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Jochen Pfeifer - German Community Pharmacists

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Jochen Pfeifer

German Community Pharmacists

2015

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8. Implementation of advanced pharmacy services into German community pharmacy according to the recommendations of the ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System S. 113-122

„… recommendations ofthe ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment ofDevelopments in the Health Care SystemNote: These …” „… Developments inthe Health Care System and are in direct quote in italic print (AdvisoryCouncil, 2009 …” „… Health Care System published a special report on health carein an ageing society. For the first time the …”

Bibliography S. 133-146

„… COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System. Sachverständigenrat Gesundheit …” „… ). The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health-CareSystem – Preparing the Future Pharmacist: Curricular …” „… pharmacists in modern health care systems: a challenge for pharmacyeducation and research. Chimia (Aarau …”

6. Implementation of international best practice elements S. 79-108

„… drug administration for the patient.The German health care system does not yet provide a systematic …” „… of ‘gatekeeper’ in the health care system. Currently it would be politically unlikely that …” „… that is not recorded remains invisible within the health care system and therefore has little value.“If …”

10 Outlook S. 127-132

„… ’ (mission statement) forcommunity pharmacists, we have to underline that moving health care to …” „… in health care should look atways to provide a higher quality of care that is both effective and …” „… community pharmacists to health care professionals who will be regarded as equally competent and important …”

7. The International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience of the University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, in a German community pharmacy S. 109-112

„… practice elements into each country’s health care and pharmacy systems.Figure 2: The International APPE of …” „… identify best-practice elements that can then is adapted for theU.S. and German health care system. During …” „… international and comparative health care systems at the Collegeof Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, and …”

4. German community pharmacists’ social authority and professionalization S. 49-72

„… setting (Higby, 2010). Health care professionals and the health care system,however, are in a state of …” „… German health care system. Arethe German patients willing to act as consumers when it comes to theirown …” „… health? Within the current German health care system, Parsons’ sickrole, even though almost 65 years old …”

9. Proposal: Mission Statement for German pharmacists S. 123-126

„… statement but at the sametime a statement for all stakeholders in the health care system about theintentions …” „… be recognizedby health care systems, politicians, and social health insurance funds as having full …” „… effective? efficient? optimal? according to guidelines? pharmacist health care professional patient …”

2. Community Pharmacists in Germany: History and Challenges S. 21-36

„… confirmed that each memberstate of the European Union might regulate its health care system individually …” „… ’ (Modernization Act for the Statutory Health Insurance System, 2004) and the ‘Arzneimittelmarkt-Neuordnungsgesetz …” „… , if the status of a health care professional can beachieved by pursuing solely this commercial and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Assessment of Developments inthe Health Care System8.113Introduction8.1 113New forms of direct patient care …” „… German Community PharmacistsFrom Product-Oriented Suppliers to Patient-Oriented Health Care …” „… Product-Oriented Suppliers to Patient-Oriented Health Care Professionals2nd, unrevised editionGerman Community …”

3. Relevance of Foucault’s work to pharmacy practice S. 37-48

„… international best practice standards into the German health care and pharmacy system.3.63.6 Discussion47 …” „… applicable to all professional activities in the health care field.The power, which operates within our …” „… physicians must not try to convince patients into being always in need of control by health care …”

5. Quality of pharmacy practice S. 73-78

„… a significant role in any health care system. All pharmacists share common values. Perhaps the most …” „… : The Role of the Pharmacistin the Health-Care System (World Health Organization, 1997). In this report …” „… Seven-Star-Pharmacist concept of the United Nations77with those of the health care system and other pharmacists with …”

1. Professional Status of German community pharmacists S. 17-20

„… ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System published its report …” „… community-based health care professionals are underutilized.The general public and health care professionals …” „… health care professionals in primary1.17care practices. They do not know that pharmacists intervene on a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845260877

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Jochen Pfeifer

German Community Pharmacists

2014

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8. Implementation of advanced pharmacy services into German community pharmacy according to the recommendations of the ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System S. 113-122

„… recommendations ofthe ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment ofDevelopments in the Health Care SystemNote: These …” „… Developments inthe Health Care System and are in direct quote in italic print (AdvisoryCouncil, 2009 …” „… Health Care System published a special report on health carein an ageing society. For the first time the …”

Bibliography S. 133-146

„… COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System. Sachverständigenrat Gesundheit …” „… ). The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health-CareSystem – Preparing the Future Pharmacist: Curricular …” „… pharmacists in modern health care systems: a challenge for pharmacyeducation and research. Chimia (Aarau …”

6. Implementation of international best practice elements S. 79-108

„… drug administration for the patient.The German health care system does not yet provide a systematic …” „… of ‘gatekeeper’ in the health care system. Currently it would be politically unlikely that …” „… that is not recorded remains invisible within the health care system and therefore has little value.“If …”

10 Outlook S. 127-132

„… ’ (mission statement) forcommunity pharmacists, we have to underline that moving health care to …” „… in health care should look atways to provide a higher quality of care that is both effective and …” „… community pharmacists to health care professionals who will be regarded as equally competent and important …”

7. The International Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience of the University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, in a German community pharmacy S. 109-112

„… practice elements into each country’s health care and pharmacy systems.Figure 2: The International APPE of …” „… identify best-practice elements that can then is adapted for theU.S. and German health care system. During …” „… international and comparative health care systems at the Collegeof Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, and …”

4. German community pharmacists’ social authority and professionalization S. 49-72

„… setting (Higby, 2010). Health care professionals and the health care system,however, are in a state of …” „… German health care system. Arethe German patients willing to act as consumers when it comes to theirown …” „… health? Within the current German health care system, Parsons’ sickrole, even though almost 65 years old …”

9. Proposal: Mission Statement for German pharmacists S. 123-126

„… statement but at the sametime a statement for all stakeholders in the health care system about theintentions …” „… be recognizedby health care systems, politicians, and social health insurance funds as having full …” „… effective? efficient? optimal? according to guidelines? pharmacist health care professional patient …”

2. Community Pharmacists in Germany: History and Challenges S. 21-36

„… confirmed that each memberstate of the European Union might regulate its health care system individually …” „… ’ (Modernization Act for the Statutory Health Insurance System, 2004) and the ‘Arzneimittelmarkt-Neuordnungsgesetz …” „… , if the status of a health care professional can beachieved by pursuing solely this commercial and …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 1-14

„… Assessment of Developments inthe Health Care System8.113Introduction8.1 113New forms of direct patient care …” „… German Community PharmacistsFrom Product-Oriented Suppliers to Patient-Oriented Health Care …” „… Patient-Oriented Health Care ProfessionalsGerman Community PharmacistsNomosJochen PfeiferBUT_Pfeifer_1522-0.indd …”

3. Relevance of Foucault’s work to pharmacy practice S. 37-48

„… international best practice standards into the German health care and pharmacy system.3.63.6 Discussion47 …” „… applicable to all professional activities in the health care field.The power, which operates within our …” „… physicians must not try to convince patients into being always in need of control by health care …”

5. Quality of pharmacy practice S. 73-78

„… a significant role in any health care system. All pharmacists share common values. Perhaps the most …” „… : The Role of the Pharmacistin the Health-Care System (World Health Organization, 1997). In this report …” „… Seven-Star-Pharmacist concept of the United Nations77with those of the health care system and other pharmacists with …”

1. Professional Status of German community pharmacists S. 17-20

„… ADVISORY COUNCIL on the Assessment of Developments in the Health Care System published its report …” „… community-based health care professionals are underutilized.The general public and health care professionals …” „… health care professionals in primary1.17care practices. They do not know that pharmacists intervene on a …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845255620

Ines Verspohl - Health Care Reforms in Europe

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Ines Verspohl

Health Care Reforms in Europe

Series: Schriften zur europäischen Arbeits- und Sozialpolitik

Volume 10 2012

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Typology of health care systems S. 35-38

„… health care systems are underfunded, leading to a parallel system with private praxis and faster access …” „… , Beveridge developed the idea of a public universal health care system. Health care became a civil right. The …” „… . Today the pattern of health care system in the European Union shows four groups: first, traditional …”

Scope S. 17-20

„… health care system is at the same time a part of the welfare state, for which the EU has no competence …” „… and social-democratic welfare states. Their health care system in 1992 reflected this hybrid-position …” „… existed. Evaluative studies of health care system efficiency most often use the UK as the case study for …”

Impact of the EU S. 305-307

„… companies offered direct access in Sweden, when the health care system was to unresponsive for the new …” „… , forprofit hospitals had their niche in the health care system. Selling a hospital to a private company was …” „… window of opportunity to establish an alternative health care system. However, ideational and …”

Privatisation S. 188-196

„… . These are rather found in the southern cities. With the emergence of the modern health care system, not …” „… a core part of the cure system, it lifts pressure from hospitals and health care centres and is …” „… a systemic change of Swedish health care, which the government will work against […] therefore we …”

Reform history S. 101-110

„… with the way their health care system was run (European Commission, 1998). In 2002, 53,8% of the …” „… Reform history In the spirit of the ’83 recession, a committee to propose a new health care system was …” „… parties were represented in the committee. Hence, the health care system was also discredited as violating …”

Devolution S. 173-180

„… Netherlands, Sweden does not allow for an opt-out of the general system. The public health care system is paid …” „… Situation today Even among the decentralised Nordic health care systems, Sweden has the highest share of …” „… the 80s, the Swedish universal welfare state had reached its climax and so had health care …”

Biobliography S. 311-328

„… Care System. In F. D. Powell & A. F. Wessen (Eds.), Health care systems in transition: An international …” „… Health Insurance Systems in European Countries: The Role of the Insurer in the Health Care System: A …” „… Health-Care System (IHE Working Paper No. 7). Lund: Swedish Institute for Health Economics. Eriksson, M. (2009 …”

Institutional legacy S. 156-160

„… history of the Swedish health care system is written along two fragile balances: first, the balance of …” „… 90s. The decentralised public health care system, which is also labelled the Nordic model, is a …” „… to fit with the model.” (Cox, 2004, p. 207). Translated to the health care system, tax funding …”

Institutional legacy S. 97-100

„… health care system can be traced back to the late medieval ages. The first voluntary health care …” „… increasing market shares for the private insurances. As outlined above, the Dutch health care system has not …” „… compartment takes care of the actual costs of medical care and equals the German health insurance system …”

Welfare state institutions S. 53-62

„… very narrow influence on national health care system reforms. 3.2.1.3 Patient mobility The right to …” „… health care system, plays a special role: provision, funding, and access, if applied to health care …” „… significant influence of the SEM regulations on national health care systems (Mossialos et al., 2002). These …”

Funding S. 79-81

„… redistribution within the health care system (Wendt, 2006). Within the EU, apart from Cyprus, the major part of …” „… the funding of the health care system. Tax funding allows the government tight control over the total …” „… pay the doctor?" was the central question of the first studies on health care systems. Again, three …”

Hampered implementation S. 303-305

„… health care system. Insurances and the providers took the relevant decisions in corporatist bodies. These …” „… companies offered direct access in Sweden, when the health care system was to unresponsive for the new …” „… , forprofit hospitals had their niche in the health care system. Selling a hospital to a private company was …”

Devolution S. 182-188

„… , the delineation between health care and care for the elderly is quite simple in the Swedish system, as …” „… explanation for the relatively high expenditures in comparison with other public health care systems. Access …” „… between the counties, which are also reflected in the regional health care systems. Practicing in the …”

Reform history S. 163-165

„… satisfied with their health care system (European Commission, 1998). By 2002, the tide had changed and 48.7 …” „… span under scrutiny 1992-2009. Most reforms affected several dimensions of the health care system. The …” „… financed by the health care system, but care and rehabilitation has to be provided by the municipalities …”

Ideas in health care S. 38-45

„… organizations, institutionalised interests and veto-players. Furthermore, health care systems favour the …” „… Ideas in health care In the history of European health care systems, three global discourses dominated …” „… liberal medicine and solidarity resulted in particular national health care systems. Whereas in …”

Governance S. 77-79

„… , contributions, and private payments – determines the redistribution within the health care system (Wendt, 2006 …” „… , while revenues from capital do not contribute to the funding of the health care system. Tax funding …” „… health care systems and their change is needed. To categorize health care systems three dimensions have …”

Access S. 84-86

„… , reflecting power struggles in the negotiations. When the governance of the health care system is in the hands …” „… in health care. Within a third party payer system, markets can be introduced between insurances and …” „… behaviour on behalf of the patient. In a third-party payer system, the demand for health care on behalf of …”

Open Method of Coordination in health and long-term care S. 63-68

„… population is not the sole result of the health care system. On the contrary, as Rosenbrock and Gerlinger …” „… note for Germany, just 10-40% of the overall health status is the result of the health care system …” „… improvement of the patients are needed. For survival rates of cancer, the health care system can be attributed …”

Health Status S. 211-213

„… 211 7. Germany The German health care system is the oldest one in Europe. Its long history dates …” „… competition could overthrow the path-dependency and thus the vested interests in the German health care system …” „… growth rates again. The German health care system is financed by contributions levied on wages. Revenues …”

Health and Health care S. 20-21

„… system resulted in databases that can also be used to study reforms of health care systems. International …” „… useful for an assessment of effectiveness and efficiency within the health care system. However, they are …” „… health systems. Based on five performance indicators, they identified France as the best system in the …”

Second compartment S. 120-126

„… health care system. Since 1997, patients have paid 20% of the costs for specialist care, pharmaceuticals …” „… insurances. 5.6.2.3 Others The Dutch health care system evolved incrementally and therefore includes many …” „… , they accounted for just 6% of total health care expenditures (see graphic 4). Wage-related …”

Welfare state theory S. 307-308

„… new typology of health care states. The new Dutch system is not a social health insurances anymore …” „… 307 ings. However, the introduction of the German central health care fund withdrew the competition …” „… might apply a welfare state approach to health care instead of the current market approach. The relation …”

Devolution S. 165-166

„… care. While the national framework had established a pure public health care system by 1985, the …” „… the bigger cities. To prove their dedication to health care reform, the Conservative government passed …” „… soaring health care expenditures. In June 1995, the SAP withdrew the reform before they were fully …”

Competition S. 110-113

„… 2000, this fragmented corporatist system was replaced by the Board of Health Care Tariffs (College …” „… task of governance. Traditionally, several systems for the different sectors of health care existed …” „… private and the public remuneration systems for ambulatory care, a committee of health ministry …”

Overall conclusion S. 308-310

„… new typology of health care states. The new Dutch system is not a social health insurances anymore …” „… tried to balance freedom and solidarity. Much of the change in the German health care system was the …” „… between the regions. The introduction of market elements in health care systems is not the automatic …”

Waiting lists S. 201-204

„… with a public health care system, waiting lists are a reoccurring problem. In contrast to insurance …” „… result in competition between public providers, however, up to now, no hospital or health care centre was …” „… Authorities and Regions, 2008b; Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting, 2009). 6.8 Access and equality Health care …”

Social Insurances S. 243-249

„… governance of health care. The market elements strengthened the state. 7.6 Funding Graphic 12: Expenditure …” „… , Germany has the highest health care expenditures in the European Union. As can be seen from Graphic 12 …” „… , prior to reunification, cost containment measures were for the first time successful. Health care costs …”

Remuneration S. 82-84

„… steer physicians' behaviour. Only the first contact with the health care system is initiated by the …” „… health care system is in the hands of doctors, this tends to result in lower remuneration for other …” „… competition is at the heart of market oriented reforms in health care. Within a third party payer system …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 140-143

„… responsibility for the health care system lies with the government. The institutional framework in which the new …” „… paternalism. The health care system was framed as financially unsustainable, although the expenditures were …” „… very similar position, but only the latter perceived its health care system as too expensive. …”

Data sources S. 21-22

„… : (European Commission, 2008a) 1.3 Data sources Attempts to identify the most efficient health care system …” „… : resources, outcome, and output. Resources are the financial means of the health care system, the staff, and …” „… . Although the collection of these figures could not identify the most efficient health care system, they …”

Volume and Expenditures S. 291-293

„… ?? ? ? ? ? ? 8.3 Assessment The market idea promised to render the health care system more efficient. Volume of …” „… this paper is not to assess the most efficient health care system. Expenditures are not fully …” „… . 8.3.2 Solidarity Solidarity is the central value of European health care systems. Free markets threaten …”

The role of the state S. 294-296

„… fundamental values of health care systems, like equality and solidarity. The best example of re-regulation is …” „… risk-equalization scheme strengthened the state, resulting in a central health care fund. The contribution rate and …” „… the rules of the riskequalization are now set by the parliament. The state also steers health care …”

Convergence S. 75-77

„… change and the dependent variable: the health care system. The two proceeding chapters elaborated on the …” „… health care system. Hence, I study it in four dimensions: governance, funding, provision and access. The …” „… relative impact of the health care system on the outcome is beyond the 76 scope of this book. This book …”

Market idea S. 143-145

„… paternalism. The health care system was framed as financially unsustainable, although the expenditures were …” „… very similar position, but only the latter perceived its health care system as too expensive. 144 The …” „… health care system would have been too fragmented to allow for a clear argument. Prior to the 2006 reform …”

Mediated problems S. 299-302

„… the tax-based Swedish system. 302 Graphic 21: Total health care expenditures as share of gross …” „… ? None of the three theoretical approaches can explain the observed health care reforms. However, in …” „… , unintended consequences of cost-saving can drift the health care service into a rudimental welfare state. The …”

Drift - Change without reform S. 305

„… companies offered direct access in Sweden, when the health care system was to unresponsive for the new …” „… , forprofit hospitals had their niche in the health care system. Selling a hospital to a private company was …” „… window of opportunity to establish an alternative health care system. However, ideational and …”

Europeanization / Globalisation S. 47-52

„… EU integration. This shows again, how isolated health care system studies are from the general …” „… closed economy, it is irrelevant whether the health care system is financed through general taxation or …” „… judgements on health care systems has been a domain of legal scientists. Regulation is the core mode of …”

Solidarity S. 293-294

„… 107 Again, the aim of this paper is not to assess the most efficient health care system. Expenditures …” „… most efficient107. 8.3.2 Solidarity Solidarity is the central value of European health care systems …” „… . Free markets threaten equal access to care. Hence, governments set up public health care systems and …”

Market and competition S. 169-172

„… , which followed the British fundholding system. 15 health care centres received capitation for the inhabi …” „… 169 2008b). SALRA (before 2007 the Federation of County Councils) also conducts the Health care …” „… competition The traditional public health service is based on state planning. Health care centres and …”

Hospitals S. 261-266

„… 261 Bavaria and the health care expert of the SPD, Lauterbach, even questioned the whole system …” „… prevention. Thus the state obliges the bodies of self-administration to include prevention. Every health care …” „… Structural Health Care Reform Act. From 1996 onward, complex PMCs in combination with 160 treatment complexes …”

Provision S. 81-82

„… ' behaviour. Only the first contact with the health care system is initiated by the patient; the doctor makes …” „… 81 Private expenditures for health care will therefore always exist in affluent modern societies …” „… . 4.2.3 Provision "How to pay the doctor?" was the central question of the first studies on health care …”

Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis S. 2-12

„… Health Care System Change" in Bremen, Ralf Götze für die Debatten zu den Niederlanden, Roman Böckmann zu …” „… of new institutionalism 31 2.2.2 Incremental change 34 2.2.3 Typology of health care systems …” „… Convergence towards a Market Model?Health Care Reforms in EuropeNomosInes VerspohlBUT_Verspohl_7071-0.indd 3 …”

Commissions favourite S. 68-71

„… country that in the literature is rarely praised for the best health care system, is making an effort to …” „… economic crisis on health care systems and overall health status, cannot be evaluated as data are only …” „… health care systems is therefore expected to be rather limited. These findings are confirmed by research …”

Health Status S. 149-152

„… health care system, or neo-liberal ideas. 43 …” „… the health care system. Although the share of the population aged 65+ remained stable around 18 …” „… implemented there. In comparative studies of health care systems, Great Britain normally provides the case for …”

Competition for members S. 279-282

„… in the reforms and the current status. Free markets are still rare in European health care systems …” „… insurances are obliged to accept everybody. Although the two health care systems share the same principles …” „… Competition Competition is a new instrument in health care. It has been introduced at all three sides of the …”

Welfare state S. 96-97

„… insurance obligation. They have a particular system of family saving accounts to cover health care costs …” „… . 5.2.3 Institutional legacy The roots of the Dutch health care system can be traced back to the late …” „… from health care. The idea is that municipalities can link all available support systems for elderly …”

Conclusion OMC S. 71-72

„… are the main explanatory variables. The impact on the design of the health care systems is therefore …” „… integrity of health care systems is questioned, but practically they are rather limited. In contrast …” „… recommend any existing system as a role model. However, health inequalities are mainly the direct result of …”

Outline S. 22-24

„… financial means of the health care system, the staff, and technical resources. Outcome data, such as …” „… expenditures might underfund its health care system or be highly efficient or have a very healthy population …” „… most efficient health care system, they provide a valuable basis for this study. International …”

Three forms of new institutionalism S. 30-34

„… cutbacks. In health care, retrenchment already takes place when the public system is not updated to new …” „… to doctors' organisations, shaped the health care system. The institution of the referendum gave the …” „… welfare institutions in her seminal study on the development of national health care systems. By the 19th …”

Bottom up initiatives S. 168-169

„… the British fundholding system. 15 health care centres received capitation for the inhabi- …” „… as service provider of health care, the later as employer in negotiations with the trade unions. The …” „… answer was a bottom-up initiative on quality assurance. Quality and efficiency of health care provision …”

Competition for patients S. 283-284

„… individual responsibility into the health care system find the first target in dental care. Furthermore, the …” „… agency evaluates new treatments and pharmaceuticals and constantly retrains all health care personnel …” „… . The Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care was only established in 2004. It is not …”

Incremental change S. 34-35

„… groups. In Great-Britain, Beveridge developed the idea of a public universal health care system. Health …” „… different institutions of health care. 35 2.2.3 Typology of health care systems Esping-Andersen …” „… care systems can be distinguished: free market, social insurance and national health service (Giaimo …”

Stationary care S. 133-135

„… is overdrawn. Since 2006, insurances can set up their own ambulatory health care centers and employ …” „… now a market for ambulatory health care has not been established, as most prices are set by a …” „… family doctors. 5.7.2 Stationary care Hospital care is responsible for the majority of all health care …”

Health status S. 89-93

„… possible causes for change in the health care system are scrutinized. The economic situation, including the …” „… poses a huge challenge to the health care system. The share of the very old, aged 80+, will increase …” „… for the pillarization of the society, several checks and balances are included. The health care system …”

Adapted solutions S. 302-303

„… . Moreover, national institutions allowed for incremental change. In all national health care systems …” „… 302 Graphic 21: Total health care expenditures as share of gross domestic product Data Source: OECD …” „… economic and social changes to a particular national problem for health care. For Sweden, the main …”

Conclusion Institutional impact S. 62-63

„… health care system, plays a special role: provision, funding, and access, if applied to health care …” „… to be so. The impacts of the internal market on national health care systems are rather found in the …” „… harmonisation of national health care systems, it provided the basis for a forum of mutual learning: "2. The …”

Market idea S. 277-278

„… system. An uncorrected market can become a real danger to the social policy goals of health care, as the …” „… and remained stable, is the will to decouple wages and health care costs. In the 90s, real-wage …” „… leading export nation in the world. Competition was not the only issue in health care reform. Many reform …”

Direct markets in dental care S. 284-285

„… the health care system find the first target in dental care. Furthermore, the costs of dental care …” „… for private health insurances. In a dental care market, the public system only pays fixed subsidy …” „… 284 its providers. Afterwards, physicians, both in hospitals and in health care centres, received a …”

Conclusion EU impact S. 72-74

„… the concept of territorial integrity of health care systems is questioned, but practically they are …” „… are under pressure. Furthermore, health care funding by budget deficits is prohibited. The treaty and …” „… influence national health care policy, but up to now the aggregated influence is still limited. The …”

Political Institutions S. 152-155

„… , the political institutions are rather simple. The institutions governing health care overlap to a …” „… care, culture and tourism. In budgetary terms, health care is the central task of the county councils …” „… this book, as the län has no role in health care. The geographical borders coincide in most cases. 50 …”

Europeanization S. 145-146

„… a presentation in the different dimensions of the health care system would have been too fragmented …” „… benefits to people aged over 65. The Council for public health and care (Raad voor de Volksgezondheid en …” „… a problem in the Netherlands (Thomson & Mossialos, 2007). Thus, the Dutch health care reforms did …”

Benefit package and health technology assessment S. 137-139

„… the Netherlands and all regions enjoy access to health care nearby. This is also the result of the …” „… . Health care insurance is an individual right and obligation. The reform therefore adapts to the changing …” „… , dental care was excluded from the general package. However, these criteria and the corresponding health …”

Institutions S. 143

„… paternalism. The health care system was framed as financially unsustainable, although the expenditures were …” „… very similar position, but only the latter perceived its health care system as too expensive. …” „… 143 the Netherlands. Health care markets have been identified as most inefficient solution, based …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 285-286

„… for private health insurances. In a dental care market, the public system only pays fixed subsidy …” „… no domestic pharmaceutical company that does research. 8.1.6 Conclusion Competition Health care …” „… 285 care without risking bankruptcy. Due to the nature of the risk, it is also an attractive market …”

Conclusion Institutionalism S. 38

„… organizations, institutionalised interests and veto-players. Furthermore, health care systems favour the …” „… 38 Local health centres as well as private praxis provide ambulatory care – the relation varies …” „… Institutionalism The institutional rules of health care, especially in social health insurance countries, created …”

Conclusion Convergence S. 296-298

„… retreat from public health care, but to allow patients choice. Germany traditionally had the weakest state …” „… policy instruments in health care, as long as maintenance of total health expenditures is not the aim. In …” „… 296 Sweden was the first among the three countries to tackle health inequalities. In 1987, a report …”

Conclusion Competition S. 286-287

„… no domestic pharmaceutical company that does research. 8.1.6 Conclusion Competition Health care …” „… been the central reform idea in all three countries’ health care model. However, the institutional …” „… care. The experiences showed that competition between insurances is easier to establish than …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 135-136

„… innovative capacity of the Dutch health care system. In 1991, the first try was reference pricing, but proved …” „… hospital services are negotiable, though emergency care and top clinical health care remain excluded. For …” „… care, negotiations take place based on case groups. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to …”

Europeanization S. 278

„… companies. Prior to the directive, non-specialist insurers were denied access to the health care market. All …” „… health insurances. However, Germany was referred to court for hampering the free market of insurance …” „… private health policy plans were subject to governmental approval. This procedure ensured certain social …”

Final conclusion S. 278

„… companies. Prior to the directive, non-specialist insurers were denied access to the health care market. All …” „… health insurances. However, Germany was referred to court for hampering the free market of insurance …” „… private health policy plans were subject to governmental approval. This procedure ensured certain social …”

Dental care S. 136-137

„… innovative capacity of the Dutch health care system. In 1991, the first try was reference pricing, but proved …” „… pharmaceuticals in the future (de van Ven et al., september 2009). 5.7.4 Dental care Office-based physicians …” „… provide dental care. In international comparison, the Netherlands has a low rate of dentists per …”

Reform discourse S. 221-227

„… approach, the complex health care system should survive all reform efforts. The institutional setting …” „… with drafting a new health care system. Parliamentarians and health experts formed these commissions …” „… health care system. When the parliament convened the commission in 1987, nobody expected the fall of the …”

Institutional legacy for health S. 218-221

„… years of the federal republic. In East Germany, health care was socialized. The system very much …” „… resembled the Swedish system, although administered at the central level. Ambulatory health care was …” „… health care system, was discredited. The communist and the Nazi history preclude a National Health …”

Discourse S. 160-163

„… , 2004, p. 207). Translated to the health care system, tax funding ensures solidarity, equal access …” „… to internationalise the health care system and the huge public debts favoured neo-liberal ideas …” „… for a fundamental reform of the health care system. A broad range of international experts was asked …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 274-276

„… the German health care system. Cost-saving models like the gatekeeper model could not be implemented …” „… neo-liberal market idea could overthrow the vested interests in the path-dependent health care system. Markets …” „… , competition, private provision and funding have always been part of the German health care system. Private …”

Path-dependent Institutions S. 207-209

„… the institutional design of the health care system: The ultimate responsibility lies with politicians …” „… care institutions induced reform pressure. The Swedish health care system had been designed for the …” „… Politicians at all three levels are not only rationally striving for a more efficient health care system, but …”

Ambulatory care S. 257-261

„… 257 7.7 Provision and Remuneration The German health care system is marked by the dominant position …” „… 1990, 39% of all practicing doctors hold a private practice. When the West German health care system …” „… ). Hence, social care is not integrated in the medical system. However, by 1990 it was estimated that 50-70 …”

Conclusion funding S. 255-257

„… German health care system was expanded to the East, the policlinics were replaced by office-based …” „… health care expenditures has increased quickly since 1994 to 8%. Rehabilitation is traditionally financed …” „… early retirement and thus high costs for the pension insurance. Their share of total health care …”

Institutional path-dependency S. 276-277

„… increasing expectations posed a challenge to the German health care system as well. However, until the end of …” „… . The reunification constituted the real challenge for the German health care system. The expensive …” „… health care system of West Germany was expanded to the new Eastern states. The Eastern economy had …”

AWBZ S. 117-120

„… compensations are not important in the Dutch health care system. 5.5.5 Conclusion governance Governance of …” „… health care was fundamentally transformed over the last 20 years. Corporatist decision-making governed …” „… agencies. Since 2006, two central agencies govern health care: the NZa supervises the market, and the CVS …”

Conclusion Provision S. 200-201

„… . Pharmaceuticals are the part of the health care system with the highest degree of private market elements in most …” „… , privatisation takes place within the public health care system, not parallel to it. This development is caused …” „… 200 from 8.4% to 15.4% of total health care expenditures during the 90s, OECD figures are only …”

Dental care S. 196-198

„… 196 6.7.3 Public Health Health prevention and promotion plays a central role in Swedish health care …” „… level. Although it is not a core part of the cure system, it lifts pressure from hospitals and health …” „… care centres and is necessary to explain the good health status. Swedes do not only get into contact …”

Social Insurances S. 230-238

„… reimbursed by 60% of the costs. 236 7.5.1.3 Governance of the remuneration system Health care governance is …” „… (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss - GBA). The GBA is composed of the stakeholders in the health care system: five …” „… competition into this corporate system. The Health Care Modernisation Act introduced the possibility of direct …”

Benefit package S. 271-273

„… . The health system has therefore become more inclusive. Access to specialist care or to hospitals was …” „… Method of Coordination. The impact of the health care system on health inequalities is rather small in …” „… health care was dominated by guilds. Ambulatory physicians and pharmacies were protected from competition …”

Inequality S. 205-206

„… the increasing satisfaction of the upper classes, with the health care system again to prevent them …” „… health care system has changed in the last 20 years. Modernisation best describes this process. The …” „… . Still, Sweden has a universalistic public health care system and makes efforts to prevent social …”

Conclusion Funding S. 181-182

„… population, concerns about dualisation and injustice are growing. A two-tier health care system will …” „… between health care and care for the elderly is quite simple in the Swedish system, as the municipalities …” „… health insurances do not offer better or more services, only faster access to care. Private health …”

Funding S. 288-290

„… services can be excluded from the public system. The Swedish health care system was always universal. The …” „… Health care funding is privatized for two reasons: first, to induce cost sensitive behaviour on behalf of …” „… contributions. All countries sought to steer the use of health care services by economic incentives. These …”

Functionalist retrenchment S. 206-207

„… the increasing satisfaction of the upper classes, with the health care system again to prevent them …” „… health care system has changed in the last 20 years. Modernisation best describes this process. The …” „… . Still, Sweden has a universalistic public health care system and makes efforts to prevent social …”

Reform history S. 229-230

„… administration of health care. The superiority of the western system was hardly questioned in public debate. The …” „… health care system. After 1990, the communist system and its health care centres had been discredited and …” „… ). 7.4 Change Health care reforms in Germany proceeded incrementally. The two major parties had diverging …”

Privatisation of funding S. 180-181

„… general system. The public health care system is paid out of general taxation- Thus an opt-out is …” „… two-tier health care system will delegitimize the high taxes necessary to finance the universal public …” „… in the 2000s also reflects higher wealth levels. Health care is a luxury good and the higher the …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 198-200

„… problem to be tackled. Pharmaceuticals are the part of the health care system with the highest degree of …” „… . 6.7.6 Conclusion Provision To sum up, privatisation takes place within the public health care system …” „… real concurrency to the public system, as for example in Great Britain. Health care in Sweden is still …”

Market Idea S. 209-210

„… efficient health care system, but also for legitimacy. Therefore, at the beginning of the 90s “something had …” „… traditional health care system. The principle value of universalism has never been challenged in the Swedish …” „… Swedish system. The political institutions governing health care allowed for change in the health care …”

Conclusion Access S. 273-274

„… Method of Coordination. The impact of the health care system on health inequalities is rather small in …” „… to all kind of specialists partly explains the high costs of the German health care system …” „… vested interests in the path-dependent health care system. Markets, competition, private provision and …”

Political Institutions S. 213-216

„… included an array of checks and balances to prevent another dictatorship. The health care system is the …” „… challenging groups for the health care system – are generally higher in the city-states and unemployment rates …” „… governments. In the reform of the health care system, the FDP plays a central role. The FDP is the interest …”

Summery funding S. 127-130

„… is a predominant feature of the Dutch health care system, traced back to the medieval ages. Hospitals …” „… health care system. In 2007, the Netherlands ranged among the five most satisfied countries in the EU …” „… agents funded health care: the universal AWBZ, the old social insurance ZfW, the old private health …”

Conclusion Privatization S. 290-291

„… system. The Swedish health care system was always universal. The Netherlands and Germany included the …” „… ?? ? ? ? ? ? 8.3 Assessment The market idea promised to render the health care system more efficient. Volume of …” „… 290 42% of total health care expenditures. The employers' share was maintained, and thus the burden …”

Conclusion Provision S. 269-271

„… effects on health care expenditures, but negative effects on the working conditions of the affected …” „… guarantee all services for the whole population. Apart from hospital care, the provision of health care was …” „… containment. Generics are the only part of health care for which competition has been successfully introduced …”

National framework S. 166-168

„… established a pure public health care system by 1985, the competence had been transferred to the county …” „… health care providers also came to an end. As since then, all funds are channelled through the county …” „… insurance, also became irrelevant in the governance of health care. While the national framework had …”

Conclusion Discourse S. 228-229

„… The German health care system is legitimized by its long history. Reform needs are thus framed as …” „… in 1990, the East Germans had been socialised in a totally different health care system. After 1990 …” „… , the communist system and its health care centres had been discredited and the West German insurance …”

Discourse S. 100-101

„… their health care system was run (European Commission, 1998). In 2002, 53,8% of the population were …” „… and the beginning of the new millennium, it is useful to analyse the health care system in the four …” „… health insurance system. Social and private insurance exist parallel to each other. As the income …”

Conclusion Governance S. 242-243

„… self-administration in the Welfare State. However, self-governance of the health care system was already undermined …” „… of the health care system. Since 2009, the government also sets the contribution rate. While …” „… agency. The management of pension benefits has been unified in 1992. In the long run, health care could …”

Conclusion governance S. 117

„… compensations are not important in the Dutch health care system. 5.5.5 Conclusion governance Governance of …” „… health care was fundamentally transformed over the last 20 years. Corporatist decision-making governed …” „… agencies. Since 2006, two central agencies govern health care: the NZa supervises the market, and the CVS …”

Conclusion access S. 206

„… the increasing satisfaction of the upper classes, with the health care system again to prevent them …” „… health care system has changed in the last 20 years. Modernisation best describes this process. The …” „… . Still, Sweden has a universalistic public health care system and makes efforts to prevent social …”

Welfare state institutions S. 216-218

„… state reforms began in the 80s. Health care was the last sector to be reformed, and the reform proposals …” „… rights, these jobs offer full health care coverage. The pseudo self-employed were the only exception …” „… these people. The strength of the male-bread winner model is reflected in health care, as well. Germany …”

Liability S. 116-117

„… forms of complaints, financial compensations are not important in the Dutch health care system. 5.5.5 …” „… Conclusion governance Governance of health care was fundamentally transformed over the last 20 years …” „… transformed into state agencies. Since 2006, two central agencies govern health care: the NZa supervises the …”

Private Insurances S. 227-228

„… health care system. The answer in the former East and West differ significantly: whereas 14% are very …” „… – alternative to the bureaucratic GKV. 7.3.4 Conclusion Discourse The German health care system is legitimized …” „… 227 tion. They introduced the central health care fund, combining a universal contribution rate …”

Co-payments S. 204-205

„… public system (Glenngård et al., 2005). All health care personnel are obligated to participate in quality …” „… a central instrument to steer demand for health care. In 1991, counties received the right to …” „… are exempted from co-payments for health services. Since 1999, dental care for adults is exempted from …”

Ambulatory care S. 130-133

„… health care system, traced back to the medieval ages. Hospitals and other care and cure institutions are …” „… practitioners. The Dutch are very satisfied with the quality of their health care system. In 2007, the …” „… new system, the coverage equalled the care basket of the old social insurance. It is continuously …”

Out-of-pocket payments S. 249-251

„… first decided to eliminate the tax subsidy from 2008 on, but then introduced the health care fund. The …” „… health care fund is not only based on parity funding, but introduced a third tax pillar. In 2009, the tax …” „… subsidy to the health care fund (2.5 billion) accounted for less than 1% of total health care expenditures …”

Access and equality S. 290

„… system. The Swedish health care system was always universal. The Netherlands and Germany included the …” „… 290 42% of total health care expenditures. The employers' share was maintained, and thus the burden …” „… last of the uninsured in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Hence, privatization of the health care risk for …”

Final conclusion S. 210

„… age. The idea was translated by Alain Enthoven to health care and adapted to the Swedish system. The …” „… political institutions governing health care allowed for change in the health care system. Nonetheless …” „… government re-regulated the market. Apart from dental care, Sweden has a public health care service with a …”

Conclusion Structuralism S. 29-30

„… (Rothstein & Steinmo, 2002). In health care the link between party preferences and reforms is even harder to …” „… construct. The main redistribution within health care does not take place along classlines, but between …” „… indeed influence health care reforms, as health care is a special concern of older people. Castles could …”

List of Figures S. 13-14

„… Graphic 8: Health care expenditure by source ........................................................ 180 …” „… ................................................................................. 186 Graphic 10: Increase of private health care personnel …” „… ................................................................... 245 Graphic 14: Development private health care expenditures ................................... 250 …”

Governance of Providers S. 241-242

„… of self-governance as the democratic core of the health care system. Since 2009, the government also …” „… care system was already undermined before market elements were introduced. The benefit package was …” „… unified in 1992. In the long run, health care could follow the example of the other branches of social …”

Welfare State S. 155-156

„… inherent characteristic of the Swedish health care model. The history of the Swedish health care system is …” „… system. Education, health -, elder– and childcare were provided on equal terms for the whole society. The …” „… not have a tradition of church or charity in health care. By the seventeenth century, towns employed …”

Third compartment – supplementary insurances S. 126-127

„… subsidies for the private insurances are accumulated. Health care funding became simpler under the new …” „… shifts financial redistribution from the health insurances to the tax system. As a result, the solidarity …” „… oral surgery. 5.6.4 Summary funding Multiple agents funded health care: the universal AWBZ, the old …”

Inequality S. 139-140

„… will provide which technology. 5.8.2 Inequality Inequalities in health care provision are low. Adjusted …” „… between social democrats and liberals seemed to impede health care reforms. These analyses overlook the …” „… universal access and continue to do so under “regulated competition”. 5.8.1 Benefit package and health …”

Final Conclusion S. 146-148

„… Netherlands (Thomson & Mossialos, 2007). Thus, the Dutch health care reforms did not take place because but …” „… National Health Service with internal competition. The reform efforts were rewarded: the new system is …” „… (health care centres and pharmacies). However, this could result in inequalities between rural and urban …”

Liability S. 242

„… self-administration in the Welfare State. However, self-governance of the health care system was already undermined …” „… of the health care system. Since 2009, the government also sets the contribution rate. While …” „… agency. The management of pension benefits has been unified in 1992. In the long run, health care could …”

Public Health S. 196

„… 196 6.7.3 Public Health Health prevention and promotion plays a central role in Swedish health care …” „… level. Although it is not a core part of the cure system, it lifts pressure from hospitals and health …” „… care centres and is necessary to explain the good health status. Swedes do not only get into contact …”

Governance of Insurances S. 113-116

„… insurance companies operating on the Dutch health care market, they must hold a licence under the …” „… (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, 2005). Participation in the ZVW and the health care fund are voluntary for …” „… were always higher in the private system – mainly as a result of employer contracts (Laske-Aldershof …”

Conclusion Governance S. 172-173

„… in the North, a stable health care provision for the sparsely populated regions seemed to be best …” „… . 6.5.5 Conclusion Governance The governance of health care is still dominated by public actors. In some …” „… governance of health care. The Medical Association had already been marginalised as a governance actor during …”

Private Insurances S. 238-241

„… federal ministry of health. By 1993, the Structural Health Care Reform Act introduced budget ceilings. The …” „… substitutive health care coverage85. Over 50% are mutual insurance companies, where the members are the owners …” „… for health care policies. These old-age savings are not portable, and therefore prevent patients from …”

Selective Contracts S. 282-283

„… against negative effects of the premium on solidarity, the Netherlands introduced a health care allowance …” „… all counties concluded contracts with their own health care centres as well as with private providers …” „… pharmaceuticals and constantly retrains all health care personnel. With increasing technological possibilities …”

Inequality S. 273

„… Method of Coordination. The impact of the health care system on health inequalities is rather small in …” „… in Health Care (IQWiG) was founded for Health Technology Assessment. However, it did not become an …” „… groups in Germany have conducted several studies on the use of health care services. The picture is …”

Other actors S. 227

„… health care system. The answer in the former East and West differ significantly: whereas 14% are very …” „… 227 tion. They introduced the central health care fund, combining a universal contribution rate …” „… (SPD) with small premiums (CDU). Both parties regarded the health care fund as a stepping-stone to …”

Provision of non-medical benefits S. 266-267

„… funeral benefit and a birth allowance. The health care modernisation law has cut these benefits …” „… the individual patient for his or her dental health. In dental care, the connection between personal …” „… 266 responsibility for quality of care laid with the professional associations. Since then all …”

Prioritization S. 204

„… public system (Glenngård et al., 2005). All health care personnel are obligated to participate in quality …” „… a central instrument to steer demand for health care. In 1991, counties received the right to …” „… resources meet unlimited demand. 6.8.2 Prioritization Sweden was a pioneer in health technology assessment …”

Pharmaceuticals S. 267-269

„… patient for his or her dental health. In dental care, the connection between personal efforts to maintain …” „… 267 7.7.4 Dental care Coverage of dental care experienced the most far-reaching privatisation. By …” „… 1989, coverage of dental care treatment was reduced to 50%. A financial incentive for prevention was …”

Civil servants S. 252-253

„… doubled and their share of total health care expenditures rose from 7.4% to 9.5%. 7.6.4 Civil servants …” „… in the public sector. The employer reimburses civil servants 50% of their health care costs; children …” „… premium at the free market. Policemen and firemen receive full reimbursement for their health care costs …”

Political institutions S. 93-96

„… for the pillarization of the society, several checks and balances are included. The health care system …” „… insurance obligation. They have a particular system of family saving accounts to cover health care costs …” „… *Until Dr. Els Borst-Eilers became minister, a secretary of state was in charge of health care policy 96 …”

Dental care S. 267

„… patient for his or her dental health. In dental care, the connection between personal efforts to maintain …” „… 267 7.7.4 Dental care Coverage of dental care experienced the most far-reaching privatisation. By …” „… 1989, coverage of dental care treatment was reduced to 50%. A financial incentive for prevention was …”

Provision S. 287-288

„… central reform idea in all three countries’ health care model. However, the institutional design did not …” „… Health care funding is privatized for two reasons: first, to induce cost sensitive behaviour on behalf of …” „… contributions. All countries sought to steer the use of health care services by economic incentives. These …”

Hospital investment S. 253-254

„… 253 completely reimbursed for their health care costs. During recent years, states have also tried …” „… . Expenditures for civil servants have accounted for stable 4% of health care expenditure since 1992. 7.6.5 …” „… to care for frail elderly family members equals the amount spend out-of-pocket for health …”

Uninsured S. 253

„… 253 completely reimbursed for their health care costs. During recent years, states have also tried …” „… . Expenditures for civil servants have accounted for stable 4% of health care expenditure since 1992. 7.6.5 …” „… to integrate policemen into the system of partial reimbursement plus private insurance to save costs …”

Structural factors in health care S. 25-28

„… , institutionalism and the two institutional systems for health care in Europe – Bismarck and Beveridge – are …” „… research fruitful for the study of health care reforms. Welfare state scholars have historically neglected …” „… health care,because health care is far more complex than pension and unemployment policies. The relation …”

Political institutions S. 52-53

„… regulatory landscape for health care at the EU level is still in the making; thus, we cannot apply …” „… services and medical care. The responsibilities of the Member States shall include the management of health …” „… always another side of the coin in health care, with its janus face of welfare state and economy. Article …”

Conclusion Theory S. 45-46

„… for reform. They offer politicians an agenda. The three health care discourses have been presented in …” „… contradicting assumptions for the case studies. Structuralism expects convergence between national health care …” „… intensiveness of health care, and the importance of health in a post-modern society are alike for all countries …”

Conclusion Ideas S. 45

„… for reform. They offer politicians an agenda. The three health care discourses have been presented in …” „… contradicting assumptions for the case studies. Structuralism expects convergence between national health care …” „… intensiveness of health care, and the importance of health in a post-modern society are alike for all countries …”

Conclusion methodology S. 86-88

„… change in national health care systems. In all of these four dimensions, first, second, and third order …” „… , whereas demands to decrease public expenditures for health care could also be met by more efficient …” „… . The degree of state invention depends on the framing of the patient as informed and health conscious …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783845235370

Florian Steger - Diversität im Gesundheitswesen

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Florian Steger (ed.)

Diversität im Gesundheitswesen

Series: Angewandte Ethik

Volume 3 2020

Results in this title

Christian Lenk, Susan Hall Access to health care in emerging and industrialised nations S. 128-161

„… concepts of medical ethicsin the analysis of health care systems. In a given health care system …” „… specific health care system.Secondly, considerations about the normative dimension of ac-cess to health …” „… local populations.2. A short description of the German health care systemThe German health care system …”

Frank Kressing International diversity in health care S. 109-127

„… Germany, these challengesto the health care system are illustrated by a high percentage migrantpopulation …” „… strengthen the health-care system of low-income countries. As Milica and Karla Bookmanin their analysis of …” „… diversity in health careA critical review of the importance and handling ofglobal health issuesAbstract:In a …”

Sara Lena Schröder Diversität in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung S. 88-106

„… to ensure equal utilization of health-care based on objective needs for everyone, differences in …” „… Care in the Community 18 (2010), S. 572–587.14 Marco Terraneo: Inequities in health care utilization by …” „… SocioeconomicStatus Affects Patient Perceptions of Health Care: A Qualitative Study. In: Journal ofPrimary Care …”

Livia Prüll Diversität in medizinischen Einrichtungen S. 318-338

„… . https://www.dgti.org/ (abgerufen am 2.5.2018).24 Annette Güldenring: A critical view of transgender health care in …” „… – indiesem System »Patient_in« – dann Hormone, muss erneut mindes-tens ein halbes Jahr lang eine …” „… rein gar nichts.14In diesem rigiden System, das den Einzelfällen nicht gerechtwird, sind die …”

Marcin Orzechowski Designer babies S. 257-274

„… the central aspects of a health system. In this regard,268Marcin Orzechowski38 United States …” „… care-fully appraised. The goal of this chapter is to assess the societal bene-fits and challenges that are …” „… . The ease and efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system provides abasis for a variety of applications …”

Katharina Fürholzer Ethik und Ästhetik der Repräsentation S. 205-220

„… what extent thehealth care system bears a specific responsibility in this regard. To answerthese …” „… awareness for the bio-medical, psychological and social dimensions of health, illness and relatedforms of …” „… Diseasesand Related Health Problems (ICD)–11–Dokumentation des Revisionsprozesses. In:Zeitschrift für …”

Martin Plöderl, Roman Winkler Sexuelle Orientierung im Gesundheitswesen S. 299-317

„… attraction disclosure to health care providers amongNew York City men who have sex with men: implications for …” „… , Ro-bert Schope: Does »don’t ask don’t tell« apply to health care? Lesbian, gay, and bi-sexual people’s …” „… disclosure to health care providers. In: Journal of the Gay and LesbianMedical Association 5 (2001), S …”

Richard Peter Medizinische Versorgung S. 69-87

„… Germany: a systematic review. In:Christian Janssen, Enno Swart, Thomas von Lengerke (Hg.): Health care …” „… asking whether health care inGermany is influenced by social factors. Basic results of research show …” „… thatthe benefit from health care is different for different social classes. This isespecially the case …”

Marcin Orzechowski, Florian Steger Social diversity under threat? S. 275-296

„… prenataltesting in Poland. In: Health Care for Women International 38 (2017), pp. 689–704.34 Midro: Konflikt …” „… approach to health care that is still visible in Poland. Itenters the state-promoted practice of …” „… geneticaberrations in fetus. Critics argue that genetic diagnostics leads to systema-tic screening for genetic …”

Florian Steger Einleitung S. 11-26

„… care of patients and at enhancing health equity.«4Kultur und ethnische Zugehörigkeit sind in ihrem …” „… Frank Kressing mit seinem Auf-satz »International diversity in health care. A critical review of …” „… Gesundheitsversorgung gehen auch Chris-tian Lenk und Susan Hall in ihrem Aufsatz »Access to health care inemerging and …”

Giovanni Rubeis Liberal eugenics and selecting against disability S. 241-256

„… illiberality of perfectionistenhancement. In: Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 12 (2009), S. 91–98 …” „… human enhancement. In: Medicine,Health Care and Philosophy 17 (2014), S. 3–12.38 Giovanni Rubeis: Das …” „… health condi-tions, usually referred to as »feeble-mindedness«, were seen as symp-toms of social …”

Manuel Willer Interprofessionelle Diversität und Indikation S. 46-66

„… , insofar asdifferent judgements and positions from different health professionals areof importance within a …” „… responsibility for treatment choice: the proper role of medicaldoctors? In: Health Expectations 14 (2011), doi …” „… innerhalb der verschiedenen Gruppen von Health Pro-fessionals als auch unter den jeweiligen Gruppen gibt es …”

doi.org/10.5771/9783495820933

Udo Schneider, Volker Ulrich, Eberhard Wille - Wettbewerb und Risikostrukturausgleich im internationalen Vergleich

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Udo Schneider (ed.), Volker Ulrich (ed.), Eberhard Wille (ed.)

Wettbewerb und Risikostrukturausgleich im internationalen Vergleich

Series: Beiträge zum Gesundheitsmanagement

Volume 17 2007

Results in this title

Rudy Douven Morbidity-based risk adjustment in the Netherlands S. 161-202

„… health insurers 165 2.4 The health care financing system 167 3 Risk adjusters in the Dutch …” „… resembles to a large extent the financing system of the new health insurance system after the health care …” „… health care 164 expenditure. As of 2006, the new health insurance system is called ZVW (VWS, 2006 …”

Thomas G. McGuire Risk Adjustment Systems in Competitive Health Insurance Markets: Lessons from the United States S. 69-114

„… »market-oriented« state health care system, with very large numbers of persons from both the public and private …” „… and efficiency of the health care systems serving their citizens. To promote these goals, governments …” „… . Busse, Reinhard, and Annette Riesberg, 2004, Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany, WHO Regional …”

Eberhard Wille, Volker Ulrich, Udo Schneider Publisher’s Foreword S. 13-14

„… Government is greater competition in the Statutory Health Insurance system (SHI). In addition, Article 38 of …” „… the latest German health care reform act makes provisions for the intensification of the risk …” „… modification of the risk adjustment system on January 1, 2009 in conjunction with the latest Health Reform Act …”

Norbert Klusen, Andreas Meusch Foreword S. 9-10

„… incentive problems in the health care system compared to redistribution. Competition is a conditio sine qua …” „… Health Insurance system is as old as competition between sickness funds itself. Sickness funds have been …” „… establishment of a financial pool, the latest German health care reform act also makes provision for the …”

Robert E. Leu, Konstantin Beck Risikoselektion und Risikostrukturausgleich in der Schweiz S. 115-160

„… Sicht zumindest im schweizerischen Kontext unbestritten. Soll am System der Einheitsprämien und am …” „… verspricht Managed Care unter diesen Umständen ein höheres Potenzial für Prämienreduktionen und damit die …” „… , massiv eingebrochen, während jener der Generika deutlich zugenommen hat. Managed-Care-Modelle Neben der …”

Eberhard Wille, Volker Ulrich, Udo Schneider Die Weiterentwicklung des Krankenversicherungsmarktes: Wettbewerb und Risikostrukturausgleich S. 15-68

„… Gesundheitswesen 21 2.4 Der Risikostrukturausgleich im System eines zielorientierten Wettbewerbs 29 3 Wettbewerb in …” „… zuvor zuständigen Aufsichtsbehörden »jede Kasse mit anderen Kassen im GKV-System fusionieren«. • Die …” „… System eines zielorientierten Wettbewerbs Der Risikostrukturausgleich (RSA) stellt ebenso wie der …”

Autorenverzeichnis S. 203-210

„… Gesundheitsökonomie: Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Health Care Management Science, Health Policy …” „… , Researcher 2005: Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport. Policy Official 1999–present: Unit Health Care of CPB …” „… of Health Economics at the Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School. Arbeitsgebiete …”

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