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Joachim Tepperwien - Nachweltschutz im Grundgesetz

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Joachim Tepperwien

Nachweltschutz im Grundgesetz

Series: Nomos Universitätsschriften - Recht

Volume 621 2009

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Das future individual paradox S. 50-52

„… nicht zweifelhaft.90II. Das future individual paradoxProblematisch ist die Annahme von Pflichten …” „… future individual paradox insbesondere Kavka, PPA 11 (1982), 93 m.w.N.; Parfit, PPA 11 (1982), 113; ders …” „… aberwitzigen Konsequenzen führen.95Die Wirkungen des future individual paradox‘ setzen, wie gesagt, voraus …”

Probleme bei der Begründung der langfristigen Verwirklichungspflicht S. 99-115

„… geschützten Interesses“ versteht, also in demselben Sinne, in dem hier von einem individualbezogenen …” „… IndividualisierbarkeitDie Tatsache, dass uns die konkrete Identität künftiger Menschen unbekannt ist, steht der Annahme von …” „… future individual paradoxSchwierigkeiten ergeben sich aber dann, wenn Maßnahmen mit Zukunftswirkung fast …”

Ungeborene in allgemeinen Moralbegründungen S. 47-50

„… zweifelhaft.90II. Das future individual paradoxProblematisch ist die Annahme von Pflichten gegenüber künftigen …” „… future individual paradox insbesondere Kavka, PPA 11 (1982), 93 m.w.N.; Parfit, PPA 11 (1982), 113; ders …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-14

„… Individualisierbarkeit 113d) Das future individual paradox 113II. Sachliche Relevanz zeitlich entfernter Schutzgüter 1151 …” „… alsMoralbegründung:Vertragstheorie 484. Diskursfähigkeit als Moralbegründung 50II. Das future individual paradox 50III …” „… ) Individualbezug bei „objektiven“ Grundrechtswirkungen 110b) Die fehlende gegenwärtige Existenz 111c) Die fehlende …”

Zusammenfassung S. 66-67

„… Schlechterstellung verbietet), stellt allerdings die unter der Bezeichnung future individual paradox“ diskutierte …”

Zukunftsdiskontierung S. 63-66

„… Schlechterstellung verbietet), stellt allerdings die unter der Bezeichnung future individual paradox“ diskutierte …”

Verteilenswerte Güter S. 23-33

„… Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values.32 Bartling/Luzius, Grundzüge der Volkswirtschaftslehre, S …” „… einheitliches Individualziel „Glück/Freiheit“ zugrunde zu legen, dessen Erfüllungsgrad am Grad der Erfüllung …”

Intertemporale Verteilung in einzelnen Gerechtigkeitstheorien S. 52-63

„… .121 Das future individual paradox steht dem nicht entgegen. Zwar müssten die Angehörigen des …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 233-244

„… 2000Kavka, Gregory S., The Paradox of Future Individuals, in: PPA 11 (1982), 93.Kloepfer, Michael …”

Sachliche Relevanz zeitlich entfernter Schutzgüter S. 115-137

„… schlicht unbeachtet gelassen werden.296 Bei dieser Betrachtungsweise schließt das future individual …” „… ebenfalls eine Summe grundrechtlich geschützter Individualinteressen sein, doch wäre dies eher eine …” „… Lückenfüllung mit ihrer Hilfe wäre schon deshalb angezeigt, weil andere individualschützende materielle …”

Zugang zu Gericht S. 214-227

„… erstere ihrem objektiven Zweck nach Individualinteressen schützen und dem einzelnen die Möglichkeit geben …” „… , dort, wo Individualinteressen besonders stark bedroht sind, die gerichtliche Überprüfung nicht vom …” „… Individualgütern wäre. Dem ist indes nicht so. Bereits im Zusammenhang mit der Subjektivierung objektiver Schutz …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845215853

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Horst Mehlinger

Joint Operations

2017

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4. Personenbeschreibungen – description of individuals S. 225-232

„… www.WALHALLA.de 22544. Personenbeschreibungen description of individuals a) Deutsch …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… ...................................................... 2244. Personenbeschreibungendescription of individuals …”

1. Militärische/Polizeiliche Fachbegriffe für den täglichen Einsatz und besondere Lagen (B A O) – common and special military/police terms S. 13-218

„… individualeinzeichnen to plotEisenstange iron bareklatante Verletzung spectacular violationElend miseryelend …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783802948503

Jonas Kahl - Elektronische Presse und Bürgerjournalismus

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Jonas Kahl

Elektronische Presse und Bürgerjournalismus

Series: Schriften zum Medien- und Informationsrecht

Volume 7 2013

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Differenzierung in Individual- und Massenkommunikation S. 205-206

„… Differenzierung in Individual- und MassenkommunikationAls eng mit dieser Frage verbunden kann man …” „… auch die Unterscheidungzwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation ansehen. Denn möchteman im Hinblick …” „… differenzieren, so kann die Antwort, ob Individual- oder Massenkommunikation vorliegt, durchaus maßgeblich dafür …”

Abstufung für Bürgerjournalismus S. 203-205

„… : Verfassungsrechtliche und einfachgesetzliche Grundlagen204Differenzierung in Individual- und MassenkommunikationAls eng …” „… mit dieser Frage verbunden kann man auch die Unterscheidungzwischen Individual- und …” „… pressemäßig getätigten Äußerungen differenzieren, so kann die Antwort, ob Individual- oder Massenkommunikation …”

Bewertung S. 168-169

„… Individual- und Massenkommunikation, steht in Frage, ob man ein solches bloß„technisches Phänomen“586 abseits …” „… weitestgehendoffen. Aber gerade in der dort notwendigen Einzelfalldifferenzierung zwischen Individual- und …”

Schutz der Unterhaltungspresse/Differenzierung nach Inhalt S. 169-176

„… Kommunikationskanal für die unterschiedlichsten Formen der Individual- und Massenkommunikation, steht in Frage, ob man …” „… notwendigen Einzelfalldifferenzierung zwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation liegt der Kern des …” „… Form der Individual- oder der Massenkommunikation handelt. Auf dieses Grundproblem wird daher in der …”

Kriterium der „Relevanz der Publikation“ S. 176-185

„… einzuordnen zu können bzw. Individual- vonMassenkommunikation unterscheidbar zu machen. So wäre denkbar …” „… der Individual- oderder Massenkommunikation handelt. Denn es ist vorstellbar, dass weit verbreitete …” „… aber keine ausreichenden Kriterien mehr, um zwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation zu …”

Modell einer einheitlichen Medienfreiheit S. 162-165

„… zwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation unterschieden werden, wodurch auch die Einordnung dieser …” „… reicht. Ein weiteres wesentliches Problem,nämlich die Frage, wann etwas als Individual- oder …” „… einenSeite und den Individualkommunikationsformen auf der anderen Seite.Auch wenn es verlockend erscheint …”

Wikis S. 38-39

„… , wobei hier eine klare Unterscheidungzwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation in ihren bisher …”

Technologieunabhängige Beurteilung S. 198-199

„… vorzunehmen. Nicht gelöst werden kann hierdurch aber die Frage der Abgrenzungzwischen Individual- und …” „… charakterisierend für Massenmedien sei.691 Da zugleich aber auch im Rahmen der Individualkommunikation technische …” „… Abgrenzungsmerkmal zwischen Massen- und Individualkommunikation nutzen.Abstufung im SchutzumfangOben bereits mehrfach …”

Soziale Netzwerke S. 37-38

„… , wobei hier eine klare Unterscheidungzwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation in ihren bisher …”

Abgestufte Regulierung im Rundfunk S. 199-201

„… vorzunehmen. Nicht gelöst werden kann hierdurch aber die Frage der Abgrenzungzwischen Individual- und …” „… charakterisierend für Massenmedien sei.691 Da zugleich aber auch im Rahmen der Individualkommunikation technische …” „… Abgrenzungsmerkmal zwischen Massen- und Individualkommunikation nutzen.Abstufung im SchutzumfangOben bereits mehrfach …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-18

„… Einzelnen(2) 80Die Presse als Instituts- oder Individualgarantie4. 81Pressefreiheit als Individualgarantiea …” „… für Bürgerjournalismus5. 203Differenzierung in Individual- undMassenkommunikation6.205Zusammenfassung …”

Journalistisch-redaktionelles Angebot S. 185-191

„… , um zwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation zu differenzieren. Daher bedarf es eines solchen …” „… Abgrenzung der Presse und zwischen Individualund Massenkommunikation könnte der Aufwand sein, der benötigt …” „… Presse von einfacher Individualkommunikation abgrenzen, so könnte auch gerade dieser Aufwandeine Rolle …”

Die Anonymität im Internet S. 288-297

„… abrufbaren Äußerung. Insofern wird hier wieder die Abgrenzung zwischen Individual- und Massenkommunikation …” „… Internet,selbst wenn sie als Individualkommunikation gedacht sind, in den meistenFällen, von geschlossenen …”

Die Presse als Instituts- oder Individualgarantie S. 81-85

„… Pressefreiheit als IndividualgarantieDie individualrechtliche Garantie der Pressefreiheit hat das BVerfG in …” „… Die Presse als Instituts- oder IndividualgarantieEng verbunden mit dem Inhalt der öffentlichen …” „… Pressefreiheit eine Individualrechtsgarantie, eine Institutsgarantie oderbeides zugleich darstellt.224 …”

Trend zur Online-Partizipation S. 48-50

„… Twitter – keine klare Unterscheidung mehr zwischen Individualund Massenkommunikation und zwischen …”

Die Aufgabe der Presse S. 73-81

„… Institutsgarantie oderbeides zugleich darstellt.224Pressefreiheit als IndividualgarantieDie individualrechtliche …” „… IndividualgarantieEng verbunden mit dem Inhalt der öffentlichen Aufgabe der Presse ist dieim Schrifttum seit Jahren …” „… ausführlich diskutierte Frage, ob und inwieweitdie Pressefreiheit eine Individualrechtsgarantie, eine …”

Abgrenzungskriterien des BVerfG S. 156-158

„… Grundsatz darauf festzulegen, ob das Internet „individualisierte Massenkommunikation“ oder „massenhafte …” „… Individualkommunikation“ ist.547 Ladeur und Gostomzyk merken hierzu treffenderweise an, dass die Grenzezwischen …” „… “.549Die Individualkommunikation hingegen zeichnet aus, dass es sich umeinen nicht für die …”

Abgrenzung in Fällen elektronischer Publikationen S. 158-162

„… Grundsatz darauf festzulegen, ob das Internet „individualisierte Massenkommunikation“ oder „massenhafte …” „… Individualkommunikation“ ist.547 Ladeur und Gostomzyk merken hierzu treffenderweise an, dass die Grenzezwischen …” „… “.549Die Individualkommunikation hingegen zeichnet aus, dass es sich umeinen nicht für die …”

Allgemeine Internetfreiheit S. 165-166

„… sein kann, welches Wege einer Abgrenzungzwischen Massen- und Individualkommunikation aufzeigt.571 Zu …” „… Akteure, darunter Presse und Rundfunk, aber eben auch die Individualkommunikation Privater, bewegen.577 …” „… Personenkreis verbreitet werden.578 Damitwären internetspezifische Individualkommunikation wie E-Mails oder …”

Freiheit der Internetdienste S. 166-168

„… Akteure, darunter Presse und Rundfunk, aber eben auch die Individualkommunikation Privater, bewegen.577 …” „… Personenkreis verbreitet werden.578 Damitwären internetspezifische Individualkommunikation wie E-Mails oder …”

Kriterium des „Publikationsaufwandes“ S. 191-192

„… „Publikationsaufwandes“Ein weiteres Kriterium zur Abgrenzung der Presse und zwischen Individualund Massenkommunikation könnte …” „… elektronische Presse von einfacher Individualkommunikation abgrenzen, so könnte auch gerade dieser Aufwandeine …” „… daraufverweist, dass Massenkommunikationsmittel von Individualkommunikation durch ihr Erfordernis einer …”

Gewisser Grad an organisierter Verfestigung S. 192-194

„… Individualkommunikation durch ihr Erfordernis einer „komplexen formalen Organisation“ unterschieden werden könnten. Durch …” „… Individualkommunikation gesehen werden. Hält jemand organisatorischeStrukturen vor, um regelmäßig im Internet publizieren …”

Intention des Anbieters/Kennzeichnung als Presse S. 194-196

„… dieses Merkmal gut dazu geeignetsei, um die Massenkommunikation von der privaten Individualkommunikation …”

Wirtschaftlichen Zwecken dienend S. 196

„… , um die Massenkommunikation von der privaten Individualkommunikation zu unterscheiden. Aber auch, wenn …”

Konnex zur klassischen Presse S. 196-198

„… , um die Massenkommunikation von der privaten Individualkommunikation zu unterscheiden. Aber auch, wenn …”

Redaktionsgeheimnis S. 219-249

„… der Individualkommunikation dienenoder rein private Zwecke verfolgen.757Im Ergebnis sind sachlich vom …”

Viertes Kapitel: Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse in Thesen S. 321-326

„… erforderliche Einzelfalldifferenzierung zwischen Individualund Massenkommunikation hat dieser Ansatz keinen …”

Literaturverzeichnis S. 327-343

„… .Feldmann, Thorsten, Verfassungsmäßigkeit der individualisierenden Medienberichterstattung auch bei …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845250144

Gordian N. Hasselblatt - Community Design Regulation

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

Community Design Regulation

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2015

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Individual character S. 101-140

„… clarity and conciseness – and thereby the value – of the design. Article 6 Individual character 1. A …” „… design shall be considered to have individual character if the overall impression it produces on the …” „… claimed, the date of priority. 2. In assessing individual character, the degree of freedom of the designer …”

Novelty S. 90-101

„… parts must in themselves fulfil the requirements as to novelty and individual character. This is the …” „… assessment of novelty and individual character under Artt. 5 and 6. Article 5 Novelty 1. A design shall be …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Relation between ‘novelty’ and ‘individual character …”

Requirements for protection S. 80-90

„… . A design shall be protected by a Community design to the extent that it is new and has individual …” „… complex product shall only be considered to be new and to have individual character: (a) if the component …” „… requirements as to novelty and individual character. 3. ‘Normal use’ within the meaning of paragraph (2)(a …”

Presumption of validity – defence as to the merits S. 520-529

„… individual character of his Community design. However, the defendant may contest its validity by way of a …” „… requirements laid down in Art. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3. Indications relating to individual …” „… , however great its doubts – for instance, about its novelty (Art. 5) or individual character (Art. 6) – may …”

Index S. 1022-1041

„… Individual character Action for infringement 20 46, 81 19, 82 6, 89 1 et seq., 95 13, 97 52 – infringement 89 …” „… invalidity 6 165 et seq. see also Individual character Action/counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity of …” „… by individuals 61 4 – costs 61 25 – decision 61 22 et seq. – form of content of action 61 14 et seq …”

c Designation fees S. 623-625

„… by an individual designation fee. Content I. Prosecution of IRs designating the EU …” „… and individual designation fees. This means that any country or organisation being member to the Hague …” „… Agreement may choose to request individual fees for designations. These fees replace the general designation …”

Community design S. 24-46

„… limited to the territory of the individual Member States whether or not their laws are approximated, leads …” „… is the subject of national rights held by different individuals, and hence constitutes an obstacle to …” „… industrial design not only promotes the contribution of individual designers to the sum of Community …”

France S. 720-726

„… taken individually, these elements should comply with the novelty and individual character requirements …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Individual character …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 b) Assessment of the individual character …”

Annex 1 Directive 98/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs (Design Harmonisation Directive) S. 866-873

„… requirements as to novelty and individual character with which registered design rights must comply; (10 …” „… , fulfil the requirements as to novelty and individual character; whereas features of design which are …” „… assessment as to whether a design has individual character should be based on whether the overall impression …”

Commencement and term of protection of the unregistered Community design S. 176-180

„… and it has to have individual character within the meaning of Art. 4, 5 and 6. In this respect, the …” „… disclosure of designs which are to be considered for the assessment of novelty/individual character, i. e …” „… novelty/individual character under Art. 5 and 6. Thus, in this case, the design would be excluded from UCD protection …”

Annex 5 GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION IN THE OFFICE FOR HARMONIZATION IN THE INTERNAL MARKET (TRADE MARKS AND DESIGNS) ON REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 964-993

„… , individually. Novelty and individual character of a Community design cannot be defeated by combining earlier …” „… . Alternative shapes 5.4. Designs of interconnections 5.5. Lack of novelty and individual character 5.5.1 …” „… . Grace period 5.5.2. Assessment of novelty and individual character 5.5.2.1. Common principles 5.6 …”

Disclosure S. 140-148

„… Art. 7 (2) and (3). 3. Individual character 180The holder of a Community design does not have to prove …” „… that the design has individual character, since validity is presumed according to Art. 85. For a …” „… individual character of his Community design. Given the lack of registration formalities of an unregistered …”

Right to the Community design S. 184-187

„… (or drawing) may of course reflect the contribution of a large number of individuals, or even a team …” „… language is again referred to in the assessment of individual character at Art. 6 (2) by taking into …” „… of developing would thus confer ownership on the individual(s) responsible for the conception (and …”

Commencement and term of protection of the registered Community design S. 180-181

„… indicates what constitutes the individual character of his Community design. However, the CJ recently held …” „… in this respect that the right holder is not required to prove that the UCD has individual character …” „… within the meaning of Art. 6, but only needs to indicate what constitutes the individual character of …”

Definitions S. 49-80

„… the multiplicity of the characteristics mentioned in the individual definitions. What makes the …” „… novelty and individual character under Artt. 5 (1), 6 (1), 7 (1) CDR. 3 The importance of the definition …” „… enjoy CD protection themselves, for example because they lack novelty or individual character, form part …”

Designs dictated by their technical function and designs of interconnections S. 148-169

„… identical design since Article 6 CDR only requires individual character. 37There is no grace period for an …” „… novelty and individual character even if disclosure takes place more than 12 months prior to the date of …” „… Law: Individual Character, Visibility and Functionality, IIC 2005, 297–313; Annette Kur, TRIPS und der …”

Conditions with which applications must comply S. 327-345

„… question whether the RCD, in light of the prior art, is new and has individual character.2 In light of this …” „… RCD endowed with a broad scope of protection and passing the test of novelty/individual character …” „… the representation cannot be taken into consideration for the assessment of novelty/ individual …”

a Application of provisions S. 615-623

„… publication fee charged by WIPO for the application in general and an individual designation fee for the EU …” „… and an individual renewal fee on account of OHIM. The principle of individual fees for OHIM is laid …” „… ). However, the Hague System does not allow such different treatment of individual designs within a multiple …”

Scope of protection S. 174-176

„… wording of Art. 10 largely corresponds with the wording of Art. 6, i. e. the definition of individual …” „… Artt. 6 and 10, are the as follows – a CD, which is endowed with individual character, i. e. is …” „… design, lacks individual character, i. e. is not eligible for protection, also falls within the scope of …”

Professional representation S. 484-490

„… practitioners, but the criteria for entry (as set out in mn. 20 et seqq. below) may apply to individuals …” „… association as such provides the obvious advantage that any individual authorised representative practising …” „… appointments of each and any of such individual representatives. The same applies in respect of any new members …”

Limitation of the rights conferred by a Community design S. 206-211

„… from the fact, that each individual uses4 at least dozens of designs each day, and there can be no …” „… the way how an individual dresses himself belongs to his personality and is hence private8. This …” „… individual sells an infringing item, this can only be considered to be for commercial purposes if the sale …”

Right of priority S. 352-360

„… preconditions for the grant, namely novelty and individual character of a design for which application for …” „… individual character. Ultimately, the applicant could effectively counter such risk only by filing the …” „… sufficient to establish the date on which the application was filed. In the respective specific individual …”

Actions before the Court of Justice S. 431-438

„… of Justice’ are applicable. II. Judicial review 4Individuals may bring their complaints before the …” „… , individuals may bring a ‘direct action’ against any body of the EU for acts ‘of direct and individual concern …” „… and individual actions. – a breach of a manifest procedural requirement, which adversely affected the …”

Austria S. 656-663

„… ) design correlates to the individual character of the design.7 Is the informed user willing, despite small …” „… differences between the designs, to grant protection because auf individual character, the informed user must …” „… community design is a rebuttable presumption in interlocutory proceedings. Novelty and/or individual …”

Right of the designer to be cited S. 191-192

„… may replace the citation of the individual designers. Bibliography: Charles Gielen/Verena v. Bomhard …” „… team may be cited instead of the individual designers. There is no explanation as to the potential …”

Annex 4 GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION IN THE OFFICE FOR HARMONIZATION IN THE INTERNAL MARKET (TRADE MARKS AND DESIGNS) ON REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 912-964

„… enterprises and individual designers. To that end, examiners are encouraged to contact the applicant or, if a …” „… given for each individual application for a Community design. It may not be given for all existing or …” „… which is not intended to be incorporated in a complex product where the views only show individual …”

Annex 3 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 2246/2002 (Fees Regulation) S. 906-912

„… 2245/2002 are set out in the Annex to this Regulation. 2. Individual designation fees payable to the …” „… ; Article 6(1)(a) of Regulation (EC) No 2245/2002) 230 1a.1 Individual Designation fee for an international …” „… fourth period of renewal 180 11a.2 Individual renewal fee for an international registration (Article 13(1 …”

Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 S. 646-656

„… also the different measures that are made available to individuals for the purpose of challenging …” „… mm content of the information to be provided, Art. 8 also defines the circle of individuals who can …” „… the individual case and taking due account of the requirements arising from the principle of …”

Designs contrary to public policy or morality S. 169-174

„… whole, and not to its individual features or parts11. A strict interpretation leaves prima facie no …” „… States of the European Union, but also particular factors (circumstances) applicable to an individual …” „… . e. the definition of individual character. Artt. 6 and 10 are both based on the following three …”

Relationship to other forms of protection under national law S. 577-602

„… competition. Finally, trade mark protection should not allow individuals to use the registration of a mark to …” „… individual works in the sense that they are the result of a personal intellectual creation of their author …” „… themselves, expressed an own intellectual creation of their author.95 Individual words cannot enjoy …”

Table of cases S. 1002-1022

„… 22.5.2007 Austria 80, 87 17 Ob 16/08i novelty/individual character as rebuttable presumtion in interlocutory …” „… 105 17 Ob 4/10b correlation between individual character and scope of protection 31.8.2010 Austria 80 …” „… . Accessories 6 152 et seq., 20 18 see also Individual character Action for infringement 20 46, 81 19, 82 6, 89 …”

Parallel actions on the basis of Community designs and national design rights S. 567-577

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 II. Comments on individual rule …” „… options may be recommended. Naturally this will turn on the individual case, as the right holder will have …” „… ? – Enforcement: Where and how can the title awarded be (easily) enforced? II. Comments on individual rule 1. Lis …”

Application for a declaration of invalidity S. 392-400

„… ) CDR) or that it does not fulfil the requirements of Art. 6 CDR by not having individual character (s …” „… applicant contends that Art. 5 CDR (novelty) or Art 6 CDR (individual character) are not fulfilled by the …” „… and relevance of any earlier designs which could form an obstacle to the novelty or individual …”

Rights conferred by the Community design S. 192-206

„… of teamwork, the team may be cited instead of the individual designers. There is no explanation as to …” „… such was new and had individual character as provided for in Artt. 4 et seq. Case-law includes a …” „… practice impossible or excessively difficult for individuals to exercise rights conferred by EU law. 5 …”

Deferment of publication S. 379-385

„… box ‘Publication to be deferred’ (e-filing) relating to each individual design8. III. Specimens 12 …” „… which different priority dates are claimed for each individual design, this will warrant special …”

Grounds for invalidity S. 244-259

„… Art. 4 (2) and (3); – Lack of individual character, Artt. 4 (1), 6, and 7; for component parts of …” „… design, have deprived the later design of individual character within the meaning of Article 6 CDR; the …” „… existence of the prior design will not destroy the individual character or the novelty of the contested CD …”

Spain S. 846-852

„… bringing the legal proceedings (whether an individual or a company) must pay a judicial tax, both in the …” „… carry out a examination of the individuals involved in the violation in order to obtain information on …”

Czech Republic S. 692-699

„… with service of court documents. Courts continue to serve documents to Czech individuals and foreign …” „… or individual committing any commercial acts that may be considered as design infringement (i. e …”

Finland S. 713-720

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Individual character …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 b) Assessment of the individual character …”

b Procedure for filing the international application S. 623

„… by an individual designation fee. Content I. Prosecution of IRs designating the EU …”

Rights of prior use in respect of a registered Community design S. 229-239

„… the novelty within the meaning of Art. 5 (1)(b) or at least of the individual character within the …” „… difficult in the individual case. Drawing the conclusion of familiarity can thus be justified also on the …” „… limits of the right of prior use are to be identified separately in each individual case on the basis of …”

Romania S. 820-828

„… 2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm NDL National Design Law (for each individual country) RO …” „… Office (for each individual country) RO [country code] National law on border measures, alongside …”

Presumption in favour of the registered holder of the design S. 191

„… may replace the citation of the individual designers. Bibliography: Charles Gielen/Verena v. Bomhard …”

Grounds for non-registrability S. 375-376

„… ; 2. The file number of the application and the file number of each individual design included in a …”

Sanctions in actions for infringement S. 536-543

„… of the seizure would under the given circumstances of the individual case be pointless or unduly …” „… individual case to order the measures.19 The special reasons for not doing so are to be taken into …”

Registration S. 376-377

„… ; 2. The file number of the application and the file number of each individual design included in a …”

Examiners S. 611-612

„… possesses individual character. These questions are part of the invalidity procedure which can only be …”

The Administration of Trade Marks and Designs and Legal Division S. 612-613

„… are new or if it possesses individual character. These questions are part of the invalidity procedure …”

Effects of a judgment on entitlement to a registered Community design S. 190-191

„… design is the result of teamwork, the citation of the team may replace the citation of the individual …”

Government use S. 239-240

„… including private individuals if they, by way of exception, as persons vested with public authority, carry …”

Date of filing S. 348-350

„… novelty/individual character1 in the course of a potential invalidity proceeding, but also for its enforcement in a …”

Implementing regulation S. 630-632

„… various services in connection with the application and prosecution of registered CDs. The individual fees …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-23

„… text of the CDR on an article by article basis. As far as possible, the commentaries on the individual …” „… ..................................................................................................................... 67 Article 6 Individual character …” „… , Markengesetz, 11th ed., Cologne 2015; Robert M. Stutz, Individualita¨t, Originalita¨t oder Eigenart …”

Effect of priority right S. 363-365

„… examination of the subject of the Community design as to novelty as defined in Art. 5 (1)(b), as to individual …”

Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal S. 632-634

„… as the composition and powers of the boards, the attribution of cases to the individual boards, cases …”

Rights in rem on a registered Community design S. 278-288

„… given as security or be the subject of a right in rem, independently of the others,23 each individual …” „… rem is submitted or several individual requests are submitted on the same day. But also if, for …”

Office S. 46-49

„… business as well as individual designers.10 To that end, the CDIR is designed to ensure the ‘smooth and …”

Obligation of the national court S. 564-567

„… and that he additionally states to what extent his design has an individual character.2 In the …”

Exhaustion of rights S. 211-229

„… and that they do not make it in practice impossible or excessively difficult for individuals to …” „… only in respect of the individual items of the products which have been put on the market with the …” „… applies only to the individual items put on the market128 and according to Art. 19, the CD holder may …”

Examination of the application S. 400-413

„… entitlement, (iii) technical function, (iv) designs of interconnections, (v) lack of novelty and individual …” „… CDR. Therefore, the Invalidity Division also examines the individual character of the contested …”

Action or counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity of a Community design S. 517-520

„… individual character of his Community design. However, the defendant may contest its validity by way of a …”

Judgements of invalidity S. 529-533

„… conditions under Art. 11 and to make sufficient pleadings on the individual character of the design. If he …”

Specific rules on related actions S. 548-561

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 II. Comments on individual rules …” „… 240.00mm II. Comments on individual rule 1. Concurring actions for nullity before Community design courts …”

Declaration of invalidity S. 240-244

„… private individuals if they, by way of exception, as persons vested with public authority, carry out …”

Annex 2 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 2245/2002 (Implementing Regulation) S. 873-906

„… design or the specimen; it shall not contain statements as to the purported novelty or individual …” „… individual character of the registered Community design, as well as documents proving the existence of those …” „… authorisations, act either collectively or individually. 9. The authorisation of an association of …”

Croatia S. 678-686

„… individuals and/or organisations from the EU, Russia and Asia. This commercial activity on the island …”

Cyprus S. 686-692

„… individuals and/or organisations from the EU, Russia and Asia. This commercial activity on the island …”

Ireland S. 750-757

„… corporate entity or an individual or infant etc. 2. Procedure 16In Ireland, the legal profession is split …”

Levy of execution S. 288-294

„… execution, independently of the others,25 each individual design is, for the purpose of the registration …”

United Kingdom S. 857-866

„… of individual cases. C. Specific remarks – False representation 36In the UK, it is a criminal offence …”

Annex 6 GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION IN THE OFFICE FOR HARMONIZATION IN THE INTERNAL MARKET (TRADE MARKS AND DESIGNS) ON REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 993-1002

„… registration. Pursuant to Article 11 a of the Annex to the CDFR, the individual renewal fees for an …”

Insolvency proceedings S. 294-302

„… others,47 each individual design is, for the purpose of the registration procedure, dealt with as if it …”

Germany S. 726-735

„… , 198, 202 – Ku¨chenmaschine. 7 Not less than EUR 5,000 per individual infringement, see OLG Jena Case 2 …” „… existence and individuality of the nonregistered CD.4 Contrary to earlier case law, the representative of …” „… courts also request arguments in support of the individuality of the infringed CD.21 27Because of the …”

Transfer of the registered Community design S. 268-278

„… application by way of individual or universal succession. This is also covered by the rules on transfers …”

Licensing S. 302-315

„… others,47 each individual design is, for the purpose of the registration procedure, dealt with as if it …” „… ) damage suffered by the licensee.68 The provision’s aim is, on the one hand, to take the individuality of …”

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Gordian N. Hasselblatt (ed.)

Community Design Regulation

Series: Kooperationswerke Beck - Hart – Nomos

Volume 2018

Results in this title

Individual character S. 88-131

„… criteria of novelty and individual character must be assessed on a worldwide basis. Thus, as can be seen …” „… nature.98 Article 6 Individual character 1. A design shall be considered to have individual character if …” „… assessing individual character, the degree of freedom of the designer in developing the design shall be …”

Novelty S. 73-88

„… determined; only those features form the basis for the assessment of novelty and individual character under …” „… individual character of such component parts of complex products only those earlier designs have to be taken …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Relation between ‘novelty’ and ‘individual character …”

Requirements for protection S. 61-73

„… and has individual character. 2. A design applied to or incorporated in a product which constitutes a …” „… component part of a complex product shall only be considered to be new and to have individual character: (a …” „… component part fulfil in themselves the requirements as to novelty and individual character. 3. ‘Normal use …”

Index S. 1071-1092

„… documents at EUIPO 97 11 et seq. Accessories 6 152 et seq., 10 6 et seq., 20 18see also Individual character …” „… invalidity 6 165 et seq.see also Individual character Action/counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity of …” „… CJ 61 26 et seq. – complaints by individuals 61 4 – costs 61 25 – decision 61 22 et seq – form of …”

Presumption of validity – defence as to the merits S. 555-565

„… individual character of his Community design. However, the defendant may contest its validity by way of a …” „… . Indications relating to individual character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4 …” „… , however great its doubts – for instance, about its novelty (Art. 5) or individual character (Art. 6) – may …”

c Designation fees S. 662-664

„… an individual designation fee. Art. 22a CDIR, Artt. 1 and 2 and Annex Nos. 1a., 11a. CDFR …” „… individual designation fees. This means that any country or organisation being member to the Hague Agreement …” „… may choose to request individual fees for designations. These fees replace the general designation …”

Scope of protection S. 169-194

„… character’.140 For the purpose of assessing its individual character, a design is compared individually to …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. Relation between ‘scope of protection’ and ‘individual character’. . . . . . . . 4 C …” „… of protection’ and ‘individual character’ 4The wording of Art. 10 largely corresponds with the …”

Community design S. 1-25

„… protection being limited to the territory of the individual Member States whether or not their laws are …” „… design which is the subject of national rights held by different individuals, and hence constitutes an …” „… . (7) Enhanced protection for industrial design not only promotes the contribution of individual …”

d Effects of international registration designating the European Community S. 664-666

„… individual designation fees. This means that any country or organisation being member to the Hague Agreement …” „… may choose to request individual fees for designations. These fees replace the general designation …” „… individual designation fees under Art. 7 (2) Geneva Act. 10 The European Union has made use of the option to …”

Disclosure S. 131-138

„… consideration for other reasons as stated in Art. 7 (2) and (3). 3. Individual character 180The holder of a …” „… Community design does not have to prove that the design has individual character, since validity is presumed …” „… constitutes the individual character of his Community design. Given the lack of registration formalities of an …”

Annex 5 GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS S. 1019-1053

„… and every earlier design relied on by the applicant, individually. Novelty and individual character of …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.5 Lack of novelty and individual character …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.5.2 Assessment of novelty and individual character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5.5.2.1 …”

France S. 763-770

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Individual character …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 b) Assessment of the individual character …” „… constituent elements of the novelty of the design at stake,5 registered or not.6 2. Individual character 4 a …”

Commencement and term of protection of the unregistered Community design S. 194-199

„… infringement proceedings, the validity of an RCD – and thus its individual character within the meaning of Art …” „… to have individual character within the meaning of Art. 4, 5 and 6. In this respect, the general …” „… novelty/ individual character, i. e. are part of the prior art: According to both provisions, it is …”

Annex 1 DIRECTIVE 98/71/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL S. 919-926

„… of design and of the requirements as to novelty and individual character with which registered design …” „… which would not, in themselves, fulfil the requirements as to novelty and individual character; whereas …” „… protection; (13) Whereas the assessment as to whether a design has individual character should be based on …”

Right to the Community design S. 203-206

„… of individuals, or even a team. It should also be noted that the right to the CD and ownership of the …” „… refers to ‘developing’, and such language is again referred to in the assessment of individual character …” „… ordinary English language meaning of developing would thus confer ownership on the individual(s …”

Designs dictated by their technical function and designs of interconnections S. 138-163

„… disclosure would also not effect novelty and individual character even if disclosure takes place more than 12 …” „… Dilemma: The Proposed Regulation and Directive, EIPR 1994, 51–57; Ulrike Koschtial, Design Law: Individual …” „… variation, unable to reflect designer’s creativity and equally devoid of an individual character.11 Although …”

Definitions S. 29-61

„… the multiplicity of the characteristics mentioned in the individual definitions. What makes the …” „… designs when assessing novelty and individual character under Artt. 5 (1), 6 (1), 7 (1) CDR. 3The …” „… that do not enjoy CD protection themselves, for example because they lack novelty or individual …”

Conditions with which applications must comply S. 351-371

„… for the question whether the RCD, in light of the prior art, is new and has individual character.2 In …” „… leading to an RCD endowed with a broad scope of protection and passing the test of novelty/individual …” „… the representation cannot be taken into consideration for the assessment of novelty/ individual …”

Professional representation S. 517-523

„… apply to individuals nevertheless. 4. Association of representatives, Art. 62 (9) CDIR 18 Art. 62 (9 …” „… representatives. 19 Appointment of an association as such provides the obvious advantage that any individual …” „… name, without the need for multiple appointments of each and any of such individual representatives …”

a Application of provisions S. 654-662

„… the application in general and an individual designation fee for the EU levied by WIPO but transferred …” „… to the EUIPO. Also for renewals, there is a basic renewal fee charged by WIPO and an individual …” „… renewal fee on account of the EUIPO. The principle of individual fees for the EUIPO is laid down in Art …”

Actions before the Court of Justice S. 461-468

„… review 4 Individuals may bring their complaints before the CJEU- via the subsidiary General Court …” „… - according to the circumstances listed in Art. 263 TFEU. Thus, individuals may bring a ‘direct action …” „… ’ against any body of the EU for acts ‘of direct and individual concern to them’. III. Admissibility 5 The …”

Limitation of the rights conferred by a Community design S. 225-231

„… , that each individual uses4 at least dozens of designs each day, and there can be no doubt that it would …” „… worn in business, because the way how an individual dresses himself belongs to his personality and is …” „… by a table dancer. Similarly, if an individual sells an infringing item, this can only be considered …”

Austria S. 699-706

„… (Community) design correlates to the individual character of the design.7 Is the informed user willing …” „… , despite small differences between the designs, to grant protection because auf individual character, the …” „… interlocutory proceedings. Novelty and/or individual character may be contested by the defendant.23 Such claims …”

Right of priority S. 377-386

„… preconditions for the grant, namely novelty and individual character of a design for which application for …” „… lack of novelty or individual character. Ultimately, the applicant could effectively counter such risk …” „… application was filed. In each respective specific individual case, it must thus be reviewed on the basis of …”

Right of the designer to be cited S. 210-211

„… citation of the team may replace the citation of the individual designers. Bibliography: Charles …” „… national law.1 2Where the design is the result of teamwork, the team may be cited instead of the individual …”

Measures under Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC of 29 April 2004 S. 689-699

„… regulates also the different measures that are made available to individuals for the purpose of challenging …” „… content of the information to be provided, Art. 8 also defines the circle of individuals who can be …” „… individual case and taking due account of the requirements arising from the principle of proportionality, the …”

Annex 4 GUIDELINES FOR EXAMINATION OF REGISTERED COMMUNITY DESIGNS EUROPEAN UNION INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (EUIPO) S. 962-1019

„… including small and medium-sized enterprises and individual designers. To that end, examiners are encouraged …” „… individual application for a Community design. It may not be given for all existing or future files. This …” „… separate designs for each individual detail in question and pay the corresponding fees; or – the applicant …”

Designs contrary to public policy or morality S. 163-169

„… system should be analyzed as a whole with regard to novelty and individual character, without separating …” „… applies to the design as a whole, and not to its individual features or parts. A strict interpretation …” „… to an individual Member State (or region) which have an impact on the perception of the relevant …”

Multiple applications S. 371-374

„… novelty and individual character of a design must likewise consider designs from different fields of …” „… the examination of its novelty/individual character1 in the course of a potential invalidity …”

Relationship to other forms of protection under national law S. 617-642

„… , trade mark protection should not allow individuals to use the registration of a mark to obtain or …” „… protected if they constitute individual works in the sense that they are the result of a personal …” „… creation of their author.96 Individual words cannot enjoy protection as such, but isolated sentences of …”

Parallel actions on the basis of Community designs and national design rights S. 606-617

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 II. Comments on individual rules …” „… may be recommended. Naturally, this will turn on the individual case, as the right holder will have to …” „… 12.10.2018 11:06:05 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm II. Comments on individual rules 1. Lis …”

Rights of prior use in respect of a registered Community design S. 250-261

„… registered Community design of the novelty within the meaning of Art. 5 (1)(b) or at least of the individual …” „… , proving familiarity can be difficult in the individual case. Drawing the conclusion of familiarity can …” „… prior use are to be identified separately in each individual case on the basis of the purposes for which …”

Application for a declaration of invalidity S. 419-428

„… individual character (s. Art. 25 (1)(b) CDR), there is no restriction on the identity of the applicant save …” „… applicant contends that Art. 5 CDR (novelty) or Art 6 CDR (individual character) are not fulfilled by the …” „… 240.00mm earlier designs which could form an obstacle to the novelty or individual character of the …”

Table of Cases S. 1053-1071

„… 02.08.2012 Austria 19 17 Ob 4/10b correlation between individual character and scope of protection 31.08.2010 …” „… Individual character – Evaluation of similarities and differences (scope of protection) 10 64 – Overall …” „… actions Action of invalidity 6 165 et seq.see also Individual character Action/counterclaim for a …”

Deferment of publication S. 406-412

„… box ‘Publication to be deferred’ (e-filing) relating to each individual design8. III. Specimens 12 …” „… has been made in which different priority dates are claimed for each individual design, this will …”

Rights conferred by the Community design S. 211-225

„… of the individual designers. There is no explanation as to the potential difference, if any, between …” „… been protectable per se, i. e. as such was new and had individual character as provided for in Artt. 4 …” „… practice impossible or excessively difficult for individuals to exercise rights conferred by EU law. 5 …”

Finland S. 756-763

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Individual character …” „… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 b) Assessment of the individual character …”

b Procedure for filing the international application S. 662

„… an individual designation fee. Art. 22a CDIR, Artt. 1 and 2 and Annex Nos. 1a., 11a. CDFR …”

Grounds for invalidity S. 265-280

„… Art. 4 (2) and (3); – Lack of individual character, Artt. 4 (1), 6, and 7; for component parts of …” „… applicable, the priority date of the CD) of the later design, have deprived the later design of individual …” „… individual character or the novelty of the contested CD; nevertheless, the contested design falls within the …”

Czech Republic S. 736-743

„… . Courts continue to serve documents to Czech individuals and foreign parties via post. B. Enforcement of …” „… letter may therefore be sent to any company or individual committing any commercial acts that may be …”

Romania S. 872-880

„… 11:11:23 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm NDL National Design Law (for each individual country …” „… Office (for each individual country) RO [country code] National law on border measures, alongside …”

Spain S. 897-904

„… complaint to request through the court to carry out a examination of the individuals involved in the …” „… only individuals but also legal entities if the crime is committed by their legal representatives or …”

Government use S. 261

„… including private individuals if they, by way of exception, as persons vested with public authority, carry …”

Presumption in favour of the registered holder of the design S. 210

„… citation of the team may replace the citation of the individual designers. Bibliography: Charles …”

Commencement and term of protection of the registered Community design S. 199

„… 12.10.2018 10:57:56 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm give it its individual character.27 …”

Examiners S. 651

„… are new or if it possesses individual character. These questions are part of the invalidity procedure …”

Registration S. 403-404

„… individual design included in a multiple application; 3. The date of publication of the registration; 4. The …”

Grounds for non-registrability S. 402-403

„… individual design included in a multiple application; 3. The date of publication of the registration; 4. The …”

Competence S. 650-651

„… are new or if it possesses individual character. These questions are part of the invalidity procedure …”

The Administration of Trade Marks and Designs and Legal Division S. 651-652

„… are new or if it possesses individual character. These questions are part of the invalidity procedure …”

Date of filing S. 374-375

„… the examination of its novelty/individual character1 in the course of a potential invalidity …”

Effects of a judgment on entitlement to a registered Community design S. 209-210

„… citation of the team may replace the citation of the individual designers. Bibliography: Charles …”

Sanctions in actions for infringement S. 573-581

„… of the seizure would under the given circumstances of the individual case be pointless or unduly …” „… not appropriate in the specific individual case to order the measures.20 The special reasons for not …”

Rights in rem on a registered Community design S. 301-311

„… security or be the subject of a right in rem, independently of the others,23 each individual design is, for …” „… several individual requests are submitted on the same day. But also if, for instance, five designs out of …”

Implementing regulation S. 669-671

„… individual fees13 are 2 S. discussion of unregistered designs above under Artt. 1, 4–11, 14, 15, 19 (2), 110 …”

Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal S. 671-673

„… individual boards, cases to be referred to the enlarged Board or those to be decided by a single board member …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis

„… individual articles are for the most part structured identically so as to enhance the user-friendliness of …” „… ..................................................................................................................... 73 Article 6 Individual character …” „… Thiering, Markengesetz, 12th ed., Cologne 2018; Robert M. Stutz, Individualität, Originalität oder …”

Effect of priority right S. 389-391

„… ), as to individual character as defined in Art. 6 (1)(b) and as to grounds for invalidity as defined in …”

Obligation of the national court S. 603-606

„… what extent his design has an individual character.2 In the proceedings concerning unregistered …”

Consequences of invalidity S. 280-283

„… in which the features removed or disclaimed do not contribute to the novelty or individual character …”

Office S. 25-29

„… to small and medium-sized business as well as individual designers.12 To that end, the CDIR is …”

Examination of the application S. 428-441

„… ) technical function, (iv) designs of interconnections, (v) lack of novelty and individual character, (vi …” „… Division also examines the individual character of the contested Community Design.11 18The applicant cannot …”

Renewal S. 199-203

„… 12.10.2018 10:57:56 3B2 9.1.580; Page size: 160.00mm 240.00mm give it its individual character.27 …”

Sweden S. 904-909

„… individual character. In respect of design protection, objective novelty is required, while for copyright …”

Action or counterclaim for a declaration of invalidity of a Community design S. 552-555

„… down in Article 11 have been met and indicates what constitutes the individual character of his …”

Exhaustion of rights S. 231-250

„… do not make it in practice impossible or excessively difficult for individuals to exercise rights …” „… individual items of the products which have been put on the market with the holders consent while the design …” „… only to the individual items put on the market130 and according to Art. 19, the CD holder may prevent …”

Annex 2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2245/2002 S. 926-957

„… as to the purported novelty or individual character of the design or its technical value; (b) a …” „… individual character of the registered Community design, as well as documents proving the existence of those …” „… ; (i) authorising a representative, in the form of an individual authorisation and in the form of a …”

Specific rules on related actions S. 586-599

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 II. Comments on individual rules …” „… on individual rules 1. Actions before a Community design court second seized (para. 1) 24 Para. 1 …”

Declaration of invalidity S. 261-265

„… including private individuals if they, by way of exception, as persons vested with public authority, carry …”

Statement of reasons on which decisions are based S. 468-472

„… the case law of an ordinary individual Board, although there is an obligation to follow and apply the …”

Cyprus S. 730-736

„… individuals and/or organisations from the EU, Russia and Asia. This commercial activity on the island …”

Croatia S. 722-730

„… individuals and/or organisations from the EU, Russia and Asia. This commercial activity on the island …”

Judgements of invalidity S. 565-570

„… pleadings on the individual character of the design. If he complies with this requirement, the burden of …”

Levy of execution S. 311-317

„… individual design is, for the purpose of the registration procedure, dealt with as if it were a separate …”

Ireland S. 796-803

„… the category of defendant i. e. a corporate entity or an individual or infant etc. 2. Procedure 16 In …”

Provisional measures, including protective measures S. 581-586

„… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 II. Comments on individual rules …”

Transitional provision S. 677-684

„… changed look (provided that the imitation does not have an individual character). Additionally, the …” „… of individuality. Opponents took an opposite view and argued that the application of art. 110 is not …” „… wheel rims which is probably the most popular way to give a car some sense of individuality. Therefore …”

Insolvency proceedings S. 317-325

„… proceedings, independently of the others,47 each individual design is, for the purpose of the registration …”

Germany S. 770-780

„… per individual infringement, see OLG Jena Case 2 W 343/11 NJOZ 2012, 971; LG Leipzig Case 05 O 1507/08 …” „… information as to the existence, the novelty and individuality of the nonregistered CD,4 but burden of proof …” „… for novelty and individuality has been lessend recently for nonregistered CD.5 Contrary to earlier …”

Poland S. 857-867

„… GWwp 16/16 (winter hats) with infringement claims dismissed for lack of individual character or dec. of …”

Transfer of the registered Community design S. 289-301

„… or application by way of individual or universal succession. This is also covered by the rules on …”

Licensing S. 325-338

„… ) damage suffered by the licensee.72 The provision’s aim is, on the one hand, to take the individuality of …”

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