export markets. Jonsson and Subramanian show furthermore that neither a …” „… not. 168 Interestingly, within the more labour-intensive product groups, South Africa accounts for a …” „… case of a labour-intensive industry in which South Africa has actually improved its advantage over SADC …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… pattern of specialization could bring about, provided the labour market can adjust at the required speed …” „… , Wages and the Case of a Non-Clearing Labour Market 75 8 5.4 More Factors, More Goods, More Countries 80 …” „… Role of Factor Endowments Again 88 6.3 Intra-Industry Trade, Trade Liberalization and the Labour Market …”

Conclusions and Implications of Comparative Advantage Theory S. 84-85

„… labour markets are likely to become a particularly relevant impediment in the process of reallocation …” „… such cases trade liberalization will increase the pressure on the labour market, potentially resulting …” „… labour Closed-economy demand for unskilled labour S3 B S1 S2 Source: Adapted from Wood (1999, 157 …”

Conclusions and Implications of the New Trade Theory S. 91-92

„… adjustment costs. For instance, skilled labour is likely to be more mobile between industries then unskilled …” „… unskilled rather than skilled labour rises in the developing countries. Empirical studies have found …” „… , however, that the effects of outsourcing processes on labour demand and wages in a developing country may …”

Implications of South Africa's Free Trade Agreements with SADC and the EU S. 169-171

„… market, South Africa has to become more competitive in these industries also with respect to the rest of …” „… the world. While improving its position in regional markets with respect to differentiated and …” „… some of its most labour-intensive industries such as textiles and wearing apparel as well as in basic …”

Economies of Scale, Monopolistic Competition, and Market Segmentation S. 85-88

„… labour markets are likely to become a particularly relevant impediment in the process of reallocation …” „… such cases trade liberalization will increase the pressure on the labour market, potentially resulting …” „… in non-clearing factor markets; hence result in an increase of unemployment. Costs of adjustment to …”

Composition and Factor Intensity of Trade with Respect to Different Trading Partners S. 134-139

„… 134 industries. The overall increase in the economy-wide capital-labour ratio is apparently …” „… labour-intensive industries both in output and exports. The findings thus confirm that contrary to the 1980s, in …” „… labour-intensive and more human capital-intensive industries. These industries have substantially expanded their …”

Intra-Industry Trade and Vertical Specialization: The Role of Factor Endowments Again S. 88-90

„… Intra-Industry Trade, Trade Liberalization and the Labour Market How then does the presence of intra-industry …” „… trade, and particularly of vertical IIT, affect the labour market when trade is liberalised? Earlier …” „… relatively labour-abundant; (ii) the net flow of goods still reflects relative factor abundance, but in …”

The Potential of Regional Spill-Over Effects S. 97-99

„… accounting for the smaller home markets, which puts the hub in the favourable position regarding transport …” „… hub unless the spokes overcome their main disadvantages, i.e. in particular small market size, weak …” „… characterised by scale economies, are certainly higher in an integrated market, and they may even be better if …”

Indications of Increasing Trade Openness and Structural Shifts in the Post-Apartheid Period: Descriptive Evidence S. 59-63

„… of the country's increased trade openness and reintegration into world markets. As discussed above …” „… production and even expanding their world market share due to the depreciations of the rand. South Africa …” „… applies to some of the more labour-intensive industries such as textiles, clothing, and footwear. The …”

Recent Shifts in the Regional Pattern of Trade and Specialization S. 160-163

„… exploited with a deepening of market integration in the region. Given the large trade imbalances that have …” „… accumulated, the main remedy that has been sought so far is improving market access of the other SADC members …” „… to the South African market more rapidly while strengthening these countries' exporting capacity. The …”

Free Trade Arrangements and Regional Trade Integration: Implications of Theory S. 99-100

„… region this economy is the one relatively scarcely endowed with unskilled labour and well endowed with …” „… (human) capital. If unskilled labour is the more abundant factor in the region however, the trade-bloc …” „… world with respect to capital-labour ratios. This country is prone to gain from trade creation while …”

Trade Diversion, Trade Creation and Beyond S. 92-96

„… 'home market effect' as long as transport costs are non-zero. Within the region, this implies clearly a …” „… limited home market. The home market effect diminishes with increasing liberalization of trade …” „… , the role of proximity, the relative size of 'integrated markets' and the evolution of intra- versus …”

Trade Creation, Trade Diversion, and Potential Dynamic Effects of Trade Agreements: Review of Previous Literature and Implications S. 163-167

„… industry groups while resource and labour-intensive industries account for smaller and diminishing export …” „… shares of textiles and clothing products, that is of the most labour-intensive industry groups, which …” „… , the largest import shares from the SADC region are accounted for by resource- and labour …”

Stylised Facts on Trade and Production in the SADC Region S. 159-160

„… 159 respect to India and Zimbabwe, both being countries with lower capital-labour ratios than South …” „… . The large size of the Brazilian market as well as efforts towards deepened trade integration between …” „… South Africa in the labour-intensive as well as in most differentiated industries has resulted in …”

Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… (of the European Communities) CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight CLR Capital Labour Ratio COMECON Council …” „… for Mutual Economic Assistance COMESA Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa CU Customs Union …” „… International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund ISIC International Standard Industrial …”

Conclusions from the Descriptive Evidence S. 63-64

„… – SA Standard Industrial Database; author’s calculations. 64 relief to the labour market: The large …” „… exports. The recent phase of reintegration into the world markets has been characterised led by the strong …” „… them the more labour-intensive ones. Taken together, these features provide a first tentative …”

Recent Applications of the Gravity Model and Implications for the Present Analysis S. 107-111

„… labour-intensive goods. Hence, the higher the level of development the more important are factors such as market …” „… , yet these are market economies and globally well integrated. The second type of gravity studies have …” „… scale and a home market effect in these products, per capita income is positively related to exports of …”

Conclusions on the Implications of Recent Shifts in Trade Policy for the Pattern of Trade S. 47-48

„… protection levels can be discerned from the above analysis, as industries of various labour- and …” „… markets are likely to act as forceful barriers of trade against South African food and beverages exports …” „… competition on EU markets among the various groups of developing countries. 48 With respect to the South …”

Model Specification and Estimation S. 111-128

„… 111 intensive and negatively to trade in labour-intensive goods. Hence, the higher the level of …” „… development the more important are factors such as market size rather than endowment proportions as …” „… of the partner country, developing countries trade in more labour-intensive goods with industrialised …”

Background S. 105-106

„… into the international division of labour among market economies.51 In the present chapter, the …” „… market economies? The underlying hypothesis is that South Africa, until the recent phase of accelerated …” „… derives from long-term determinants of trade, such as market size and endowment differentials, and …”

Introduction S. 104-105

„… international division of labour among market economies.51 In the present chapter, the question we try to …” „… trade were determined by the same factors as those that affect globally integrated market economies? The …”

Inhibited Trade in the Apartheid Era S. 54-59

„… functioning of domestic labour and production markets, the effects of sanctions were of a more indirect nature …” „… and regional markets. The international isolation of the country peaked between the mid-1980s and …” „… 1991 1992 1993Terms of trade excludinggoldWorld market price ofgoldREER Source: SARB – Time Series …”

Regional Integration and Bilateral Preferential Trade Agreements S. 41-47

„… institution. 44 As a result, access to the South African market has become a key concern of trade policy …” „… origin are in fact assumed to effectively restrict market access of non-SACU SADC members in the South …” „… African market (Flatters, 2001). Hence, while there is considerable potential for trade liberalization …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845205922

Daniel Hawkins - The Struggles over City-Space

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Daniel Hawkins

The Struggles over City-Space

Series: Studien zu Lateinamerika

Volume 13 2011

Results in this title

The informal labour market: the forgotten sphere of political economic theory S. 138-145

„… of the capitalist mode of production and its impact on urban labour markets, especially in …” „… of urban labour markets in ‘poor’ countries across all theoretical and ideological perspectives up …” „… regulation of labour markets in the less-advanced economies, culminating in the emergence of the “informal …”

Structural ‘unemployment’, ‘underemployment’ and the informal sector S. 145-153

„… developing a more intrinsic understanding of the working and structures of the labour markets of …” „… revolutionized labour market theory, bringing together researchers from both the North and South with a mixing …” „… work on urban labour markets in underdeveloped countries. He coined the terms “informal” and “formal …”

Spatio-temporal fixes: imperialisms of capital and imperialisms of territory S. 66-70

„… imperialist-competitive nature), looks to open up new markets, new resources, production possibilities and new labour …” „… when both capital and labour cannot be reinvested at a profitable rate in the space/territory where …” „… ; commodities with market gluts and price decreases; productive capacity via underused or idle capital equipment …”

Incorporating geography and space into Marxian theory S. 62-66

„… attain reproduction without incorporating extra-economic factors to those market-mediated ones …” „… . Furthermore, this interaction of market-mediated and extra-economic factors can never be stable because the …” „… trade and these ‘commodities’ are accorded a price dependent on the socially necessary labour time …”

Re-sketching the urban transformations and their association with the formal, informal and illegal economies (a historical backtracking) S. 156-159

„… strategies and their influence on the urban labour market. As already discussed in the preceding chapter, the …” „… ‘formal’ industrial labour market was inundated and could no longer (particularly post-1960s) cope with …” „… ) brought about a further imbalance in labour supply and demand. The informal labour market - and we could …”

The spheres and avenues of class power and subaltern power struggles S. 84-90

„… workplace bargaining power. The first type stems from “tight labour markets” where labour demand outstrips …” „… the labour market and survive via nonwage means (for examples, see: Arrighi, 1966). The second …” „… State-propelled assault on organized labour (visualized through capital’s enhanced mobility, labour market …”

Methodology S. 27-30

„… influencing the emanation and growth of heterogeneous labour and housing markets, culminating in mass …” „… into specific professions, government-defined labour market regulations, as well as the way in which …” „… labour-market anomalies. Contrary to the predictions of both classical Marxist and non-Marxist theoretical …”

Urbanization and industrialization in capitalist-city development S. 80-84

„… vis-a-vis ports, rather than the available local labour supply and local market size. In Latin America at …” „… socio-geographical divisions of labour within the world market are the result of pure market regulation. Such …” „… (in terms of infrastructure and population) attracts industry due to the available supply of labourers …”

Informal street trade and local government regulation pre-1988 S. 178-183

„… , there was a growing pull on the labour market as supply increasingly outstripped demand. Informal street …” „… destroy it, thereby exacerbating the growing labour market disequilibrium; the vast numbers of traders and …” „… infrastructure of the market, thereby ignoring problems related to marketing strategies, client and supplier …”

Informal street vendors: a distinct category of informal agents and activity S. 165-170

„… a diversified market position, i.e. both producing and selling products utilizing labour (be it …” „… always the case that ISVs are excluded from the labour market or more pertinently from obtaining wage …” „… their labour-power to capitalists (Wright, 1994: 51). Nonetheless, such distinctions are very rigid and …”

Bibliography S. 307-328

„… Roles of the Informal Sector in Development: Evidence from Urban Labour Market Research, 1940-1989. In C …” „… Sanmiguel-Valderrama (2007), "Labour standards, global markets and non-state initiatives: Colombia’s and Ecuador’s …” „… and Proposals for Its Solutions. Geneva: International Labour Office. Barten, Françoise, René Perez …”

Public space and the rule of exchange value S. 76-80

„… positions vis-a-vis ports, rather than the available local labour supply and local market size. In Latin …” „… fallacy of assuming that a capitalist society is regulated by the ‘pure’ market mechanism. But the …” „… the avenues within which the economic wealth derived from the people’s labour was invested. Even …”

Final Reflections S. 295-299

„… demand, created a structural imbalance in the labour-housing market, leading to a severe fractioning of …” „… sanctioned the entrance of temporal, non-organized vendors, into the informal market during this high season …” „… vending market” for the December period, during which street vending would be broadly tolerated. This …”

Space: a missing realm in Marxian theory? S. 59-62

„… this process, the globalizing space of the capital world market was linked intricately to the …” „… concerning the work of Frederich Engels who gave a very space-oriented overview of how the market mechanism …” „… ’ that creates more value in its consumption than in its actual cost- labour power- (Engels, 1968; Jessop …”

Governing urban public space and informal street vending in the period of decentralization (1988-2008) S. 216-222

„… highly segmented local labour market, in a manner that avoided arbitrary mass street vendor repression …” „… considerable labour market imbalance between demand and supply. He advocated a move towards vendor collective …” „… vendors themselves.175 No doubt, as the unskilled labour force continues to suffer disproportionately the …”

Accumulation via Dispossession: the violence of reshaping space and society S. 70-73

„… obtains through its spatial-temporal attack on labour-power supply and labour’s degree of class …” „… . Fundamental to this gradual movement is the need 71 to ‘remove’ the labourer from his/her ties to the land and …” „… thereafter ‘implicitly’ force him/her into the capital relation, exchanging his/her labour-power for a wage …”

The limits of the capital industrial model (1950-1980) S. 111-120

„… their subsistence plantations and opt for the rural labour market. The political structures gave an …” „… labour demand for arriving country migrants as well as giving them a place to live in their new city …” „… generally being subsumed to use-value needs, displayed via unpaid collective labour as well as …”

Macro-economic solutions to sectoral and productive heterogeneities S. 153-156

„… and widespread project for agrarian reform. The ‘formal’ industrial labour market was inundated and …” „… nor did they employ the greatest percentage of informal wage labour. As such, the promised growth in …” „… factor between formal and informal labour relations and economic activity, its institutional grounding is …”

The present administration: Alonso Salazar and political continuance S. 212-216

„… global crisis on the local labour market were not long in arriving. While the relative economic boom seen …” „… labour market, in a manner that avoided arbitrary mass street vendor repression, the extent of their …” „… administration’s effort to ‘market’ the stalls as alternative shopping sites. Marketing studies were conducted, on …”

Informal street vending: ignore it, endorse it, or eliminate it? S. 171-177

„… , especially concerning the distribution and market supply and demand for labour in specific areas and …” „… members act to alleviate the effects of a highly imbalanced labour market (mass unemployment) combined …” „… of the existence of an excess ‘unskilled’ labour supply. Street vending acts as a small-scale …”

Conclusions S. 283-289

„… incorporated into the ‘productive’ formal labour market; they are, for all accounts, subsistence, ‘petty …” „… from the formal labour market and largely expendable in terms of the necessities of contemporary …” „… fact that it has a niche market of books. Most people who frequent the city centre know that La …”

Introduction S. 15-26

„… and public space. Chapter 4: This chapter takes us to the realm of labour market anomalies …” „… finetuned academic and government understandings of the impacts of 24 urban labour market heterogeneities …” „… structural crises as labour-power far outstripped demand as well as easing the burden of the State which had …”

Aesthetic beauty or community vivacity? S. 133-137

„… while these areas are increasingly inundated with vendors as a result of macroeconomic labour market …” „… , ‘informality’ as an expression of structural labour market anomalies (or uneven capitalist development) and its …” „… ‘market-citizen’ succeeding the social citizenry and its basis in fundamental rights (civil, political and social …”

Urban insecurity, economic fracturing and the disabled State: 1980-1990 S. 120-126

„… was punctuated by roaring deficits in the areas of education, the labour market, adequate housing, and …” „… emerged an outlet for the vast pools of idle male labour throughout the city, one that had arisen …” „… precisely within the industrial, Statebacked development paradigm. The contraband market, specializing in …”

Street vending in the age of modernity and post-modernity S. 160-165

„… vending, open-air markets, flea markets or bazaars, all of which were associated with the negative images …” „… propelled a growth in flea markets in the developed world, something which gradually evolved into the 1990s …” „… weekends in open-air farmer’s markets (Ibid). Meanwhile, the lack of a capital market for large-scale …”

Space and geography as secondary spheres in social theory S. 55-59

„… encompasses much more than merely machinery; it entails a division of labour, organizational forms and social …” „… class and its parliamentarians. As the market economy rose in importance, the political sphere declined …” „… the cultural economy and the market economy, both impelling deep-seated, yet slowly evolving, changes …”

The urbe in Latin America S. 39-44

„… and the flexibilization of the labour market; liberalization of capital markets and privatization of …” „… capitalist market, a process set alight by the European5 ‘discovery’ of the Americas in 1492. But …” „… , nonetheless, became a territory intricately tied to the fluctuations of the growing world capitalist market …”

Analytical perspective S. 30-32

„… entourage of State forms, productive forms and thereby, labour forms (Cardoso, 1972; Gerry, 1987; Portes and …” „… place in a highly incongruent fashion, leading to a mass structural oversupply of lowskilled labour …” „… massive, generally government-built vendor markets (or bazaars). This dominance of vendor relocation …”

Class bias in the urban development of Medellín S. 106-108

„… disrupt the city’s ‘progress’, — even as their sweating labour (in much part feminine and child based) and …” „… surrounding areas of the Flórez and Guayaquil Markets, ensuring that the key spaces of the newly forming city …” „… doubly-tied to their employers, not only as manual labourers but also as debtors. Alongside such private …”

The spatio-temporalities of capitalism in the city: dilemmas and prospects S. 73-76

„… between abstract labour (as exchange-value) and concrete labour (as use-value) (McCann, 1999: 169; see …” „… society is regulated by the ‘pure’ market mechanism. But the distinction between these two spaces goes …”

Table of Contents S. 7-10

„… . Street vending and its governance within the informal sector debate 138 1. The informal labour market …” „… the city centre. Juan Gómez Martínez and the construction of large-scale vendor markets 185 5 …”

Colombian trade union confederations and the informal street vending sector: gradual improvement in organizational drive? S. 289-294

„… , SINTRACOMERCIANT which represents many vendors working in the Minor Market in the city-centre; ASCAPLAN, a …” „… activity vis-àvis informal street vendors in Bogotá, offering legal assistance to vendors concerning labour …” „… informal labour relations. ? The formal recognition of the State of the representative role of informal …”

Local administration policies to recuperate the city centre. Juan Gómez Martínez and the construction of large-scale vendor markets S. 185-188

„… looking at how informal street trade growth is linked to a dysfunctional labour market and the protracted …” „… the city centre. Juan Gómez Martínez and the construction of large-scale vendor markets The numerous …” „… following the program to construct the city’s Minorista Market, Gómez pushed through the Decree 782 of 1988 …”

Informal struggle and the terrain of citizenship in Latin America S. 90-92

„… match the economic sphere of ‘abstract equality’ based on the “free” market relations of buying and …” „… selling between labourers and capitalists (for an overview, see: O’Donnell, 1988), allows for a strong …” „… dependent capitalist market relations (see: Dos Santos, 1996; Faletto and Cardoso, 2008; Laclau, 1971 …”

Concretely examining local political regulation of ISV S. 301-304

„… Indeed, as argued by numerous scholars of informality, in situations of mass poverty and labour …” „… pro-market city policies and the new terrain of citizen participation, there is no decisive and uniform …” „… pro-market competitive citizen model prioritizes a democracy geared towards “negative freedom”; while an …”

Empirical method S. 32-36

„… markets (or bazaars). This dominance of vendor relocation projects was rooted, primarily, in institutional …” „… ; and one local councilman who as a labour lawyer was well positioned to discuss the problematic of the …”

Medellín: the interrelated spheres of industrialization, urbanization, informality and violence S. 44-48

„… advanced its integration into the world capitalist market. Nonetheless, the financial and practical …” „… which the industrial labour force was predominantly female and single in accordance with a strict regime …”

Group 2 (vendors in government-built kiosks) S. 267-272

„… the labour of the last four local government administrations, the positive opinion of the Fajardo …” „… specific locations (Tejélo market) were forced to pay taxes; the huge project to create a pedestrian tho …”

Group three (CCP vendors) S. 272-283

„… market bazaar construction, i.e. to recover public space and at the same time, formalize previously …” „… could also be positively related to the fact that it has a niche market of books. Most people who …” „… specified the comparative success of niche CCP markets in Bogotá. As already noted, the massive CCP-vendor …”

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