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Markus D.W. Stoffels - Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

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Markus D.W. Stoffels

Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

2019

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2. Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union S. 12-19

„… Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union Following the Werner Report group’s ambitious …” „… and (iv) the 1995 acceding State Sweden has not joined by now. 2. Historical development of Economic …” „… . 109e(5) TEEC Maastricht. 2. Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union 14 Stage three began …”

3. Obligation to introduce the euro in principle S. 20-29

„… economic convergence criteria in Article 109j(2) and the Protocol on the convergence criteria62 (price …” „… integration of markets, the situation and development of the balances of payments on cur- 3. 3.1 58 See …” „… chapter 4. 59 See chapter 3.3. 60 For this argument see also Sideek, Legal Issues of Economic Integration …”

1. Introduction S. 11

„… , however, be prefaced by an overview of the historical development of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to …” „… relevance, legal complexity and political and economic importance. The exploration of these issues must …” „… concluding (5.), some final considerations will deal with potential enforcement problems, like economic and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-10

„… Historical development of Economic and Monetary Union2. 12 Obligation to introduce the euro in principle3. 20 …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748901877

Elena Kulipanova - Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

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Elena Kulipanova

Regional cooperation, external actors and power relationships in Central Asia

Series: Demokratie, Sicherheit, Frieden

Volume 207 2013

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Economic developments in Central Asia S. 68-71

„… demonstrators (Cummings 2012, pp. 79-81). 3.1.2. Economic developments in Central Asia While the Central …” „… Asian states had fairly similar starting conditions, in that all of them experienced severe economic …” „… shock after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, their economic experiences and political choices were …”

Level of lending to the individual Central Asian states S. 171-177

„… the steady economic development of the country since the early 2000s and its plans to reduce external …” „… optimal path of economic development, taking into account their starting point for reforms, national …” „… per (ADB 2006c, p. 60). The comments apply equally to the issues of economic development. 270 ADB …”

Bibliography S. 277-319

„… . 1995. Governance: sound development management. Manila. ADB. 1998a. Regional economic cooperation in …” „… economic development. Westport [u.a.]: Praeger. Arvis, Jean Francois. 2005. Transit and the special case …” „… development in landlocked economies. CE-PAL [The Economic Commission for Latin America] Serie Macroeconomia …”

Conceptual idea behind the promotion of regional cooperation S. 177-178

„… economic development of the developing member countries in the region, collectively and individually” (ADB …” „… cooperation and economic development (Yasutomo 1983, p. 28). A regional bank idea was a major initiative which …” „… regional economic co-operation for development of trade and industry” in March 1963. The idea was endorsed …”

Iran, Turkey and Japan S. 95-98

„… attempted to promote the Turkish model of economic and political development, supported by the West. However …” „… 2008, p. 107) and called for political dialogue, economic cooperation, and the development of natural …” „… Uzbek leaders often argue for their preference of the “Japanese model” in economic development, built …”

The extent of the EU engagement in Central Asia S. 211-218

„… regions. In this sense the EU might offer a model for political and economic development as well as for …” „… institutional, legal and economic reforms” (New Europe 2010). In its role as a development actor, the EU …” „… allocations (Hout 2007, p. 8).318 In its development cooperation, the EU can use at least three different …”

Definitions and approaches to regional cooperation S. 178-181

„… several governments to enhance economic growth and development that benefit multiple countries without …” „… about the positive link between regional cooperation and a region’s development, which was initially …” „… defined in terms of economic growth (Gordon 1961; Hettne 2001; ADB 1994; ADB 2004a; ADB 2008d …”

United States S. 91-95

„… levels of economic assistance to Central Asia, shown in Tables 6 and 7 below. The underlying values have …” „… financing for political and economic reform in absolute terms and in global comparison. The U.S. in …” „… economic security issue for the U.S. (MacFarlane 2004a, p. 451). However, despite large investments of U.S …”

List of abbreviations S. 12-14

„… European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ECO Economic Cooperation …” „… Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development/ Development Cooperation Directorate 13 OSCE Organization …” „… 12 List of abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Asian Development Fund BCP Border …”

General capabilities of the ADB S. 164-167

„… between the degree of regional economic cooperation and a region’s development, as suggested by previous …” „… […] and to contribute to the acceleration of the process of economic development of the developing member …” „… development in terms of economic growth, by the 1990s poverty alleviation was “rediscovered” as a priority in …”

Defining resources at the EU’s disposal S. 209-211

„… 2010, p. 17). The EU roles as an economic and development actor in its relations with third states are …” „… European Commission is a full member along with its member states. Finally, development is “at the heart …” „… of the EU’s external action” (European Commission 2012a). Development cooperation may include …”

The mechanisms of impact and the reasons for failures S. 38-48

„… Furthermore these studies are mostly concerned with the impact of aid on development and economic growth …” „… ) of political and economic conditionality, which are commonly used in development aid, as well as the …” „… 38 ducting research on particular aspects of development policies. In this capacity, IOs can offer …”

The general capabilities of the EU: on the EU foreign policy S. 207-209

„… study, the EU will be conceptualized as a political, economic and development actor. The EU’s …” „… imposition of economic sanctions; diplomatic instruments that include declarations on developments in …” „… regional strategies and programs for Central Asia and used a broad range of economic and diplomatic …”

EU relations with the individual Central Asian states S. 218-225

„… varying degree of the region’s importance to the EU, on the political and economic developments of the …” „… Program connects the perspectives of socio-economic and political development to cooperation with the EU …” „… patterns for the political and economic development of Kazakhstan. The EU has also indirectly supported …”

Statement of the problem and the research question S. 15-17

„… improved cooperation on trade policy, transport and customs transit for the economic development of this …” „… economic development and ensuring security and stability and should be viewed within the general context of …” „… , economic and political organization based on liberal Western values in the post-Soviet states. Development …”

Conclusion S. 251-256

„… its roles as a political, economic and development actor and hence from its diverse foreign policy …” „… countries. Central Asia, however, has benefited to a limited extent from the economic power and development …” „… states also have referred to the EU model for political and economic development. In this sense, the EU …”

Initiatives for multilateral cooperation in Central Asia S. 81-83

„… widespread perception in Tajikistan is the general desire of Uzbekistan to prevent the former’s economic …” „… development (Interview #1, Dushanbe, 29 October 2009). 82 munique issued at this meeting stressed the …” „… importance of coordinated development strategies (ADB 1998a, p. 17).97 In 1994, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and …”

On the nature of bilateral relations in Central Asia S. 73-81

„… progress in economic and social development due to its rich natural resource base. By contrast, Uzbekistan …” „… leading position in Central Asia, due to its economic and social development (Saidazimova 2006). In …” „… , and language, although they differ with regard to political culture and level of economic development …”

International organizations S. 98-101

„… 98 3.3.5. International organizations The economic decline of the 1990s forced the new independent …” „… attention of international, in particular Western IOs, with a view towards establishing social, economic …” „… establishment of permanent presences (Gleason 1997, p. 152).129 The economic conditions in individual countries …”

The extent of ADB engagement in Central Asia S. 169-171

„… by the steady economic development of the country since the early 2000s and its plans to reduce …” „… .261 Modalities of lending broadly reflect general development aid practices. While the ADB Charter …” „… dialogue on the development objectives in a particular area. As part of this, a developing member country …”

Political regimes in Central Asia: implications for reforms S. 65-68

„… chapter begins with an overview of the political and economic developments of the Central Asian states. It …” „… . 3.1. Political and economic developments in the Central Asian states since 1991 3.1.1. Political …” „… , pp. 79-81). 3.1.2. Economic developments in Central Asia While the Central Asian states had …”

The stated objectives of the individual Central Asian states S. 142-155

„… established state/governmental Single Window centers: under the-then Ministry of Economic Development and …” „… each Central Asian state are the central executive bodies responsible for the development and …” „… , it could actually be identified as an interest in Kazakhstan. This has been a part of its economic …”

The mechanism of conditionality S. 249-251

„… cooperation. It might impose economic conditionality for some types of development assistance. However, it is …” „… condition for EU development assistance, dialogues or agreements (Smith K. 2008, p. 105).380 I will …” „… provision of development assistance specifies the “appropriate measures” in the above cases in terms of a …”

Assessing the extent of ADB resources S. 167-169

„… development philosophies” (Wesley 2003, p. 20), the Bank is considered to be an institution under Japanese …” „… loans are financed through the Asian Development Fund (ADF), which mostly relies on contributions of …” „… unique global position as the dominant economic and military force (Kilby 2011, p. 226). 256 Other …”

Trade and interdependence in Central Asia S. 71-73

„… achieved much more progress in economic and social development due to its rich natural resource base. By …” „… indirect influence of Russia and Kazakhstan on the economic and social situation in other Central Asian …” „… . While economic links with Russia have since weakened to some extent, this pattern persists into the …”

China S. 88-91

„… increasing engagement has resulted from three strategic interests: security, economic relations, and energy …” „… of Chinese oil companies in energy exploration and development in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and …” „… other economic interests in Central Asia. Central Asia is important for China as a market for Chinese …”

Conclusion S. 101-103

„… was praised most by the donors for its comparatively liberal economic reforms in the early 1990s …” „… , p. 143) for the Western IFIs, due to its economic policy which stands at odds with IFI demands. In …” „… ; Economic Intelligence Unit 2005, p. 23). 102 insights for the better understanding of the means and …”

Policy choices of the Central Asian states: implications for regional cooperation S. 158-162

„… infrastructure development (Milner, Morrissey and Zgovu 2008, p. 16), and by the degree of coordination and …” „… . The above example of coordination in infrastructure development in the two projects supported by ADB …” „… mutual assistance such as information exchange and training and the development of UAIS. Finally, the …”

The two regionalizing strategies of the EU S. 230-235

„… 260.6 582.28 Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI): Andean Community Asia Central America Central …” „… , 614 mln Euros were allocated under the Southern African Development Community, Eastern and Southern …” „… “more co-operation is good for this region” (Patten 2004). While economic integration is considered as …”

Conceptual idea behind the promotion of regional cooperation S. 225-226

„… regional cooperation, on the one hand, and peace and economic development, on the other hand. The …” „… attractive to Kazakhstan for political and economic reasons, it remains relatively less attractive with a …” „… security, stability and peace as well as economic …”

Rethinking regional cooperation in Central Asia S. 257-261

„… levels of economic development of the Central Asian states and the strong emphasis of IOs on …” „… been able to realize their interests. Different degrees of economic development seem not to have …” „… socialization, EU external governance and international development cooperation. The study further contributed …”

Promoting cooperation in transport: the TRACECA program S. 235-240

„… management and crossborder cooperation to promote sustainable economic, social and environmental development …” „… 1998).360 TRACECA aimed at the “development of a transport/trade corridor on an east-west axis from Central …” „… [the partner states, author’s note] political and economic independence by enhancing their capacity to …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-8

„… , regional and international context of Central Asian politics 65 3.1. Political and economic developments …” „… for reforms 65 3.1.2. Economic developments in Central Asia 68 3.1.3. Trade and interdependence in …” „… in Central AsiaThe cases of the Asian Development Bank and the EUNomosBUT_Kulipanova_0248-0.indd 3 …”

Regionalizing strategy 1: providing an arena for regional politics S. 186-192

„… responsibilities to the Minister of Economic Development and Trade (Turgunbekov and Berdybekova 2009). However …” „… and harmonization of customs documentation; development of border posts and facilities; development of …” „… simplified transit systems; data consolidation, information sharing and ICT development for customs …”

The power-based explanations of the failures of IOs S. 55-58

„… governance and development cooperation, as well as on the major aspects of the influence process, the next …” „… the mechanism of conditionality. The failures of economic conditionality, and hence its usefulness and …” „… effectiveness, have been discussed extensively in the literature on development cooperation. Since …”

Promoting cooperation in transport and trade facilitation: the CAREC program S. 183-186

„… regional development and policy knowledge by drawing in resources from outside the bank […], providing a …” „… Economic Cooperation program. It started modestly with just one RETA in the mid-1990s.287 By now, CAREC …” „… the improved infrastructure and economic growth through better cross-border physical connectivity …”

Definitions and approaches to regional cooperation S. 226-228

„… one hand, and peace and economic development, on the other hand. The background conditions assumed as …” „… projection, such as e.g. strengthening or protecting its economic power and enhancing its role as an …” „… to the post-Soviet states that internal and intra-regional developments within the new states where …”

Regionalizing strategy 2: supporting regional projects S. 192-195

„… responsibilities to the Minister of Economic Development and Trade (Turgunbekov and Berdybekova 2009). However …” „… ; prospects of economic and traffic growth; ability to increase connectivity between regional economic and …” „… Project (Kyrgyzstan), Regional Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Development Project (Kyrgyzstan …”

Interview list 1 S. 275

„… of Economic Development and Trade Dushanbe 29.10.2009 #2 Representative, Customs Service of …” „… and Economic Research Bishkek 16.11.2009 #15 Representative, Embassy of a European country Dushanbe …” „… Development (ICMPD) Telephone interview 30.08.2011 #18 Representative, Delegation of the European Commission …”

From general interests to specific preferences S. 118-125

„… development strategies as well as in the sector programs. In all the states, except Uzbekistan, the transport …” „… sector ministries are the central executive bodies responsible for development and implementation of the …” „… priorities of Kazakhstan lie with the further development of the east-west routes to/from the Chinese border …”

The mechanism of persuasion S. 195-197

„… the UNDP and the ADB were written for these purposes. Thus, the UNDP Human Development Report for …” „… conditionality is a part of virtually all of those projects, I will argue that economic conditionality is a major …” „… IFIs, the ADB imposes economic conditionality on its loans for both national and regional projects. It …”

Russia S. 83-88

„… 83 tilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation and adopted action plans for its implementation …” „… program and further related cooperative projects such as the Development Fund, Business Council, and …” „… the concentration of water and border conflicts in the Ferghana Valley, the restricted economic and …”

Failures with respect to the mechanisms of exerting influence S. 264-266

„… ADB has primarily used economic conditionality in its lending, followed by persuasion within the CAREC …” „… conditionality, which requires compliance with its core values. Economic conditionality plays a lesser role given …” „… higher value of development assistance to these countries. However, even in the cases of these two …”

The roles, functions and instruments of ADB S. 181-183

„… - Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle Development Project, as major regional activities in Asia (Bull and Boas 2003, pp …” „… . 252-253). Support of regional and sub-regional economic cooperation programs on cross-border …” „… ). They distinguish between four regionalizing strategies of the regional development banks which are: 1 …”

Assessing the ability to realize the stated objectives S. 125-127

„… shows that all of them would result in the development of new international and domestic routes …” „… of the transport infrastructure, for the development of transport facilities and for substitutes for …” „… , such as roads and ports, Kazakhstan’s rating has even declined (World Economic Forum 2010, pp. 200-201 …”

Regional cooperation S. 29-30

„… cooperation is to serve the broader goals of development and ensure security. 2.1.2. Regional cooperation …” „… particular Xinjiang), Pakistan and Afghanistan extend “Central Asia regional economic cooperation” far beyond …” „… ). Conceptualizing regional cooperation in this way is justified by empirical developments in Central Asia. The …”

The concept of trade facilitation as a solution to cross-border trade barriers S. 138-142

„… and Customs Project, and the Program “Support of Regional Economic Cooperation in Central Asia” of the …” „… Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures from 1974. It was adopted in 1999 to reflect the economic …” „… development and implementation of customs policies.208 Unlike in the case of transport, a list of the main …”

Interview list 2 S. 276

„… Communication Officer, Aga Khan Development Network, Dushanbe, 28.10.2009 Uzbekistan Representative, UNDP …” „… Economic Community (EurAsEC), Almaty, 13.11.2009 EU official, Almaty, 13.11.2009 Kyrgyzstan Representative …” „… Economic Regulation, Bishkek, 17.11.2009 Representative, UNDP, Bishkek, 18.11.2009 Representative, CAREC …”

Cooperation S. 26-29

„… several governments to enhance economic growth and development that benefit multiple countries without …” „… development cooperation. They are helpful for understanding the roles and functions of IOs, provide valuable …” „… ADB describes economic cooperation as “independent actions and activities that are undertaken by …”

Infrastructure vs. policies? Implications for regional cooperation S. 127-133

„… , regional cooperation can be measured by the degree of coordinated development and closer integration of …” „… infrastructure development. One notable example is the ADB’s CAREC program which will be discussed later in …” „… challenge to the development of Kazakhstan’s transit potential (see e.g. Pravitel’stvo RK 2001 …”

Conditionality of country and regional projects S. 197-202

„… argue that economic conditionality is a major mechanism for exerting influence. 6.4.2. Conditionality …” „… of country and regional projects Similar to other IFIs, the ADB imposes economic conditionality on …” „… development strategies, which have been common to development aid policies since 1999.306 It is against this …”

Constraints to international transit: physical and non-physical barriers S. 113-118

„… availability, location and use of international rail and road routes shows that the development of the …” „… Economic Forum 2007; World Economic Forum 2011 …” „… development strategies as well as in the sector programs. In all the states, except Uzbekistan, the transport …”

Main contributions to the academic literature S. 23-24

„… terms of reinforcing regime security and legitimacy rather than achieving security, economic or trade …” „… international organizations, international socialization, EU external governance and international development …” „… directly affect their security and economic welfare and impact the everyday lives of the broader population …”

Conclusion S. 133-134

„… neighboring states. At the same time, the geo-economic location of Central Asia in the middle of the Eurasian …” „… economic markets in Europe and South-East Asia to transit through this region. IOs have to great extent …” „… missing links in their domestic transport networks. The development of international transport corridors …”

The theoretical and conceptual foundations of the key arguments S. 22-23

„… states in terms of reinforcing regime security and legitimacy rather than achieving security, economic or …” „… international organizations, international socialization, EU external governance and international development …” „… directly affect their security and economic welfare and impact the everyday lives of the broader population …”

“Promoting regional cooperation” – an analytical understanding S. 30-31

„… particular Xinjiang), Pakistan and Afghanistan extend “Central Asia regional economic cooperation” far beyond …” „… ). Conceptualizing regional cooperation in this way is justified by empirical developments in Central Asia. The …” „… Eurasian country distinct from the rest of Central Asia. This might be explained by growing economic …”

Operationalizing the key variables: state interests, policies, capacities S. 31-36

„… might be helpful for understanding the economic interests of the Central Asian states as a result of …” „… and enforce collectively binding sets of rules that govern economic and political interactions …” „… developments related to stability and establishing a “capable” state in Kyrgyzstan. Moreover, the bureaucratic …”

Conclusion S. 202-206

„… engagement in Central Asia except in the last three years. This was affected by the economic situation and …” „… are appreciated by the Uzbek government. However, the closed economic policy of Uzbekistan, which runs …” „… against the liberal economic reforms required by most IOs, hindered the Bank’s ability to enforce …”

International transport routes and transit flows through Central Asia S. 108-113

„… domestic transport of Uzbekistan is carried through this line, the great economic importance of the Uzbek …” „… routes shows that the development of the transcontinental transit potential, which has been emphasized by …” „… n.a. 123 n.a. 44 n.a. Sources: World Economic Forum 2007; World Economic Forum 2011 …”

Promoting cooperation in border management and trade facilitation: the BOMCA progrma S. 240-247

„… management and crossborder cooperation to promote sustainable economic, social and environmental development …” „… developed by the International Center for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) at the request of the …” „… , Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have preferred their own border management model of institutional development to …”

IOs as actors in their own right: on the roles and functions of IOs S. 36-38

„… economic developments in its member states and con …” „… achieving the broader goals of development and ensuring stability, promoting it is a part of operational …” „… the term (Cassen 1994, p. 4). Regional development banks are required by their charters to take an …”

The mechanism of persuasion S. 247-249

„… Central Asian states than economic conditionality. 7.4.1. The mechanism of persuasion Persuasion has a …” „… TRACECA project aimed at the development of coordinated national transport policies in Central Asia stated …” „… . For example, its influence on the development of training curricula for border guard services has been …”

The roles, functions and instruments of the EU S. 228-230

„… Eurasian Union created in 1994, clearly followed the pattern of the European Economic Community (Delcour …” „… neighborhood Regional cooperation all Cross-border cooperation 343.3 223.5 260.6 582.28 Development …” „… , 354 In addition, in 2002-2007, 614 mln Euros were allocated under the Southern African Development …”

The state of research: external influences and domestic change in Central Asia S. 17-22

„… processes. The steady economic development of a number of states and the region’s growing prominence within …” „… economic asymmetries, diverging state-building dynamics and interests, the constraining effects of forces …”

Overview of the chapters S. 24-25

„… overview of the political and economic strategies and development of the Central Asian states as well as …”

Document analysis S. 60-61

„… Asian states and both directly and indirectly affect their economic welfare, given their physical …” „… these problems. The process-tracing method proved useful in reconstructing the development and adoption …”

Case studies S. 58-60

„… development. Whereas the ADB is a financial organization, the EU is rather perceived as a political entity …” „… the Central Asian states and both directly and indirectly affect their economic welfare, given their …” „… significantly in a number of important aspects.64 The ADB is a developmental financial institution with an …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845246116

Sascha G. Wolf - Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany

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Sascha G. Wolf

Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany

Series: Neue Studien zur Politischen Ökonomie

Volume 6 2009

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Contents S. 11-12

„… . The Future Development of Pharmaceutical Expenditure in Germany 172.1. Introduction 172.2. Forecasting …” „… Suspicion – a Public Choice Perspective 453.1. Introduction 453.2. Development of Drug Expenditure 463.3 …” „… Competition 704.4. More Competition via Medical Savings Accounts 734.5. Economic Analysis I: Price Equilibrium …”

The Endogenous Variable S. 50-51

„… prices (Breyer et al. 2003, p. 422). Moreover, this highly internationalised economic sector is deemed a …” „… , politicians have to combine two diametrically opposed ambitions: vote-maximizing and economic prosperity. In …” „… development of the SHI’s drug expenditure by using an econometric approach and by paying special consideration …”

Bibliography S. 99-108

„… : Dysfunctional Crowding Out or Peer Monitoring, American Economic Review, Vol. 81, pp. 179 - 190.Aronsson, Thomas …” „… ), Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care, American Economic Review, Vol. 53, pp. 941 - 973 …” „… Institute for Economic Research Berlin.Breyer, Friedrich and Volker Ulrich (2000), Gesundheitsausgaben …”

List of Abbreviations S. 13-14

„… and DevelopmentOLS Ordinary Least SquaresPCA Principal Components AnalysisRP Reference PricingSHI …” „… Economic Research (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)ECM Error Correction ModelExpenditure Pro …” „… (Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz)MSA Medical Savings AccountsNHS National Health ServiceOECD Organization for Economic Co-operation …”

More Competition via Medical Savings Accounts S. 73-76

„… systems in most countries of Continental Europe. Therefore, it is apparent that it is not economic, but …” „… social deliberations which have incited the development of health insurance systems where competition is …” „… . Referring to economic terminology, this is an ef? cient allocation. Supposing, instead, the patient has …”

The Perspective of Public Choice S. 49-50

„… . 422). Moreover, this highly internationalised economic sector is deemed a precursor of globalisation …” „… diametrically opposed ambitions: vote-maximizing and economic prosperity. In the following we try to ? nd out …” „… MethodologyThe purpose of this chapter is to ? nd an explanation for the development of the SHI’s drug …”

Introduction S. 45-46

„… the most important economic sectors in Germany and a key industry for economical prosperity.This …” „… development of drug expenditure in Germany in the past. The almost linear growth trend proves that governments …” „… empirical observations. Finally, section 3.7 will state the conclusion.3.2. Development of Drug …”

Basic Model: Coinsurance S. 76-79

„… appropriate for resolving, at least in part, the con? icting goals between social policy and economic …” „… results in more price competition between pharmaceutical manufacturers.4.5. Economic Analysis I: Price …” „… production for drugs are very low, especially compared with research and development costs. Moreover …”

Forecasting Health Care Expenditure – Review of the Literature S. 18-21

„… on the assumptions about the dynamic development of age-speci? c health care demand. Therefore …” „… Health Care Expenditure – Review of the LiteratureForecasting SHI’s future expenditure development has …” „… more dynamic expenditure development is being forecasted. 2 Studies which consider only demographic …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-6

„… . Alois StutzerProf. Dr. Hannelore Weck-HannemannBand 6Sascha G. Wolf2.AuflageFuture Development …” „… , Political Influence and Economic ImpactPharmaceutical Expenditure in GermanyNomos1. Auflage 2009© Nomos …”

Model Specification II: Error Correction Model S. 60-64

„… expenditure development are ambiguous.3.5.5. Model Speci? cation II: Error Correction Model (ECM)Taking ? rst …” „… totally represented by the wage development. Including a time trend means that if the system were always …” „… .63Consequently, in the long run income development is connected to pharmaceutical expenditure, which …”

Coinsurance S. 82-84

„… development.Figure 4.5: PRPB and PRPG as a Function of ? and ? (from left to right the weight of ? increases and …” „… : . (4.34)The results for B are: (4.35)and . (4.36)For ? rm G we get: (4.37)and . (4.38)4.6. Economic …”

Introduction S. 67-68

„… , due to huge research and development costs, manufacturers are granted temporary market power with …” „… . Subsequently, in section 4.5 we start with the economic analysis. Extending a simple vertically differentiated …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845220055

Vu Hao Nguyen, Detlef Briesen - Social and Human Development in Vietnam

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Vu Hao Nguyen (ed.), Detlef Briesen (ed.)

Social and Human Development in Vietnam

Series: Vietnam - Politics and Economics

Volume 4 2023

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Truong Thi Quynh Hoa, Nguyen Thi Thuy Van Relationship between Economic and Human Development in Vietnam Today S. 135-150

„… development of society, including human development,since:“Right can never be higher than the economic …” „… the dialectical relationship between economic developmentand human development, we do not always see …” „… the policy of socialism economic de‐velopment in tandem with cultural and human development.The …”

Nguyen Anh Tuan, Ly Luong Son, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh Sustainable Development and Management of Social Development in Vietnam Nowadays S. 205-230

„… year to be considered signs of sustainable economic development.GDP structure is also a criterion for …” „… Luong Son and Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh208Criteria for Sustainable Economic DevelopmentEconomically …” „… economic development with cultural and social development.In addition to ensuring people’s safety, social …”

Nguyen Minh Quang Developing Tourism to Enhance the Quality of Life – A look at the Preservation and Development of Historical Monuments in Dong Nai Province S. 307-322

„… becomesan important industry in the socio-economic development strategies ofevery country. It not only …” „… position and is a useful resourcefor both tourism development in particular and economic, cultural, and307 …” „… which:“Sustainable tourism development is tourism development that simul‐taneously meets economic requirements …”

Dang Anh Dung Implementation of Social Security Policies in the Context of Population Aging in Vietnam: Issues and Solutions S. 125-134

„… country. However, due to a low starting point insocio-economic development and because of the consequences …” „… im‐plications for socio-economic development in both, short and long term. Inthe short term, population aging …” „… affects the structure of the labour force,which in turn impacts economic growth and development. In the …”

Nguyen Viet Phuong Impacts of Communal Post Offices/Culture Spots on Rural Development in Vietnam S. 295-306

„… RuralEconomic, Cultural and Social DevelopmentAfter more than 20 years of construction and operation, the …” „… scientific and technic‐al achievements, capturing information for socio-economic development,contributing to …” „… telecommunications services, stimulate the need to use infor‐mation for economic development in rural areas, and at …”

Le Thi Vinh, Phan Thanh Nham Inequality in Educational Opportunities between the Mountainous Areas and the Lowlands in Contemporary Vietnam. A Historical Materialist Approach S. 151-166

„… opportunities.All this is a major obstacle to sustainable socio-economic development.Inequality in educational …” „… negative impact on the development of a soci‐ety with regard to social and economic dimensions. Across many …” „… development,and a cause of income inequality and other instability concerns in society.Through meticulously …”

Dang Thi Lan, Do Thi Thanh Huyen Ecological Ethics Education for the Young. Towards Sustainable Development in Vietnam Today S. 249-264

„… economic growth inthe world. However, socio-economic development has put intense pressureon the ecosystem …” „… for humanity but alsothe objective and basic constituent of the socio-economic development ofcountries …” „… development.Ecological Ethics Education for the Young253The Concept of Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is …”

Ha Thi Bac Gender Equality in Vietnam’s Social Development Today S. 87-108

„… transition from a low socioeconomic form to a high socioeco‐nomic form is“the development of socio-economic …” „… comprehensive study of the process ofarising, development, and decay of economic forms — society” (Lenin1976, 68 …” „… economic,political, cultural, and social spheres.” (Hoang Chi Bao 2010, 28–29) Theterm social development can be …”

Nguyen Thanh Huong, Nguyen Thi Lien Ensuring Human Rights against the Impacts of Climate Change in Vietnam S. 231-248

„… economic development,social security, ensuring children’s rights, promoting gender and devel‐opment …” „… , Ensuring Human Rights against Strategies, Master and other Plansfor Socio-economic DevelopmentClause 8 …” „… human life, living thingsand economic, cultural and social development of the country, nationand …”

Pham Thanh Ha, Do Thi Thanh Huyen The Environment in Vietnam from the Perspective of Ecological Philosophy S. 169-188

„… , equality, social protection, and economic develop‐ment. To successfully build socialism, we need to study …” „… said:“Forests are beneficial for economic development and improve the cli‐mate and human health.” (Ho Chi Minh …” „… the process of socio-economic develop‐ment, peace, and social progress on a large scale. Since Doi Moi …”

Do Hoang Anh Transforming the Public Health Care Model in Vietnam in the Current National Orientation for Social and Human Development S. 323-342

„… the task of both fighting the epidemicand fostering the country’s socio-economic development. With its …” „… and HumanDevelopmentDo Hoang AnhAlthough numerous achievements have been made in the public health …” „… , contributing to the successful implementationof the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the …”

Luong Dinh Hai, Le Thi Trang The Contemporary Debate on Value Systems in Vietnam S. 359-374

„… become the centre of socio-economic development strategy.Human Development Index and other indicators of …” „… , industrialization, modernization, and economic devel‐opment must all be done by people, for people. The …” „… industrialization, modernization, human and social developmentLuong Dinh Hai and Le Thi Trang360since 1996 until now …”

Nguyen Anh Tuan, Nguyen Vu Hao, Detlef Briesen Preface S. 9-12

„… given the orientations for socio-economic, cultural, and human devel‐opment for the period of 2021–2030 …” „… various aspects of human development,also with a spotlight on Vietnam, which is followed by case studies …” „… PrefaceNguyen Anh Tuan, Nguyen Vu Hao and Detlef BriesenSocial and human development is a …”

Lai Quoc Khanh Ho Chi Minh’s Philosophy of a New Social Model S. 345-358

„… levelof economic development, a developed mode of production, advancedlabour productivity, and a balanced …” „… a new system at a higher level of development,which would replace the old society in the future.The …” „… gradual developmentHo Chi Minh’s Philosophy of a New Social Model353but a leap in which the old is …”

Nguyen Thi Nhu Respect for Talents. On the Significance of a Confucian Thought during the Ly and Tran Dynasties S. 375-394

„… developinghigh-quality human resources that play a decisive role in the country’ssocio-economic development, but also …” „… ., quality human resources,that play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of any country.In the …” „… spirit, an infinite resource insocio-economic development, so detecting, training, and fostering of …”

Winfried Löffler Secularization and other Master-Theories on Religion and Society: A European Perspective S. 27-38

„… Löffler1. The Ambivalence of ReligionsReligions are ambivalent factors for the development and well-being …” „… potential of religions for civic virtues such assolidarity, respect for law and economic correctness …” „… , perhaps including the historic‐al development of this relation. In what follows, I will briefly …”

Truong Thi Quynh Hoa Human Resource Development for Leadership and Management in Vietnam’s Public Sector S. 265-280

„… resources,foster potentials, and utilize human resources in order to cater to thesocio-economic development …” „… socio-economic development, globalglobalization, international integration, especially knowledge about …” „… development(Milkovich/Boudereau 2002). Leadership and management are not onlya process in which the leader inflects influence on …”

Dang Thi Lan, Mai Thi Thanh Religious Tolerance and its Role in Social Development S. 109-124

„… Religious Tolerance and its Role in Social DevelopmentDang Thi Lan and Mai Thi ThanhThe article …” „… DevelopmentPromote Social Solidarity and HarmonyIn the current globalized world, societies still have many problems …” „… development.There are many factors that are the basis for social solidarity andconsensus, such as cultural …”

Nguyen Vu Hao, Nguyen Thi Chau Loan, Nguyen Hoang Duc The Geopolitical Future of the Mankind in the Twenty-first Century: the Views of Zbigniew Brzezinski in his Work “The Great Chessboard” S. 15-26

„… , especiallyin the military, economic, technological, and cultural fields.This article deals with Zbigniew …” „… particularlydominant position especially in the four basic areas of world power: in themilitary, economic …” „… deploymentcapability.– In the economic field, the United States acts as a driving force for thedevelopment of the world …”

Pham Hoang Giang, Nguyen Thi Kim Chi Social Responsibilities of Buddhism in Vietnam Today. A Case Study of Pagodas in Hanoi S. 283-294

„… , long-term, and effective socio-economic development.” (https://phatgiao.org.vn)For Vietnam, Buddhist social …” „… movement and development. As a part ofthe society, Buddhism contributes to promoting social development …” „… Venerable Thich Thong Dao:“This is a comprehensive and sustainable approach to the balanced de‐velopment of …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-8

„… Quynh Hoa and Nguyen Thi Thuy VanRelationship between Economic and Human Development inVietnam Today 135 …” „… Social DevelopmentII.Ha Thi BacGender Equality in Vietnam’s Social Development Today 87Dang Thi Lan and …” „… DevelopmentIII.Pham Thanh Ha and Do Thi Thanh HuyenThe Environment in Vietnam from the Perspective of …”

Nguyen Quynh Huong Erich Fromm’s Concept of Freedom in his Book “Escape from Freedom” and the Problems Posed to Vietnam S. 189-204

„… man is both the centre and the product of his‐tory, it also the purpose of life and the development of …” „… human conscious‐ness is not outside that goal:“Development and awareness of human character is an end, a …” „… development is actually a systematic process,thereby revealing the unique character of each …”

Jean-François Dupeyron Theories and Practices of the Common S. 53-72

„… to change because of the strong53and influential presence within them of private interests, economic …” „… and participate directly in economic and ideologicalcompetitions, even brutally warlike ones. It is …” „… socialismswere able to integrate the project of abolishing economic exploitationthrough a federation of workers …”

Detlef Briesen Social and Human Development and Discourse Theory S. 73-84

„… developmentsince the turn of the millennium. Even before that, in the age of theSocial and Human Development and …” „… Social and Human Development and Discourse TheoryDetlef BriesenThis essay deals with the …” „… significant of which are probably the 17 Sustainable Devel‐opment Goals (SDGs) published by the United Nations …”

Duong Quynh Thu Multiculturalism as a Factor for Societal Development and Transnational Integration in South Korea S. 39-52

„… Multiculturalism as a Factor for Societal Development andTransnational Integration in South …” „… toadvance their socioeconomic development. Three models of multiculturalsocieties were created by combining …” „… Societal Development and Transnational Integration41regarding social benefits, elections, and …”

About the Authors S. 395-402

„… Vietnam and the state of development.Nguyen Anh Tuan is both Associate Professor and senior lecturer at …” „… of political institutions on economic outcomesand the interrelationships among individuals …” „… , the Development of Politics in Vi‐etnam, Ho Chi Minh’s Ideology and Religious Studies. He was a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783748916987

Erika Günther - Food and Nutrition (In-)Security in the Caribbean

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Erika Günther

Food and Nutrition (In-)Security in the Caribbean

Series: Weltwirtschaft und internationale Zusammenarbeit

Volume 15 2014

Results in this title

A socio-economic development analysis of the Caribbean S. 73-112

„… 73 3. A socio-economic development analysis of the Caribbean The Caribbean is one of the most …” „… greatest systems of small islands. In terms of socio-economic development analysis, it is often aggregated …” „… examination is indispensable. Therefore, a broad and significant analysis of the socio-economic development is …”

Bibliography S. 249-268

„… Childhood, and Human Capital Development. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47 (1), p. 87-122. Currie …” „… and the Caribbean] (2009): Caribbean Development Report, Volume II. Santiago de Chile. ECLAC [Economic …” „… Development. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Vol. No. 213 (1980), p. 915–930. EIU …”

Food and nutrition security – theoretical conceptualization S. 33-72

„… . In the context of development economic studies, Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) evolved as a …” „… economic development studies, which essentially contributed to the formation and the development of the FNS …” „… emerged, but rather economic and social development theories and related approaches built the foundation …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-24

„… Part II: Setting of the Research Object and Methodology 713. A socio-economic development analysis of …” „… Dietary Energy Supply DFID Department for International Development ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin …” „… United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development Program UNGASS …”

Introduction S. 25-32

„… development and most probably impact economic productivity, as well. DD_Guenther_1553-4.pdf 21 23.10.2014 …” „… positive socioeconomic development. However, environmental and economic shocks such as the 2008/09 world …” „… and agreed to eradicate global hunger and poverty under the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG …”

Final conclusion: The double burden creates a twin challenge in the Caribbean S. 239-248

„… the socio-economic implications of food and nutrition insecurity in the Caribbean, by means of a …” „… consumption nutrition related health risks stability economic and enviromental vulnerability unstable and …” „… the risk of being affected by Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs), impeding human development and …”

Economic and social burden of nutrition related diseases in the Caribbean S. 201-238

„… ; hence determining its social and economic development. In addition to the high rates of obesity among …” „… Development (CCHD) recognises: “a healthy population is an essential prerequisite for the economic growth and …” „… economic development in these countries. Health, education and productivity are strongly inter-related and …”

Implications of food mports on Food and Nutrition Security in the Caribbean S. 149-200

„… other factors from the limited economic diversity of the small and vulnerable countries. However, food …” „… specific underlying causes of the development of food import dependency in the Caribbean, which constitutes …” „… Bill (FIB). Despite the fiscal and economic implications of food import dependency and the FIB, these …”

A cluster analysis on vulnerability and Food and Nutrition Security in the Caribbean S. 113-148

„… Caribbean shows that they can limit economic as well as human development in the respective countries. FNS …” „… distinctive socio-economic development in the Caribbean countries resulting from chapter 3. From this previous …” „… Small Island Developing States (SIDS), which struggle to overcome adverse effects of their economic …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845257228

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